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81 разработка
1) ( изделия)conception f | développement m2) ( договора)mise f au point | rédaction f | négociation f3) ( документа)mise f au point | rédaction f | élaboration f4) ( проекта)élaboration f | étude f | mise f au point5) ( стратегии)• -
82 machining
обработка, механическая обработка, механообработка, обработка резанием, обработка на металлорежущем станкеmachining all surfaces at a set — обработка всех поверхностей ( заготовки) с одного установа
machining from solid — обработка ( детали) из целого, обработка ( детали) из целого куска
machining from the solid — обработка ( детали) из целого, обработка ( детали) из целого куска
in machining — в обработке, при обработке
machining through all angles — обработка под любым углом, обработка изделий под любым углом
- 2 1/2-dimensional machiningmachining to close limits — обработка с жёсткими допусками; точная обработка
- 3D cavity machining
- 3D machining
- abrasive belt machining
- abrasive flow machining
- abrasive machining
- abrasive-electrochemical machining
- abrasive-waterjet machining
- adaptive controlled machining
- adaptive machining
- all-over machining
- angular machining
- anode-mechanical machining
- around-the-part machining
- associative machining
- automated machining
- automotive machining
- back end machining
- back-face machining
- balanced machining
- batch machining
- batch-lot machining
- beam machining
- bore machining
- CAM machining
- C-axis machining
- center machining
- chemical machining
- chip-type machining
- close tolerance machining
- closed loop machining
- CNC horizontal machining
- CNC machining
- CNC screw machining
- composite machining
- computer-controlled machining
- consistent machining
- constant power machining
- contact-initiated discharge machining
- contact-initiated machining
- continuous path machining
- contour machining
- contouring machining
- controlled machining
- conventional machining
- copy machining
- datum machining
- deephole machining
- diamond machining
- dual-spindle machining
- duplex machining
- duplicate machining
- edge machining
- electrical discharge machining
- electrical machining
- electrical spark machining
- electrochemical machining
- electroerosion abrasive machining
- electroerosion machining
- electrolytic abrasive machining
- electrolytic machining
- electron beam machining
- electron discharge machining
- electronic erosion machining
- electrophysical machining
- electrospark machining
- etch machining
- false machining
- fast laser machining
- feature-based machining
- final machining
- final tolerance machining
- finish machining
- finished machining
- five-axis CNC machining
- five-axis machining
- five-face machining
- five-sided machining
- fixed-axis machining
- flat abrasive machining
- flexible machining
- flow-line machining
- flowthru machining
- flush fine machining
- form-feature machining
- front-end machining
- gear machining
- generative machining
- group machining
- hard-part machining
- heavy machining
- heavy-duty machining
- high-accuracy machining
- high-definition finish machining
- high-efficiency machining
- high-production machining
- high-speed machining
- high-volume machining
- horizontal machining
- horizontal mode machining
- hot machining
- hydrodynamic machining
- inclined-plane machining
- in-cycle machining
- industrial laser machining
- in-place machining
- interference-free machining
- intol/outtol machining
- ion beam machining
- jet-assisted machining
- job shop machining
- laser machining
- laser-assisted machining
- laser-beam machining
- lathe machining
- LH machining
- light-duty machining
- lights-out machining
- magnetic abrasive machining
- manual machining
- medium-duty machining
- minimum-manned machining
- mirror image machining
- multiaccess machining
- multiaxis machining
- multicell machining
- multiface machining
- multilateral machining
- multimachine machining
- multiple machining
- multiple setup machining
- multiple surface flow-line machining
- multiple-axis machining
- multiple-cutter machining
- multiple-electrode electrical discharge machining
- multiple-pass machining
- multiple-source laser machining
- multiple-workpiece machining
- multiplunge machining
- multipurpose machining
- multistage machining
- NC machining
- NF machining
- no-handwork machining
- nonturning machining
- numerical control machining
- numerically controlled machining
- off-center machining
- one-hit machining
- one-operation machining
- one-pass machining
- one-stop machining and grinding
- on-line machining
- parabolic machining
- parallel machining
- partially manned machining
- photochemical machining
- photon beam machining
- photonic machining
- pick feed traverse machining
- plasma-arc machining
- plasma-assisted machining
- plunge machining
- point-to-point machining
- post-process machining
- precision machining
- primary machining
- prismatic machining
- radial machining
- random flexible machining
- rapid machining
- rear-end machining
- RH machining
- rotary machining
- rotary transfer machining
- rotational machining
- rough machining
- roughing machining
- screw machining
- sculpture machining
- sculptured-surface machining
- secondary machining
- semifinish machining
- semi-fourth axis machining
- semiunmanned machining
- series machining
- side machining
- simultaneous fourth-axis machining
- single setup machining
- single-cutter machining
- single-pass machining
- single-point machining
- six-face machining
- six-sided machining
- slideway machining
- solids-based machining
- spark discharge machining
- spark erosion machining
- standalone machining
- straight production machining
- strip machining
- surface intersection machining
- Swiss machining
- Swiss-style machining
- tandem machining
- tapeless machining
- tapered machining
- templet-controlled machining
- test machining
- thermochemical machining
- three-axis curve machining
- three-axis machining
- three-dimensional machining
- tombstone machining
- toolroom machining
- torque-controlled machining
- total machining
- tracer machining
- transfer machining
- transfer-line machining
- trial machining
- turned part machining
- turning machining
- two-and-half axis machining
- two-at-a-time machining
- two-pass machining
- ultrafast machining
- ultrahigh speed machining
- ultrasonic abrasive machining
- ultrasonic machining
- ultrasonically assisted machining
- unattended machining
- unattended multiple-workpiece machining
- unmanned machining overnight
- unmanned machining
- unstable machining
- untended machining
- vertical machining
- vertical mode machining
- vibroabrasive machining
- waterjet machining
- waterjet-assisted machining
- wire electric discharge machining
- wire erosion machining
- wire machiningEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > machining
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83 target
объект; цель; мишень; задача; задание; норма; заданный показатель [срок]; конечный пункт; пункт назначения; заданное значение; норматив ( боевой подготовки) ; программировать траекторию ( ракеты) ; нацеливать; прицеливать; ставить задачу на удар [стрельбу] по цели; наводить; подготавливать огонь; приводить ( оружие) к нормальному бою, пристреливать; определять разнобой ( орудий) ; засекать ( цель) ;flare drop tow(ed) target — буксируемая мишень, отстреливающая ИК ловушки
pass the target (to) — передавать цель (напр. в другой сектор)
— aerial training target— hardened target— heat contrast target— interdiction-type target— pay off target— personnel-type target— prone silhouette target— scheduled nuclear target— shore-based target— towed target -
84 LDP
landing decision point; LDPThe point used in determining landing performance from which, a power-unit failure occurring at this point, the landing may be safely continued or a balked landing initiated.Note.— LDP applies only to helicopters operating in performance Class 1.Official definition modified by Amdt 12 to An 6/III (2007).точка принятия решения на посадку; LDPТочка, используемая при определении посадочных характеристик, после которой, в случае отказа двигателя в данной точке, посадка может быть продолжена безопасным образом или может быть начато выполнение ухода на второй круг.Примечание. LDP относится только к вертолетам, выполняющим операции в соответствии с летно техническими характеристиками класса 1.International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > LDP
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85 TDP
take-off decision point; TDPThe point used in determining take-off performance from which, a power-unit failure occurring at this point, either a rejected take-off may be made or a take-off safely continued.Note.— TDP applies only to helicopters operating in performance Class 1.Official definition modified by Amdt 12 to An 6/III (2007).точка принятия решения при взлёте; TDPТочка, используемая при определении взлетных характеристик, после которой, в случае отказа двигателя в данной точке, взлет может быть либо прекращен, либо продолжен безопасным образом.Примечание. Относится только к вертолетам, выполняющим операции в соответствии с летно техническими характеристиками класса 1.International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > TDP
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86 точка принятия решения на посадку
точка принятия решения на посадку; LDPТочка, используемая при определении посадочных характеристик, после которой, в случае отказа двигателя в данной точке, посадка может быть продолжена безопасным образом или может быть начато выполнение ухода на второй круг.Примечание. LDP относится только к вертолетам, выполняющим операции в соответствии с летно техническими характеристиками класса 1.landing decision point; LDPThe point used in determining landing performance from which, a power-unit failure occurring at this point, the landing may be safely continued or a balked landing initiated.Note.— LDP applies only to helicopters operating in performance Class 1.Official definition modified by Amdt 12 to An 6/III (2007).Русско-английский словарь международной организации гражданской авиации > точка принятия решения на посадку
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87 LDP
точка принятия решения на посадку; LDPТочка, используемая при определении посадочных характеристик, после которой, в случае отказа двигателя в данной точке, посадка может быть продолжена безопасным образом или может быть начато выполнение ухода на второй круг.Примечание. LDP относится только к вертолетам, выполняющим операции в соответствии с летно техническими характеристиками класса 1.landing decision point; LDPThe point used in determining landing performance from which, a power-unit failure occurring at this point, the landing may be safely continued or a balked landing initiated.Note.— LDP applies only to helicopters operating in performance Class 1.Official definition modified by Amdt 12 to An 6/III (2007).Русско-английский словарь международной организации гражданской авиации > LDP
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88 точка принятия решения при взлёте
точка принятия решения при взлёте; TDPТочка, используемая при определении взлетных характеристик, после которой, в случае отказа двигателя в данной точке, взлет может быть либо прекращен, либо продолжен безопасным образом.Примечание. Относится только к вертолетам, выполняющим операции в соответствии с летно техническими характеристиками класса 1.take-off decision point; TDPThe point used in determining take-off performance from which, a power-unit failure occurring at this point, either a rejected take-off may be made or a take-off safely continued.Note.— TDP applies only to helicopters operating in performance Class 1.Official definition modified by Amdt 12 to An 6/III (2007).Русско-английский словарь международной организации гражданской авиации > точка принятия решения при взлёте
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89 TDP
точка принятия решения при взлёте; TDPТочка, используемая при определении взлетных характеристик, после которой, в случае отказа двигателя в данной точке, взлет может быть либо прекращен, либо продолжен безопасным образом.Примечание. Относится только к вертолетам, выполняющим операции в соответствии с летно техническими характеристиками класса 1.take-off decision point; TDPThe point used in determining take-off performance from which, a power-unit failure occurring at this point, either a rejected take-off may be made or a take-off safely continued.Note.— TDP applies only to helicopters operating in performance Class 1.Official definition modified by Amdt 12 to An 6/III (2007).Русско-английский словарь международной организации гражданской авиации > TDP
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90 finis
fīnis, is (abl. regularly fine;I.fini,
Lucr. 1, 978;also fine,
ib. 976;and adverb. fini, ea fini, qua fini,
Cato, R. R. 21, 3; 28, 2; 154; Gell. 1, 3, 30; 7, 3, 29; Dig. 16, 2, 19), m. (f. mostly ante- and post-class. and poet., and only in sing., Att., Caecil., Varr., Sisenn. ap. Non. 205, 6 sq.; Lucr. 1, 107; 551; 555; 561 sq.; cf. Lachm. p. 43; Verg. A. 2, 554; 5, 328; 384; 12, 793 al.;rarely in class. prose,
Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 55; id. Fam. 12, 1, 1; id. Att. 9, 10, 4; Liv. 4, 2, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.; 9, 26, 9; 22, 57, 5; Plin. 30, 10, 24, § 82; 33, 1, 1, § 3; 33, 6, 31, § 98 al.; plur. f. only Varr. L. L. 5, 1, 13; v. Neue, Formenl. 1, 703) [for fidnis, root bhid-, fid-, v. findo; for the suffix, cf.: pa-nis, ig-nis, etc.], a boundary, limit, border, = terminus, horos.Lit.:B.accessit propius et jam ingrediens intra finem ejus loci, quem oleae terminabant, etc.,
Cic. Caecin. 8, 22:fere ad extremum finem provinciae Galliae,
Liv. 40, 16, 5; cf. id. 33, 37, 6:Philaenōn arae, quem locum Aegyptum vorsus finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses,
Sall. J. 19, 3:quem ad finem porrecta ac loca aperta pertinebant, cedentes (hostes) insequi,
as far as, Caes. B. G. 2, 19, 5:quibus venientibus ad finem legatio Veientium obviam fuit,
Liv. 4, 58, 1; cf.:nulla legatio ad finem praesto fuerat,
id. 38, 15, 10; 10, 35, 1:haud procul Argivorum fine positis castris,
id. 28, 5, 5; cf. id. 35, 27, 9 Drak.—In plur.:vicini nostri hic ambigunt de finibus,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 93:nec Mamilia lege singuli, sed ex his tres arbitri fines regemus,
Cic. Leg. 1, 21, 55 (v. rego, I. B.):in finibus Lycaoniae, mihi litterae redditae sunt,
id. Fam. 15, 1, 2: Q. Fabius Labeo arbiter Nolanis et Neapolitanis de finibus a senatu datus... fines [p. 752] terminare, id. Off. 1, 10, 33; cf.:SEX. ATILIVS INTER ATESTINOS ET VEICETINOS FINIS TERMINOSQVE STATVI IVSIT,
Inscr. Orell. 3110:fines proferre, propagare,
Cic. Rep. 3, 12; id. Mur. 9, 22:inter eos fines, quos feci,
Liv. 1, 18, 9:atque hominum finem Gades Calpenque secutus,
Sil. 1, 141.—Transf.1.In plur., borders, and hence territory, land, country enclosed within boundaries:2.propere de finibus suis exercitus deducerent,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 60:per agrum Sequanorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 1; cf.:si suas copias Aedui in fines Bellovacorum introduxerint,
id. ib. 2, 5, 3:civitatum fines incolere,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:ego his finibus ejectus sum, quos, etc.,
Sall. J. 14, 8:neque flumen neque mons erat, qui fines eorum discerneret,
id. ib. 79, 3:Multum interest, alienos populare fines an tuos uri exscindive videas,
Liv. 28, 44, 2:veteres nullum animal sacrum in finibus suis esse patiebantur, sed abigebant ad fines deorum, quibus sacrum esset,
where these gods were worshipped, Macr. S. 3, 7, 6.—Fine or fini alicujus rei, up to, as far as, a certain point (very rare):II.matresfamiliae de muro pectoris fine prominentes passis manibus obtestabantur Romanos, ut, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 7, 47, 5 Oud. N. cr. (al. pectore nudo); so,fine inguinum ingrediuntur mare,
Sall. H. Fragm. 3, 38 Gerl. (in Arus. Mess. p. 231 ed. Lind.):fine genūs vestem ritu succincta Dianae,
Ov. M. 10, 536:per mare umbilici fine ingressi, Auct. B. Afr. 85, 1: amphoras nolito implere nimium ansarum infimarum fini,
Cato, R. R. 113, 2: Asiam orientis fine a Macedonibus perdomitam, Justin. 30, 4.Trop., a limit, bound:B.Crassus mihi visus est oratoris facultatem non illius artis terminis, sed ingenii sui finibus, immensis paene, describere,
Cic. de Or. 1, 49, 214; cf.:certos mihi fines terminosque constituam, extra quos egredi non possim,
id. Quint. 10, 35:finem et modum transire,
to go beyond all bounds and measure, id. Off. 1, 29, 102; cf.:transcendere fines Juris,
Lucr. 3, 60:modum aliquem et finem orationi facere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 118:est modus in rebus, sunt certi denique fines, Quos ultraque citraque nequit consistere rectum,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 106:intra Naturae fines vivere,
id. ib. 50:(dixit) mulierem quinque pueros enixam... eumque esse finem multijugae hominum partionis,
Gell. 10, 2, 1:consulta, quibus sedecim stipendiorum finem expresserant,
term, limit, Tac. A. 1, 78:his finibus luxuriam coercere,
Gell. 2, 24, 15.—Hence, the starting-point in a race:Inde, ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus omnes Prosiluere suis (of vessels),
Verg. A. 5, 139.—Transf., like telos.1.An end:b.in hoc (aequo judicio) uno denique falsae infamiae finis aliquis atque exitus reperiatur,
Cic. Clu. 3, 7:dicendi finem facere,
id. Sest. 65, 136; cf.:si placet, in hunc diem hactenus... finem disputandi facere,
id. Rep. 2, 44 fin.:scribendi,
id. de Or. 2, 55, 224:maledictis,
Ter. Heaut. prol. 34:injuriis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 33, 1:vitae finem afferre alicui,
Cic. Phil. 6, 1, 2; cf.:quando finem habet motus, vivendi finem habeat necesse est,
id. Rep. 6, 25:finem judiciariae controversiae constituere,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 5:oratio lecta ad eum finem, quem, etc.,
as far as, id. de Or. 1, 34, 154:ludus repertus, et longorum operum finis,
Hor. A. P. 406:imperium sine fine,
everlasting, Verg. A. 1, 279:pigetque actorum sine fine mihi,
Ov. M. 2, 387:poscens sine fine oscula,
id. ib. 4, 334 al.—Adverb.: ad eum finem, until that:amor bestiarum in educandis custodiendisque iis, quae procreaverunt, usque ad eum finem, dum possint se ipsa defendere,
Cic. N. D. 2, 51, 129:mansit in condicione usque ad eum finem, dum judices rejecti sunt,
id. Verr. 1, 6, 16: quem ad finem, till when? how long? quamdiu furor iste tuus eludet? quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:piratam vivum tenuisti: quem ad finem? dum cum imperio fuisti,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 29, § 75; id. Mur. 5, 11; id. Fam. 9, 26, 1; cf.: Lu. Sequere... In. Sequor:sed finem fore quem dicam nescio (i. e. sequendi),
Plaut. Trin. prol. 2.—In partic.(α).The end of life, latter end, death (not till after the Aug. per.):(β).comperit invidiam supremo fine domari,
i. e. after death, Hor. Ep. 2, 11, 12: tu ne quaesieris, quem mihi, quem tibi Finem di dederint, id. C. 1, 11, 2:nec quicquam jam de fine, si fata poscerent, recusans,
Vell. 2, 123, 2; Sen. Ep. 30, 3; Val. Max. 3, 3, 4 ext.:septem a Neronis fine menses sunt,
Tac. H. 1, 37:Augusti,
id. A. 1, 4; 1, 16; 2, 39:voluntarius,
id. ib. 4, 19; 15, 63 et saep.—The end, extremity of an ascending series, i. e. the highest point, greatest degree, summit: sentis credo, me jam diu, quod telos Graeci dicunt, id dicere tum extremum, tum ultimum, tum summum:(γ).licebit etiam finem pro extremo aut ultimo dicere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26; cf. id. ib. 1, 4, 11; and:ad finem bonorum, quo referuntur et cujus causa sunt facienda omnia,
the chief good, id. Leg. 1, 20, 52:fines bonorum et malorum,
id. Fin. 1, 17, 55; hence the title of Cicero's treatise De Finibus, analog. to the Gr. peri telôn; cf. id. Att. 13, 21, 4, with ib. 19, 4:honorum populi finis est consulatus,
id. Planc. 25, 60:quemque sperandi sibi, eundem bene dicendi finem proponerent,
id. Tusc. 2, 1, 3:duodecim tabulae, finis aequi juris,
Tac. A. 3, 27. —An end, purpose, aim, object (but an end subjectively regarded, as an intention, or design, is propositum, consilium, mens, etc.):(δ).omnes artes habere finem aliquem propositum, ad quem tendunt,
Quint. 2, 17, 22:laudis et gloriae,
id. 8, 3, 11:domus finis est usus,
Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:officium ejus facultatis videtur esse, dicere apposite ad persuasionem: finis, persuadere dictione,
id. Inv. 1, 5, 6; cf. id. ib. 2, 51, 156; id. Part. Or. 4, 11; id. de Or. 1, 42, 188; 2, 34, 145; Quint. 2, 15, 6:quem finem vel quid summum et ultimum habeat rhetorice,
id. ib. 38:volgaris liberalitas referenda est ad illum Ennii finem, Nihilo minus ipsi lucet, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 16, 52:ad finem vitae,
Quint. 2, 17, 41:medicinae,
id. ib. 25; 2, 21, 3.—An intention, design, end in view (very rare; cf. g supra):2.quod ad eum finem memoravimus, ut, etc.,
Tac. A. 14, 64.—In rhet. lang., i. q. finitio and definitio, qs. an explanatory limiting, a definition, explanation (perh. not in Cic., but repeatedly in Quint.):3.dicuntur argumenta ex finitione seu fine,
Quint. 5, 10, 54:est frequentissimus finis, rhetoricen esse vim persuadendi,
id. 2, 15, 3; id. ib. 11 sq.; 4, 4, 3 Spald. N. cr. — -
91 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
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92 HDS
1) Общая лексика: – максимальное непрерывное напряжение, вызванного внутренним давлением, которое должно использоваться для проектирования пластикой трубопроводной системы, определяемое по гидростатическому расчётному базису с использованием эксплуатационного (ра, система обнаружения людей (Human Detection System), система обнаружения человека (СОЛ; СОЧ) (Human Detection System)2) Компьютерная техника: High Density Storage3) Медицина: Hypodermic Disposal Systems4) Спорт: Historical Diving Society5) Военный термин: Head of Defence Sales, hard-point defense system, hardware description sheet, historical data system7) Химия: hydrodesulfurization8) Сокращение: Hardware Design System, Headquarters Distribution System, Helicopter Delivery Service, High Definition Systems9) Физиология: Herniated disc syndrome10) Нефть: гидродесульфурация (hydrodesulfurization)11) Фирменный знак: Hitachi Data Systems12) СМИ: High Definition Surveying13) Деловая лексика: Hospitality Driven Services14) Сетевые технологии: Hierarchical Data Storage, полудуплекс15) Телефония: Historical Data Server16) Макаров: high-density shield17) Моликпак: отсекающий шибер (isolation\\shut-off damper)18) Расширение файла: Hierarchical Data System19) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: hydrosulfurization20) Фантастика Hobbit Defense Squad -
93 hds
1) Общая лексика: – максимальное непрерывное напряжение, вызванного внутренним давлением, которое должно использоваться для проектирования пластикой трубопроводной системы, определяемое по гидростатическому расчётному базису с использованием эксплуатационного (ра, система обнаружения людей (Human Detection System), система обнаружения человека (СОЛ; СОЧ) (Human Detection System)2) Компьютерная техника: High Density Storage3) Медицина: Hypodermic Disposal Systems4) Спорт: Historical Diving Society5) Военный термин: Head of Defence Sales, hard-point defense system, hardware description sheet, historical data system7) Химия: hydrodesulfurization8) Сокращение: Hardware Design System, Headquarters Distribution System, Helicopter Delivery Service, High Definition Systems9) Физиология: Herniated disc syndrome10) Нефть: гидродесульфурация (hydrodesulfurization)11) Фирменный знак: Hitachi Data Systems12) СМИ: High Definition Surveying13) Деловая лексика: Hospitality Driven Services14) Сетевые технологии: Hierarchical Data Storage, полудуплекс15) Телефония: Historical Data Server16) Макаров: high-density shield17) Моликпак: отсекающий шибер (isolation\\shut-off damper)18) Расширение файла: Hierarchical Data System19) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: hydrosulfurization20) Фантастика Hobbit Defense Squad -
94 kiteku
------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kiteku[Swahili Plural] viteku[English Word] chisel[English Plural] chisels[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Related Words] -tekua------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kiteku[Swahili Plural] viteku[English Word] style[English Plural] styles[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Related Words] -tekua[English Definition] pointed tool for writing or drawing or engraving------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kiteku[Swahili Plural] viteku[English Word] burin[English Plural] burins[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Related Words] -tekua[English Definition] chisel of tempered steel with a sharp point, used for engraving------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kiteku[Swahili Plural] viteku[English Word] pickax[English Plural] pickaxes[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Related Words] -tekua------------------------------------------------------------ -
95 shinikiza
------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -shinikiza[English Word] press[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -shinikiza[English Word] crush[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -shinikiza[English Word] pulverize[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -shinikiza[English Word] stress[Part of Speech] verb[Swahili Definition] kuchagiza, kushurutisha------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Item(s) below have not yet been grouped within the headword shinikiza[Swahili Word] -shinikiza[English Word] press one's point[Part of Speech] verb[Swahili Definition] kuchagiza, kushurutisha------------------------------------------------------------ -
96 uma
------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -uma[English Word] bite[Part of Speech] verb[Swahili Example] nimeumwa na mbwa------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -uma[English Word] sting (of an insect)[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -uma[English Word] hurt[Part of Speech] verb[Swahili Example] kidonda hiki kinaniuma------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -uma[English Word] be painful[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -uma[English Word] cause pain[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] uma[Swahili Plural] nyuma[English Word] fork[English Plural] forks[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 11/10[Swahili Definition] chombo kinachotumika kula chakula[English Definition] cutlery used for serving and eating food------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] uma[English Word] pointed implement (awl or punch etc.)[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] uma[English Word] rake[English Plural] rakes[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] uma[Swahili Plural] nyuma[English Word] metal point[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 11/10[Derived Word] uma v------------------------------------------------------------ -
97 goal
EN definition: 1. In ice hockey a goal is scored when a puck entirely crosses the goal line between the goalposts. 2. Informal hockey term used to refer to the area made of the goalposts and the net guarded by the goalkeeper, and into which a puck must enter to score a point.1. гол; шайба2. воротаRU definition: 1. В хоккее с шайбой гол засчитывается в том случае, если шайба полностью пересекла линию ворот между штангами. 2. Разговорный хоккейный термин, который используется для обозначения зоны, огороженной штангами и сеткой, которую защищает вратарь и в которую необходимо забросить шайбу, чтобы заработать очко. -
98 left wing
EN definition: 1. Left-hand side of the ice hockey field from the point of view of a team facing its opponent's goal. 2. Hockey player positioned in this area.1. левый фланг2. левый / крайний нападающийRU definition: 1. Левая сторона хоккейного поля с точки зрения команды, которая видит впереди ворота противника. 2. Хоккеист, который располагается в данной области. -
99 right wing
EN definition: 1. Right-hand side of the ice hockey field from the point of view of a team facing its opponent's goal. 2. Hockey player positioned in this area.1. правый фланг2. правый / крайний нападающийRU definition: 1. Правая сторона хоккейного поля с точки зрения команды, которая видит впереди ворота противника. 2. Хоккеист, который располагается в данной области. -
100 spearing
EN definition: Infraction in ice hockey which calls for a major penalty. It occurs when a player illegally jabs, or even just attempts to jab, the point of his stick blade into another player's body. It is one of the most serious infractions a player can commit, which results in an automatic game misconduct.RU definition: Нарушение в хоккее с шайбой, за которое назначается большой штраф. Оно происходит, когда игрок наносит удар другому игроку концом крюка своей клюшки или только пытается сделать это. Это одно из наиболее грубых нарушений, которое может совершить игрок и которое автоматически карается дисциплинарным штрафом до конца игры.
См. также в других словарях:
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