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physical+laws

  • 1 physical

    [ˈfɪzɪkəl] adjective
    1) of the body:

    Playing football is one form of physical fitness.

    جِسْماني
    2) of things that can be seen or felt:

    the physical world.

    مَحْسوس
    3) of the laws of nature:

    It's a physical impossibility for a man to fly like a bird.

    فيزيائي، متعلِّق بقوانين الطبيعَه
    4) relating to the natural features of the surface of the Earth:

    physical geography.

    فيزيائي، متعلّق بظواهِر الطَّبيعَه
    5) relating to physics:

    physical chemistry.

    فيزيائي، متعلِّق بِعِلْم الفيزياء

    Arabic-English dictionary > physical

  • 2 physical

    بَدَنِيّ \ physical: concerning the body (not the mind or the spirit): physical exercise. \ فِيزيائيّ \ physical: concerning the forces of nature and natural laws: physical chemistry.

    Arabic-English glossary > physical

  • 3 physical

    طَبِيعيّ \ natural: not changed by man: Wild animals should live in their natural state (not shut or tamed), concerning the power of nature Wind is a natural force, usual; expected It is not natural for anyone to live alone. normal: usual; regular: What are your normal working hours? I normally get up at 7 o’clock. physical: concerning the forces of nature and natural laws: physical chemistry. \ See Also عادِيّ

    Arabic-English glossary > physical

  • 4 fisico

    "physical;
    Physikalisch;
    físico (adj.)"
    * * *
    (pl -ci) 1. adj physical
    2. m physicist
    anatomy physique
    * * *
    fisico agg.
    1 ( della natura) physical, natural; ( della fisica) of physics, physical: leggi fisiche, physical laws; geografia fisica, physical geography; chimica fisica, physical chemistry
    2 ( del corpo) bodily, physical: dolore fisico, physical pain; educazione fisica, physical education (o training); attrazione fisica, physical attraction; forza fisica, physical force (o strength); fare dell'esercizio fisico per tenersi in forma, to do physical exercise to keep fit
    ◆ s.m.
    1 ( scienziato) physicist
    2 ( costituzione) physique, constitution, body, build: ha un fisico molto robusto, he has a very sturdy physique (o build).
    * * *
    ['fiziko] fisico -a, -ci, -che
    1. agg
    (gen) physical
    2. sm
    (corpo) physique

    avere un bel fisico — (donna) to have a good figure, (uomo) to have a good physique

    3. sm/f
    (studioso) physicist
    * * *
    1.
    pl. -ci, - che ['fiziko, tʃi, ke] aggettivo
    1) (relativo al corpo umano) [dolore, forza, handicap, violenza] physical; [bisogno, benessere] bodily
    2) (relativo alla fisica, alla natura) [grandezza, legge, geografia] physical
    2.
    sostantivo maschile (f. -a)
    2) (corpo) figure
    * * *
    fisico
    pl. -ci, - che /'fiziko, t∫i, ke/
     1 (relativo al corpo umano) [dolore, forza, handicap, violenza] physical; [bisogno, benessere] bodily
     2 (relativo alla fisica, alla natura) [grandezza, legge, geografia] physical
     ⇒ 18 (f. -a)
     1 (studioso di fisica) physicist
     2 (corpo) figure; avere un fisico possente to be powerfully built; avere un gran bel fisico to have a great figure.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > fisico

  • 5 physikalisch

    Adj.
    1. Vorgang etc.: physical
    2. die Physik betreffend: attr. physics...; physikalisches Gesetz law of physics; physikalische Einheiten physical units; physikalische Chemie physical chemistry; physikalisches Institut institute ( oder department) of physics
    3. Therapie etc.: physical; physikalische Therapie auch physiotherapy
    * * *
    physical
    * * *
    phy|si|ka|lisch [fyzi'kaːlɪʃ]
    1. adj
    physical

    physikálische Experimente durchführen — to carry out physics experiments or experiments in physics

    physikálische Therapie — physiotherapy, physical therapy

    2. adv
    physically

    das ist physikálisch nicht erklärbar — that can't be explained by physics

    jdn physikálisch behandeln (Med) — to give sb physiotherapy or physical therapy

    etw physikálisch therapieren (Med) — to have physiotherapy or physical therapy

    * * *
    2) (of the laws of nature: It's a physical impossibility for a man to fly like a bird.) physical
    3) (relating to the natural features of the surface of the Earth: physical geography.) physical
    * * *
    phy·si·ka·lisch
    [fyziˈka:lɪʃ]
    adj MED, PHYS physical
    \physikalische Gesetze physical laws, laws of physics
    \physikalische Experimente physics experiments
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv physics attrib. < experiment, formula, research, institute>; physical <map, chemistry, therapy, process>
    2.
    adverbial in terms of physics
    * * *
    1. Vorgang etc: physical
    2. die Physik betreffend: attr physics …;
    physikalisches Gesetz law of physics;
    physikalische Einheiten physical units;
    physikalische Chemie physical chemistry;
    physikalisches Institut institute ( oder department) of physics
    3. Therapie etc: physical;
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv physics attrib. <experiment, formula, research, institute>; physical <map, chemistry, therapy, process>
    2.
    adverbial in terms of physics
    * * *
    adv.
    physically adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > physikalisch

  • 6 physikalisch

    phy·si·ka·lisch [fyziʼka:lɪʃ] adj
    med, phys
    physical;
    \physikalische Gesetze physical laws, laws of physics;
    \physikalische Experimente physics experiments

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > physikalisch

  • 7 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 8 prawo

    I - wa; loc sg - wie; nt
    ( prawodawstwo) law; ( ustawa) nom pl; -wa law; ( zapisana w dzienniku ustaw) statute; ( uprawnienie) nom pl; -wa right; ( zasada) principle, law

    prawo cywilne/karne — civil/criminal law

    prawo jazdy — MOT driving licence (BRIT), driver's license (US)

    mieć prawo do czegoś/coś zrobić — to be entitled to sth/to do sth, to have a right to sth/to do sth

    prawo poboru — GIEŁDA subscription right

    II adv

    w prawo — ( w prawą stronę) to the right

    na prawo — ( w prawą stronę) to the right; ( po prawej stronie) on lub to the right

    na prawo i lewo — right and left, all over the place

    * * *
    I.
    prawo1
    n.
    1. (= ogół przepisów) law; prawo rzymskie Roman law; prawo nowożytne modern law; prawo polskie Polish law; prawo amerykańskie American law; prawo angielskie English law; prawo administracyjne administrative law; prawo autorskie copyright; prawo cywilne civil law; prawo karne criminal l. penal law; prawo międzynarodowe international law, law of nations; prawo rodzinne family law, domestic-relations law; prawo rzeczowe law of property; prawo wyborcze election law, right to vote; prawo zwyczajowe common law; w imieniu prawa in the name of law; w obliczu prawa in the eye of the law.
    2. (= przepis) law, rule, regulation; naruszać literę prawa violate the law; wyjęty spod prawa outlawed; łamać prawo break l. violate the law; omijać prawo flout the law; prawo pięści law of the fist; prawem kaduka przest. unlawfully, illegally.
    3. uniw. (= nauka prawa) law; studiować prawo study law; ukończyć prawo graduate with a degree in law, graduate in law; absolwent prawa law graduate; wydział prawa law faculty, faculty of law.
    4. (= uprawnienie) right; prawo pierwokupu preemption right; prawa człowieka human rights; prawa obywatelskie civil rights; prawo jazdy driver's license; Br. driving licence; prawo pierwszeństwa przejazdu mot. right of way; prawo łaski right to pardon; dochodzić swoich praw assert l. claim one's rights; Adam nie ma prawa tak mówić Adam has no right to talk like this; Ewa nie ma prawa do tego domu Eve has no right to this house, Eve is not entitled to this house; jakim prawem? by what right?
    5. (= prawidłowość, zasada) law, principle; prawa naturalne/biologiczne/fizyczne natural/biological/physical laws; podlegać prawom przyrody l. natury be subject to the laws of nature.
    II.
    prawo2
    adv.
    right; na prawo (= po prawej stronie) on l. to the right; (= w prawą stronę) to the right; w prawo to the right; na prawo i na lewo on the right and on the left; w prawo i lewo right and left; albo w prawo, albo w lewo either right or left.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > prawo

  • 9 несовместим с

    •

    The temperature and pressure in the thermionic diode cell were incompatible with a purely thermal collisional energy augmentation process.

    •

    The phenomenon was ( totally) irreconcilable with the most elementary physical laws.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > несовместим с

  • 10 вначале это открытие было было воспринято как нарушение законов физики

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вначале это открытие было было воспринято как нарушение законов физики

  • 11 выводить физические законы

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > выводить физические законы

  • 12 kovarians hukum fisika

    covariance of physical laws

    Indonesia-Inggris kamus > kovarians hukum fisika

  • 13 узкоспециализированная область

    Узкоспециализированная область-- The danger arises since fracture mechanics is a specialism, and it may be taught with the same dogmatic certainty as are the physical laws of electromagnetism.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > узкоспециализированная область

  • 14 закон

    law
    statute, act (of Parliament, ам. of Congress); measure
    закони сьбир. legislation
    писан закон a statute law
    закон на тълпата mob law
    закон за военнопленниците the Law of Warlike Capture
    търговски закон a cormmercial/mercantile law, a law merchant
    закон за наказателно съдопроизводство a code of criminal procedure
    наказателен закон a penal/criminal law
    поземлени закон и agrarian laws
    закон за народ-ната просвета an education act
    закон за лова game-law
    природен закон, закон на природата course of nature; a law of nature; a natural law
    закон за съхранение на енергията the law of the conservation of energy
    Архимедов закон, закон на Архимед Archimedian principle
    законите за развитието на обществото the laws of social development
    разпорежданията на закона the provisions of the law
    прокарвам закон pass a bill, enact a law
    ставам закон чрез гласуване be voted into law
    законът влиза в сила the law comes into force/effect
    отменям закон repeal/abrogate/rescind a law
    заобикалям/нарушавам закона elude/break/violate a law
    спазвам законите keep/observe the law
    прилагам закона carry out/enforce/administer the law
    no сялата на закона by virtue of the law
    противна against the law; unlawfully
    закон божи religion, bible classes
    рел. Divine Law
    думата и е закон за него her word is law with him
    * * *
    зако̀н,
    м., -и, (два) зако̀на law; statute, act (of Parliament, амер. of Congress); measure; Архимедов \закон, \закон на Архимед Archimedean principle; военнонаказателен \закон army act; граждански \закон civil law; действащите \закони the laws in force; \закон за военнопленниците the Law of Warlike Capture; \закон за защита на държавата defence of the state act; \закон за лова game-law; \закон за наказателно съдопроизводство code of criminal procedure; \закон за народната просвета education act; \закон за съхранение на енергията the law of the conservation of energy; \закон на тълпата mob law; \закони събир. legislation; \законите за развитие на обществото the laws of social development; \законът влиза в сила the law comes into force/effect; заобикалям/нарушавам \закона elude/break/violate a law; наказателен \закон penal/criminal law; отменям \закон repeal/abrogate/rescind a law; писан \закон statute law; по \закон de jure, by law; по силата на \закона by virtue of the law; поземлени \закони agrarian laws; поставям извън \закона outlaw, proscribe, ( партия) ban; пред \закона in the eye of the law; прилагам \закона carry out/enforce/administer the law; природен \закон, \закон на природата course of nature; law of nature; natural law; прокарвам \закон pass a bill, enact a law; против \закона against the law; unlawfully; разпорежданията на \закона the provisions of the law; спазвам \законите keep/observe/abide by the law; ставам \закон чрез гласуване be voted into law; търговски \закон commercial/mercantile law, law merchant; физически \закон physical law; • думата ѝ е \закон за него her word is law with him; \закон божи religion, bible classes; рел. Divine Law.
    * * *
    act; canon; decree; enaction; law{lO;}: the законs in force - действащите закони; measure; principle
    * * *
    1. law 2. no сялата на ЗАКОНа by virtue of the law 3. statute, act (of Parliament, ам. of Congress);measure 4. Архимедов ЗАКОН, ЗАКОН на Архимед Archimedian principle 5. ЗАКОН божи religion, bible classes 6. ЗАКОН за военнопленниците the Law of Warlike Capture 7. ЗАКОН за лова game-law 8. ЗАКОН за наказателно съдопроизводство a code of criminal procedure 9. ЗАКОН за народ-ната просвета an education act 10. ЗАКОН за съхранение на енергията the law of the conservation of energy 11. ЗАКОН на тълпата mob law 12. ЗАКОНите за развитието на обществото the laws of social development 13. ЗАКОНът влиза в сила the law comes into force/effect 14. военно-ваказателен ЗАКОН an army act 15. граждански ЗАКОН a civil law 16. действуващите ЗАКОНи the laws in force 17. думата и е ЗАКОН за него her word is law with him 18. закони сьбир. legislation 19. заобикалям/нарушавам ЗАКОНa elude/break/violate a law 20. наказателен ЗАКОН a penal/ criminal law 21. отменям ЗАКОН repeal/ abrogate/rescind a law 22. писан ЗАКОН a statute law 23. поземлени ЗАКОН и agrarian laws 24. поставям извън ЗАКОНa outlaw, proscribe, (партия) ban 25. прилагам ЗАКОНа carry out/enforce/administer the law 26. природен ЗАКОН, ЗАКОН на природата course of nature;a law of nature;a natural law 27. прокарвам ЗАКОН pass a bill, enact a law 28. противна against the law;unlawfully 29. разпорежданията на ЗАКОНa the provisions of the law 30. рел.Divine Law 31. спазвам ЗАКОНите keep/observe the law 32. ставам ЗАКОН чрез гласуване be voted into law 33. търговски ЗАКОН a cormmercial/mercantile law, a law merchant 34. физически ЗАКОН a physical law

    Български-английски речник > закон

  • 15 física

    f.
    physics.
    * * *
    1 physics
    * * *
    1. f., (m. - físico) 2. noun f. 3. f., (m. - físico)
    * * *
    físico
    * * *
    femenino physics
    * * *
    Nota: Véanse bajo la entrada "-ics" otras palabras con la misma terminación y usadas en el singular.
    Ex. Examples of the subdisciplines within Physical Science are biology, zoology, botany, physics.
    ----
    * ciencias físicas = physical science.
    * física aplicada = applied physics.
    * física cuántica = quantum physics.
    * física de altas energías = high energy physics.
    * física del estado sólido = solid state physics.
    * física de partículas = particle physics, high energy physics.
    * física espacial = space physics.
    * física nuclear = nuclear physics.
    * física solar = solar physics.
    * leyes de la física = laws of physics.
    * * *
    femenino physics
    * * *
    Nota: Véanse bajo la entrada "-ics" otras palabras con la misma terminación y usadas en el singular.

    Ex: Examples of the subdisciplines within Physical Science are biology, zoology, botany, physics.

    * ciencias físicas = physical science.
    * física aplicada = applied physics.
    * física cuántica = quantum physics.
    * física de altas energías = high energy physics.
    * física del estado sólido = solid state physics.
    * física de partículas = particle physics, high energy physics.
    * física espacial = space physics.
    * física nuclear = nuclear physics.
    * física solar = solar physics.
    * leyes de la física = laws of physics.

    * * *
    physics
    las leyes de la física the laws of physics
    estudia Física(s) en la universidad she studies physics at university
    Compuestos:
    quantum physics
    nuclear physics
    * * *

     

    física sustantivo femenino
    physics;

    físico,-a
    I adjetivo physical
    II m,f (especialista) physicist
    III sustantivo masculino physique
    física sustantivo femenino physics sing

    ' física' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    actitud
    - contra
    - deformación
    - fuerza
    - incapacidad
    - incapacitada
    - incapacitado
    - incapaz
    - lesión
    - Nobel
    - postura
    - repugnancia
    - resistencia
    - reverencia
    - seguridad
    - sensación
    - separar
    - someterse
    - tipo
    - torpe
    - costar
    - desfase
    - educación
    - ejercicio
    - flojo
    - fortaleza
    - habilidad
    - minusvalía
    - preparación
    - reprobar
    - torturar
    English:
    brawn
    - elementary
    - exempt
    - form
    - game
    - PE
    - physical condition
    - physical education
    - physics
    - strength
    - strong
    - weakness
    - block
    - fitness
    - physical
    * * *
    1. [ciencia] physics [singular];
    un licenciado en física(s) a physics graduate
    física aplicada applied physics;
    física cuántica quantum physics;
    física nuclear nuclear physics;
    física de partículas particle physics
    * * *
    f physics sg
    I adj physical
    II m, física f physicist
    III m de una persona physique
    * * *
    : physics
    * * *
    física n physics

    Spanish-English dictionary > física

  • 16 fizyczn|y

    adj. 1. (dotyczący fizyki) physics attr., physical
    - prawa fizyczne the laws of physics
    - wielkości fizyczne (physics) quantities
    - wzory fizyczne physics a. physical formulae
    - pracownia fizyczna a physics laboratory
    - chemia fizyczna physical chemistry
    - właściwości fizyczne gazów the physical properties of gases
    2. (materialny) physical, material
    - ciało/zjawisko fizyczne a physical body/phenomenon
    - środowisko fizyczne the physical environment
    - świat fizyczny the physical a. material world
    - fizyczna niemożliwość a physical impossibility
    - fizyczna obecność physical presence
    3. (dotyczący ciała ludzkiego) physical
    - atrakcyjność fizyczna physical attractiveness, an attractive (physical) appearance
    - kondycja fizyczna (physical) fitness
    - siła fizyczna physical strength
    - pociąg fizyczny physical attraction
    - miłość fizyczna physical love
    - sprawność fizyczna (physical) fitness
    - kara fizyczna corporal punishment
    - cierpienie fizyczne physical suffering
    - obrażenia fizyczne bodily harm
    - wysiłek fizyczny a physical effort
    - praca fizyczna physical a. manual labour
    - przemoc fizyczna physical violence
    - pracownik fizyczny a (physical a. manual) labourer
    - wychowanie fizyczne physical education
    - antropologia fizyczna physical anthropology
    4. Geog. physical
    - geografia fizyczna physical geography
    - mapa fizyczna a physical map

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > fizyczn|y

  • 17 физический

    прл
    1) относящийся к физике physics attr, physical

    физи́ческий кабине́т — physics laboratory

    физи́ческие зако́ны — laws of physics

    физи́ческая хи́мия — physical chemistry

    физи́ческие нагру́зки — physical exercise sg

    физи́ческие упражне́ния — physical exercises/jerks coll

    физи́ческий труд — manual labo(u)r/work

    физи́ческая потре́бность — bodily/corporeal lit need

    у́мственные или физи́ческие недоста́тки — mental or physical disabilities

    физи́ческий мир — physical world

    Русско-английский учебный словарь > физический

  • 18 réplica

    f.
    1 reply, retort, response.
    2 copy, duplication, reproduction, remake.
    3 replication.
    4 aftershock, secondary earthquake.
    * * *
    1 (respuesta) answer, reply; (objeción) retort
    2 ARTE (copia) replica
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) retort, reply
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=respuesta) answer; (Jur) replication
    2) (Arte) replica, copy
    * * *
    1) (frml) ( contestación) reply
    2) ( copia) replica
    3) (Chi, Méx) ( de terremoto) aftershock
    * * *
    = replica, contestation, rejoinder, duplication.
    Ex. A facsimile reproduction is a reproduction that has as its chief purpose to simulate the physical appearance of the original work as well as to provide an exact replica of the text.
    Ex. These relations are constructed through negotiations and contestations that cannot be easily divorced from cultural context.
    Ex. The rejoinder was, I am sure, made in pursuit of a little humour.
    Ex. A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.
    ----
    * artículo a modo de réplica = rebuttal article.
    * creación de réplicas en Internet = mirroring.
    * réplicas = aftershock.
    * * *
    1) (frml) ( contestación) reply
    2) ( copia) replica
    3) (Chi, Méx) ( de terremoto) aftershock
    * * *
    = replica, contestation, rejoinder, duplication.

    Ex: A facsimile reproduction is a reproduction that has as its chief purpose to simulate the physical appearance of the original work as well as to provide an exact replica of the text.

    Ex: These relations are constructed through negotiations and contestations that cannot be easily divorced from cultural context.
    Ex: The rejoinder was, I am sure, made in pursuit of a little humour.
    Ex: A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.
    * artículo a modo de réplica = rebuttal article.
    * creación de réplicas en Internet = mirroring.
    * réplicas = aftershock.

    * * *
    su airada réplica me desconcertó I was taken aback by her angry reply o retort o ( frml) rejoinder
    B (copia) replica
    C ( Der) replication
    D (Chi, Méx) (de un terremoto) aftershock
    * * *

    Del verbo replicar: ( conjugate replicar)

    replica es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    replicar    
    réplica
    replicar ( conjugate replicar) verbo transitivo (frml) to retort, reply
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( argumentar) to argue
    2 (Der) to reply
    réplica sustantivo femenino

    b) (Chi, Méx) ( de terremoto) aftershock

    replicar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (a una afirmación) to reply, retort: nos replicó de un modo muy ingenioso, she answered us with a witty remark
    2 (a una orden) to answer back: no le repliques a tu padre, don't talk back to your father
    II verbo transitivo Jur to answer, reply
    réplica sustantivo femenino
    1 (a un discurso o escrito) answer, reply: no me dieron opción a réplica, I was given no opportunity to answer
    2 (imitación exacta) replica: de la pared cuelga una réplica de La Gioconda, a replica of La Gioconda hangs on the wall
    3 Jur answer to a charge
    ' réplica' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absoluta
    - absoluto
    - calco
    - reproducción
    English:
    carbon copy
    - comeback
    - facsimile
    - replica
    - retort
    * * *
    1. [respuesta] reply
    2. [copia] replica
    3. [de terremoto] aftershock
    * * *
    f replica
    * * *
    1) : reply
    2) : replica, reproduction
    3) Chile, Mex : aftershock

    Spanish-English dictionary > réplica

  • 19 φυσικός

    φῠσικός, ή, όν,
    A natural, produced or caused by nature, inborn, native, once in X.,Mem.3.9.1, not in Pl., freq. in Arist. (

    τὰ περὶ γένεσιν φ. Ph. 191a3

    , al.), and later Prose; opp. διδακτός, X. l.c.; opp. νομικός (conventional),

    δίκαιον Arist.EN 1134b19

    ; ἡ φ. χρῆσις, opp. ἡ παρὰ φύσιν, Ep.Rom.1.26; of style, natural, simple,

    ἀληθὲς καὶ φ. χρῶμα D.H.Th.42

    ; τὸ φ., opp. τὸ τεχνικόν, ib.34: φ. υἱός, = ὁ ἐκ πορνείας γεγονώς, opp. γνήσιος, Thom.Mag.p.362 R.;

    υἱὸς γνήσιος καὶ φ. PLips.28.18

     (iv A. D.). Adv. - κῶς by nature, naturally, κινητόν, κινεῖσθαι, Arist.Ph. 201a24, Cael. 307b32;

    ὠχυρωμένη φ. λίμνῃ D.S.20.55

    ;

    ἀκατασκεύως καὶ φ. Plb.6.4.7

    , etc.
    b belonging to the nature of a plant, characteristic, Thphr.HP8.4.4, al.
    2 belonging to growth, Stoic.2.205, al.
    3 φ. ὀδόντες milk-teeth, Nicom. ap. Theol.Ar.49.
    II of or concerning the order of external nature, natural, physical,

    ἡ φ. ἐπιστήμη Arist.PA 640a2

    ; φ. φιλοσοφία ib. 653a9;

    ἡ φ. Id.Metaph. 1026a6

    , etc.; opp. μαθηματική, θεολογική, ib. 1064b2; τὰ φ. ib. 1026a4; οἱ φ. λόγοι f.l. for οἱ φυσιολόγοι, Id.EN 1154b7; φ. προτάσεις, opp. ἠθικαί, λογικαί, Id.Top. 105b21; τὸ φ., τὸ ἠθικόν, τὸ λογικόν, the three branches of philosophy, Zeno Stoic.1.15, etc., cf. S.E.P.2.13; τὰ πρῶτα καὶ -ώτατα the primal elements of things, Plu.2.395d.
    2

    ὁ φ.

     an inquirer into nature, natural philosopher,

    Arist.de An. 403a28

    , PA 641a21, Metaph. 1005a34;

    περὶ πασῶν [τῶν αἰτιῶν] εἰδέναι τοῦ φ. Id.Ph. 198a22

    , cf. Metaph. 1026a5: esp. of the Ionic and other pre-Socratic philosophers, Id.Ph. 184b17, 187a12, 205a5, al.: also ὁ φ., of Epicurus, Phylarch. 24J.; ὁ φυσικώτατος, of Thales, Luc.Ner.4.
    b army surgeon, dub. in IG12.950.153.
    3 ἡ φ. ἀκρόασις, title of a treatise by Arist.; τὰ φυσικά, a name given to his physical treatises, Id.Ph. 267b21, Metaph. 1042b8;

    ἐπιτομὴ φυσικῶν Id.Pr. 10t

    it.
    4 Adv.

    - κῶς

     according to the laws of nature,

    Id.Ph. 198a23

    ; opp. λογικῶς, ib. 204b10: [comp] Comp.

    - ώτερον εἰπεῖν Id.GC 335b25

    .
    III later, belonging to occult laws of nature, magical, φ. φάρμακα spells or amulets, Alex. Trall.1.15;

    φυσικοῖς χρῆσθαι Gp.2.18.8

    ; φ. θεραπεία ib.2.42.3; φ. δακτύλιοι Sch.Ar.Pl. 884. Adv.

    - κῶς Gp.9.1.5

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > φυσικός

  • 20 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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