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21 ὄνυξ 1
ὄνυξ 1., - υχοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `nail, claw, hoof', often metaph. in several meanings' (Il.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. ὀνυχο-γραφέομαι `to be carved by a nail' (Hp.), γαμψ-ῶνυξ and - ώνυχος ` with curved claws' (Il., also Arist.; on the stemformation Sommer Nominalkomp.96 ff.); on μῶνυξ s. v.Derivatives: Dimin. ὀνύχιον n. (Arist., pap.); ὀνυχιστήρ, - ῆρος m. `hoof' (LXX; cf. on βραχιονιστήρ and ὀνυχίζομαι below); ὀνυχ-ιμαῖος `of the size of nail-parings, tiny' (Com. Adesp.), - ιαῖος `as broad as a nail' (Eust.); ὀνυχ-ίζομαι `to cut one's nails' (Cratin., LXX) with - ισμός m. (Str.), - ιστήριον n. `nailscissors' (Posidipp. Com.); - ίζω `to test with one's nails' (Artem.); - όω `to equip with claws, to bend in a claw-like fashion' (Orib., sch.).Etymology: Old (popular s. Ernout-Meillet s. unguis) name of the nail and the hoof, which is in most language-groups, even if in strongly changed form, retained. With the disyllabic ὄνυξ ( ὀνυχ-) agrees best Arm. eɫungn `nail' with secondary n-stem (like ot-n `foot'; s. πούς), dissimilation n -- n \> ɫ -- n and inner nasalisation either from monosyllabic ongh- (Kortlandt assumes that * h₃nogh-\/* h₃ngh- yielded * onog\/* ong, which were contaminated in * onong; this became * enong by dissimilation, which gave eɫungn; Armeniaca 76). The other languages have a monosyllabic stem, either ongh-, n̥gh- (Lat. unguis, Celt., e.g. OIr. ingen f.) or nogh- (Germ., e.g. OHG nagal m. ' Nagel', Balt.-Slav., e.g. Lith. nãgas m. `nail, claw'); with ten. asp. Indo-Ir., e.g. Skt. nakhá- m. n. `nail, claw'; diff. suffixes, which are unimportant for Greek. On the ablaut cf. e.g. ὀμφαλός. -- Further details w. rich lit. in WP. 1, 180 f. and Pok. 780 as in the special. dict, W.-Hofmann a. Ernout-Meillet s. un-guis, Mayrhofer s. nakhám, Fraenkel s. nãgas, Vasmer s. nogá. Rootspeculations in Specht Ursprung 253 b. 1. Wrong Rogge PhW 44, 1004 (ὀ- from ὄγκος).Page in Frisk: 2,398-399Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄνυξ 1
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22 premium
ˈpri:mjəm сущ.
1) а) награда;
вознаграждение, премия, приз Syn: award, reward, recompense б) более высокая цена, стоимость;
наценка;
переплата Because of their locations these houses attract a premium. ≈ Благодаря своему расположению эти дома сдаются дороже. The modified cars are available at a 5% premium. ≈ Модифицированные модели автомобиля можно приобрести с 5-процентной надбавкой. The busy shopper puts a premium on finding everything in one big store. ≈ Занятой покупатель готов переплатить за возможность купить все в одном большом магазине. в) фин. прибыль;
надбавка to sell at a premium ≈ продаваться с прибылью
2) плата( за обучение и т. п.)
3) страховая премия, страховой взнос
4) высший сорт;
отличное качество premium ice-cream ≈ мороженое высшего сорта premium orange juice ≈ апельсиновый сок отличного качества premium gas амер. ≈ бензин качества четыре звезды ∙ at a premium награда;
премия;
вознаграждение;
премиальная надбавка - * (bonus) system премиальная система - * pay плата за работу в сверхурочное время и выходные по повышенному тарифу - to put a * on smth. поощрять что-л. страховая премия, страховой взнос( финансовое) премия;
надбавка;
лаж - * on gold лаж на золото( биржевое) приплата к номинальной стоимости - to be /to stand/ at a * стоять выше номинала /паритета/ - the shares are selling at a * акции продаются выше номинала /паритета/ плата за обучение( ремеслу и т. п.) > at a * пользующийся большим спросом( особ. ввиду нехватки) ;
очень модный;
в моде, в большом почете первосортный, высшего качества, исключительный - * fuel (американизм) (автомобильное) первосортное топливо additional ~ дополнительная страховая премия adjusted ~ окончательный размер страхового взноса adjustment ~ окончательный размер страхового взноса advance ~ авансовая выплата annual ~ годичный страховой взнос annuity ~ регулярная страховая премия ~ фин. премия;
надбавка;
at a premium в большом почете;
в большом спросе;
очень модный at a ~ выше номинала at a ~ выше паритета at a ~ пользующийся большим спросом at a ~ с премией average ~ средний страховой взнос basic ~ страховой взнос, исчисленный по основной тарифной ставке bond ~ ревальвация курса bonding ~ страховая премия call ~ бирж. предварительная премия call ~ бирж. премия, уплачиваемая в сделке с опционом combined ~ комбинированная страховая премия contractual ~ страховая премия, предусмотренная договором conversion ~ конверсионная премия conversion ~ конвертирование выше курса credit risk ~ премия за риск неплатежа по кредиту deposit ~ страховой взнос с депозита due ~ страховой взнос, подлежащий уплате earned ~ заработанная премия extra ~ дополнительная премия first ~ первый страховой взнос fixed ~ страховой взнос в постоянном размере gross ~ брутто-ставка страхового взноса holiday ~ отпускное вознаграждение in-full ~ общая сумма страховых платежей, подлежащих погашению in-pack ~ надбавка за упаковку incentive ~ поощрительная премия incoming ~ поступающий страховой взнос increasing ~ увеличивающийся страховой сбор initial ~ начальная премия initial ~ первый страховой взнос insurance ~ страховая премия insurance ~ страховой взнос interest ~ надбавка к проценту issue ~ выпуск облигаций с премией level ~ страховой сбор в постоянном размере life insurance ~ взнос при страховании жизни limited ~ ограниченная сумма страхового взноса loan disbursement ~ премия за выплату ссуды maturity ~ страховой взнос по срокам minimum ~ минимальный размер страхового взноса minimum ~ минимальный размер страховой премии natural ~ натуральная тарифная ставка net ~ нетто-ставка on-pack ~ премия при покупке всей партии товара option ~ бирж. опционная премия outstanding ~ просроченный страховой взнос overdue ~ просроченный страховой взнос overtime ~ доплата за сверхурочную работу paid-up ~ оплаченная страховая премия portfolio ~ взнос по портфельному страхованию postponement ~ приплата за отсрочку premium ажио ~ вознаграждение ~ лаж ~ маржа ~ награда;
премия;
to put a premium( on smth.) поощрять (что-л.), подстрекать( к чему-л.) ~ награда ~ надежный ~ первоочередной ~ первосортный ~ плата (за обучение и т. п.) ~ премиальная надбавка ~ фин. премия;
надбавка;
at a premium в большом почете;
в большом спросе;
очень модный ~ премия (страховая;
как приплата к номиналу;
в сделках с премией) ~ премия ~ бирж. премия по срочным сделкам ~ приплата к номинальной стоимости ~ срочный ~ страховая премия ~ страховая премия ~ страховой взнос ~ бирж. цена опциона ~ for own account уплата страхового взноса за собственный счет ~ on capital stock надбавка к эмиссионному курсу акций ~ on exchange rate надбавка к валютному курсу ~ on issue надбавка к номинальному курсу облигации ~ on issue премия сверх стоимости облигации ~ on par value stock надбавка к номиналу акции ~ on repayment взнос на погашение займа ~ to insurer страховая премия ~ награда;
премия;
to put a premium (on smth.) поощрять (что-л.), подстрекать (к чему-л.) put ~ бирж. премия за право купить или продать финансовый инструмент в течение определенного срока redemption ~ выкупная премия reinsurance ~ взнос при перестраховании renewal ~ взнос, подлежащий уплате по восстановленному договору страхования required ~ обязательный страховой взнос return ~ возвращенная страховая премия return ~ возвращенный страховой взнос returned ~ возвращенный страховой взнос risk ~ премия за риск scarcity ~ премия за редкость self-retained ~ страховой взнос по собственному удержанию share at ~ акция стоимостью выше номинала share block ~ надбавка к курсу партии акций share ~ надбавка к курсу акций share ~ премия акции single ~ единовременный страховой взнос special ~ специальный страховой взнос stipulated ~ ставка для обусловленных видов страхуемого имущества three-month ~ квартальный страховой взнос unamortized ~ несписанный страховой взнос unearned ~ возвращаемая часть страховой премии (при аннулировании полиса) unearned ~ неполученный страховой взнос variable ~ переменный страховой взнос -
23 mandrel
5) метал. раскатка6) (полый) шпиндель•-
ball mandrel
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bending mandrel
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bottom-hole choke mandrel
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built-up mandrel
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collet mandrel
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core mandrel
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drift mandrel
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expanding mandrel
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expansible mandrel
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fixed mandrel
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floating plug mandrel
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gas lift valve mandrel
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honing mandrel
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jar mandrel
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knocker mandrel
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packer mandrel
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payoff reel mandrel
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piercing mandrel
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pipe cutter mandrel
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retained mandrel
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rod coil mandrel
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roll mandrel
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rotating mandrel
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split mandrel
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straightening mandrels
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tube mandrel
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vertical coil forming mandrel -
24 арбитражная проба
1) Engineering: official sample, referee sample, umpire sample2) Trade: arbitration sample3) Food industry: official drawn sample4) oil&gas: retained sample -
25 дефицит
1) General subject: deficiency, deficit, deficit (дебетовое (отрицательное) сальдо на счёте накопленной нераспределённой чистой прибыли), gap, red, scarcity, shortage, shortfall, underage, tight supply, supply shortage, limited supply2) Engineering: lack, short supply3) Economy: budget deficit (бюджета), commodity deficit (товаров), deficiencies, imbalance, out-of-stock, stockout4) Accounting: deficit (дебетовое сальдо счета "реинвестированная прибыль" - retained earnings), shortcoming5) Finances: to the bad (в такую-то сумму)6) Diplomatic term: want7) Food industry: imperfection9) EBRD: short position, shortfall (недостача)10) Sakhalin R: make good11) Makarov: water stress12) oil&gas: supply shortfalls13) Logistics: stock sortage -
26 накопленный арендный доход
Oil&Gas technology retained override interestУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > накопленный арендный доход
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27 нефть, удержанная в пласте
Oil&Gas technology retained oilУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > нефть, удержанная в пласте
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28 остаточное напряжение
1) General subject: residual strength2) Engineering: afterstrain, residual voltage, rest potential, resting potential3) Construction: unrelieved stress4) Mining: post-stress5) Metallurgy: retained stress6) Oil: residual stress7) Drilling: internal stress9) Makarov: imposed stress, residual strain10) Combustion gas turbines: steady stressУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > остаточное напряжение
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29 вода
* * *вода́ ж.
waterобраба́тывать во́ду — condition waterопресня́ть солё́ную во́ду — desalinate salty [brackish] (sea-)waterосветля́ть во́ду — clarify waterотста́ивать во́ду — settle waterполуча́ть пре́сную во́ду из солё́ной воды́ — convert salty [brackish] water into fresh waterумягча́ть во́ду — soften water, remove hardness from waterабрази́вная вода́ — abrasive [gritty] waterабсорбцио́нная вода́ — absorption waterагресси́вная вода́ — agressive [corrosive] waterадсорби́рованная вода́ — adsorbed waterадсорбцио́нная вода́ — adsorption waterаммиа́чная вода́ — ammonia water, ammonia liquorартезиа́нская вода́ — deep-well waterатмосфе́рная вода́ — meteoric waterве́рхняя вода́ — headwaterверхова́я вода́ — upstream waterводопрово́дная вода́ — tap waterгазиро́ванная вода́ — aerated waterга́зовая вода́ — (coal) gas liquorгигроскопи́ческая вода́ — hygroscopic waterгидра́тная вода́ — hydration waterгравитацио́нная вода́ — gravitational waterгрунтова́я вода́ — (under)ground waterдеаэри́рованная вода́ — deaerated waterдеминерализо́ванная вода́ — demineralized waterдистиллиро́ванная вода́ — distilled waterдоба́вочная вода́ ( парового котла) — make-up waterдрена́жная вода́ — drainage waterжё́сткая вода́ — hard waterзагрязнё́нная вода́ — polluted waterзаде́ржанная вода́ ( в бетоне) — entrapped [retained] waterвода́ заме́шивания ( раствора бетона) — mixing waterзамо́чная вода́ — steep(ing) waterзапру́женная вода́ — impounded waterзасто́йная вода́ — stagnant waterвода́ затворе́ния (цемента, бетона) — tempering waterвода́ затворе́ния бето́нной сме́си — mixing waterзащи́тная вода́ ( для биологической защиты ядерного реактора) — shield waterизвестко́вая вода́ — lime waterинфильтрацио́нная вода́ — infiltration waterкапилля́рная вода́ — capillary waterки́слая вода́ — acidic waterконденсацио́нная вода́ — condensation waterкондуктометри́ческая вода́ — conductivity waterконституцио́нная вода́ — water of constitutionко́нтурная вода́ — edge waterкотло́вая вода́ — boiler waterкристаллизацио́нная вода́ — crystal waterлё́гкая вода́ — light [ordinary] waterли́вневая вода́ — storm waterлизиметри́ческая вода́ — lysimetric waterминерализо́ванная вода́ — mineralized waterминера́льная вода́ — mineral waterморска́я вода́ — sea-waterмытьева́я вода́ ( на судне) — bath [washing] waterмя́гкая вода́ — soft waterнадсмо́льная вода́ — tar-waterнапо́рная вода́ — pressure waterнесвя́занная вода́ — free waterобессо́ленная вода́ — desalted waterоблучё́нная вода́ — activated waterоборо́тная вода́ — circulating waterоборо́тная, сетева́я вода́ тепл. — return heating waterобыкнове́нная вода́ — ordinary [light] waterопреснё́нная вода́ — desalinated waterороша́ющая вода́ ( в химическом производстве) — reflux waterосветлё́нная вода́ — clarified waterотмо́чная вода́ — soak liquorотрабо́тавшая вода́ — waste waterотсто́йная вода́ — settling-vat waterотходя́щая вода́ — discharge [waste] waterохлажда́ющая вода́ — cooling waterохлаждё́нная вода́ — chilled waterочи́щенная вода́ — purified waterперегре́тая вода́ — superheated waterпита́тельная вода́ ( котла) — feed waterпитьева́я вода́ — potable [drinkable] waterпласто́вая вода́ — stratal waterплё́ночная вода́ — film waterпове́рхностная вода́ — surface waterподпё́ртая вода́ — backwaterподпи́точная вода́ ( котла) — make-up waterподсе́точная вода́ цел.-бум. — tray waterподсмо́льная вода́ — tar waterпо́лая вода́ — high water, freshetпо́ровая вода́ — void waterпо́чвенная вода́ — soil waterпре́сная вода́ — sweet [fresh] waterприро́дная вода́ — natural waterпроду́вочная вода́ — blowdown waterпроизво́дственная вода́ — process waterпромывна́я вода́ — rinsing [flushing, wash] waterпромы́шленная вода́ — industrial waterпрото́чная вода́ — running waterпрочносвя́занная вода́ — adsorbed waterрадиоакти́вная вода́ — radioactive waterрекупериро́ванная вода́ — reclaimed waterрудни́чная вода́ — mine waterрыхлосвя́занная вода́ — film waterсбросна́я вода́ — waste waterсвобо́дная вода́ — free waterсвя́занная вода́ — bound waterсетева́я вода́ тепл. — heating(-system) waterсилова́я вода́ — power waterстоя́чая вода́ — stagnant waterсульфа́тная вода́ — sulphate waterтерма́льная вода́ — thermal waterтехни́ческая вода́ — service waterтехнологи́ческая вода́ — process waterтрю́мная вода́ — bilge waterтяжё́лая вода́ — heavy waterумягчё́нная вода́ — softened waterуса́дочная вода́ — shrinkage waterфильтрацио́нная вода́ — seepage waterформо́вочная вода́ — water of plasticityхими́чески свя́занная вода́ — chemically bound waterхлори́рованная вода́ — chlorinated waterциркуляцио́нная вода́ — circulating waterчи́стая вода́ — pure waterша́хтная вода́ — mine waterшла́мовая вода́ — slime waterщелочна́я вода́ — alkaline waterэнергети́ческая вода́ — power water* * * -
30 coupling
сцепление; фрикцион; муфта; зубчатая муфта; кулачковая муфта; муфта сцепления; защёлка; собачка; кулак; сопряжение; сочленение (напр. шарнирного устройства); связь (по радио); взаимосвязь; взаимодействие; сцепной прибор; сцепка; цепной замок; стяжка; спаривание; соединение; соединительное звено (напр. цепи); стыковка; связывание; увязка; внедрение; доведение (результатов исследований); II соединительный; связывающий- coupling bar - coupling between oscillations - coupling cable - coupling component - coupling cone - coupling connector - coupling device - coupling edge - coupling end - coupling engagement - coupling error - coupling face - coupling fitting - coupling flange - coupling fork - coupling gasket - coupling half - coupling head - coupling hitch - coupling hook - coupling joint - coupling lever - coupling lifter - coupling link - coupling lock - coupling mechanism - coupling member - coupling nut - coupling of Asiatic profile - coupling of European profile - coupling of pipeline - coupling of pipeline sections - coupling of serie B - coupling pawl - coupling piece - coupling pipe - coupling point - coupling power - coupling ring - coupling rod - coupling screw - coupling screwing-on - coupling shaft - coupling site - coupling size - coupling sleeve - coupling socket - coupling spindle - coupling system - coupling unit - coupling with resilient members - coupling with rubber bushings - adapter coupling - additional coupling - air hose coupling - air-line coupling - ajax flexible coupling - annular coupling - Bibly coupling - capacitive coupling - cascade coupling - cased-muff coupling - clamp shaft coupling - cone coupling - cone-vice coupling - control coupling - cross coupling - cross sliding coupling - curvex coupling - Curvic coupling - cylindrical single-piece body coupling - diaphragm coupling - direct coupling- disk- disengaging coupling - dog coupling - double tapered coupling - double universal coupling - dresser coupling - drum disconnect coupling - eddy current coupling - elastic coupling - electric coupling - electrical coupling - electromagnetic coupling - expanding coupling - expansible coupling - expansion coupling - extension coupling - face tooth coupling - Falk coupling - fast coupling - feedback coupling - female threaded swivel coupling - fire-hose coupling - fixed coupling - fixed Curvic coupling - flange coupling - flanged coupling - flare quick tapered coupling from nickel-plated brass - flexible coupling - flexible block coupling - floating coupling - fluid coupling - fluid coupling adjustable by variable configuration of working space - fluid coupling adjustable by variable filling - fluid coupling with circulation - fluid coupling without circulation - fluid coupling without support - fluid drive coupling - fluted coupling - friction cone coupling - friction coupling - friction clutch coupling - full-floating coupling - funnel coupling - gear coupling - gear tooth-type coupling - gum coupling - hardened coupling - Hirth coupling - Hirth gear coupling - Hirth-ring coupling - Hirth tooth coupling - holdfast coupling - hydraulic coupling - hysteresis coupling - gas male threaded quick coupling - induction coupling - infused emitter coupling - interstage coupling - inverse coupling - jaw coupling - joint coupling - joint-type coupling - keyed coupling - lamination coupling - leather-belt coupling - leather-link coupling - link coupling - load limiting fluid coupling - loading coupling - loose coupling - loose-sliding coupling - Lord coupling - lub'air quick coupling - magnetic coupling - magnetic particle coupling - main coupling - make-and-break coupling - master control coupling - mixed coupling - movable coupling - muff coupling - multidisk coupling - needle coupling - nonlinear coupling - Oldham coupling - Oldum coupling - olive coupling for steel- copper- optimum coupling - overload coupling - parallel two-space fluid coupling - pawl coupling - permanent coupling - permanent shaft coupling - pill-to-pin coupling - pin coupling - pin-and-bushing flexible coupling - pin flexible coupling - pipe coupling - pivot-type coupling - plate coupling - plate-type coupling - pneumatic coupling - powder coupling - pressure coupling - prolac standard coupling with pushbutton for quick disconnection - protecting fluid coupling - pull rod coupling - push-connect air coupling - quick-acting coupling - quick-action coupling - quick-connect coupling - quick olive coupling for compressed air- water- quick-release coupling - rapid coupling - ratchet coupling - reducer coupling - reducing coupling - releasing Curvic coupling - resilient-material coupling - ribbed clamp coupling - rigid coupling - ring coupling - ring compression coupling - rod coupling - rod reducing coupling - roller chain flexible coupling - rope coupling - rotary coupling - rubber annulus coupling - rubber-packed coupling - rubber spider coupling - rubber tire coupling - safety coupling - scoop controlled fluid coupling - screw coupling - screwed coupling - self-aligning coupling - Sellers coupling - semipermanent coupling - semiuniversal Curvic coupling - series two-space fluid coupling - shaft coupling - shear-pin coupling - shift Curvic coupling - single-space fluid coupling - single-support fluid coupling - single universal coupling - sleeve coupling - sleeve-type coupling - slider coupling - sliding coupling - slip coupling - slip joint coupling - solid coupling - spiral jaw coupling - spline coupling - split coupling - split muff coupling - spring coupling - spring-loaded coupling - square-jaw coupling - star coupling - starting-breaking fluid coupling - starting fluid coupling - stationary coupling - straight pipe coupling - stud-retained coupling - sucker-rod coupling - swivel coupling - swivel hose quick release safety coupling - synchronous coupling - teflon-coated tapered threaded male quick release safety coupling - thimble coupling - threaded coupling - threadless coupling - through coupling - tight coupling - toothed coupling - toothed face coupling - tooth ring coupling - tooth-type coupling - torque coupling - trailer coupling - tube coupling - tubing coupling - turned-down coupling - turntable coupling - two-space fluid coupling - two-support fluid coupling - union coupling - universal coupling - universal spindle coupling - variable coupling - vernier coupling - viscous coupling - weak coupling - Westinghouse-Nuttall coupling - working control coupling - zigzag spring coupling -
31 Caproni, Giovanni Battista (Gianni), Conte di Taliedo
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 3 June 1886 Massone, Italyd. 29 October 1957 Rome, Italy[br]Italian aircraft designer and manufacturer, well known for his early large-aircraft designs.[br]Gianni Caproni studied civil and electrical engineering in Munich and Liège before moving on to Paris, where he developed an interest in aeronautics. He built his first aircraft in 1910, a biplane with a tricycle undercarriage (which has been claimed as the world's first tricycle undercarriage). Caproni and his brother, Dr Fred Caproni, set up a factory at Malpensa in northern Italy and produced a series of monoplanes and biplanes. In 1913 Caproni astounded the aviation world with his Ca 30 three-engined biplane bomber. There followed many variations, of which the most significant were the Ca 32 of 1915, the first large bomber to enter service in significant numbers, and the Ca 42 triplane of 1917 with a wing span of almost 30 metres.After the First World War, Caproni designed an even larger aircraft with three pairs of triplane wings (i.e. nine wings each of 30 metres span) and eight engines. This Ca 60 flying boat was designed to carry 100 passengers. In 1921 it made one short flight lightly loaded; however, with a load of sandbags representing sixty passengers, it crashed soon after take-off. The project was abandoned but Caproni's company prospered and expanded to become one of the largest groups of companies in Italy. In the 1930s Caproni aircraft twice broke the world altitude record. Several Caproni types were in service when Italy entered the Second World War, and an unusual research aircraft was under development. The Caproni-Campini No. 1 (CC2) was a jet, but it did not have a gas-turbine engine. Dr Campini's engine used a piston engine to drive a compressor which forced air out through a nozzle, and by burning fuel in this airstream a jet was produced. It flew with limited success in August 1940, amid much publicity: the first German jet (1939) and the first British jet (1941) were both flown in secret. Caproni retained many of his early aircraft for his private museum, including some salvaged parts from his monstrous flying boat.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Conte di Taliedo 1940.Further ReadingDizionario biografico degli Italiani, 1976, Vol. XIX.The Caproni Museum has published two books on the Caproni aeroplanes: Gli Aeroplani Caproni -1909–1935 and Gli Aeroplani Caproni dal 1935 in poi. See also Jane'sfighting Aircraft of World War 1; 1919, republished 1990.JDSBiographical history of technology > Caproni, Giovanni Battista (Gianni), Conte di Taliedo
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32 Donkin, Bryan III
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 29 August 1835 London, Englandd. 4 March 1902 Brussels, Belgium[br]English mechanical engineer.[br]Bryan Donkin was the eldest son of John Donkin (1802–54) and grandson of Bryan Donkin I (1768–1855). He was educated at University College, London, and at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Métiers in Paris, and then served an apprenticeship in the firm established by his grandfather. He assisted his uncle, Bryan Donkin II (1809–93), in setting up paper mills at St Petersburg. He became a partner in the Donkin firm in 1868 and Chairman in 1889, and retained this position after the amalgamation with Clench \& Co. of Chesterfield in 1900. Bryan Donkin was one of the first engineers to carry out scientific tests on steam engines and boilers, the results of his experiments being reported in many papers to the engineering institutions. In the 1890s his interests extended to the internal-combustion engine and he translated Rudolf Diesel's book Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor. He was a frequent contributor to the weekly journal The Engineer. He was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, as well as of many other societies, including the Royal Institution, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Société Industrielle de Mulhouse and the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure. In his experimental work he often collaborated with others, notably Professor A.B.W.Kennedy (1847–1928), with whom he was also associated in the consulting engineering firm of Kennedy \& Donkin.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1901. Institution of Civil Engineers, Telford premiums 1889, 1891; Watt Medal 1894; Manby premium 1896.Bibliography1894, Gas, Oil and Air Engines, London.1896, with A.B.W.Kennedy, Experiments on Steam Boilers, London. 1898, Heat Efficiency of Steam Boilers, London.RTS -
33 Grove, Sir William Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 11 July 1811 Swansea, Walesd. 1 August 1896 London, England[br]Welsh chemist and physicist, inventor of the Grove electrochemical primary cell.[br]After education at Brasenose College, Oxford, Grove was called to the Bar in 1835. Instead of immediately practising, he became involved in electrical research, devising in 1839 the cell that bears his name. He became Professor of Experimental Philosophy at the London Institution from 1840 to 1845; it was during this period that he built up his high reputation among physicists. In 1846 he published On the Correlation of Physical Forces, which was based on a course of his lectures. He returned to the practice of law, becoming a judge in 1871, but retained his interest in scientific research during his sixteen-year occupancy of the Bench. He served as a member of the Council of the Royal Society in 1846 and 1847 and played a leading part in its reform. Contributing to the science of electrochemistry, he invented the Grove cell, which together with its modification by Bunsen became an important source of electrical energy during the middle of the nineteenth century, before mechanically driven generators became available. The Grove cell had a platinum electrode immersed in strong nitric acid, separated by a porous diaphragm from a zinc electrode in weak sulphuric acid. The hydrogen formed at the platinum electrode was immediately oxidized by the acid, turning it into water. This avoided the polarization which occurred in the early copper-zinc cells. It was a very powerful primary cell with a high voltage and a low internal resistance, but it produced objectionable fumes. Grove also invented his "gas battery", the earliest fuel cell, in which a current resulted from the chemical energy released from combining oxygen and hydrogen. This was developed by Rawcliffe and others, and found applications as a power source in manned spacecraft.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1872. FRS 1840. Fellow of the Chemistry Society 1841. Royal Society Royal Medal 1847.Bibliography1846, On the Correlation of Physical Forces, London; 1874, 6th edn, with reprints of many of Grove's papers (his only book, an early view on the conservation of energy).1839, "On a small voltaic battery of great energy", Philosophical Magazine 15:287–93 (his account of his cell).Further ReadingObituary, 1896, Electrician 37:483–4.K.R.Webb, 1961, "Sir William Robert Grove (1811–1896) and the origin of the fuel cell", Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry 85: 291–3 (for the present-day significance of Grove's experiments).C.C.Gillispie (ed.), 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. V, New York, pp. 559–61.GWBiographical history of technology > Grove, Sir William Robert
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34 Lanchester, Frederick William
[br]b. 28 October 1868 Lewisham, London, Englandd. 8 March 1946 Birmingham, England[br]English designer and builder of the first all-British motor car.[br]The fourth of eight children of an architect, he spent his childhood in Hove and attended a private preparatory school, from where, aged 14, he went to the Hartley Institution (the forerunner of Southampton University). He was then granted a scholarship to the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and also studied practical engineering at Finsbury Technical College, London. He worked first for a draughtsman and pseudo-patent agent, and was then appointed Assistant Works Manager of the Forward Gas Engine Company of Birmingham, with sixty men and a salary of £1 per week. He was then aged 21. His younger brother, George, was apprenticed to the same company. In 1889 and 1890 he invented a pendulum governor and an engine starter which earned him royalties. He built a flat-bottomed river craft with a stern paddle-wheel and a vertical single-cylinder engine with a wick carburettor of his own design. From 1892 he performed a number of garden experiments on model gliders relating to problems of lift and drag, which led him to postulate vortices from the wingtips trailing behind, much of his work lying behind the theory of modern aerodynamics. The need to develop a light engine for aircraft led him to car design.In February 1896 his first experimental car took the road. It had a torsionally rigid chassis, a perfectly balanced and almost noiseless engine, dynamically stable steering, epicyclic gear for low speed and reverse with direct drive for high speed. It turned out to be underpowered and was therefore redesigned. Two years later an 8 hp, two-cylinder flat twin appeared which retained the principle of balancing by reverse rotation, had new Lanchester valve-gear and a new method of ignition based on a magneto generator. For the first time a worm and wheel replaced chain-drive or bevel-gear transmission. Lanchester also designed the machinery to make it. The car was capable of about 18 mph (29 km/h): future cars of his travelled at twice that speed. From 1899 to 1904 cars were produced for sale by the Lanchester Engine Company, which was formed in 1898. The company had to make every component except the tyres. Lanchester gave up the managership but remained as Chief Designer, and he remained in this post until 1914.In 1907–8 his two-volume treatise Aerial Flight was published; it included consideration of skin friction, boundary-layer theory and the theory of stability. In 1909 he was appointed to the Government's Committee for Aeronautics and also became a consultant to the Daimler Company. At the age of 51 he married Dorothea Cooper. He remained a consultant to Daimler and worked also for Wolseley and Beardmore until 1929 when he started Lanchester Laboratories, working on sound reproduction. He also wrote books on relativity and on the theory of dimensions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS.Bibliographybht=1907–8, Aerial Flight, 2 vols.Further ReadingP.W.Kingsford, 1966, F.W.Lanchester, Automobile Engineer.E.G.Semler (ed.), 1966, The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Lanchester, Frederick William
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35 Roberts, Richard
[br]b. 22 April 1789 Carreghova, Llanymynech, Montgomeryshire, Walesd. 11 March 1864 London, England[br]Welsh mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]Richard Roberts was the son of a shoemaker and tollkeeper and received only an elementary education at the village school. At the age of 10 his interest in mechanics was stimulated when he was allowed by the Curate, the Revd Griffith Howell, to use his lathe and other tools. As a young man Roberts acquired a considerable local reputation for his mechanical skills, but these were exercised only in his spare time. For many years he worked in the local limestone quarries, until at the age of 20 he obtained employment as a pattern-maker in Staffordshire. In the next few years he worked as a mechanic in Liverpool, Manchester and Salford before moving in 1814 to London, where he obtained employment with Henry Maudslay. In 1816 he set up on his own account in Manchester. He soon established a reputation there for gear-cutting and other general engineering work, especially for the textile industry, and by 1821 he was employing about twelve men. He built machine tools mainly for his own use, including, in 1817, one of the first planing machines.One of his first inventions was a gas meter, but his first patent was obtained in 1822 for improvements in looms. His most important contribution to textile technology was his invention of the self-acting spinning mule, patented in 1825. The normal fourteen-year term of this patent was extended in 1839 by a further seven years. Between 1826 and 1828 Roberts paid several visits to Alsace, France, arranging cottonspinning machinery for a new factory at Mulhouse. By 1826 he had become a partner in the firm of Sharp Brothers, the company then becoming Sharp, Roberts \& Co. The firm continued to build textile machinery, and in the 1830s it built locomotive engines for the newly created railways and made one experimental steam-carriage for use on roads. The partnership was dissolved in 1843, the Sharps establishing a new works to continue locomotive building while Roberts retained the existing factory, known as the Globe Works, where he soon after took as partners R.G.Dobinson and Benjamin Fothergill (1802–79). This partnership was dissolved c. 1851, and Roberts continued in business on his own for a few years before moving to London as a consulting engineer.During the 1840s and 1850s Roberts produced many new inventions in a variety of fields, including machine tools, clocks and watches, textile machinery, pumps and ships. One of these was a machine controlled by a punched-card system similar to the Jacquard loom for punching rivet holes in plates. This was used in the construction of the Conway and Menai Straits tubular bridges. Roberts was granted twenty-six patents, many of which, before the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852, covered more than one invention; there were still other inventions he did not patent. He made his contribution to the discussion which led up to the 1852 Act by publishing, in 1830 and 1833, pamphlets suggesting reform of the Patent Law.In the early 1820s Roberts helped to establish the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, and in 1823 he was elected a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. He frequently contributed to their proceedings and in 1861 he was made an Honorary Member. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1838. From 1838 to 1843 he served as a councillor of the then-new Municipal Borough of Manchester. In his final years, without the assistance of business partners, Roberts suffered financial difficulties, and at the time of his death a fund for his aid was being raised.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember, Institution of Civil Engineers 1838.Further ReadingThere is no full-length biography of Richard Roberts but the best account is H.W.Dickinson, 1945–7, "Richard Roberts, his life and inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25:123–37.W.H.Chaloner, 1968–9, "New light on Richard Roberts, textile engineer (1789–1864)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 41:27–44.RTS
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