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1 DIPHTHONG
ocamna; in the source providing this word Tolkien rejected his earlier form osamnar (pl.); compare the Etymologies form \#samna (only pl samnar is attested. Distinct in Tengwar spelling from samna "wooden post", that is spelt with initial súlë instead of silmë). Another word for "dipthong" is given as ohlon (pl. ohloni is attested); the latter term was used of vocalic diphthongs and "consonantal diphthongs" (like mb) alike. –VT44:13, 14, SAM, VT39:9, VT48:29 -
2 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES.
См. также в других словарях:
sam — sam·a·ra; sam·a·ri·form; sam·ba·qui; sam·bar; sam·bho·ga·ka·ya; sam; sam·bu·cus; sam·buk; sam·bul; sam·bu·nigrin; sam·el; sam·en; sam·hi·ta; sam·iel; sam·i·res·ite; sam·i·sen; sam·let; sam·ma; sam·mer; sam·mi·er; sam·na·ni; sam·nite;… … English syllables
SAM — steht für: den Namen einer Figur aus dem Roman Der Herr der Ringe, siehe Figuren in Tolkiens Welt#Samweis Gamdschie (Sam) Sam Spade, der Vorname des Privatdedektivs in den Romanen von Dashiell Hammett Sam Borzalino, ein Protagonist in Die stumme… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Sam — may be:;Used as a name: * Male given names (U.S. Census Bureau statistics 1990): [U.S. Census Bureau [http://www.census.gov/genealogy/names/dist.male.first U.S. List of male names] , 1990] **Samuel (0.306%) **Sam (0.092%) **Sammy (0.025%)… … Wikipedia
sam — sȃm prid. <odr. ī> DEFINICIJA 1. koji je a. izdvojen ili odvojen od drugih [šetati sam] b. bez ičega [sama juha] c. bez drugih ljudi, bez ikoga [živjeti sam] d. bez ičije pomoći [učinit ću to sam] 2. koji prevladava po broju [na skup su… … Hrvatski jezični portal
sam — I {{/stl 13}}{{stl 8}}przym. IIIa, sammi {{/stl 8}}{{stl 20}} {{/stl 20}}{{stl 12}}1. {{/stl 12}}{{stl 7}} działający, występujący samodzielnie, ulegający samoistnie, bez zewnętrznej przyczyny sprawczej, jakiemuś procesowi, zmianie,… … Langenscheidt Polski wyjaśnień
SAM — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. {{{image}}} Sigles d une seule lettre Sigles de deux lettres > Sigles de trois lettres … Wikipédia en Français
Sam — Sam, ein sehr altes Wort, welches die Deutsche Sprache mit vielen andern gemein hat, und welches vornehmlich in einem doppelten Hauptverstande vorkommt. 1. Mit dem Begriffe der Menge, der Vielheit, und deren Verbindung; ein jetzt in dieser Form… … Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart
Sam — ist: Sam (Name), siehe dort für Namensträger Sam Linux, Linux Distribution Sam (Salzburg), eine Siedlung in Salzburg Taifun Sam, ein Sturm über dem Pazifik (1999) Sam (Elektroauto), ein dreirädriges Elektroauto der Cree AG Sam (1986), ein US… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Sam — 〈[sæ̣m]〉 1. 〈kurz für engl.〉 Samuel 2. Uncle Sam 〈scherzh. Bez. für〉 USA * * * SAM: 1) Abk. für S Adenosylmethionin; 2) Abk. für engl. scanning Auger … Universal-Lexikon
Sam — V. «tío Sam». * * * Sam, Tío * * * (as used in expressions) Ervin, Sam Kim Young Sam Shepard, Sam Tío Sam … Enciclopedia Universal
SAM — 〈EDV; Abk. für engl.〉 Sequential Access Method, serieller Zugriff (auf Dateien) * * * SAM: 1) Abk. für S Adenosylmethionin; 2) Abk. für engl. scanning Auger microprobe/microscopy = Raster Auger Mikroanalyse/Mikroskopie, ein … Universal-Lexikon
