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  • 6 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 7 aumentar

    v.
    1 to increase, to rise.
    aumentar la producción to increase production
    la lente aumenta la imagen the lens magnifies the image
    me han aumentado el sueldo my salary has been raised
    aumentó casi 10 kilos he put on almost 10 kilos
    aumentar de peso/tamaño to increase in weight/size
    aumentar de precio to go up o increase in price
    el desempleo aumentó en un 4 por ciento unemployment rose o increased by 4 percent
    El ejercicio aumenta el apetito Exercising increases the appetite.
    Aumentaron los gastos The expenses increased.
    Nos aumentaron las ganancias este año Our profits increased this year.
    2 to magnify, to amplify.
    El reportero aumentó la noticia The reporter magnified the news story.
    3 to enlarge.
    Vamos a aumentar la casa We will enlarge the house.
    4 to raise, to improve.
    El movimiento aumentó la temperatura Movement raised the temperature.
    5 to increase the size of, to enlarge.
    * * *
    1 to augment, increase (precios) to put up; (producción) to step up
    2 (óptica) to magnify
    3 (fotos) to enlarge
    4 (sonido) to amplify
    1 to rise, go up
    1 to increase, be on the increase (precios) to go up, rise
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ tamaño] to increase; (Fot) to enlarge; (Ópt) to magnify
    2) [+ cantidad] to increase; [+ precio] to increase, put up; [+ producción] to increase, step up
    3) [+ intensidad] to increase
    4) (Elec, Radio) to amplify
    2. VI
    1) [tamaño] to increase
    2) [cantidad, precio, producción] to increase, go up

    este semestre aumentó la inflación en un 2% — inflation has increased o gone up by 2% over the last 6 months

    3) [intensidad] to increase
    4)

    aumentar de peso — [objeto] to increase in weight; [persona] to put on o gain weight

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <precio/sueldo> to increase, raise; <cantidad/velocidad/tamaño> to increase; <producción/dosis> to increase, step up; dolor/miedo/tensión to increase
    b) < puntos> ( en tejido) to increase
    2.
    aumentar vi temperatura/presión to rise; velocidad to increase; precio/producción/valor to increase, rise

    aumentar de algo — de volumen/tamaño to increase in something

    aumentó de peso — he put on o gained weight

    * * *
    = accelerate, augment, become + large, enhance, enlarge, escalate, expand, grow + larger, increase, raise, rise, strengthen, accentuate, grow, add to, deepen, mushroom, intensify, wax, swell, pump up, bump up, step up, spike, crank up, ramp up, move it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch, ratchet up, amp up, turn up.
    Ex. In recent years, the pace of change has accelerated with the introduction of on-line information retrieval.
    Ex. These sources which form the basis of the intellectual selection of terms may be augmented by the machine selection of terms.
    Ex. If the number of categories becomes large, cross-references will be necessary between individual files.
    Ex. An introduction explaining the nature and scope of the indexing language will enhance its value.
    Ex. Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.
    Ex. Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.
    Ex. As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.
    Ex. As the system grows larger it's more difficult to maintain that control.
    Ex. Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.
    Ex. The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.
    Ex. If suppliers are forced out of business, there will be less software to lend and prices will rise with the lack of competition.
    Ex. He proposes a research agenda that could strengthen archival appraisal and the profession's ability to document society.
    Ex. However, future trends may tend to accentuate this division.
    Ex. No true reader can be expected to grow on a diet of prescribed texts only regardless of how well chosen they are.
    Ex. In addition, Britain has one of the most extensive bodies of legislation in the world, which is added to daily and encrusted with myriad rules and regulations.
    Ex. One of the effects of reading in children is that their appreciation of the processes and function of literature is deepened.
    Ex. The use of electronic mail systems has mushroomed in the last 5 years in industrialised nations.
    Ex. Whilst these achievements are commendable, there is a catch in them -- there can be used to 'intensify' the economic exploitation of women.
    Ex. The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.
    Ex. Reference work has been ill-served in the past by its expositors and theoreticians: its extensive literature of several hundred papers and books is swollen by a mass of the transient and the trivial.
    Ex. The article ' Pump up the program...' identifies the costs and benefits of undertaking a software upgrade.
    Ex. Most librarians will admit that they could probably increase the use made of their lending libraries and bump up their annual loans by stocking more romances and thrillers and fewer serious novels, but they do not do this.
    Ex. The intensity of marketing to schools and parents will have to be stepped up by publishers if they are to succeed in the more competitive market.
    Ex. Baby boomers are desperately trying to hold onto their salad days -- plastic surgery, vitamins and drugs like Viagra have spiked in public demand.
    Ex. Refiners are cranking up diesel output to meet rising global demand.
    Ex. EGND has hit a home run with the introduction of a new product line, increasing sales projections, and ramping up production schedules.
    Ex. Liverpool and Chelsea are grabbing all the headlines, but Arsenal have quietly moved it up a gear scoring 10 goals in their last three league games.
    Ex. Start gently, ease yourself in by breaking the workout down into three one minute sessions until you are ready to notch it up a gear and join them together.
    Ex. There was not much to separate the sides in the first ten minutes however Arsenal took it up a gear and got the goal but not without a bit of luck.
    Ex. We have a good time together and we're good friends.. but I'd like to take it up a notch.
    Ex. David quickly comprehended our project needs and then cranked it up a notch with impactful design.
    Ex. Went for a bike ride with a mate last week, no problems so will crank it up a gear and tackle some hills in the next few weeks.
    Ex. After a regular walking routine is established, why not move it up a notch and start jogging, if you haven't already.
    Ex. The health department has ratcheted up efforts to prevent or slow down the spread of swine flu in schools.
    Ex. In order to gain strength fast, you need to immediately begin amping up your strength thermostat in your mind.
    Ex. Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.
    ----
    * aumentar de importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + significance.
    * aumentar de tamaño = grow in + size, grow + larger, increase in + size.
    * aumentar de valor = increase in + value.
    * aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.
    * aumentar el control = tighten (up) + control.
    * aumentar el esfuerzo = increase + effort.
    * aumentar el precio = mark up + price, jack up + the price.
    * aumentar el presupuesto = add + monies to + budget.
    * aumentar en cantidad = increase in + quantity.
    * aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.
    * aumentar en variedad = grow in + kind.
    * aumentar la confusión = add to + the confusion.
    * aumentar la experiencia = deepen + experience.
    * aumentar la productividad = increase + productivity, boost + Posesivo + productivity.
    * aumentar las diferencias entre... y = widen + the gap between... and.
    * aumentar las posibilidades = increase + the odds.
    * aumentar las probabilidades = shorten + the odds.
    * aumentar las ventas = boost + sales.
    * aumentar la velocidad = grow + faster.
    * aumentar los costes = cost + rise.
    * aumentar los impuestos = increase + taxes.
    * aumentar los ingresos = boost + Posesivo + income.
    * aumentar rápidamente = snowball.
    * crisis + aumentar = crisis + deepen.
    * estar aumentando = be on the increase.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <precio/sueldo> to increase, raise; <cantidad/velocidad/tamaño> to increase; <producción/dosis> to increase, step up; dolor/miedo/tensión to increase
    b) < puntos> ( en tejido) to increase
    2.
    aumentar vi temperatura/presión to rise; velocidad to increase; precio/producción/valor to increase, rise

    aumentar de algo — de volumen/tamaño to increase in something

    aumentó de peso — he put on o gained weight

    * * *
    = accelerate, augment, become + large, enhance, enlarge, escalate, expand, grow + larger, increase, raise, rise, strengthen, accentuate, grow, add to, deepen, mushroom, intensify, wax, swell, pump up, bump up, step up, spike, crank up, ramp up, move it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch, ratchet up, amp up, turn up.

    Ex: In recent years, the pace of change has accelerated with the introduction of on-line information retrieval.

    Ex: These sources which form the basis of the intellectual selection of terms may be augmented by the machine selection of terms.
    Ex: If the number of categories becomes large, cross-references will be necessary between individual files.
    Ex: An introduction explaining the nature and scope of the indexing language will enhance its value.
    Ex: Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.
    Ex: Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.
    Ex: As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.
    Ex: As the system grows larger it's more difficult to maintain that control.
    Ex: Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.
    Ex: The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.
    Ex: If suppliers are forced out of business, there will be less software to lend and prices will rise with the lack of competition.
    Ex: He proposes a research agenda that could strengthen archival appraisal and the profession's ability to document society.
    Ex: However, future trends may tend to accentuate this division.
    Ex: No true reader can be expected to grow on a diet of prescribed texts only regardless of how well chosen they are.
    Ex: In addition, Britain has one of the most extensive bodies of legislation in the world, which is added to daily and encrusted with myriad rules and regulations.
    Ex: One of the effects of reading in children is that their appreciation of the processes and function of literature is deepened.
    Ex: The use of electronic mail systems has mushroomed in the last 5 years in industrialised nations.
    Ex: Whilst these achievements are commendable, there is a catch in them -- there can be used to 'intensify' the economic exploitation of women.
    Ex: The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.
    Ex: Reference work has been ill-served in the past by its expositors and theoreticians: its extensive literature of several hundred papers and books is swollen by a mass of the transient and the trivial.
    Ex: The article ' Pump up the program...' identifies the costs and benefits of undertaking a software upgrade.
    Ex: Most librarians will admit that they could probably increase the use made of their lending libraries and bump up their annual loans by stocking more romances and thrillers and fewer serious novels, but they do not do this.
    Ex: The intensity of marketing to schools and parents will have to be stepped up by publishers if they are to succeed in the more competitive market.
    Ex: Baby boomers are desperately trying to hold onto their salad days -- plastic surgery, vitamins and drugs like Viagra have spiked in public demand.
    Ex: Refiners are cranking up diesel output to meet rising global demand.
    Ex: EGND has hit a home run with the introduction of a new product line, increasing sales projections, and ramping up production schedules.
    Ex: Liverpool and Chelsea are grabbing all the headlines, but Arsenal have quietly moved it up a gear scoring 10 goals in their last three league games.
    Ex: Start gently, ease yourself in by breaking the workout down into three one minute sessions until you are ready to notch it up a gear and join them together.
    Ex: There was not much to separate the sides in the first ten minutes however Arsenal took it up a gear and got the goal but not without a bit of luck.
    Ex: We have a good time together and we're good friends.. but I'd like to take it up a notch.
    Ex: David quickly comprehended our project needs and then cranked it up a notch with impactful design.
    Ex: Went for a bike ride with a mate last week, no problems so will crank it up a gear and tackle some hills in the next few weeks.
    Ex: After a regular walking routine is established, why not move it up a notch and start jogging, if you haven't already.
    Ex: The health department has ratcheted up efforts to prevent or slow down the spread of swine flu in schools.
    Ex: In order to gain strength fast, you need to immediately begin amping up your strength thermostat in your mind.
    Ex: Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.
    * aumentar de importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + significance.
    * aumentar de tamaño = grow in + size, grow + larger, increase in + size.
    * aumentar de valor = increase in + value.
    * aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.
    * aumentar el control = tighten (up) + control.
    * aumentar el esfuerzo = increase + effort.
    * aumentar el precio = mark up + price, jack up + the price.
    * aumentar el presupuesto = add + monies to + budget.
    * aumentar en cantidad = increase in + quantity.
    * aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.
    * aumentar en variedad = grow in + kind.
    * aumentar la confusión = add to + the confusion.
    * aumentar la experiencia = deepen + experience.
    * aumentar la productividad = increase + productivity, boost + Posesivo + productivity.
    * aumentar las diferencias entre... y = widen + the gap between... and.
    * aumentar las posibilidades = increase + the odds.
    * aumentar las probabilidades = shorten + the odds.
    * aumentar las ventas = boost + sales.
    * aumentar la velocidad = grow + faster.
    * aumentar los costes = cost + rise.
    * aumentar los impuestos = increase + taxes.
    * aumentar los ingresos = boost + Posesivo + income.
    * aumentar rápidamente = snowball.
    * crisis + aumentar = crisis + deepen.
    * estar aumentando = be on the increase.

    * * *
    aumentar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹precio› to increase, raise, put up; ‹sueldo› to increase, raise; ‹cantidad/velocidad/tamaño› to increase; ‹producción/dosis› to increase, step up
    el microscopio aumenta la imagen the microscope enlarges o magnifies the image
    no hizo más que aumentar su dolor/miedo all it did was increase her pain/fear
    esto aumentó la tensión this added to o increased the tension
    2 ‹puntos› (en tejido) to increase
    ■ aumentar
    vi
    «temperatura» to rise; «presión» to rise, increase; «velocidad» to increase; «precio/producción/valor» to increase, rise
    el niño aumentó 500 gramos the child put on o gained 500 grams
    su popularidad ha aumentado his popularity has grown, he has gained in popularity
    el costo de la vida aumentó en un 3% the cost of living rose by 3%
    la dificultad de los ejercicios va aumentando the exercises get progressively more difficult
    aumentará el frío durante el fin de semana it will become colder over the weekend
    aumentar DE algo to increase IN sth
    aumentó de volumen/tamaño it increased in volume/size
    ha aumentado de peso he's put on o gained weight
    * * *

     

    aumentar ( conjugate aumentar) verbo transitivo

    ‹precio/sueldo› to increase, raise
    b) (Opt) to magnify

    verbo intransitivo [temperatura/presión] to rise;
    [ velocidad] to increase;
    [precio/producción/valor] to increase, rise;

    aumentar de algo ‹de volumen/tamaño› to increase in sth;
    aumentó de peso he put on o gained weight
    aumentar
    I verbo transitivo to increase
    Fot to enlarge
    Ópt to magnify
    II vi (una cantidad) to go up, rise
    (de valor) to appreciate

    ' aumentar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alargar
    - engordar
    - explorar
    - separar
    - separarse
    - doblar
    - elevar
    - multiplicar
    - redoblar
    English:
    add to
    - appreciate
    - augment
    - boost
    - build up
    - deepen
    - efficiency
    - enhance
    - escalate
    - gain
    - grow
    - heighten
    - improve
    - increase
    - intensify
    - jack up
    - jump
    - magnify
    - mark up
    - mount
    - odds
    - put up
    - quantity
    - raise
    - rise
    - snowball
    - step up
    - surge
    - swell
    - up
    - add
    - develop
    - go
    - put
    - soar
    - strengthen
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to increase;
    aumentar la producción to increase production;
    los enfrentamientos aumentaron la tensión en la zona the clashes increased the tension in the zone;
    me han aumentado el sueldo my salary has been increased o raised;
    la lente aumenta la imagen the lens magnifies the image;
    aumentó casi 10 kilos he put on almost 10 kilos
    ♦ vi
    [temperatura, precio, gastos, tensión] to increase, to rise; [velocidad] to increase;
    aumentar de tamaño to increase in size;
    aumentar de precio to go up o increase in price;
    el desempleo aumentó en un 4 por ciento unemployment rose o increased by 4 percent;
    con lo que come, no me sorprende que haya aumentado de peso it doesn't surprise me that he's put on weight, considering how much he eats
    * * *
    I v/t increase; precio increase, raise, put up
    II v/i de precio, temperatura rise, increase, go up
    * * *
    acrecentar: to increase, to raise
    : to rise, to increase, to grow
    * * *
    1. (hacer subir) to increase / to raise
    2. (subir) to rise [pt. rose; pp. risen] / to increase
    3. (con lupa, microscopio) to magnify [pt. & pp. magnified]

    Spanish-English dictionary > aumentar

  • 8 publicación

    f.
    1 publication, bulletin, journal, periodical.
    2 broadcast, announcement, posting.
    3 publishing, putting forth.
    * * *
    1 publication
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino publication
    * * *
    = item, launch, publication, publication, publishing, issuance, printed work.
    Ex. A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.
    Ex. A gathering of 10 CD-ROM application developers resulted in the launch of the CD-ROM Standards and Practices Action Group.
    Ex. A collection is two or more independent works or parts of works by one or more than one author published together and not written for the same occasion or for the publication in hand = Una colección son dos o más obras o partes de obras independientes de uno o más autores publicadas juntas y que no ha sido escritas para la misma ocasión o para la publicación en cuestión.
    Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex. It embodied programmes in secretarial studies, publishing, office management and graphic design.
    Ex. The date of publication must be inferred from the date of issuance or coverage on a periodical.
    Ex. The last mentioned covers, with certain provisos, periodical articles, other printed works, and copies for other libraries.
    ----
    * agencia de publicación = issuing bureau.
    * área de publicación = publication, distribution etc. area.
    * area de publicación o distribución = imprint.
    * artículo de publicación periódica = journal article, periodical article.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las publicaciones seriadas = serials librarianship.
    * canales de publicación = publishing channels.
    * Catalogación en Publicación (CEP) = Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP).
    * catalogador de publicaciones seriadas = serials cataloguer.
    * catálogo de publicaciones = publication(s) list.
    * catálogo de publicaciones periódicas = serials catalogue.
    * cese de publicación de una revista = title cessation.
    * circulación de publicaciones periódicas = periodical routing.
    * colección de publicaciones monográficas = monograph stock.
    * colección de publicaciones periódicas = periodical stock, periodical collection.
    * comportamiento de publicación = publication behaviour.
    * control de la circulación de publicaciones seriadas = serials circulation control.
    * control de publicaciones periódicas = periodicals control.
    * control de publicaciones seriadas = serials control, periodicals inventory control.
    * departamento de publicaciones = publishing arm.
    * de próxima publicación = about to be published.
    * de reciente publicación = recently published, recently released, newly published.
    * Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicaciones Seria = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * directorio de publicaciones periódicas = serials directory.
    * edición de publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * editor de publicación = publishing editor.
    * editor de publicaciones electrónicas = electronic publisher [e-publisher].
    * exceso de publicaciones = overpublishing.
    * explosión de las publicaciones = publication explosion.
    * explosión de las publicaciones, la = literature explosion, the.
    * expurgo de publicaciones periódicas = periodical collection weeding.
    * fecha de publicación = age, date of issue, date of publication.
    * fichero de control de publicaciones periódicas = periodicals file [periodical file], periodical holdings file.
    * fondos de publicaciones periódicas = serial holdings.
    * hábito de publicación = publishing habit.
    * índice de impacto de una publicación periódica = periodical impact factor.
    * índice de publicaciones periódicas = periodical index.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * ISSN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).
    * libertad de publicación = freedom to publish.
    * lista de publicaciones = publication(s) list.
    * lugar de publicación = place of publication.
    * módulo de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials control system, serials control system, serials control module.
    * no cumplir con el plazo de publicación = miss + publication deadline.
    * número de publicaciones = publication count.
    * parte de una publicación = component part.
    * pedido de publicaciones periódicas = serials ordering.
    * Programa Nacional para las Publicaciones Seriadas (NSDP) = National Serials Data Program (NSDP).
    * publicación académica = academic publication.
    * publicación científica = scholarly publication, scientific publication, scientific paper, research publication.
    * publicación comercial = trade publication.
    * publicación de documentos del gobierno = government publishing.
    * publicación de documentos oficiales = official publishing.
    * publicación del gobierno = government publication.
    * publicación de movimiento = movement publication.
    * publicación de recensiones bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de reseñas bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de resúmenes = abstracting and indexing publication, abstracting publication.
    * publicación de una noticia dos veces = crossposting [cross-posting].
    * publicación digital = digital publication.
    * publicación divulgativa = trade publication.
    * publicación electrónica = electronic publication [e-publication].
    * publicación en Internet = Web publishing.
    * publicación en la web = Web publishing.
    * publicación en microfilm = microfilm publication.
    * publicación en papel = paper publication.
    * publicación en prensa = forthcoming title.
    * publicación en publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * publicaciones = literature, publishing activity.
    * publicaciones académicas electrónicas = electronic scholarship [e-scholarship].
    * publicaciones alternativas = alternative publications.
    * publicaciones científicas electrónicas = electronic scholarship [e-scholarship].
    * publicaciones del parlamento = Command papers, parliamentary papers.
    * publicaciones divulgativas = trade literature.
    * publicaciones electrónicas = electronic publishing (e-publishing).
    * publicación especializada = specialised publication, specialist publication.
    * publicaciones periódicas = journal literature, periodical literature, serial literature.
    * publicación gratuita = free publication.
    * publicación gubernamental = government publication.
    * publicación mensual = monthly publication.
    * publicación no periódica = non-periodical publication.
    * publicación no seriada = non-serial.
    * publicación oficial = government publication, official publication.
    * publicación periódica = periodical, periodical title, serial, periodical publication.
    * publicación periódica electrónica = electronic serial.
    * publicación periódica en curso = current periodical.
    * publicación quinquenal = quinquennial.
    * publicación según la demanda = on-demand publishing.
    * publicación seriada = serial, serial publication, serials publication, serial(s) title.
    * publicación seriada activa = active serial.
    * publicación seriada de referencia = reference serial.
    * publicación seriada electrónica = electronic serial.
    * publicación seriada en curso = current serial.
    * publicación seriada impresa = print serial.
    * publicación seriada inactiva = inactive serial.
    * publicación seriada muerta = dead serial.
    * publicación seriada vigente = active serial.
    * publicación seriada viva = active serial.
    * publicación sin papel = paperless publishing.
    * publicación técnica = technical publication.
    * publicación trimestral = quarterly publication.
    * publicación troceada = salami publishing.
    * recepción de publicaciones periódicas = checking in [checking-in].
    * recepción de publicaciones seriadas = accessioning of serials.
    * reclamación de publicaciones periódicas = periodical claiming.
    * registro de publicaciones seriadas = serials record.
    * restricción a la publicación en prensa = press restriction.
    * rotación de publicaciones periódicas = routing, journal routing.
    * sección de publicaciones periódicas = serial department, periodicals area.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * servicio centralizado de control de publicaciones seriadas = consolidation service.
    * servicio de indización de publicaciones peri = periodicals indexing service.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas (ISDS) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * título de la publicación periódica = serial title.
    * título de publicación periódica = periodical title.
    * * *
    femenino publication
    * * *
    = item, launch, publication, publication, publishing, issuance, printed work.

    Ex: A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.

    Ex: A gathering of 10 CD-ROM application developers resulted in the launch of the CD-ROM Standards and Practices Action Group.
    Ex: A collection is two or more independent works or parts of works by one or more than one author published together and not written for the same occasion or for the publication in hand = Una colección son dos o más obras o partes de obras independientes de uno o más autores publicadas juntas y que no ha sido escritas para la misma ocasión o para la publicación en cuestión.
    Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex: It embodied programmes in secretarial studies, publishing, office management and graphic design.
    Ex: The date of publication must be inferred from the date of issuance or coverage on a periodical.
    Ex: The last mentioned covers, with certain provisos, periodical articles, other printed works, and copies for other libraries.
    * agencia de publicación = issuing bureau.
    * área de publicación = publication, distribution etc. area.
    * area de publicación o distribución = imprint.
    * artículo de publicación periódica = journal article, periodical article.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en las publicaciones seriadas = serials librarianship.
    * canales de publicación = publishing channels.
    * Catalogación en Publicación (CEP) = Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP).
    * catalogador de publicaciones seriadas = serials cataloguer.
    * catálogo de publicaciones = publication(s) list.
    * catálogo de publicaciones periódicas = serials catalogue.
    * cese de publicación de una revista = title cessation.
    * circulación de publicaciones periódicas = periodical routing.
    * colección de publicaciones monográficas = monograph stock.
    * colección de publicaciones periódicas = periodical stock, periodical collection.
    * comportamiento de publicación = publication behaviour.
    * control de la circulación de publicaciones seriadas = serials circulation control.
    * control de publicaciones periódicas = periodicals control.
    * control de publicaciones seriadas = serials control, periodicals inventory control.
    * departamento de publicaciones = publishing arm.
    * de próxima publicación = about to be published.
    * de reciente publicación = recently published, recently released, newly published.
    * Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicaciones Seria = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * directorio de publicaciones periódicas = serials directory.
    * edición de publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * editor de publicación = publishing editor.
    * editor de publicaciones electrónicas = electronic publisher [e-publisher].
    * exceso de publicaciones = overpublishing.
    * explosión de las publicaciones = publication explosion.
    * explosión de las publicaciones, la = literature explosion, the.
    * expurgo de publicaciones periódicas = periodical collection weeding.
    * fecha de publicación = age, date of issue, date of publication.
    * fichero de control de publicaciones periódicas = periodicals file [periodical file], periodical holdings file.
    * fondos de publicaciones periódicas = serial holdings.
    * hábito de publicación = publishing habit.
    * índice de impacto de una publicación periódica = periodical impact factor.
    * índice de publicaciones periódicas = periodical index.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * ISSN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).
    * libertad de publicación = freedom to publish.
    * lista de publicaciones = publication(s) list.
    * lugar de publicación = place of publication.
    * módulo de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials control system, serials control system, serials control module.
    * no cumplir con el plazo de publicación = miss + publication deadline.
    * número de publicaciones = publication count.
    * parte de una publicación = component part.
    * pedido de publicaciones periódicas = serials ordering.
    * Programa Nacional para las Publicaciones Seriadas (NSDP) = National Serials Data Program (NSDP).
    * publicación académica = academic publication.
    * publicación científica = scholarly publication, scientific publication, scientific paper, research publication.
    * publicación comercial = trade publication.
    * publicación de documentos del gobierno = government publishing.
    * publicación de documentos oficiales = official publishing.
    * publicación del gobierno = government publication.
    * publicación de movimiento = movement publication.
    * publicación de recensiones bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de reseñas bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de resúmenes = abstracting and indexing publication, abstracting publication.
    * publicación de una noticia dos veces = crossposting [cross-posting].
    * publicación digital = digital publication.
    * publicación divulgativa = trade publication.
    * publicación electrónica = electronic publication [e-publication].
    * publicación en Internet = Web publishing.
    * publicación en la web = Web publishing.
    * publicación en microfilm = microfilm publication.
    * publicación en papel = paper publication.
    * publicación en prensa = forthcoming title.
    * publicación en publicaciones periódicas = serials publishing.
    * publicaciones = literature, publishing activity.
    * publicaciones académicas electrónicas = electronic scholarship [e-scholarship].
    * publicaciones alternativas = alternative publications.
    * publicaciones científicas electrónicas = electronic scholarship [e-scholarship].
    * publicaciones del parlamento = Command papers, parliamentary papers.
    * publicaciones divulgativas = trade literature.
    * publicaciones electrónicas = electronic publishing (e-publishing).
    * publicación especializada = specialised publication, specialist publication.
    * publicaciones periódicas = journal literature, periodical literature, serial literature.
    * publicación gratuita = free publication.
    * publicación gubernamental = government publication.
    * publicación mensual = monthly publication.
    * publicación no periódica = non-periodical publication.
    * publicación no seriada = non-serial.
    * publicación oficial = government publication, official publication.
    * publicación periódica = periodical, periodical title, serial, periodical publication.
    * publicación periódica electrónica = electronic serial.
    * publicación periódica en curso = current periodical.
    * publicación quinquenal = quinquennial.
    * publicación según la demanda = on-demand publishing.
    * publicación seriada = serial, serial publication, serials publication, serial(s) title.
    * publicación seriada activa = active serial.
    * publicación seriada de referencia = reference serial.
    * publicación seriada electrónica = electronic serial.
    * publicación seriada en curso = current serial.
    * publicación seriada impresa = print serial.
    * publicación seriada inactiva = inactive serial.
    * publicación seriada muerta = dead serial.
    * publicación seriada vigente = active serial.
    * publicación seriada viva = active serial.
    * publicación sin papel = paperless publishing.
    * publicación técnica = technical publication.
    * publicación trimestral = quarterly publication.
    * publicación troceada = salami publishing.
    * recepción de publicaciones periódicas = checking in [checking-in].
    * recepción de publicaciones seriadas = accessioning of serials.
    * reclamación de publicaciones periódicas = periodical claiming.
    * registro de publicaciones seriadas = serials record.
    * restricción a la publicación en prensa = press restriction.
    * rotación de publicaciones periódicas = routing, journal routing.
    * sección de publicaciones periódicas = serial department, periodicals area.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * servicio centralizado de control de publicaciones seriadas = consolidation service.
    * servicio de indización de publicaciones peri = periodicals indexing service.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas (ISDS) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * título de la publicación periódica = serial title.
    * título de publicación periódica = periodical title.

    * * *
    1 (acción) publication
    fecha de publicación date of publication
    2 (obra) publication
    Compuesto:
    periodical
    * * *

     

    publicación sustantivo femenino
    publication
    publicación sustantivo femenino publication
    ' publicación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abono
    - boletín
    - bombazo
    - dicha
    - dicho
    - ejemplar
    - revista
    - secuestrar
    - traer
    - consagrar
    - índice
    - luz
    - mensual
    - número
    - reaparición
    - suscripción
    - trimestral
    English:
    appearance
    - milestone
    - paper
    - publication
    - quarterly
    - release
    - journal
    - monthly
    - periodical
    * * *
    1. [acción] publication;
    2. [escrito, revista] publication
    * * *
    f publication
    * * *
    publicación nf, pl - ciones : publication
    * * *
    publicación n publication

    Spanish-English dictionary > publicación

  • 9 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 10 adquisición

    f.
    acquisition, buy, purchase, acquirement.
    * * *
    1 acquisition (compra) buy, purchase
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=compra) acquisition, purchase
    oferta
    2) (=artículo comprado) acquisition
    3) (=persona) acquisition

    la cocinera ha sido una auténtica adquisición — * the cook is a real find *

    4) [de conocimientos, datos] acquisition
    5) [de costumbres] adoption
    * * *
    a) (objeto, cosa) acquisition
    b) ( acción) acquisition
    * * *
    = accession, acquisition, acquisition, procurement, purchase, elicitation, buy-in, getting.
    Ex. Subject to local circumstances, the size of a reserve store should be limited to the accommodation required for about five years' accessions at current rates.
    Ex. Almost inevitably then, many libraries will have acquisitions for which records are not available in a centralised cataloguing service.
    Ex. Mergers and acquisitions are playing an increasing important part in corporate strategies, stimulated by the scramble for market position in the new Europe.
    Ex. In 1983 the EC funded contracts which entailed the procurement of goods and services amounting to 400 million pounds.
    Ex. These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.
    Ex. Procedures of knowledge elicitation are described.
    Ex. The seminar will deal with the processes of developing and ensuring corporate buy-in to a digital preservation policy.
    Ex. I am an associate director for collections development, and my responsibilities relate to the getting and keeping of collections = Soy subdirector encargado del desarrollo de la colección y mis responsabilidades están relaconadas con la adquisición y mantenimiento de las colecciones.
    ----
    * adquisición cooperativa = cooperative acquisition.
    * adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.
    * adquisición en línea = online acquisition.
    * adquisición gratuita = free acquisition.
    * adquisición pendiente de examen y aceptación = on approval acquisition, sending on approbation, sending on approval.
    * adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.
    * adquisición por legado = bequest acquisition.
    * adquisición por ordenador = computerised acquisition.
    * área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.
    * Asociación Nacional para Adquisiciones (NAG) = National Acquisitions Group (NAG).
    * basado en la adquisición de contenidos teóricos = content based.
    * bibliotecario encargado de las adquisiciones = acquisitions librarian.
    * centro de adquisiciones = acquisition centre.
    * condiciones de adquisición = obtainability conditions.
    * condiciones de adquisición y = terms of availability and/or price.
    * control de adquisiciones = acquisition control.
    * departamento de adquisiciones = acquisitions department.
    * fichero de adquisiciones = acquisition(s) file.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * lista de últimas adquisiciones = accessions list, list of current acquisitions, addition list.
    * módulo de adquisiciones = acquisitions system, acquisitions module.
    * Módulo de Adquisiciones y Pedidos = Acquisitions and Ordering System.
    * número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.
    * plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.
    * plan de adquisiciones = acquisitions plan.
    * política de adquisiciones = acquisition policy [acquisitions policy], collection development [collections development], selection policy, collection policy.
    * presupuesto de adquisiciones = acquisitions budget.
    * presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.
    * Programa Nacional para las Adquisiciones y la Catalogación (NPAC) = National Program for Acquisitions and Cataloging (NPAC).
    * sección de adquisiciones = acquisitions department, order department.
    * servicio de adquisiciones = acquisition routines, acquisition(s) service.
    * * *
    a) (objeto, cosa) acquisition
    b) ( acción) acquisition
    * * *
    = accession, acquisition, acquisition, procurement, purchase, elicitation, buy-in, getting.

    Ex: Subject to local circumstances, the size of a reserve store should be limited to the accommodation required for about five years' accessions at current rates.

    Ex: Almost inevitably then, many libraries will have acquisitions for which records are not available in a centralised cataloguing service.
    Ex: Mergers and acquisitions are playing an increasing important part in corporate strategies, stimulated by the scramble for market position in the new Europe.
    Ex: In 1983 the EC funded contracts which entailed the procurement of goods and services amounting to 400 million pounds.
    Ex: These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.
    Ex: Procedures of knowledge elicitation are described.
    Ex: The seminar will deal with the processes of developing and ensuring corporate buy-in to a digital preservation policy.
    Ex: I am an associate director for collections development, and my responsibilities relate to the getting and keeping of collections = Soy subdirector encargado del desarrollo de la colección y mis responsabilidades están relaconadas con la adquisición y mantenimiento de las colecciones.
    * adquisición cooperativa = cooperative acquisition.
    * adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.
    * adquisición en línea = online acquisition.
    * adquisición gratuita = free acquisition.
    * adquisición pendiente de examen y aceptación = on approval acquisition, sending on approbation, sending on approval.
    * adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.
    * adquisición por legado = bequest acquisition.
    * adquisición por ordenador = computerised acquisition.
    * área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.
    * Asociación Nacional para Adquisiciones (NAG) = National Acquisitions Group (NAG).
    * basado en la adquisición de contenidos teóricos = content based.
    * bibliotecario encargado de las adquisiciones = acquisitions librarian.
    * centro de adquisiciones = acquisition centre.
    * condiciones de adquisición = obtainability conditions.
    * condiciones de adquisición y = terms of availability and/or price.
    * control de adquisiciones = acquisition control.
    * departamento de adquisiciones = acquisitions department.
    * fichero de adquisiciones = acquisition(s) file.
    * lista de nuevas adquisiciones = acquisitions list.
    * lista de últimas adquisiciones = accessions list, list of current acquisitions, addition list.
    * módulo de adquisiciones = acquisitions system, acquisitions module.
    * Módulo de Adquisiciones y Pedidos = Acquisitions and Ordering System.
    * número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.
    * plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.
    * plan de adquisiciones = acquisitions plan.
    * política de adquisiciones = acquisition policy [acquisitions policy], collection development [collections development], selection policy, collection policy.
    * presupuesto de adquisiciones = acquisitions budget.
    * presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.
    * Programa Nacional para las Adquisiciones y la Catalogación (NPAC) = National Program for Acquisitions and Cataloging (NPAC).
    * sección de adquisiciones = acquisitions department, order department.
    * servicio de adquisiciones = acquisition routines, acquisition(s) service.

    * * *
    1 (objeto, cosa) acquisition
    ¿has visto mi última adquisición? have you seen my latest acquisition o purchase?
    la última adquisición de los Lakers ( Dep) the Lakers' latest acquisition
    2
    (acción): la adquisición de la casa the purchase of the house
    la adquisición de la lengua materna acquisition of the mother tongue
    el Picasso es de reciente adquisición the Picasso is a recent acquisition o purchase
    Compuesto:
    leveraged buyout
    * * *

     

    adquisición sustantivo femenino
    acquisition;
    ( compra) purchase
    adquisición sustantivo femenino
    1 acquisition
    2 (compra) buy, purchase
    ' adquisición' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    OPA
    English:
    acquisition
    - takeover bid
    - accession
    - purchase
    - take
    * * *
    1. [compra] purchase;
    ayudas para la adquisición de viviendas financial assistance for house buyers
    2. [de empresa] takeover
    3. [cosa comprada] purchase;
    nuestra casa fue una excelente adquisición our house was an excellent buy
    4. [de hábito, cultura] acquisition;
    adquisición de conocimientos acquisition of knowledge
    Ling adquisición lingüística language acquisition
    5. Fam [persona]
    el nuevo secretario es toda una adquisición the new secretary is quite a find
    * * *
    f acquisition;
    hacer una buena adquisición make a good purchase;
    gastos de adquisición acquisition costs;
    adquisición de clientes client acquisition
    * * *
    1) : acquisition
    2) compra: purchase

    Spanish-English dictionary > adquisición

  • 11 líder

    m.
    1 leader, guide, honcho.
    2 front man.
    * * *
    1 leader
    * * *
    1. noun mf. 2. adj.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ INV top, leading, foremost

    marca líder — leading brand, brand leader

    2.
    SMF (Pol) leader; (Dep) leader, league leader, top club
    * * *
    I
    masculino y femenino
    1)
    a) (Dep, Pol) leader
    b) (Com) leader
    2) (como adj) <equipo/marca/empresa> leading (before n)
    II
    lideresa masculino, femenino (Méx) (Dep, Pol) leader
    * * *
    = leading, leader, lead, pacemaker, pacesetter [pace-setter], leading figure, front runner, torchbearer [torch bearer], leading edge, kingpin, rainmaker, number one, opinion-maker, driver, bellwether.
    Ex. In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.
    Ex. The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.
    Ex. The United Nations declared 1990 as International Literacy Year (ILY) with Unesco designated as the lead agency for ILY.
    Ex. The first computerized cataloguing network, the pacemaker for those that were to follow, was OCLC.
    Ex. This article traces the history of collection development from the 1870s, noting the early influence of pacesetter libraries.
    Ex. The history of this map collection began with donations by members of the Academy and other leading figures in the country.
    Ex. As such this is one of the front runners of the next generation of library management systems.
    Ex. The mission of college libraries in India is to shoulder the responsibilities of a torch bearer.
    Ex. The museum has used leading edge digital imaging technology to overcome problems of preservation and access.
    Ex. Adam Urbanski is kingpin of a new breed of union leaders who want to be partners, not adversaries, in the school improvement crusade.
    Ex. Rather than rainmakers, the electorate increasingly views politicians as scapegoats for economic consequences.
    Ex. Eyestrain is the number one complaint of computer users.
    Ex. Peers and adults who are admired, for whatever reasons, tend to be copied and followed, and a wise teacher will try to draw in to the book environment those adults and children who are opinion-makers and trend-setters.
    Ex. The realization that knowledge and information provide the fundamental drivers of economic growth is beginning to permeate economic and management thinking.
    Ex. Scientists have long suspected amphibians are good bellwethers for impending alterations in biodiversity during rapid climate change.
    ----
    * líder actual, el = defending champion.
    * líder civil = civilian leader.
    * líder de la comunidad = community leader.
    * líder del mercado = market leader.
    * líder del pensamiento = leader of thought.
    * líder de opinión = opinion leader.
    * líder espiritual = spiritual leader.
    * líder militar = military leader, military leader.
    * líder mundial = world leader.
    * líder político = political leader.
    * líder religioso = religious leader.
    * líder sindicalista = union leader.
    * líder social = community leader.
    * mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * ser líder en = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * sin líder = leaderless.
    * * *
    I
    masculino y femenino
    1)
    a) (Dep, Pol) leader
    b) (Com) leader
    2) (como adj) <equipo/marca/empresa> leading (before n)
    II
    lideresa masculino, femenino (Méx) (Dep, Pol) leader
    * * *
    = leading, leader, lead, pacemaker, pacesetter [pace-setter], leading figure, front runner, torchbearer [torch bearer], leading edge, kingpin, rainmaker, number one, opinion-maker, driver, bellwether.

    Ex: In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.

    Ex: The proud mother, as a result, had been a leader in the fight to establish a program for the 'gifted and talented' in the public school system.
    Ex: The United Nations declared 1990 as International Literacy Year (ILY) with Unesco designated as the lead agency for ILY.
    Ex: The first computerized cataloguing network, the pacemaker for those that were to follow, was OCLC.
    Ex: This article traces the history of collection development from the 1870s, noting the early influence of pacesetter libraries.
    Ex: The history of this map collection began with donations by members of the Academy and other leading figures in the country.
    Ex: As such this is one of the front runners of the next generation of library management systems.
    Ex: The mission of college libraries in India is to shoulder the responsibilities of a torch bearer.
    Ex: The museum has used leading edge digital imaging technology to overcome problems of preservation and access.
    Ex: Adam Urbanski is kingpin of a new breed of union leaders who want to be partners, not adversaries, in the school improvement crusade.
    Ex: Rather than rainmakers, the electorate increasingly views politicians as scapegoats for economic consequences.
    Ex: Eyestrain is the number one complaint of computer users.
    Ex: Peers and adults who are admired, for whatever reasons, tend to be copied and followed, and a wise teacher will try to draw in to the book environment those adults and children who are opinion-makers and trend-setters.
    Ex: The realization that knowledge and information provide the fundamental drivers of economic growth is beginning to permeate economic and management thinking.
    Ex: Scientists have long suspected amphibians are good bellwethers for impending alterations in biodiversity during rapid climate change.
    * líder actual, el = defending champion.
    * líder civil = civilian leader.
    * líder de la comunidad = community leader.
    * líder del mercado = market leader.
    * líder del pensamiento = leader of thought.
    * líder de opinión = opinion leader.
    * líder espiritual = spiritual leader.
    * líder militar = military leader, military leader.
    * líder mundial = world leader.
    * líder político = political leader.
    * líder religioso = religious leader.
    * líder sindicalista = union leader.
    * líder social = community leader.
    * mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * ser líder en = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * sin líder = leaderless.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de un partido, país) leader
    el Valencia es líder con 48 puntos Valencia leads the division with 48 points, Valencia is the leader with 48 points
    3 ( Com) leader
    Compuestos:
    leader of the opposition
    labor* leader ( AmE), trade union leader ( BrE)
    B ( como adj) ‹equipo/marca/empresa› leading ( before n)
    masculine, feminine
    ( Méx) ( Dep, Pol) leader
    * * *

     

    líder 1 sustantivo masculino y femenino
    a) (Com, Dep, Pol) leader

    b) ( como adj) ‹equipo/marca/empresa› leading ( before n)

    líder 2
    ◊ lideresa sustantivo masculino, femenino (Méx) (Dep, Pol) leader

    líder
    I mf leader: es el líder de la oposición, he's the opposition leader
    II adjetivo leading, top: el equipo líder es el Estudiantes, Estudiantes is the top team

    ' líder' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acéfala
    - acéfalo
    - cabeza
    - comecocos
    - imán
    - interpelar
    - jefa
    - jefe
    - nata
    - nato
    - caudillo
    - destronar
    - indiscutible
    English:
    born
    - ethical
    - lead
    - leader
    - natural
    - pacemaker
    - stand down
    - chief
    - leading
    - pace
    - then
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    leading;
    el equipo líder the leading team;
    la empresa es líder en el sector it is the leading company in the industry
    ♦ nmf
    1. [de partido político, país] leader;
    un líder sindical a union boss o leader
    Pol el líder de la oposición the leader of the opposition
    2. [de clasificación, mercado] leader;
    el Deportivo es el líder de la liga Deportivo are top of the league o are the current league leaders
    * * *
    I m/f leader
    II adj leading
    * * *
    líder adj
    : leading, foremost
    líder nmf
    : leader
    * * *
    líder n leader

    Spanish-English dictionary > líder

  • 12 seriado

    adj.
    serial.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: seriar.
    * * *
    (f. - seriada)
    adj.
    * * *
    * * *
    = serial, serialised [serialized, -USA].
    Ex. Armstrong Sperry's 'Call It Courage' is now some years old but good to read aloud in a few serial sessions.
    Ex. The author explores the possible future of the relationships between serialized books in magazines and the books themselves in the new World Wide Web environment.
    ----
    * control de la circulación de publicaciones seriadas = serials circulation control.
    * ISBD(S) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicacio = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * ISSN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).
    * novela seriada = part-issue.
    * Programa Nacional para las Publicaciones Seriadas (NSDP) = National Serials Data Program (NSDP).
    * publicación no seriada = non-serial.
    * publicación seriada = serial, serial publication.
    * publicación seriada de referencia = reference serial.
    * publicación seriada vigente = active serial.
    * publicación seriada viva = active serial.
    * recepción de publicaciones seriadas = accessioning of serials.
    * registro de publicaciones seriadas = serials record.
    * * *
    = serial, serialised [serialized, -USA].

    Ex: Armstrong Sperry's 'Call It Courage' is now some years old but good to read aloud in a few serial sessions.

    Ex: The author explores the possible future of the relationships between serialized books in magazines and the books themselves in the new World Wide Web environment.
    * control de la circulación de publicaciones seriadas = serials circulation control.
    * ISBD(S) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicacio = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * ISSN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).
    * novela seriada = part-issue.
    * Programa Nacional para las Publicaciones Seriadas (NSDP) = National Serials Data Program (NSDP).
    * publicación no seriada = non-serial.
    * publicación seriada = serial, serial publication.
    * publicación seriada de referencia = reference serial.
    * publicación seriada vigente = active serial.
    * publicación seriada viva = active serial.
    * recepción de publicaciones seriadas = accessioning of serials.
    * registro de publicaciones seriadas = serials record.

    * * *
    seriado -da
    serialized
    * * *
    seriado, -da adj
    : serial

    Spanish-English dictionary > seriado

  • 13 continuo

    adj.
    1 continuous, around-the-clock, constant, round-the-clock.
    Una función continua (no discreta) A continuous function (not discrete)...
    2 nonstop.
    3 continuous, one-piece, non broken.
    4 continuous, not discrete, indiscrete.
    Una función continua (no discreta) A continuous function (not discrete)...
    m.
    1 continuum, whole, undivided whole.
    2 continuo, bass accompaniment in a musical score.
    * * *
    1 (seguido) continuous
    2 (continuado) continual, constant
    1 (todo) continuum
    2 (de gente) flow
    \
    corriente continua direct current
    movimiento continuo perpetual motion
    ————————
    1 (todo) continuum
    2 (de gente) flow
    * * *
    (f. - continua)
    adj.
    continuous, constant
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=ininterrumpido) [línea, fila] continuous; [dolor, movimiento, crecimiento] constant, continuous; [pesadilla, molestia] constant

    la presencia continua de los militares lo hacía todo más difícil — the constant o continuous presence of the soldiers made everything more difficult

    evaluación 2), sesión 3)
    2) (=frecuente, repetido) [llamadas, amenazas, críticas, cambios] constant, continual
    3) (Fís) [movimiento] perpetual
    4) (Elec) [corriente] direct
    5) (Ling) continuous
    6)
    2.
    SM (Fís) continuum
    * * *
    I
    - nua adjetivo
    a) ( sin interrupción) < dolor> constant; <movimiento/sonido> continuous, constant; < lucha> continual
    b) ( frecuente) <llamadas/viajes> continual, constant
    c)
    II
    continuum masculino (frml) continuum
    * * *
    = continual, continued, continuing, continuous, ongoing [on-going], persistent, running, sustained, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], continuum, uninterrupted, long-term, everlasting, unrelieved, back-to-back, unceasing, incessant, ceaseless.
    Ex. The second point concerns the continual reference to Haykin's book, a sort of code of subject authority practice and its drawbacks.
    Ex. Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.
    Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex. However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.
    Ex. This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.
    Ex. Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    Ex. Tom Hernandez knew that there had been a ' running feud' between Lespran and Balzac during the last year or so.
    Ex. Research has shown that strong centralized control of employees is not the best way to achieve operational efficiency or sustained productivity.
    Ex. Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.
    Ex. At the other end of the continuum is the form of hack writing typified by the poorest quality of adventure stories (often mildly pornographic).
    Ex. For this purpose it is assumed that the usual 23-letter latin alphabet, or an uninterrupted series of numerals, is used for signing the gatherings.
    Ex. Many long-term residents feel that Junctionville should be governed the way it was before Groome appeared -- by 'good old boys' who had worked their way up, who eschewed issues, and who faithfully rewarded their cronies.
    Ex. Appraisal is the single most important function performed by an archivist because it has wide-reaching and everlasting social implications.
    Ex. Although the slave narratives were usually intended to serve in the cause of abolition, not all of them were bitter, unrelieved tirades against the institution of slavery, but rather there were frequently moments of relieving laughter.
    Ex. The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.
    Ex. But just as she pulled over the road in the pitch blackness of night she heard the unceasing sound of the night like she had never heard it.
    Ex. The great practical education of the Englishman is derived from incessant intercourse between man and man, in trade.
    Ex. Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    ----
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting.
    * flujo continuo = continuum.
    * formación continua = continuing training.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace learning.
    * máquina continua de papel = paper-making machine.
    * miedo continuo = nagging fear.
    * paginación continua = continuous pagination.
    * papel continuo de periódico = newsprint.
    * papel perforado continuo = continuous computer stationery.
    * temor continuo = nagging fear.
    * texto continuo = stream of text.
    * * *
    I
    - nua adjetivo
    a) ( sin interrupción) < dolor> constant; <movimiento/sonido> continuous, constant; < lucha> continual
    b) ( frecuente) <llamadas/viajes> continual, constant
    c)
    II
    continuum masculino (frml) continuum
    * * *
    = continual, continued, continuing, continuous, ongoing [on-going], persistent, running, sustained, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], continuum, uninterrupted, long-term, everlasting, unrelieved, back-to-back, unceasing, incessant, ceaseless.

    Ex: The second point concerns the continual reference to Haykin's book, a sort of code of subject authority practice and its drawbacks.

    Ex: Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.
    Ex: They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex: However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.
    Ex: This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.
    Ex: Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    Ex: Tom Hernandez knew that there had been a ' running feud' between Lespran and Balzac during the last year or so.
    Ex: Research has shown that strong centralized control of employees is not the best way to achieve operational efficiency or sustained productivity.
    Ex: Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.
    Ex: At the other end of the continuum is the form of hack writing typified by the poorest quality of adventure stories (often mildly pornographic).
    Ex: For this purpose it is assumed that the usual 23-letter latin alphabet, or an uninterrupted series of numerals, is used for signing the gatherings.
    Ex: Many long-term residents feel that Junctionville should be governed the way it was before Groome appeared -- by 'good old boys' who had worked their way up, who eschewed issues, and who faithfully rewarded their cronies.
    Ex: Appraisal is the single most important function performed by an archivist because it has wide-reaching and everlasting social implications.
    Ex: Although the slave narratives were usually intended to serve in the cause of abolition, not all of them were bitter, unrelieved tirades against the institution of slavery, but rather there were frequently moments of relieving laughter.
    Ex: The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.
    Ex: But just as she pulled over the road in the pitch blackness of night she heard the unceasing sound of the night like she had never heard it.
    Ex: The great practical education of the Englishman is derived from incessant intercourse between man and man, in trade.
    Ex: Children in modern society are faced with a ceaseless stream of new ideas, and responsibility for their upbringing has generally moved from parents to childminders and teachers.
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting.
    * flujo continuo = continuum.
    * formación continua = continuing training.
    * formación continua en el trabajo = workplace learning.
    * máquina continua de papel = paper-making machine.
    * miedo continuo = nagging fear.
    * paginación continua = continuous pagination.
    * papel continuo de periódico = newsprint.
    * papel perforado continuo = continuous computer stationery.
    * temor continuo = nagging fear.
    * texto continuo = stream of text.

    * * *
    1 ‹dolor› (sin interrupción) constant; ‹movimiento/sonido› continuous, constant; ‹lucha› continual
    2 (frecuente) ‹llamadas/viajes› continual, constant
    estoy harto de sus continuas protestas I'm fed up of his continual o constant complaining
    3
    ( frml)
    continuum
    * * *

     

    Del verbo continuar: ( conjugate continuar)

    continúo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    continuó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    continuar    
    continuo
    continuar ( conjugate continuar) verbo transitivo
    to continue
    verbo intransitivo [guerra/espectáculo/vida] to continue;
    ◊ si las cosas continúan así if things go on o continue like this;


    ( on signs) continuará to be continued;

    continuo con algo to continue with sth;
    continuó diciendo que … she went on to say that …
    continuo -nua adjetivo

    ‹movimiento/sonido› continuous, constant;
    ‹ lucha› continual
    b) ( frecuente) ‹llamadas/viajes› continual, constant

    continuar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo
    1 to continue, carry on (with)
    2 (seguir en un lugar) continúa viviendo en Brasil, he's still living in Brazil
    3 (seguir sucediendo) continúa lloviendo, it is still raining
    (una película) continuará, to be continued ➣ Ver nota en continue
    continuo,-a adjetivo
    1 (incesante) continuous
    corriente continua, direct current
    Auto línea continua, solid white line
    sesión continua, continuous showing
    2 (repetido) continual, constant
    sus continuos reproches, his endless reproaches
    ' continuo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    continua
    - continuamente
    - intranquila
    - intranquilo
    - constante
    - continuar
    - horario
    English:
    ago
    - begin
    - continual
    - continuous
    - now
    - pause
    - perpetual
    - perpetual motion
    - persistent
    - rattle on
    - solid
    - teethe
    - unbroken
    - ache
    - endless
    - running
    - steady
    * * *
    continuo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [ininterrumpido] continuous;
    las continuas lluvias obligaron a suspender el partido the continuous rain forced them to call off the game
    2. [perseverante] continual;
    me irritan sus continuas preguntas her continual questioning irritates me
    3. [unido] continuous;
    papel continuo continuous stationery
    ♦ nm
    1. [sucesión] succession, series
    2. Fís continuum
    3. Ling continuum
    ♦ de continuo loc adv
    continually
    * * *
    adj
    1 ( sin parar) continuous;
    de continuo constantly
    2 ( frecuente) continual
    * * *
    continuo, - nua adj
    : continuous, steady, constant
    * * *
    1. (ininterrumpido) continuous
    2. (repetido) continual

    Spanish-English dictionary > continuo

  • 14 copiar

    v.
    1 to copy (gen) & (computing).
    Ricardo copia los cuadernos Richard copies the text books.
    Ricardo copió durante la prueba Richard cheated during the exam.
    copió lo que yo iba diciendo he took down what I was saying
    2 to cheat, to copy.
    3 to imitate, to follow, to copy, to emulate.
    Anita copia a su madre Little Mary imitates her mother.
    4 to copy to disk, to copy, to copy to the hard disk, to copy to the hard drive.
    Ricardo copió sus archivos Richard copied his files to disk.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to copy
    2 EDUCACIÓN to cheat, copy
    3 (escribir) to take down
    \
    copiar al pie de la letra to copy word for word
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=reproducir) to copy (de from)
    [+ estilo] to imitate
    2) [+ dictado] to take down

    copiar por las dos caras — (Téc) to make a double-sided copy

    2.
    VI [en un examen] to cheat
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <cuadro/dibujo/texto> to copy
    b) ( escribir al dictado) to take down
    2)
    a) ( imitar) to copy
    b) <respuesta/examen> to copy
    2.
    copiar vi to copy
    * * *
    = copy down, load into, parallel, transcribe, transfer, translate, mimic, copy, pull down, shadow, pull off, take + a clue from, take + a lead from.
    Ex. Then, consulting his notes again, he said that the only other thing he had copied down was the name of Rosemary Stewart.
    Ex. Multiple copies of the catalogue or index in the conventional sense are not required, but the data base can be copied and loaded into various computer systems.
    Ex. It directly or indirectly incorporated or paralleled several prevailing objectives and concepts of the communication and behavioral sciences and other contributory disciplines.
    Ex. With a limited number of exceptions the title proper is transcribed exactly as to order, wording and spelling.
    Ex. Scope notes, on the order hand, may be present in a thesaurus but are unlikely to be transferred to an index.
    Ex. The structure outlined in the guidelines is not intended to translate directly into a structure for machine-readable authority records.
    Ex. These variations mimic the changes in air pressure at the microphone.
    Ex. Shareware, public domain software, and demos can legally be copied and distributed.
    Ex. It allows users to access categories of relevant information at the desktop that have been organized and pulled down from appropriate Web sites by the program.
    Ex. This shadowing project encourages children to read the books shortlisted for the Carnegie Medal, to 'shadow' it and decide on their own choice of winner.
    Ex. One of its main advantages is the potential to pull off descriptive entries onto disc to create annotated booklists.
    Ex. Taking a clue from the video-game arcades, the scores of the top 10 players are stored and displayed to later players.
    Ex. Scotland should take a lead from Irish on gun control.
    ----
    * copiar a = upload.
    * copiar de = download.
    * copiar registros = download + records, capture + records.
    * copiarse = cheat (on).
    * copiar tal cual = lift + wholesale and unmodified.
    * copiar un fichero = load + file.
    * copiar y pegar = copy and paste.
    * volver a copiar = recopy.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <cuadro/dibujo/texto> to copy
    b) ( escribir al dictado) to take down
    2)
    a) ( imitar) to copy
    b) <respuesta/examen> to copy
    2.
    copiar vi to copy
    * * *
    = copy down, load into, parallel, transcribe, transfer, translate, mimic, copy, pull down, shadow, pull off, take + a clue from, take + a lead from.

    Ex: Then, consulting his notes again, he said that the only other thing he had copied down was the name of Rosemary Stewart.

    Ex: Multiple copies of the catalogue or index in the conventional sense are not required, but the data base can be copied and loaded into various computer systems.
    Ex: It directly or indirectly incorporated or paralleled several prevailing objectives and concepts of the communication and behavioral sciences and other contributory disciplines.
    Ex: With a limited number of exceptions the title proper is transcribed exactly as to order, wording and spelling.
    Ex: Scope notes, on the order hand, may be present in a thesaurus but are unlikely to be transferred to an index.
    Ex: The structure outlined in the guidelines is not intended to translate directly into a structure for machine-readable authority records.
    Ex: These variations mimic the changes in air pressure at the microphone.
    Ex: Shareware, public domain software, and demos can legally be copied and distributed.
    Ex: It allows users to access categories of relevant information at the desktop that have been organized and pulled down from appropriate Web sites by the program.
    Ex: This shadowing project encourages children to read the books shortlisted for the Carnegie Medal, to 'shadow' it and decide on their own choice of winner.
    Ex: One of its main advantages is the potential to pull off descriptive entries onto disc to create annotated booklists.
    Ex: Taking a clue from the video-game arcades, the scores of the top 10 players are stored and displayed to later players.
    Ex: Scotland should take a lead from Irish on gun control.
    * copiar a = upload.
    * copiar de = download.
    * copiar registros = download + records, capture + records.
    * copiarse = cheat (on).
    * copiar tal cual = lift + wholesale and unmodified.
    * copiar un fichero = load + file.
    * copiar y pegar = copy and paste.
    * volver a copiar = recopy.

    * * *
    copiar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹cuadro/dibujo/texto› to copy
    copió el artículo a máquina he typed out a copy of the article
    2 (escribir el dictado) to take down
    B
    1 (imitar) to copy
    me copiaron la idea/el invento they copied my idea/invention
    le copia todo al hermano he copies o imitates his brother in everything
    2 ‹respuesta› to copy
    lo pillaron copiando el examen he was caught copying in the exam
    ■ copiar
    vi
    to copy
    * * *

    copiar ( conjugate copiar) verbo transitivo
    to copy;

    le copia todo al hermano he copies his brother in everything;
    le copié la respuesta a Ana I copied the answer from Ana
    verbo intransitivo
    to copy
    copiar verbo transitivo
    1 (una persona, máquina) to copy [de, from]
    2 Educ (en un examen) to cheat
    3 (imitar) to imitate

    ' copiar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dictado
    - chuleta
    - falsificar
    - imitar
    - pie
    English:
    ape
    - cheat
    - copy
    - crib
    - duplicate
    - impersonate
    - mark down
    - write
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [transcribir] to copy;
    copie este texto a máquina type up (a copy of) this text
    2. [anotar] to copy;
    copió lo que yo iba diciendo he took down what I was saying
    3. [imitar] to copy;
    copia siempre todo lo que hago she always copies everything I do
    4. [en examen] to copy;
    copió la respuesta she copied the answer
    5. Informát to copy;
    copiar y pegar algo to copy and paste sth
    ♦ vi
    [en examen] to copy;
    lo expulsaron por copiar he was thrown out of the exam for copying
    * * *
    v/t copy
    * * *
    copiar vt
    : to copy
    * * *
    copiar vb
    1. (en examen) to copy [pt. & pp. copied]
    2. (escribir) to copy out

    Spanish-English dictionary > copiar

  • 15 hoja

    f.
    1 leaf.
    hoja caduca deciduous leaf
    hoja de laurel bay leaf
    hoja perenne perennial leaf
    2 sheet (of paper).
    hoja informativa newsletter
    hoja de pedido order form
    hoja de servicios record (of service), track record
    3 blade.
    hoja de afeitar razor blade
    4 leaf.
    5 folium.
    6 wing.
    * * *
    1 (gen) leaf
    2 (pétalo) petal
    3 (de papel) sheet; (impreso) handout, printed sheet
    4 (de libro) leaf, page
    5 (de metal) sheet
    7 (de puerta, ventana) leaf; (de mesa) leaf, flap
    8 (porción de tierra) fallow land
    \
    batir hoja to beat metal
    no tiene vuelta de hoja figurado there's no doubt about it
    temblar como una hoja to shake like a leaf
    volver la hoja figurado to change the subject
    hoja de afeitar razor blade
    hoja de cálculo spreadsheet
    hoja de parra figurado cover, alibi
    hoja de ruta waybill
    hoja de servicios service record
    hoja en blanco blank sheet of paper
    hoja seca dead leaf
    hoja suelta loose leaf, loose sheet
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) sheet, page
    2) leaf
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Bot) [de árbol, planta] leaf; [de hierba] blade

    la hoja — LAm ** pot *, hash *

    2) [de papel] leaf, sheet; (=página) page; (=formulario) form, document

    hojas sueltas — loose sheets, loose-leaf paper sing

    volver la hoja — (lit) to turn the page; (=cambiar de tema) to change the subject; (=cambiar de actividad) to turn over a new leaf

    hoja de ruta — waybill; (fig) road map

    hoja de trabajo — (Inform) worksheet

    hoja de vida — And curriculum vitae, résumé (EEUU), CV

    hoja informativa — leaflet, handout

    hoja volante, hoja volandera — leaflet, handbill

    3) (Téc) [de metal] sheet; [de espada, patín] blade

    hoja de lata — tin, tinplate

    4) [de puerta] [de madera] leaf; [de cristal] sheet, pane
    5)

    hoja de tocino — side of bacon, flitch

    * * *
    1) (Bot) leaf

    temblar como una hoja — to shake like a leaf

    2)
    a) ( folio) sheet
    b) ( de libro) page, leaf
    c) ( formulario) form, sheet
    d) ( octavilla) leaflet, flier (AmE)
    3)
    a) (de puerta, mesa) leaf
    b) (de madera, metal) sheet
    c) ( de cuchillo) blade
    •
    * * *
    = blade, leaf [leaves, -pl.], leaf [leaves, -pl.], sheet.
    Nota: Cada una de las partes iguales, numeradas o no, que resultan de doblar el papel para formar el pliego.
    Ex. Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in finding and managing to keep a broken and discarded hacksaw blade he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.
    Ex. A format is the number of times the printed sheet has been folded to make the leaves of a book, e.g., folio (one fold giving two leaves), quarto (two folds giving four leaves), etc.
    Ex. Concepts which denote parts of a plant, eg leaf, flower, etc, are also Personality concepts.
    Ex. As used in the description area, a sheet is a single piece of paper other than a broadside (q.v.) with manuscript or printed matter on one or both sides.
    ----
    * árbol de hoja caduca = deciduous tree.
    * árbol de hoja perenne = evergreen tree.
    * bosque de árboles de hoja caduca = deciduous forest.
    * brotar hojas = leaf out.
    * catálogo de hojas sueltas = sheaf catalogue.
    * constituido por hojas superpuestas = in codex form.
    * cubierto de hojas = leafy [leafier -comp., leafiest -sup.].
    * de doble hoja = double-hinged.
    * de hoja caduca = deciduous.
    * de hoja perenne = evergreen.
    * de hojas largas = long-leaved.
    * echar hojas = leaf out.
    * hoja adjunta = rider.
    * hoja con la información básica para Hacer Algo = data sheet [datasheet].
    * hoja con los datos básicos para Hacer Algo = data sheet [datasheet].
    * hoja de afeitar = razor blade.
    * hoja de agua = waterleaf.
    * hoja de arce = maple leaf.
    * hoja de cálculo = spreadsheet.
    * hoja de cálculo electrónica = electronic spreadsheet.
    * hoja de circulación = routing slip, circulation slip.
    * hoja de códigos = code sheet.
    * hoja de control = overriding slip.
    * hoja de cortesía = fly-leaf [fly-leaves, -pl.].
    * hoja de estilo = style sheet.
    * hoja de fecha de devolución = date label.
    * hoja de guarda = fly-leaf [fly-leaves, -pl.].
    * hoja de hierba = grass blade, blade of grass.
    * hoja de inscripción = registration form.
    * hoja de normas = rule sheet.
    * hoja de palmera = palm leaf.
    * hoja de papel = slip of paper, sheet of paper.
    * hoja de papel continuo = web of paper.
    * hoja de papel encerada = wax sheet.
    * hoja de partitura = ballad-sheet.
    * hoja de pedido = order form.
    * hoja de pino = pine needle.
    * hoja de préstamo = routing slip, issue form, circulation slip.
    * hoja de reserva = hold slip, booking form.
    * hoja de respaldo = backing sheet.
    * hoja de ruta = road map [roadmap], route map, logbook [log book].
    * hoja de toma de datos = checklist [check-list], data sheet [datasheet].
    * hoja eliminada = cancellandum [cancellanda, -pl.].
    * hoja informativa = news-sheet [newsheet], newsletter, information sheet.
    * hoja parroquial = parish magazine.
    * hoja perforada = tear-off sheet, tearsheet.
    * hoja prensada = pressed leaf.
    * hoja publicitaria = flyer [flier, -USA], advertising flyer, publicity flyer.
    * hoja repuesta = cancel, cancellans [cancellatia, -pl.].
    * hojas de cortesía = endpapers.
    * hojas de té = tea leaves.
    * hojas sueltas = looseleaf [loose-leaf], loose-leaf paper.
    * hoja suelta = sheaf, slip, flysheet, handout [hand-out].
    * hoja técnica = bluesheet, fact sheet.
    * libro de hojas de palmera = palm leaf book.
    * manual de hojas sueltas = loose-leaf manual.
    * manuscrito en hoja de palmera = palm leaf manuscript.
    * molde de dos hojas = two-sheet mould.
    * no debes juzgar un libro por el color de sus hojas = don't judge a book by its cover.
    * pasar hojas = page (through), turn + pages, flip + pages.
    * pasar hojas hacia atrás = page + backward.
    * pasar hojas hacia delante = page + forward.
    * planta de hoja perenne = evergreen plant, evergreen.
    * temblar como una hoja = shake like + a leaf, tremble like + a leaf.
    * * *
    1) (Bot) leaf

    temblar como una hoja — to shake like a leaf

    2)
    a) ( folio) sheet
    b) ( de libro) page, leaf
    c) ( formulario) form, sheet
    d) ( octavilla) leaflet, flier (AmE)
    3)
    a) (de puerta, mesa) leaf
    b) (de madera, metal) sheet
    c) ( de cuchillo) blade
    •
    * * *
    = blade, leaf [leaves, -pl.], leaf [leaves, -pl.], sheet.
    Nota: Cada una de las partes iguales, numeradas o no, que resultan de doblar el papel para formar el pliego.

    Ex: Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in finding and managing to keep a broken and discarded hacksaw blade he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.

    Ex: A format is the number of times the printed sheet has been folded to make the leaves of a book, e.g., folio (one fold giving two leaves), quarto (two folds giving four leaves), etc.
    Ex: Concepts which denote parts of a plant, eg leaf, flower, etc, are also Personality concepts.
    Ex: As used in the description area, a sheet is a single piece of paper other than a broadside (q.v.) with manuscript or printed matter on one or both sides.
    * árbol de hoja caduca = deciduous tree.
    * árbol de hoja perenne = evergreen tree.
    * bosque de árboles de hoja caduca = deciduous forest.
    * brotar hojas = leaf out.
    * catálogo de hojas sueltas = sheaf catalogue.
    * constituido por hojas superpuestas = in codex form.
    * cubierto de hojas = leafy [leafier -comp., leafiest -sup.].
    * de doble hoja = double-hinged.
    * de hoja caduca = deciduous.
    * de hoja perenne = evergreen.
    * de hojas largas = long-leaved.
    * echar hojas = leaf out.
    * hoja adjunta = rider.
    * hoja con la información básica para Hacer Algo = data sheet [datasheet].
    * hoja con los datos básicos para Hacer Algo = data sheet [datasheet].
    * hoja de afeitar = razor blade.
    * hoja de agua = waterleaf.
    * hoja de arce = maple leaf.
    * hoja de cálculo = spreadsheet.
    * hoja de cálculo electrónica = electronic spreadsheet.
    * hoja de circulación = routing slip, circulation slip.
    * hoja de códigos = code sheet.
    * hoja de control = overriding slip.
    * hoja de cortesía = fly-leaf [fly-leaves, -pl.].
    * hoja de estilo = style sheet.
    * hoja de fecha de devolución = date label.
    * hoja de guarda = fly-leaf [fly-leaves, -pl.].
    * hoja de hierba = grass blade, blade of grass.
    * hoja de inscripción = registration form.
    * hoja de normas = rule sheet.
    * hoja de palmera = palm leaf.
    * hoja de papel = slip of paper, sheet of paper.
    * hoja de papel continuo = web of paper.
    * hoja de papel encerada = wax sheet.
    * hoja de partitura = ballad-sheet.
    * hoja de pedido = order form.
    * hoja de pino = pine needle.
    * hoja de préstamo = routing slip, issue form, circulation slip.
    * hoja de reserva = hold slip, booking form.
    * hoja de respaldo = backing sheet.
    * hoja de ruta = road map [roadmap], route map, logbook [log book].
    * hoja de toma de datos = checklist [check-list], data sheet [datasheet].
    * hoja eliminada = cancellandum [cancellanda, -pl.].
    * hoja informativa = news-sheet [newsheet], newsletter, information sheet.
    * hoja parroquial = parish magazine.
    * hoja perforada = tear-off sheet, tearsheet.
    * hoja prensada = pressed leaf.
    * hoja publicitaria = flyer [flier, -USA], advertising flyer, publicity flyer.
    * hoja repuesta = cancel, cancellans [cancellatia, -pl.].
    * hojas de cortesía = endpapers.
    * hojas de té = tea leaves.
    * hojas sueltas = looseleaf [loose-leaf], loose-leaf paper.
    * hoja suelta = sheaf, slip, flysheet, handout [hand-out].
    * hoja técnica = bluesheet, fact sheet.
    * libro de hojas de palmera = palm leaf book.
    * manual de hojas sueltas = loose-leaf manual.
    * manuscrito en hoja de palmera = palm leaf manuscript.
    * molde de dos hojas = two-sheet mould.
    * no debes juzgar un libro por el color de sus hojas = don't judge a book by its cover.
    * pasar hojas = page (through), turn + pages, flip + pages.
    * pasar hojas hacia atrás = page + backward.
    * pasar hojas hacia delante = page + forward.
    * planta de hoja perenne = evergreen plant, evergreen.
    * temblar como una hoja = shake like + a leaf, tremble like + a leaf.

    * * *
    A ( Bot) leaf
    árbol de hoja caduca/perenne deciduous/evergreen tree
    hoja de laurel bay leaf
    poner a algn como hoja de perejil to badmouth sb ( AmE colloq), to slag sb off ( BrE colloq)
    temblar como una hoja to shake like a leaf
    Compuesto:
    ( Bot) vine leaf; ( Art, Bib) figleaf
    B
    1 (folio) sheet
    ¿tienes una hoja en blanco? do you have a blank sheet of paper?
    en una hoja aparte on a separate sheet of paper
    2 (de un libro) page, leaf
    pasar las hojas to turn the pages
    3 (formulario) form, sheet
    4 (octavilla) leaflet, flier ( AmE)
    Compuestos:
    spreadsheet, worksheet
    worksheet
    order form
    complaint form
    A ( Transp) waybill
    B ( Pol) road map
    service record
    worksheet
    (Col, Ven) resumé ( AmE), curriculum vitae ( BrE)
    spreadsheet (program)
    interleaf
    parish newsletter
    C
    1 (de una puerta, mesa) leaf
    2 (de madera, metal) sheet
    Compuesto:
    razor blade
    * * *

     

    hoja sustantivo femenino
    1 (Bot) leaf
    2
    a) ( folio) sheet;

    ◊ hoja de vida (Col, Ven) resumé (AmE), curriculum vitae (BrE)





    3
    a) (de puerta, mesa) leaf

    b) (de madera, metal) sheet



    hoja sustantivo femenino
    1 Bot leaf
    un árbol de hoja perenne, an evergreen tree
    de hoja caduca, deciduous
    2 (de papel) sheet, leaf
    (de un libro) leaf, page
    (impreso) hand-out, printed sheet
    Inform hoja de cálculo, spreadsheet
    3 (plancha de metal) sheet
    4 (de un arma blanca) blade
    5 (de una puerta o ventana) leaf
    6 (documento) hoja de reclamaciones, complaints book
    hoja de servicios, service record
    ' hoja' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    caduca
    - caduco
    - desgajar
    - disecar
    - papel
    - perenne
    - pliego
    - rabillo
    - rabo
    - reclamación
    - retráctil
    - vuelta
    - alargado
    - arrancar
    - brotar
    - cuchilla
    - filoso
    - folio
    - folleto
    - lámina
    - mellar
    - nacer
    - nómina
    - palma
    - pasar
    - penca
    - romper
    - suelto
    English:
    blade
    - bud
    - deathly
    - evergreen
    - fig leaf
    - flutter
    - hand-out
    - leaf
    - legal-size
    - needle
    - newsletter
    - open out
    - palm
    - paper
    - paying-in-slip
    - printout
    - razor
    - rib
    - sheet
    - side
    - spreadsheet
    - sprout
    - stem
    - wage slip
    - worksheet
    - bay
    - crumple
    - deciduous
    - ever
    - flap
    - flat
    - frond
    - green
    - have
    - pane
    - pine
    - separate
    - spread
    - tea
    - time
    - tin
    * * *
    hoja nf
    1. [de planta] leaf;
    [de hierba] blade hoja caduca deciduous leaf;
    árbol de hoja caduca deciduous tree;
    hoja de coca coca leaf;
    hoja dentada dentate leaf;
    hoja de parra vine leaf;
    [en arte] fig leaf;
    hoja perenne perennial leaf;
    árbol de hoja perenne evergreen (tree)
    2. [de papel] sheet (of paper);
    [de libro] page;
    ¿tienes una hoja suelta? do you have a sheet of paper?;
    volver la hoja to turn the page;
    [cambiar de tema] to change the subject hoja informativa [de gobierno, asociación] fact sheet; [entregada en la calle] flyer; [boletín] newsletter;
    hoja parroquial parish newsletter;
    Com hoja de pedido order form;
    hoja de reclamación complaint form;
    hoja de ruta waybill;
    Fig road map;
    hoja de servicios record (of service), track record;
    Col hoja de vida curriculum vitae, US résumé
    3. [de cuchillo] blade
    hoja de afeitar razor blade
    4. [de puertas, ventanas] leaf
    5. Informát hoja de cálculo spreadsheet;
    hoja de estilos style sheet
    6. [lámina] sheet, foil
    hoja de lata tin plate
    * * *
    f
    1 BOT leaf
    2 de papel sheet; de libro page
    3 de cuchillo blade
    * * *
    hoja nf
    1) : leaf, petal, blade (of grass)
    2) : sheet (of paper), page (of a book)
    hoja de cálculo: spreadsheet
    3) formulario: form
    hoja de pedido: order form
    4) : blade (of a knife)
    hoja de afeitar: razor blade
    * * *
    hoja n
    1. (de planta) leaf [pl. leaves]
    2. (de flor) petal
    3. (de papel) sheet
    4. (de libro, periódico) page
    5. (de cuchillo, sierra) blade

    Spanish-English dictionary > hoja

  • 16 ininterrumpido

    adj.
    uninterrupted, continuous, breakless, sustained.
    * * *
    1 uninterrupted
    * * *
    ADJ (=sin interrupción) [gen] uninterrupted; [proceso] continuous; [progreso] steady, sustained
    * * *
    - da adjetivo <lluvias/trabajo> continuous, uninterrupted; < sueño> uninterrupted; < línea> continuous
    * * *
    = continued, continuous, ongoing [on-going], running, sustained, unbroken, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], uninterrupted, unobstructed, in a row, back-to-back, on-the-go.
    Ex. Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.
    Ex. However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.
    Ex. This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.
    Ex. Tom Hernandez knew that there had been a ' running feud' between Lespran and Balzac during the last year or so.
    Ex. Research has shown that strong centralized control of employees is not the best way to achieve operational efficiency or sustained productivity.
    Ex. Ideally it would be preferable to keep the main monograph collection in one unbroken sequence.
    Ex. Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.
    Ex. For this purpose it is assumed that the usual 23-letter latin alphabet, or an uninterrupted series of numerals, is used for signing the gatherings.
    Ex. From the library she could see miles and miles of unobstructed vistas of rich, coffee-brown, almost black soil, broken only by occasional small towns, farms, and grain elevators.
    Ex. The integrated library systems installed in Canandian libraries are surveyed for the 3rd year in a row.
    Ex. The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.
    Ex. With technologies such as SMS, Podcasting, voice over IP (VoIP), and more becoming increasingly mainstream, the potential to provide instant, on-the-go reference is limitless.
    ----
    * de modo ininterrumpido = in an unbroken line.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo <lluvias/trabajo> continuous, uninterrupted; < sueño> uninterrupted; < línea> continuous
    * * *
    = continued, continuous, ongoing [on-going], running, sustained, unbroken, steady [steadier -comp., steadiest -sup.], uninterrupted, unobstructed, in a row, back-to-back, on-the-go.

    Ex: Instructional development is a goal-oriented, problem-solving process involving techniques such as development of specific objectives, analysis of learners and tasks, preliminary trials, formative and summative evaluation, and continued revision.

    Ex: However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.
    Ex: This study has many implications for an ongoing COMARC effort beyond the present pilot project because it is evident that a very small number of libraries can furnish machine-readable records with full LC/MARC encoding.
    Ex: Tom Hernandez knew that there had been a ' running feud' between Lespran and Balzac during the last year or so.
    Ex: Research has shown that strong centralized control of employees is not the best way to achieve operational efficiency or sustained productivity.
    Ex: Ideally it would be preferable to keep the main monograph collection in one unbroken sequence.
    Ex: Susan Blanch is a fairly steady customer, taking only fiction books.
    Ex: For this purpose it is assumed that the usual 23-letter latin alphabet, or an uninterrupted series of numerals, is used for signing the gatherings.
    Ex: From the library she could see miles and miles of unobstructed vistas of rich, coffee-brown, almost black soil, broken only by occasional small towns, farms, and grain elevators.
    Ex: The integrated library systems installed in Canandian libraries are surveyed for the 3rd year in a row.
    Ex: The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.
    Ex: With technologies such as SMS, Podcasting, voice over IP (VoIP), and more becoming increasingly mainstream, the potential to provide instant, on-the-go reference is limitless.
    * de modo ininterrumpido = in an unbroken line.

    * * *
    ‹lluvias› continuous, uninterrupted; ‹sueño› uninterrupted; ‹línea› continuous
    seis horas de música ininterrumpida six hours of nonstop music
    20 horas de funcionamiento ininterrumpido 20 hours of continuous use
    * * *

    ininterrumpido
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹lluvias/trabajo› continuous, uninterrupted;


    ‹ sueño› uninterrupted;
    ‹ línea› continuous
    ininterrumpido,-a adjetivo uninterrupted, continuous
    ' ininterrumpido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ininterrumpida
    English:
    undisturbed
    - uninterrupted
    - solid
    - unbroken
    * * *
    ininterrumpido, -a adj
    uninterrupted, continuous;
    bailaron durante cinco horas ininterrumpidas they danced for five hours non-stop;
    lleva tres años ininterrumpidos viviendo en el país she's been living in the country continuously for three years
    * * *
    adj uninterrupted
    * * *
    ininterrumpido, -da adj
    : uninterrupted, continuous

    Spanish-English dictionary > ininterrumpido

  • 17 instruir

    v.
    1 to instruct.
    María instruye a su hijo Mary instructs her son.
    El programa instruye la computadora The program instructs the computer.
    2 to prepare (law).
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ HUIR], like link=huir huir
    1 (enseñar) to instruct
    2 MILITAR to train
    3 DERECHO to examine, investigate
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=formar)
    a) (Educ) [+ estudiante] to instruct; [+ profesional] to train

    instruir a algn en algo — to instruct sb in sth, train sb in sth

    fuimos instruidos en el arte del engaño — we were taught the art of deception, we were instructed o trained in the art of deception

    b) (Dep) to coach, train
    c) (Mil) to train
    2) (Jur) (=tramitar) [+ caso, causa] to try, hear

    instruir las diligencias o el sumario — to institute proceedings

    2.
    VI (=enseñar)
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (adiestrar, educar)

    instruir a alguien en algo — to instruct o train somebody in something

    me instruyó en su manejo — he instructed o trained me in its use

    b) (frml) ( informar)
    2) (Der) < causa> to try, hear
    2. 3.
    instruirse v pron (refl) to broaden one's mind, improve oneself
    * * *
    = direct, enlighten, instruct.
    Ex. This statement directs the user to adopt a number more specific terms in preference to the general term.
    Ex. Librarians often work with students who possess few library skills and teachers whose assignments neither improve these skills nor enlighten the students on their research.
    Ex. Some of the above limitations of title indexes can be overcome by exercising a measure of control over the index terminology, and by inputting and instructing the computer to print a number of pre-determined links or references between keywords.
    ----
    * instruir una diligencia = deliver + charge.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (adiestrar, educar)

    instruir a alguien en algo — to instruct o train somebody in something

    me instruyó en su manejo — he instructed o trained me in its use

    b) (frml) ( informar)
    2) (Der) < causa> to try, hear
    2. 3.
    instruirse v pron (refl) to broaden one's mind, improve oneself
    * * *
    = direct, enlighten, instruct.

    Ex: This statement directs the user to adopt a number more specific terms in preference to the general term.

    Ex: Librarians often work with students who possess few library skills and teachers whose assignments neither improve these skills nor enlighten the students on their research.
    Ex: Some of the above limitations of title indexes can be overcome by exercising a measure of control over the index terminology, and by inputting and instructing the computer to print a number of pre-determined links or references between keywords.
    * instruir una diligencia = deliver + charge.

    * * *
    vt
    A
    1 (adiestrar, educar) instruir a algn EN algo to instruct o train sb IN sth
    me instruyó en el manejo del rifle he instructed o trained me in the use of the rifle
    los instruyen en las artes marciales they are given instruction o training in martial arts, they are trained in martial arts
    2 ( frml) (informar) instruir a algn SOBRE algo to apprise sb OF sth ( frml)
    nos instruyó sobre el problema he apprised us of the problem
    B ( Der) ‹causa› to try, hear
    el juez que instruye el sumario the judge who is conducting the preliminary investigation into the case
    ■ instruir
    vi
    viajar instruye mucho travel broadens the mind
    ( refl) to broaden one's mind, improve oneself
    * * *

    instruir ( conjugate instruir) verbo transitivo (adiestrar, educar) instruir a algn en algo to instruct o train sb in sth
    instruirse verbo pronominal ( refl) to broaden one's mind, improve oneself
    instruir verbo transitivo to instruct, train
    ' instruir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    formar
    English:
    drill
    - instruct
    - school
    - brief
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [enseñar] to instruct;
    la instruyó en las artes marciales he taught her martial arts
    2. Der to prepare;
    el juez que instruye el sumario the examining magistrate
    ♦ vi
    los viajes instruyen mucho travel really broadens the mind
    * * *
    v/t
    1 educate; ( formar) train
    2 JUR pleito hear
    * * *
    instruir {41} vt
    1) adiestrar: to instruct, to train
    2) enseñar: to educate, to teach
    * * *
    instruir vb to instruct

    Spanish-English dictionary > instruir

  • 18 doble

    adj.
    1 double.
    doble fondo false bottom
    doble moral double standard
    doble personalidad split personality
    una calle de doble sentido a two-way street
    doble ventana secondary glazing
    2 geminate.
    adv.
    double.
    trabajar doble to work twice as hard
    f. & m.
    buscan a un doble de Groucho Marx they're looking for a Groucho Marx lookalike
    esa chica es tu doble that girl is your double
    2 look-alike, person with a keen resemblance to other, lookalike, double.
    3 stand-in, body double.
    4 stunt man, stand-in, stuntman.
    5 stunt woman, extra, stuntwoman.
    6 duplicate, dead ringer, ringer.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: doblar.
    * * *
    1 double
    3 (fuerte) thick
    4 (fornido) thickset
    5 figurado (engañoso) two-faced
    1 double
    2 (duplicado) duplicate
    1 CINEMATOGRAFÍA stand-in, double (hombre) stunt man; (mujer) stunt woman
    1 double
    1 (tenis) doubles
    \
    ver doble to see double
    doble fondo false bottom
    * * *
    noun mf. adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [puerta, tela, densidad, agente] double; [control, nacionalidad] dual; [ración, café] large; [cuerda] extra strong; [ventaja] twofold

    • doble acristalamiento — Esp double glazing

    • de doble cara — [disquete, hoja, espejo] double-sided; [abrigo, chaqueta] reversible

    • doble cristal — double glazing

    • doble espacio — double-spacing

    • doble falta — (Baloncesto, Tenis) double fault

    • doble fondo — false bottom

    • doble juego — double-dealing

    • doble página — two-page spread, double-page spread

    • de doble sentido — [calle] two-way antes de s ; [chiste, palabra] with a double meaning

    • visión doble — double vision

    imposición 3), moral II, 2., 1)
    2) (=hipócrita) [persona] two-faced
    3) (Dominó) [ficha] double
    2.
    ADV [ver] double; [beber, comer] twice as much
    3. SM
    1) (=cantidad)

    • el doble, ahora gana el doble — now he earns twice as much, now he earns double

    su sueldo es el doble del mío — his salary is twice as much as mine, his salary is double mine

    lleva el doble de harina — it has twice the amount of flour, it has double the amount of flour

    ¿cuál es el doble de diez? — what's two times ten?

    • el doble que — twice as much as

    2) (=copia) [de documento] duplicate copy; [de llave] duplicate key
    3) (Cos) (=pliegue) pleat
    4) [de campanas] toll(ing)

    ¿oyes el doble de campanas? — can you hear the bells tolling?

    5) pl dobles (Tenis) doubles

    dobles (de) damas, dobles femeninos — ladies' doubles

    6) (Bridge) double
    7) ** [de cárcel] prison governor, head warden (EEUU)
    4. SMF
    1) (Cine) double, stand-in
    2) (=persona parecida) [gen] double; [de algún famoso] lookalike
    3) (=persona falsa) double-dealer
    * * *
    I
    1) <whisky/flor/puerta> double; < café> large; <costura/hilo/consonante> double

    calle de doble sentido or dirección — two-way street

    2) (Andes, Ven fam) < persona> two-faced
    II
    1) (Mat)

    el doble que alguien/algo — twice as much as somebody/something

    2) dobles masculino plural ( en tenis) doubles
    3) ( en béisbol) double
    4) ( actor) stand-in, double; ( persona parecida) (fam) double
    5) ( de campanas) toll, knell (liter)
    * * *
    I
    1) <whisky/flor/puerta> double; < café> large; <costura/hilo/consonante> double

    calle de doble sentido or dirección — two-way street

    2) (Andes, Ven fam) < persona> two-faced
    II
    1) (Mat)

    el doble que alguien/algo — twice as much as somebody/something

    2) dobles masculino plural ( en tenis) doubles
    3) ( en béisbol) double
    4) ( actor) stand-in, double; ( persona parecida) (fam) double
    5) ( de campanas) toll, knell (liter)
    * * *
    doble1
    1 = stunt man [stunt men, -pl.], stand-in.

    Ex: These descriptors are still alive: boatmen, city council-men, firemen, foremen, longshoremen, stunt men, statesmen, watchmen, man and manpower.

    Ex: On the one hand, Lynch gradually reveals a deluded, modestly talented, aspiring actress failing to achieve more than a stand-in role in her own life.

    doble2
    2 = double, dual, twofold [two-fold], two-pronged attack, double-up, duplicative, duplicative, doubling, bifocal.

    Ex: Double KWIC and Permuterm indexes arrange pairs of keywords, so that the entries under one keyword are organised according to the second keyword.

    Ex: It is setting up a system of dual entries, so that the French-speaking people of Canada will have French language representation in the authorities established for Canadian catalog records.
    Ex: The purpose of the subject index is therefore twofold: (i) To translate a natural language term into a class number; (ii) to collocate distributed relatives.
    Ex: The article 'The double-up program' describes an easy way to utilize multiple CD-ROM products on the same search station.
    Ex: The Digital Library Federation is promoting creation of a registry of digital materials so that, among other things, duplicative digitization could be avoided = La Federación de la Biblioteca Digital está promocionando la creación de un registro de material digital para que, entre otras cosas, pueda evitarse la doble digitalización.
    Ex: The Digital Library Federation is promoting creation of a registry of digital materials so that, among other things, duplicative digitization could be avoided = La Federación de la Biblioteca Digital está promocionando la creación de un registro de material digital para que, entre otras cosas, pueda evitarse la doble digitalización.
    Ex: The large increase in title ouput in 1980 over the previous year resulted in a doubling of title output between 1960 and 1980.
    Ex: It is contended that this type of bifocal temporal view threatens the traditional ethnographic methodology.
    * acristalamiento doble = double glazing.
    * a doble columna = double-column.
    * a doble espacio = double-spaced.
    * carretera de doble calzada = dual carriageway.
    * carretera de doble carril = dual carriageway.
    * codificación de doble fila = double row coding.
    * con doble acristalamiento = double-glazed.
    * con doble titulación = dually qualified.
    * de densidad doble = double-density.
    * de doble cara = double-hinged, double-sided.
    * de doble filo = double-edged.
    * de doble hoja = double-hinged.
    * de doble sentido = double-edged, two-way.
    * de doble uso = dual-use.
    * demy doble = double-demy.
    * doble acristalamiento = double glazing.
    * doble barba = double chin.
    * doble barbilla = double chin.
    * doble imagen = ghosting.
    * doble mentón = double chin.
    * doble moral = double standard.
    * doble moralidad = doublespeak.
    * doble personalidad = split personality, dual personality.
    * doble sentido = double meaning, equivocation.
    * el doble = twice + as many.
    * el doble de = twice + the number of.
    * en habitación doble = double occupancy.
    * ensayo doble ciego = double-blind research study.
    * forma de doble fondo = double-faced mould.
    * habitación con cama doble = double room.
    * habitación doble = twin room, double bedroom.
    * ilustración a doble página = spread, double-page spread.
    * KWIC doble = double KWIC.
    * ocupación doble = double occupancy.
    * paginación doble = double pagination.
    * persona con doble personalidad = Jekyll and Hyde.
    * perspectiva doble = bifocal vision.
    * poner doble acristalamiento = double glaze.
    * tener la doble función = double as, double up as.
    * ventana con acristalamiento doble = double-glazed window.
    * ver doble = see + double.
    * vía de doble sentido = two-way street.

    * * *
    A ‹whisky/flor/puerta/éxito› double; ‹café› large; ‹costura› double; ‹consonante› double
    coser con hilo doble to sew with double thread
    lo veo todo doble I'm seeing double
    pon el mantel doble fold the tablecloth double
    tela de doble ancho double-width fabric
    de doble faz reversible
    cerrar con doble llave to double-lock
    tengo doble motivo para estar ofendida I have two reasons for being offended
    tiene doble sentido it has a double meaning
    calle de doble sentido or dirección two-way street
    Compuestos:
    masculine ( Esp) double glazing
    feminine ( fam); double chin
    feminine double-entry bookkeeping
    feminine ( Méx) double cream
    feminine double fault
    masculine false bottom
    masculine double-dealing
    feminine double standard
    feminine dual nationality
    double-page spread
    feminine split personality
    feminine double taxation
    feminine four-wheel drive
    ● doble ve or doble u
    feminine double glazing
    B ( Andes fam) ‹persona› two-faced
    A ( Mat):
    tardó el doble she took twice as long
    el doble de tres es seis twice three is six, two threes are six
    lo hizo el doble de rápido she did it twice as quickly
    pesa el doble de lo que peso yo he weighs twice as much as I do, he's twice as heavy as me
    lleva el doble de tela it uses double the amount of fabric
    el doble QUE algn/algo twice as much AS sb/sth
    gana el doble que yo she earns twice as much as I do o double what I do
    come el doble que tú he eats twice as much as you (do)
    me cobraron el doble que a ti they charged me twice as much as they did you o as they charged you
    tienes que poner el doble de leche que de agua you have to use twice as much milk as water
    es el doble de largo que de ancho it's twice as long as it is wide
    B dobles mpl (en tenis) doubles (pl)
    Compuestos:
    ● dobles caballeros or masculinos
    mpl men's doubles (pl)
    ● dobles damas or femeninos
    mpl ladies' doubles (pl)
    mpl mixed doubles (pl)
    C (en béisbol) double
    D (de campanas) toll, knell ( liter)
    empezaron los dobles the bells began to toll
    E
    1 (actor) stand-in, double; (en escenas peligrosas) ( masculine) stuntman; ( feminine) stuntwoman
    Compuesto:
    doble de acción or de riesgo
    masculine and feminine ( masculine) stuntman; ( feminine) stuntwoman
    * * *

     

    Del verbo doblar: ( conjugate doblar)

    doblé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    doble es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    doblar    
    doble
    doblar ( conjugate doblar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹camisa/papel› to fold;
    ‹brazo/vara› to bend
    2 ‹ esquina› to turn, go around;
    ‹ cabo› to round
    3 ( aumentar al doble) ‹oferta/apuesta/capital› to double;
    ( tener el doble que):

    4 ‹ actor› ( en banda sonora) to dub;
    ( en escena) to double for;
    ‹ película› to dub;

    verbo intransitivo
    1 (torcer, girar) [ persona] to turn;
    [ camino] to bend, turn;

    2 [ campanas] to toll
    doblarse verbo pronominal
    1 [rama/alambre] to bend
    2 [precios/población] to double
    doble 1 adjetivo
    1 ‹whisky/flor/puerta› double;
    ‹ café› large;
    ‹costura/hilo/consonante› double;

    cerrar con doble llave to double-lock;
    tiene doble sentido it has a double meaning;
    calle de doble sentido two-way street;
    doble crema sustantivo femenino (Méx) double cream;
    doble fondo sustantivo masculino
    false bottom;
    doble ve or doble u sustantivo femenino: name of the letter W;
    doble ventana sustantivo femenino
    double glazing
    2 (Andes, Ven fam) ‹ persona› two-faced
    doble 2 sustantivo masculino
    1 (Mat):

    tardó el doble she took twice as long;
    el doble de tres es seis two threes are six;
    el doble que algn/algo twice as much as sb/sth;
    el doble de largo/rápido twice as long/quick
    2

    b)

    ◊ dobles sustantivo masculino plural ( en tenis) doubles

    3
    ◊ doble sustantivo masculino y femenino (actor, actriz) stand-in, double;


    ( en escenas peligrosas) (sustantivo masculino) stuntman;
    (sustantivo femenino) stuntwoman;
    ( persona parecida) (fam) double
    doblar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (duplicar) to double: mi mujer me dobla el sueldo, my wife earns twice as much as I
    2 (un mapa, la ropa) to fold
    3 (flexionar) to bend
    4 (torcer) to bend: dobló la barra de metal, he bent the metal bar
    5 (girar) lo verás nada más doblar la esquina, you'll see it as soon as you get round the corner
    6 (una película) to dub
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (girar) to turn
    doblar a la derecha/izquierda, to turn right/left
    2 (repicar) to toll
    doble
    I adjetivo double
    arma de doble filo, double-edged weapon
    (hipócrita) two-faced
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 double: ahora pide el doble, now he's asking for twice as much
    2 Dep dobles, doubles
    III adverbio (el) doble, twice, double: es doble de lista que yo, she's twice as clever as I
    ♦ Locuciones: doble o nada, double or quits
    ' doble' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arma
    - bemol
    - ensordecer
    - espía
    - filo
    - fondo
    - gramaje
    - habitación
    - sentida
    - sentido
    - aparcar
    - cama
    - clic
    - crema
    - doblar
    - estacionar
    - fila
    - intención
    - pasodoble
    - pulmonía
    - querer
    - uve
    English:
    double
    - double agent
    - double glazing
    - double room
    - double-edged
    - doubly
    - dual
    - room
    - spacing
    - spread
    - stand-in
    - twice
    - two-way
    - twofold
    - divided highway
    - heavy
    - look
    - split
    - stand
    - two
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    double;
    tiene doble número de habitantes it has double o twice the number of inhabitants;
    un café doble a large coffee;
    un whisky doble a double whisky;
    la blanca/el seis doble [en dominó] double blank/six;
    es doble de ancho it's twice as wide;
    una frase de doble sentido a phrase with a double meaning;
    una calle de doble sentido a two-way street;
    jugar un doble juego to play a double game
    Esp doble acristalamiento double glazing;
    doble falta [en tenis] double fault;
    doble fondo false bottom;
    doble hélice double helix;
    doble moral double standards;
    doble nacionalidad dual nationality;
    doble negación double negative;
    doble pareja [en póquer] two pairs;
    doble personalidad split personality;
    doble sentido double meaning;
    doble techo [de tienda de campaña] Br flysheet, US tent cover;
    doble ventana secondary glazing
    ♦ nmf
    [persona parecida] double; [en cine] stand-in;
    buscan a un doble de Groucho Marx they're looking for a Groucho Marx lookalike;
    esa chica es tu doble that girl is your double
    ♦ nm
    1. [duplo]
    el doble twice as much/many;
    8 es el doble de 4 8 is twice 4;
    es el doble de alto que su hijo he's twice as tall as his son;
    gana el doble que yo she earns twice as much as I do;
    ponme el doble de tónica que de ginebra give me twice as much tonic as gin;
    la gasolina subió el doble en un año the price of Br petrol o US gas doubled in a year;
    el doble de gente twice as many people;
    doble o nada double or quits
    2. [en tenis] [pareja] doubles pair;
    el doble formado por Evert y Williams the Evert and Williams doubles pair;
    dobles [modalidad] doubles
    dobles femeninos women's doubles;
    dobles masculinos men's doubles;
    dobles mixtos mixed doubles
    3. [en baloncesto]
    dobles double dribble;
    hacer dobles to double-dribble
    4. Fam [de cerveza] = tall glass of beer
    ♦ adv
    double;
    trabajar doble to work twice as hard;
    Fam
    ver doble to see double
    * * *
    I adj double; nacionalidad dual
    II m
    1
    :
    el doble twice as much (de as);
    el doble de gente twice as many people, double the number of people;
    me ofrecieron el doble que la otra gente they offered me double what the others did
    2
    :
    dobles pl en tenis doubles; en baloncesto double dribble;
    un partido de dobles a doubles (match);
    hacer dobles en baloncesto double dribble
    3 en béisbol double
    III m/f en película double
    * * *
    doble adj
    : double
    ♦ doblemente adv
    doble nm
    1) : double
    2) : toll (of a bell), knell
    doble nmf
    : stand-in, double
    * * *
    doble1 adj double
    doble2 n
    1. (cantidad) twice as much
    2. (número) twice as many
    3. (persona) double
    el doble de + adjetivo twice as + adjetivo

    Spanish-English dictionary > doble

  • 19 метод

    approach, device, manner, mean, method, mode, practice, procedure, system, technique, technology, theory, way
    * * *
    ме́тод м.
    method; procedure; technique
    агрегатнопото́чный ме́тод — conveyor-type production [production-line] method
    аксиомати́ческий ме́тод — axiomatic [postulational] method
    ме́тод амплиту́дного ана́лиза — kick-sorting method
    анаглифи́ческий ме́тод картогр. — anaglyphic(al) method
    ме́тод аналити́ческой вста́вки топ. — cantilever extension, cantilever (strip) triangulation
    ме́тод быстре́йшего спу́ска стат. — steepest descent method
    вариацио́нный ме́тод — variational method
    ме́тод Верне́йля радио — Verneuil method
    весово́й ме́тод — gravimetric method
    ме́тод ветве́й и грани́ц киб. — branch and bound method
    ме́тод взба́лтывания — shake method
    визуа́льный ме́тод — visual method
    ме́тод возду́шной прое́кции — aero-projection method
    ме́тод враще́ния — method of revolution
    ме́тод вреза́ния — plunge-cut method
    ме́тод вре́мени пролё́та — time-of-flight method
    вре́мя-и́мпульсный ме́тод ( преобразования аналоговой информации в дискретную) — pulse-counting method (of analog-to-digital conversion)
    ме́тод встре́чного фрезерова́ния — conventional [cut-up] milling method
    ме́тод вы́бега эл. — retardation method
    ме́тод вымета́ния мат. — sweep(ing)-out method
    ме́тод гармони́ческого бала́нса киб., автмт. — describing function method
    ме́тод гармони́ческой линеариза́ции — describing function method
    голографи́ческий ме́тод — holographic method
    гравиметри́ческий ме́тод — gravimetric(al) method
    графи́ческий ме́тод — graphical method
    ме́тод графи́ческого трансформи́рования топ. — grid method
    графоаналити́ческий ме́тод — semigraphical method
    ме́тод гра́фов мат. — graph method
    группово́й ме́тод ( в высокочастотной телефонии) — grouped-frequency basis
    систе́ма рабо́тает групповы́м ме́тодом — the system operates on the grouped-frequency basis
    ме́тод двух ре́ек геод., топ. — two-staff [two-base] method
    ме́тод двух узло́в ( в анализе электрических цепей) — nodal-pair method
    ме́тод дирекцио́нных угло́в геод. — method of gisements
    ме́тод запа́са про́чности ( в расчетах конструкции) — load factor method
    ме́тод засе́чек афс. — resection method
    ме́тод зерка́льных изображе́ний эл. — method of electrical images
    ме́тод зо́нной пла́вки ( в производстве монокристаллов полупроводниковых материалов) — floating-zone method, floating-zone technique
    ме́тод избы́точных концентра́ций ( для опробования гипотетического механизма реакции) — isolation method (of the testing the rate equations)
    ме́тод измере́ния, абсолю́тный — absolute [fundamental] method of measurement
    ме́тод измере́ния, конта́ктный — contact method of measurement
    ме́тод измере́ния, ко́свенный — indirect method of measurement
    ме́тод измере́ния, относи́тельный — relative method of measurement
    ме́тод измере́ния по то́чкам — point-by-point method
    ме́тод измере́ния, прямо́й — direct method of measurement
    ме́тод измере́ния угло́в по аэросни́мкам — photogoniometric method
    ме́тод изображе́ний эл. — method of images, image method
    ме́тод изото́пных индика́торов — tracer method
    иммерсио́нный ме́тод — immersion method
    и́мпульсный ме́тод свар. — pulse method
    ме́тод и́мпульсов — momentum-transfer method
    ме́тод инве́рсии — inversion method
    и́ндексно-после́довательный ме́тод до́ступа, основно́й вчт. — basic indexed sequential access method, BISAM
    и́ндексно-после́довательный ме́тод до́ступа с очередя́ми вчт. — queued indexed sequential access method, BISAM
    интерференцио́нный ме́тод — interferometric method
    ме́тод испыта́ний — testing procedure, testing method
    ме́тод испыта́ний, кисло́тный — acid test
    ме́тод испыта́ний, пане́льный — panel-spalling test
    ме́тод испыта́тельной строки́ тлв. — test-line method
    ме́тод иссле́дований напряже́ний, опти́ческий — optical stress analysis
    ме́тод истече́ния — efflux method
    ме́тод итера́ции — iteration method, iteration technique
    ме́тод итера́ции приво́дит к сходи́мости проце́сса — the iteration (process) converges to a solution
    ме́тод итера́ции приво́дит к (бы́строй или ме́дленной) сходи́мости проце́сса — the iteration (process) converges quickly or slowly
    ме́тод картосоставле́ния — map-compilation [plotting] method
    ме́тод кача́ющегося криста́лла ( в рентгеноструктурном анализе) — rotating-crystal method
    ка́чественный ме́тод — qualitative method
    кессо́нный ме́тод — caisson method
    коли́чественный ме́тод — quantitative method
    колориметри́ческий ме́тод — colorimetric method
    ме́тод кольца́ и ша́ра — ball-and-ring method
    комплексометри́ческий ме́тод ( для определения жёсткости воды) — complexometric method
    кондуктометри́ческий ме́тод — conductance-measuring method
    ме́тод коне́чных ра́зностей — finite difference method
    ме́тод консерви́рования — curing method
    ме́тод контро́ля, дифференци́рованный — differential control method
    ме́тод контро́ля ка́чества — quality control method
    ме́тод ко́нтурных то́ков — mesh-current [loop] method
    ме́тод ко́нуса — cone method
    ме́тод корнево́го годо́графа киб., автмт. — root-locus method
    корреляцио́нный ме́тод — correlation method
    ко́свенный ме́тод — indirect method
    ме́тод кра́сок ( в дефектоскопии) — dye-penetrant method
    лаборато́рный ме́тод — laboratory method
    ме́тод ла́ковых покры́тий ( в сопротивлении материалов) — brittle-varnish method
    ме́тод лине́йной интерполя́ции — method of proportional parts
    ме́тод Ляпуно́ва аргд. — Lyapunov's method
    ме́тод магни́тного порошка́ ( в дефектоскопии) — magnetic particle [magnetic powder] method
    магни́тно-люминесце́нтный ме́тод ( в дефектоскопии) — fluorescent magnetic particle method
    ме́тод ма́лого пара́метра киб., автмт. — perturbation theory, perturbation method
    ме́тод ма́лых возмуще́ний аргд. — perturbation method
    ме́тод мгнове́нной равносигна́льной зо́ны рлк. — simultaneous lobing [monopulse] method
    ме́тод механи́ческой обрабо́тки — machining method
    ме́тод ме́ченых а́томов — tracer method
    ме́тод микрометри́рования — micrometer method
    ме́тод мно́жителей Лагра́нжа — Lagrangian multiplier method, Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers
    ме́тод моме́нтных площаде́й мех. — area moment method
    ме́тод Мо́нте-Ка́рло мат. — Monte Carlo method
    ме́тод навига́ции, дальноме́рный ( пересечение двух окружностей) — rho-rho [r-r] navigation
    ме́тод навига́ции, угломе́рный ( пересечение двух линий пеленга) — theta-theta [q-q] navigation
    ме́тод наиме́ньших квадра́тов — method of least squares, least-squares technique
    ме́тод наискоре́йшего спу́ска мат. — method of steepest descent
    ме́тод нака́чки ( лазера) — pumping [excitation] method
    ме́тод накопле́ния яд. физ. — “backing-space” method
    ме́тод наложе́ния — method of superposition
    ме́тод напыле́ния — evaporation technique
    ме́тод нару́жных заря́дов горн. — adobe blasting method
    ме́тод незави́симых стереопа́р топ. — method of independent image pairs
    ненулево́й ме́тод — deflection method
    ме́тод неопределё́нных мно́жителей Лагра́нжа — Lagrangian multiplier method, Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers
    ме́тод неподви́жных то́чек — method of fixed points
    неразруша́ющий ме́тод — non-destructive method, non-destructive testing
    нерекурси́вный ме́тод — non-recursive method
    нето́чный ме́тод — inexact method
    нефелометри́ческий ме́тод — nephelometric method
    ме́тод нивели́рования по частя́м — method of fraction levelling
    нулево́й ме́тод — null [zero(-deflection) ] method
    ме́тод нулевы́х бие́ний — zero-beat method
    ме́тод нулевы́х то́чек — neutral-points method
    ме́тод обеспе́чения надё́жности — reliability method
    ме́тод обрабо́тки — processing [working, tooling] method
    ме́тод обра́тной простра́нственной засе́чки топ. — method of pyramid
    обра́тно-ступе́нчатый ме́тод свар. — step-back method
    ме́тод объединё́нного а́тома — associate atom method
    объекти́вный ме́тод — objective method
    объё́мный ме́тод — volumetric method
    ме́тод одного́ отсчё́та ( преобразование непрерывной информации в дискретную) — the total value method (of analog-to-digital conversion)
    окисли́тельно-восстанови́тельный ме́тод — redox method
    опера́торный ме́тод — operational method
    ме́тод определе́ния ме́ста, дальноме́рно-пеленгацио́нный ( пересечение прямой и окружности) — rho-theta [r-q] fixing
    ме́тод определе́ния ме́ста, дальноме́рный ( пересечение двух окружностей) — rho-rho [r-r] fixing
    ме́тод определе́ния ме́ста, пеленгацио́нный ( пересечение двух линий пеленга) — theta-theta [q-q] fixing
    ме́тод определе́ния отбе́ливаемости и цве́тности ма́сел — bleach-and-colour method
    ме́тод определе́ния положе́ния ли́нии, двукра́тный геод. — double-line method
    ме́тод опти́ческой корреля́ции — optical correlation technique
    ме́тод осажде́ния — sedimentation method
    ме́тод осо́бых возмуще́ний аргд. — singular perturbation method
    ме́тод осредне́ния — averaging [smoothing] method
    ме́тод отбо́ра проб — sampling method, sampling technique
    ме́тод отклоне́ния — deflection method
    ме́тод отопле́ния метал. — fuel practice
    ме́тод отраже́ния — reflection method
    ме́тод отражё́нных и́мпульсов — pulse-echo method
    ме́тод отыска́ния произво́дной, непосре́дственный — delta method
    ме́тод па́дающего те́ла — falling body method
    ме́тод парамагни́тного резона́нса — paramagnetic-resonance method
    ме́тод пе́рвого приближе́ния — first approximation method
    ме́тод перева́ла мат. — saddle-point method
    ме́тод перено́са коли́чества движе́ния аргд. — momentum-transfer method
    ме́тод перераспределе́ния моме́нтов ( в расчёте конструкций) — moment distribution method
    ме́тод пересека́ющихся луче́й — crossed beam method
    ме́тод перехо́дного состоя́ния ( в аналитической химии) — transition state method
    ме́тод перпендикуля́ров — offset method
    ме́тод перспекти́вных се́ток топ. — grid method
    ме́тод пескова́ния с.-х. — sanding method
    пикнометри́ческий ме́тод — bottle method
    ме́тод площаде́й физ. — area method
    ме́тод повторе́ний геод. — method of reiteration, repetition method
    ме́тод подбо́ра — trial-and-error [cut-and-try] method
    ме́тод подо́бия — similitude method
    ме́тод подориенти́рования топ. — setting on points of control
    ме́тод по́лной деформа́ции — total-strain method
    ме́тод полови́нных отклоне́ний — half-deflection method
    ме́тод положе́ния геод. — method of bearings, method of gisements
    полуколи́чественный ме́тод — semiquantitative method
    ме́тод поля́рных координа́т — polar method
    ме́тод попу́тного фрезерова́ния — climb [cut-down] milling method
    порошко́вый ме́тод ( в рентгеноструктурном анализе) — powder [Debye-Scherer-Hull] method
    ме́тод посе́ва — seeding technique
    ме́тод после́довательного счё́та ( преобразования аналоговой информации в дискретную) — incremental method (of analog-to-digital conversion)
    ме́тод после́довательных исключе́ний — successive exclusion method
    ме́тод после́довательных подстано́вок — method of successive substitution, substitution process
    ме́тод после́довательных попра́вок — successive correction method
    ме́тод после́довательных приближе́ний — successive approximation method
    ме́тод после́довательных элимина́ций — method of exhaustion
    ме́тод послесплавно́й диффу́зии полупр. — post-alloy-diffusion technique
    потенциометри́ческий компенсацио́нный ме́тод — potentiometric method
    пото́чно-конве́йерный ме́тод — flow-line conveyor method
    пото́чный ме́тод — straight-line flow method
    ме́тод прерыва́ний ( для измерения скорости света) — chopped-beam method
    приближё́нный ме́тод — approximate method
    ме́тод проб и оши́бок — trial-and-error [cut-and-try] method
    ме́тод программи́рующих програ́мм — programming program method
    ме́тод продолже́ния топ. — setting on points on control
    ме́тод проекти́рования, моде́льно-маке́тный — model-and-mock-up method of design
    ме́тод простра́нственного коди́рования ( преобразования аналоговой информации в дискретную) — coded pattern method (OF analog-to-digital conversion)
    ме́тод простра́нственной самофикса́ции — self-fixation space method
    прямо́й ме́тод — direct method
    ме́тод псевдослуча́йных чи́сел — pseudorandom number method
    ме́тод равносигна́льной зо́ны рлк. — lobing, beam [lobe] switching
    ме́тод равносигна́льной зо́ны, мгнове́нный рлк. — simultaneous lobing, monopulse
    ме́тод ра́вных высо́т геод. — equal-altitude method
    ме́тод ра́вных деформа́ций ( в проектировании бетонных конструкций) — equal-strain method
    ме́тод ра́вных отклоне́ний — equal-deflection method
    радиацио́нный ме́тод — radiation method
    ме́тод радиоавтогра́фии — radioautograph technique
    ме́тод радиоакти́вных индика́торов — tracer method
    радиометри́ческий ме́тод — radiometric method
    ме́тод разбавле́ния — dilution method
    ме́тод разделе́ния тлв. — separation method
    ме́тод разделе́ния переме́нных — method of separation of variables
    ме́тод разли́вки метал. — teeming [pouring, casting] practice
    ме́тод разме́рностей — dimensional method
    ра́зностный ме́тод — difference method
    ме́тод разруша́ющей нагру́зки — load-factor method
    разруша́ющий ме́тод — destructive check
    ме́тод рассе́яния Рэле́я — Rayleigh scattering method
    ме́тод ра́стра тлв. — grid method
    ме́тод ра́стрового скани́рования — raster-scan method
    ме́тод расчё́та по допусти́мым нагру́зкам — working stress design [WSD] method
    ме́тод расчё́та по разруша́ющим нагру́зкам стр. — ultimate-strength design [USD] method
    ме́тод расчё́та при по́мощи про́бной нагру́зки стр. — trial-load method
    ме́тод расчё́та, упру́гий стр. — elastic method
    резона́нсный ме́тод — resonance method
    ме́тод реитера́ций геод. — method of reiteration, repetition method
    рентгенострукту́рный ме́тод — X-ray diffraction method
    ме́тод реше́ния зада́чи о четвё́ртой то́чке геод. — three-point method
    ме́тод решета́ мат. — sieve method
    ру́порно-ли́нзовый ме́тод радио — horn-and-lens method
    ме́тод самоторможе́ния — retardation method
    ме́тод сви́лей — schlieren technique, schlieren method
    ме́тод сдви́нутого сигна́ла — offset-signal method
    ме́тод секу́щих — secant method
    ме́тод се́рого кли́на физ. — gray-wedge method
    ме́тод се́ток мат., вчт. — net(-point) method
    ме́тод сече́ний ( в расчёте напряжений в фермах) — method of sections
    символи́ческий ме́тод — method of complex numbers
    ме́тод симметри́чных составля́ющих — method of symmetrical components, symmetrical component method
    ме́тод синхро́нного накопле́ния — synchronous storage method
    ме́тод скани́рования полосо́й — single-line-scan television method
    ме́тод скани́рования пятно́м — spot-scan photomultiplier method
    ме́тод смеще́ния отде́льных узло́в стр. — method of separate joint displacement
    ме́тод совпаде́ний — coincidence method
    ме́тод сосредото́ченных пара́метров — lumped-parameter method
    ме́тод спада́ния заря́да — fall-of-charge method
    спектроскопи́ческий ме́тод — spectroscopic method
    ме́тод спира́льного скани́рования — spiral-scan method
    ме́тод сплавле́ния — fusion method
    ме́тод сплошны́х сред ( в моделировании) — continuous field analog technique
    ме́тод сре́дних квадра́тов — midsquare method
    статисти́ческий ме́тод — statistical technique
    статисти́ческий ме́тод оце́нки — statistical estimation
    ме́тод статисти́ческих испыта́ний — Monte Carlo method
    стробоголографи́ческий ме́тод — strobo-holographic method
    стробоскопи́ческий ме́тод — stroboscopic method
    стру́йный ме́тод метал. — jet test
    ступе́нчатый ме́тод ( сварки или сверления) — step-by-step method
    субъекти́вный ме́тод — subjective method
    ме́тод сухо́го озоле́ния — dry combustion method
    ме́тод сухо́го порошка́ ( в дефектоскопии) — dry method
    счё́тно-и́мпульсный ме́тод — pulse-counting method
    табли́чный ме́тод — diagram method
    телевизио́нный ме́тод электро́нной аэросъё́мки — television method
    телевизио́нный ме́тод электро́нной фотограмме́трии — television method
    тенево́й ме́тод — (direct-)shadow method
    термоанемометри́ческий ме́тод — hot-wire method
    топологи́ческий ме́тод — topological method
    ме́тод то́чечного вплавле́ния полупр. — dot alloying method
    то́чный ме́тод — exact [precision] method
    ме́тод травле́ния, гидри́дный — sodium hydride descaling
    ме́тод трапецеида́льных характери́стик — Floyd's trapezoidal approximation method, approximation procedure
    ме́тод трёх баз геод. — three-base method
    ме́тод триангуля́ции — triangulation method
    ме́тод трилатера́ции геод. — trilateration method
    ме́тод углово́й деформа́ции — slope-deflection method
    ме́тод углово́й модуля́ции — angular modulation method
    ме́тод удаля́емого трафаре́та полупр. — rejection mask method
    ме́тод удаля́емой ма́ски рад. — rejection mask method
    ме́тод узло́в ( в расчёте напряжении в фермах) — method of joints
    ме́тод узловы́х потенциа́лов — node-voltage method
    ме́тод ура́внивания по направле́ниям геод. — method of directions, direction method
    ме́тод ура́внивания по угла́м геод. — method of angles, angle method
    ме́тод уравнове́шивания — balancing method
    ме́тод усредне́ния — averaging [smoothing] method
    ме́тод фа́зового контра́ста ( в микроскопии) — phase contrast
    наблюда́ть ме́тодом фа́зового контра́ста — examine [study] by phase contrast
    ме́тод фа́зовой пло́скости — phase plane method
    ме́тод факториза́ции — factorization method
    флотацио́нный ме́тод — floatation method
    ме́тод формирова́ния сигна́лов цве́тности тлв. — colour-processing method
    ме́тод центрифуги́рования — centrifuge method
    цепно́й ме́тод астр. — chain method
    чи́сленный ме́тод — numerical method
    ме́тод Чохра́льского ( в выращивании полупроводниковых кристаллов) — Czochralski method, vertical pulling technique
    ме́тод Шо́ра — Shore hardness
    щупово́й ме́тод — stylus method
    ме́тод электрофоре́за — electrophoretic method
    эмпири́ческий ме́тод — trial-and-error [cut-and-try] method
    энергети́ческий ме́тод
    1. косм. energy method
    2. стр. strain energy method
    ме́тод энергети́ческого бала́нса — power balance method
    эргати́ческий ме́тод ( при общении человека с ЭВМ) — interactive [conversational] technique

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > метод

  • 20 метод

    м. method; procedure; technique

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > метод

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