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1 DRAE
m.DRAE, Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy of Language.* * *SM ABR= Diccionario de la Real Academia Española* * *= Diccionario de la Real Academia Española* * *= dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy -
2 cabestro
(Sp. model spelled same [kabéstro] < Latin capistrum 'halter')1) DARE: 1805. Originally a halter or tether made of a hair rope. Watts notes that its original meaning was broadened to refer to any hair rope, or even to a reata, which is generally a rope made of rawhide. This last application is not widespread, however, and can be confusing, since cabestro is often used to distinguish a rope made of hair from one made of rawhide or leather. The DRAE defines cabestro as a halter that is tied to the head or neck of a horse to lead or secure it. Islas's definition differs from the DRAE's in that the horsehair cabestro need not be attached to a halter. According to Islas, it is the term most commonly used in Mexico to refer to a twisted horsehair rope used to restrain, lead, or train a horse. Its length is variable—it may be some sixteen feet long and serve as a halter, or about twenty feet long and function as a double-rein, or from twenty-six to thirty-three feet long and serve as a "false rein" (or halter and headstall used when breaking a horse). The thickness of the cabestro or cabresto also varies, depending on the function of the rope. Santamaría concurs with Islas, noting that cabresto is so common in Mexico that cabestro sounds strange to the ear. He cites Salvá as saying that cabresto is an antiquated form that appears in writing in the sixteenth century. (Linguistically, the fact that the /r/ appears to move from one syllable to the next and forms a consonant cluster with /b/ or /t/ is known as metathesis. Such variation is common in popularly transmitted forms and is evidenced in the history of both Spanish and English.) Cobos indicates that in New Mexico and southern Colorado cabresto can refer to a rope in general.Alternate forms: cabarista, cabaros, caberes, caberos, caboras, caboris, cabras, cabrass, cabressa, cabresse, cabresta, cabresto, cabris, cavraces.2) According to Smith, cabestro can also refer to "one who might be led around by the nose." Spanish sources do not reference this term as a noun that can be applied to a person. However, the DRAE references cabestrear and Santamaría references cabrestear as verbs meaning to lead an animal around with a cabestro or cabresto. Santamaría indicates that the verb form can be used figuratively to lead a person "by the nose" or to coerce him or her to do something against his or her will. According to the DRAE, llevar/ traer del cabestro a alguien has the same figurative meaning in Spain. -
3 monte
(Sp. model spelled same [monte] < Latin montem 'mountain')1) California: 1851. An uncultivated piece of land, generally heavily thicketed with chaparral or mesquite. The DRAE references it as uncultivated land covered with trees, shrubs, or bushes. Santamaría glosses it as wild vegetation in general.2) Clark: 1840s. Either a card game played with forty-five cards in which bets are made on the two cards dealt to each player or a con game in which the dealer lays down three cards and bets that a player cannot find a certain card, generally the queen of spades or an ace. The DRAE references monte as a game of chance and betting in which the dealer takes two cards from the bottom of the deck and two from the top and then returns all four cards to the deck and starts revealing cards until one that matches one of the original four in number is found to win a hand. Monte also refers to a popular card game also known as banca. The DRAE also references monte as a pile (or mountain) of cards left over after each player has had his share; the OED suggests that the card games were named after this pile of cards.3) Monte is also used as a combining element in monte bank, monte banker, monte dealer, monte layout, monte sharp (a cheater), monte table, and monte thrower (a dealer in three-card monte). -
4 peal
1) A stocking; also a foot, according to Adams. The DRAE glosses it as the part of a stocking that covers the foot.2) Adams also glosses this term as "a worthless person." The Royal Academy confirms this usage, stating that it may refer to a useless, dull, or contemptible person.3) A rope. The DRAE and Santamaría concur with this definition. The DM references it as a rope or cord made of strong twisted fiber used to snare animals by the feet. From southeastern Mexico to South America, it refers to a twisted strip of rawhide cured with wax.4) Carlisle: 1929. As a verb, to throw an animal by catching its forefeet with a rope. The DRAE lists two terms with this definition, pealar and apealar. Santamaría and Islas note that pialar and apialar are also common in Mexico.Alternate form: piale. -
5 ayate
(Sp. model spelled same [ajáte]< Nahuatl ayatl 'thin cloth made of maguey fiber')Glossed by Carlisle as a square or rectangular piece of plaid cloth used to carry diverse items by southwestern Indians. It was fashioned into a sling and served to transport pottery, foodstuffs, and other things. The term is referenced in the DRAE, DM, and VCN. All three Spanish sources say that the term refers to a woven fabric made of maguey fiber used as a sort of bag to carry fruit and other items. The DRAE indicates that the fabric could have been made of palm fibers, henequen, or cotton. Buckaroos who resided in Indian territory likely would have seen this artifact and known its name. -
6 bandido
(Sp. model spelled same [bandido], past participle of bandir, of disputed origin; the DRAE claims that bandir comes from Gothic bandwjan, meaning to outlaw or banish; Corominas indicates it is from Frankish bannjan, which was confused with Gothic bandwjan 'to make a sign')DARE: 1898. A bandit, bandito, or desperado. This item also foregrounds the origin of the referent; the Spanish term usually denotes a bandit of Mexican origin. The DRAE concurs with the principal meaning of bandit. Such figures are stock characters in the literature and film depicting the Old West. -
7 bosal
New Mexico: 1844. A rope; a leather, or rawhide halter; or a metal ring that fits around the nose of a horse and is used as part of a hackamore in place of a bit. It can also refer to the rope used for such a halter. A bosal is often used when breaking a horse or riding an unruly horse. The DRAE gives several definitions for bozal, but notes that in the Americas it refers to a rope that, when tied to the neck of an animal, functions as a halter. In Spain, the more common term is bozo. Santamaría expands on the definition found in the DRAE and indicates that a bozal is made by loosely looping a rope around an animal's neck and securing it with a knot, then tying the rest of the rope around the horse's nose, using the end as a single rein.Alternate forms: bonsal, bosaal, bozal. -
8 Bentley
1836. Brave; wild or fierce, referring to animals or people.A shortened form of the Río Bravo (del Norte); the Mexican name for the Rio Grande.3) According to Bentley, a shout of encouragement at "some public performance or competition." It may also mean excellent or well done, notes the DRAE.4) Bentley: 1929. Also "a bandit or villain." The DRAE indicates that this term may mean brave or ferocious. Perhaps that definition arises from the fierce, tempermental character attributed to many outlaws. The DM further notes that bravo may mean wild, angry, irascible, or irritable and can be applied to animals as well as humans. Some cowpunchers, ranchers, and not a few of the animals they rode or herded were considered bravo—no doubt a number of cowboys understood and employed this term. -
9 bronco
(Sp. model spelled same [bróŋko], of uncertain origin; may be from Latin broncus, via broccus 'having long, uneven teeth' as the DRAE concludes; or from an early Spanish term meaning originally 'piece of a cut branch' or 'knot in wood' < Vulgar Latin * bruncus, a cross between broccus 'pointed object' and truncus 'trunk' as Corominas hypothesizes)Clark: 1850s. Hendrickson, Clark, and Blevins all reference this term.1) Originally applied to a wild or unbroken horse. It could be used as an alternate term for mustang. It was later applied more loosely to any unmanageable or vicious horse. More recently, the term refers to any horse used by a cowboy.2) The term could also be an adjective describing an unruly horse or a wild, rebellious person. The DRAE references the adjective bronco, meaning crude, rough, or unrefined, and also mentions a noun form used in Mexico meaning an untamed horse. Santamaría concurs, describing a bronco as a horse that has not yet been broken and therefore fights the reins and rider.Alternate forms: bronc, bronch, broncho.Cowboys came to prefer the anglicized form bronc. -
10 burro
1) New Mexico: 1844. A donkey. Sometimes referred to a mule. According to Blevins, "also known as 'Arizona nightingale,' Colorado mockingbird,' 'desert canary,' 'mountain canary,' 'Rocky Mountain canary,' 'Washoe canary,' 'western nightingale'." The DRAE references burro as an ass or solipede animal.2) Among cattlemen, the word also refers to a stand made for storing a saddle when it is not in use. The VCN concurs. The stand has the appearance of a pitched roof of a house, and Adams says that it is much better to rest a saddle on a burro than to hang it or lay it on the ground. The DRAE indicates that a burro is a type of adjustable sawhorse. -
11 cantina
(Sp. model spelled same [kantína] < Italian cantina 'wine cellar, wine shop')1) Watts: 1875. In the Southwest, especially Texas, a saloon or tavern; a Mexican wineshop.2) According to Watts, "a pocket of a mochila." Blevins notes that the Pony Express used mochilas with pockets, or cantinas, to carry mail.3) Southwest: 1844. A saddlebag or other container hung from the saddle. Blevins references cantina as "a leather box packed by a mule."Alternate form: cantiness.4) Watts: 1942. A receptacle used to heat liquids; a coffeepot. This definition is similar to the English canteen, a tin or wooden container used to hold water or liquor used by travelers, soldiers, or workmen. It is unknown whether this meaning derives from Spanish or whether the Spanish term has been extended to be synonymous with canteen. The DRAE gives several definitions for cantina, among them a shop where liquor and other provisions are sold; a box made of wood, metal, or cork and covered with leather and divided into various compartments for carrying food; and (especially in Mexico) two squarish leather bags with lids that are hung from either side of a saddletree, similar to the more antiquated alforjas. They are used for carrying foodstuffs. Islas and Santamaría concur with the definitions in the DRAE, with a few exceptions. Islas indicates that the bags may be round or square, they hang from the cantle rather than the saddletree, and they are used to carry all sorts of provisions for the rider, not just food. He also mentions that the term is generally used in the plural. Santamaría notes that the cantinas have replaced the older alforjas, árganas (wicker baskets used as packsad-dles), and cojinillos (another name for saddlebags, these were generally bags or small wicker baskets). Cobos states that in New Mexico and Colorado a cantina can be either a bar or tavern or a large wallet or leather box. None of the Spanish sources consulted concurred with senses (2) and (4). Perhaps (2) is an extension of (3), and (4) did not come from Spanish but was later used as an alternate term for the English canteen. -
12 carga
(Sp. model spelled same [kárga] < cargar < Vulgar Latin * car-ricare 'to carry' < Celto-Latin carrus 'cart or wagon')DARE: 1844.1) A cargo or load to be transported.2) A unit of weight that varied depending on the product or the way in which it was carried. Hoy notes that a carga carried by an Indian was equivalent to two arrobas (approximately fifty pounds), but one carried by a mule (a carga de mulas) was the same as eight arrobas (about three hundred pounds). The DRAE references carga as something that can be transported on one's shoulders, on one's back, by pack animal, or on any vehicle. The DRAE also indicates it can refer to a variable unit of weight for wood, fruit, grains, and other items. Santamaría also references carga as a variable unit of measurement, which may refer to two hectoliters (a measurement roughly equivalent to two-and-a-quarter dry gallons), two boxfuls, or the quantity that can be transported on the back of a pack animal. It is also used as a measurement for dry goods that is roughly equivalent to the weight of four hundred cocoa beans. Islas concurs, adding that another equivalent measure is that of ninety-six cuartillos (equal to two hectoliters). -
13 cencerro
(Sp. model spelled same [senséro ] onomatopoeic formation of uncertain origin, probably < Basque zinzerri, 'dog's bell'). Carlisle: 1876. A mare that wears a bell to help locate the herd. Also known as bell-mare. Spanish sources, including the DRAE and the VCN, gloss cencerro as a type of small, crude bell. The DRAE indicates that it is attached to the necks of cattle; Islas notes that it is most often used for animals that tend to stray from the herd, or for those that serve as guides or caponeras. -
14 chicote
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫ikóte], of disputed origin; either from French chicot 'piece of a trunk or cut root emerging from the ground,' 'splinter embedded in a horse's hoof,' or 'root of a tooth' [DRAE, Corominas]; or from Nahuatl xicotli 'wasp with a loud buzz and a painful sting' [Cabrera])Also called latigo, azote. -
15 cinch
Noun forms:1) Colorado: 1859. The saddle girth or strap used to hold a saddle on an animal. It is generally made of braided horsehair, leather, canvas, or cordage, and has a metal ring on either end.Alternate forms: cincha, cinche, cincher, cincho, sinche.2) New York: 1888. A sure bet; an easy thing.Alternate forms: cincha, cincho, sinch.3) DARE: 1889. A four-player card game also known as Double Pedro or High Five.4) DARE: 1871. To tighten the strap on a saddle; to secure the saddle on a horse's back.Alternate form: cinch up (Adams says that cinch up is the proper term and that cinch alone was never used in Old West).5) California: 1968. To secure or fasten something.6) Nebraska: 1905. To secure a deal, to make certain.Alternate form: cinch up.7) California: 1875. According to the DARE, "to squeeze into a small place." This was also used figuratively. For instance, a person caught committing a dishonest act was cinched. Spanish sources reference only the first of the above definitions. The rest are extensions. The DRAE glosses cincha as a band made of hemp, wool, horsehair, leather, or esparto grass with which one secures the saddle on an animal. It fits behind the front legs or under the belly of the horse and is tightened with one or more buckles. Santamaría and Islas give similar definitions to that found in the DRAE, but they indicate that in Mexico the term is commonly spelled cincho.A broken cinch strap or a figurative expression for any failed venture.Washington: 1916. According to Watts and Adams, a horse that bucks and falls backward when the cinch on its saddle is pulled too tightly.Blevins glosses this term as a hook on a spur that attaches to the cinch to prevent an animal from throwing its rider.The ring on a cinch, according to Blevins.As Clark notes, this term refers to the two straps on a western-style saddle; one in the front and the other at the rear.Carlisle: 1912. According to Carlisle, a saddle strap that fits "between the ribs and the hips of the horse."Carlisle: 1930. The rear strap on a western saddle.OED: 1898. A sure thing; something that is easy. Hendrickson suggests that the term comes from a combination of cinch ( See 2) and a reference to the underworld where criminals used lead pipes as weapons because they were a surefire way to dispose of their victims. He goes on to say the lead pipes were easy to get rid of if the criminals were approached by police. His etymology is unsupported by other English sources consulted, and appears fanciful, to say the least. Also referenced in the OED as "a complete certainty." -
16 colear
(Sp. model spelled same [koléar] < cola < Vulgar Latin coda 'tail' < Latin cauda; the /l/ may result from a blend with the Spanish culo 'bottom or backside')New Mexico: 1844. Used as a verb, it means "to throw an animal by the tail," according to the DARE. As a noun, it refers to the act of throwing an animal in such a way. The DRAE defines colear as a transitive verb (used in the context of a bullfight) meaning to throw a bull by the tail, especially when the bull is about to charge a fallen picador. The DRAE also notes that in Mexico and Venezuela, it means to catch a bull by the tail while riding by on horseback and then, holding the animal's tail under the right leg against the saddle, to throw the bull with a lunge by the horse. Santamaría concurs.Alternate forms: to colear (verb), coleo (noun), colliar. -
17 corona
(carona [karóna], evolved along with the ancient locative adverb a la carona 'in direct contact with the skin of an animal or person' from an earlier, probably pre-Roman, term, * carón or a similar form)Southwest (west Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona): 1892. A saddle pad placed between the saddle and the animal's back. Watts notes that it was often form-fitted to the saddle and left open on top to allow ventilation. The DARE indicates that it was sometimes highly decorated and may have been made of "pigskin, embroidered broadcloth, brightly-colored Navajo blankets, woven horsehair," or other materials. Southwestern sources, including Watts, Adams, Blevins, Smith, Carlisle, and the DARE say that this term derives from Spanish corona, meaning 'crown.' This is inaccurate. Actually, the term derives from carona, a Spanish term that the DRAE defines as a piece of thick, padded fabric that fits between the saddle blanket and the (pack)saddle and serves as a protection for the horse. It may also refer to the interior part of a packsaddle or, according to both the DRAE and Islas, the part of the horse's back on which the carona sits. Islas glosses it as a thick saddle blanket or sudadero that fits between the saddle and the horse's back. It may also refer to a piece of canvas under a saddle or saddle blanket. Cobos indicates that a "saddle blanket used on donkeys and mules" is known as a carola in New Mexico and southern Colorado. He suggests that the term derives from Spanish escarola 'ruffled collar,' but it is more likely a variant form of carona.Alternate form: caronie. -
18 estancia
(Sp. model spelled same [estánsja] < estar < Latin stare 'to stand' or 'to be firm or immobile' plus the nominalizing suffix - ncia)Carlisle: 1897. A ranch in the Southwest, especially a large one. Hoy glosses it as a colonial term meaning "a Spanish land grant for running cattle or sheep." The DRAE references it as a residence or dwelling-place and its surrounding land. The DRAE also notes that in Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay it refers to a country ranch (hacienda) dedicated to farming and raising livestock. Islas defines it as the portion of a ranch in which the caporal and the cowboys are established, along with the head of cattle in their charge. Cobos indicates that in New Mexico and southern Colorado it is a small farm or a permanent homestead attached to a pasture. -
19 fuste
(Sp. model spelled same [fúste] < Latin füstem 'stick, staff, club')Blevins: 1844. A Mexican saddle or its wooden saddletree over which a cloth is thrown. It is sometimes used to differentiate between an American and a Mexican saddle. The Mexican saddle uses less leather than the American and can be damaging to a horse's back. Glossed in the DRAE as the framework of a riding saddle. The DRAE also notes that this term may refer poetically to a saddle. Santamaria references it as a saddletree that consists of two inclined planes that leave an opening in the center. At the front is the cabeza del fuste, or head of the saddle, and at the other end is the teja, or cantle. Islas concurs and provides the names of the various parts of the fuste and the several varieties of saddletree that are used in Mexico.Alternate form: fusty. -
20 guaco
(Sp. model spelled same [gwáko], of American Indian origin, perhaps from a native Caribbean or Nicaraguan language)1) New Mexico: 1844. According to the DARE, "the Rocky Mountain bee plant." Sources for the DARE give the family Capparidacae for one variety of this plant and the Latin name Cleome serrulata Pursh for another.2) An extract from the Rocky Mountain bee plant that is used as a black pigment for Pueblo pottery designs. The DRAE describes it as a composite plant with vinelike stalks from sixteen to twenty-two yards long; large oval-shaped leaves that have heart-shaped bases and pointed tips; and bell-shaped, noxious-smelling white flowers in groups of four. It is a liana native to intertropical America and its leaves, when boiled, are considered protection against venomous animal bites, intestinal obstructions, rheumatism, and cholera. Santamaría concurs with the definition provided by the DRAE and adds that guaca and huaco are alternate forms in Mexico. He also provides Mikania genoclada, M. guaco, M. houstonis, M. coriacea, M. repanda, M. angulata, M. aristolochya, and Eupatorium mikania as various genera and species for the plant. Cobos glosses guaco as either a stinkweed or a name for the Rocky Mountain bee plant, whose roots are used to make a black paint.
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