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101 cibolero
(Sp. model spelled same [sipoléro]< cíbolo and the agentive suffix -ero 'profession or trade')Carlisle: 1928. A buffalo hunter. Watts indicates that the term refers to the mestizos who hunted buffalo with lances or bows and arrows. He indicates that these were the precursors of the unpopular Comancheros. Spanish sources do not reference this term, but it follows typical morphological patterns. -
102 conchas
Ornaments, usually made of silver, used to decorate saddles and other pieces of riding gear, including the chaps, saddleskirt, spurs, etc. Concha is Spanish for 'shell.' Cobos notes that in New Mexico and Southern Colorado Spanish, a concha may be a disc made of nickel or leather that serves as a washer for saddle strings, or a shell-shaped disc made of silver or copper used on Navajo Indian belts. With the exception of Cobos, Spanish sources do not reference the term as a silver decoration; it is evident that the southwestern definition is an extension of the meaning of 'shell' and refers to the shape of the decorations.Alternate forms: chonchos, conchos. -
103 cuna
(Sp. model spelled same [kúna] < Latin cuna 'cradle')According to Watts, a cowhide stretched under a wagon to carry fuel and equipment. Spanish sources do not reference this meaning, but this carrying device likely received its name because it is similar in shape to a cuna or child's cradle.Alternate forms: cooney, coonie, cuña.Also called bitch, caboose, coosie, possum belly. -
104 galleta
(Sp. model spelled same [gajéta] < French galette)1) Southwestern California: 1856. According to the DARE, a stiff, dense grass used in the Southwest for forage. It includes several varieties of the genus Hilaria, especialy H. jamesii. Bentley says that it grows to a height of two to four feet and thrives in even the driest of soils. Spanish sources do not reference this meaning.Alternate forms: gaieta, galleta grass, gietta grass.Also called tobosa. -
105 gringo
(Sp. model spelled same [gringo], of disputed origin)A term used derisively in the Southwest to refer to Anglos, newcomers, and strangers. The DRAE references gringo as a foreigner, generally one who speaks a language other than Spanish, and especially one who speaks English. It is also an adjective for any foreign language. Santamaría notes that in Mexico it refers to a person from the United States and adds that the term has been extended to refer to any fair-skinned person, or even a white animal with blue eyes and light-colored lashes. There have been many theories, some of which do not reflect careful, serious study as to how this term came into Spanish. Some wordsmiths have suggested it derives from 'green coat,' referring to the uniforms of United States soldiers. Another theory holds that the term comes from a song sung by American soldiers that contained the verse "green grow the rashes, O" ("rashes" was sometimes replaced by "rushes" or "lilacs," depending on the version). Hendrickson suggests that the term derives from the name of Major Samuel Ringgold (pronounced with a trilled /r / and apocope of the final consonant cluster; a plausible Mexican Spanish adaptation). Ringgold was a United States officer and strategist who faced the Mexicans during the Mexican War. However, since the term is attested to as early as 1787 with reference to the Irish brigades in Spain (who may have worn green coats and sung the verse cited above), the preceeding explanations cannot be entirely correct. Far more likely than any of these theories is the distinct possibility that the term comes from griego, meaning Greek in Spanish. It is comparable to the English phrase "it's all Greek to me." -
106 grulla
(Sp. model spelled same [gruja], probably derived from the older form gruya or grúa < Latin grüem 'crane.' Corominas indicates that there is no good explanation for the appearance of the grapheme {ll} in this term)1) A crane bird. The DRAE defines it as a long-legged bird that grows to some four feet in height and has a prolonged, conical beak, a head partially covered in red and brown feathers, a long black neck, large round wings, a small tail with long bristly coverts, and gray plumage. It flies high and rests on one leg.2) Central Texas: 1866. Mouse-colored or dark-colored, said of a horse or mule. Spanish sources reference grullo as an adjective to describe an ash-colored or mouse-colored horse.Alternate forms: gruller, grullo, gruya, gruyay, gruyer, gruyo. -
107 junta
(Sp. model spelled same [xúnta] < Latin junctüra 'meeting, assembly')Among cattlemen, a business meeting. The DRAE and Simon and Schuster's International Dictionary confirm that 'meeting' or 'conference' is one of the meanings of junta in Spanish. Neither source makes specific reference to the use of this term in the cattle industry, but it is obviously an extension or specific application. -
108 ladino
(Sp. model spelled same [laðino] < Latin latinum 'Latin.' In the Middle Ages it meant Romance, as opposed to Arabic, and referred to a Moor who could speak Latin; with reference to books, it applied to 'fine, learned, Latinlike' languages (according to Corominas), and later came to mean 'skillful,' 'astute,' or 'wise')Texas: 1892. Originally, a wild longhorn, but more recently, a horse or cow that is vicious, wild, and unmanageable, and seems to possess a certain crafty intelligence. The DARE indicates that this term may be used as a noun or as an adjective. Clark notes that it is sometimes applied to a "crafty or wily person." In Spanish, this term originally applied to a person who knew Latin or was wise or learned in general. It has since come to mean 'clever' or 'knowledgeable.' Santamaría confirms that in Coahuila, Mexico, the term is used to refer to a bull that, having been at one point confined to a corral, on its return to the field is not only wild again but seems to possess a certain knowledge of humans that allows it to evade all the cowboys who attempt to capture it. -
109 maguey
(Sp. model spelled same [mayéi], of Taino origin)1) DARE: 1830. Another name for the agave plant. Both Blevins and Hendrick-son reference agave, Hendrickson noting that the term derives from the name of "the daughter of the legendary Cadmus who introduced the Greek alphabet." While many species make up the Agave genus, the most remarkable one is the so-called century plant (A. americana). According to legend, the plant earned its name because it only blooms once every one hundred years. However, it actually blooms any time after fifteen years, usually in twenty to thirty years. Both Blevins and Hendrickson state that the plant dies after blooming, but no Spanish source reaffirms this. According to the DRAE and Blevins, it is originally from Mexico (although introduced into Europe in the sixteenth century and naturalized on the Mediterranean coast). The agave, maguey, or century plant is a light green succulent with fleshy leaves and yellowish blooms. The leaves are similar in arrangement to a triangular pyramid or a rosette; the edges as well as the tips of the leaves are covered with sharp spines, and the plant may grow up to some twenty to twenty-three feet in height. This particular plant and related species are used as hedges or fences in dry, hot areas and they produce fiber (thread), alcoholic beverages (mescal, tequila and pulque), soaps, and foodstuffs. In Mexico, the term maguey is used much more frequently to refer to these same plants. The DARE notes that this name is limited to the Southwest and the Gulf states.Also known as amole, century plant, lechuguilla, mescal.2) New Mexico: 1899. A rope, such as a lasso, made from the fibers of a maguey plant. Santamaría and the DRAE concur with the first definition, but no Spanish source glosses the term as a kind of rope.Alternate forms: maguay, McGay (the latter is a folk etymology). -
110 ojo
(Sp. model spelled same [óxo] < Latin oculum 'eye')In the Southwest, a spring (of water). The DRAE concurs. Santamaría and Cobos reference ojo de agua as a spring. -
111 otero
(Sp. model spelled same [otéro] < oto, which was an earlier form of alto 'tall' < Latin altum 'tall')Blevins indicates that this term is "cowboy talk for a big steer." The DRAE glosses it as an isolated hill that is the dominant feature of a plain. Spanish sources do not reference it as an animal, but perhaps it is a semantic extension referring to the dominant animal of the herd. -
112 petalta
(Sp. model spelled same? [petálta], etymology not found)A herd of cattle gathered so that some can be cut out. Spanish sources do not reference this term. -
113 poblano
(Sp. model spelled same [poblano])A large-brimmed, low-crowned hat worn by cowboys since the eighteenth century, according to Blevins. Spanish sources reference this term as an adjective meaning 'rustic' or 'rural,' but not as a type of hat. -
114 saguaro
OED: 1856. The famous giant cactus of the Southwest ( Carnegiea gigantea), growing up to sixty feet in height, according to Blevins, and linked forever in the popular mind with cowboying. Many western movies shot in places like Old Tucson made ample use of this impressive plant in scenes depicting trail rides and desert locales. Islas and Santamaría both reference this term as a giant cactus native to northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States. It also refers to the fruit of the cactus.Alternate forms: sagarro, sahuaro, suaro, suhuaro, suwarro. -
115 segundo
(Sp. model spelled same [segundo] 'second' < Latin secundum)Carlisle: 1903. The second in command in any endeavor, but especially on a trail drive.Also called a strawboss. Spanish sources reference it as a person who is second in command. -
116 Sonora
(Sp. model spelled same [sonora], place name)A winter rain originating in the south, near the Mexican state of Sonora. Spanish sources do not reference it. -
117 tablas del fuste
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118 tornillo
Clark: 1840s. This term with the general meaning of 'screw' has specific reference to the screw-pod mesquite ( Prosopis pubescens) of Texas, New Mexico, and California. Also the bean of the plant, used as forage for cattle and horses. Santamaría also references the term with the same species and genus, noting that it grows on the shores of rivers along the northern border of Mexico. Cobos glosses it only as a "screw bean."
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