per-nox

cētĕrus ( caet-), a, um (the nom. sing. masc. not in use; the sing., in gen., rare; in Cic. perh. only three times), adj. [pronom. stem ki, and compar. ending; cf. heteros], the other, that which exists besides, can be added to what is already named of a like kind with it; the other part (while reliquus is that which yet remains of an object, the rest;

e. g. stipendium pendere et cetera indigna pati,

and endured other indignities of the kind, Liv. 21, 20, 6. On the other hand:

jam vero reliqua—not cetera —quarta pars mundi ea et ipsa totā naturā fervida est, et ceteris naturis omnibus salutarem impertit et vitalem calorem,

Cic. N. D. 2, 10, 27; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 33; Doed. Syn. 1, p. 83. Still these ideas, esp. after the Aug. per., are often confounded, and the Engl., the remainder, the rest, and the adverb. phrase for the rest, etc., can be used interchangeably for both words).

Masc.:

si vestem et ceterum ornatum muliebrem pretii majoris habeat,

Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 51 (also in Quint. 5, 11, 28); Nep. Dat. 3, 1:

laeta et imperatori ceteroque exercitui,

Liv. 28, 4, 1:

vestitu calciatuque et cetero habitu,

Suet. Calig. 52: illos milites subduxit, exercitum ceterum servavit, Cato ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:

cohortes veteranas in fronte, post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat,

Sall. C. 59, 5:

a cetero exercitu,

Curt. 5, 9, 11; Tac. Agr. 17; Suet. Galb. 20 fin.:

de cetero numero candidatorum,

id. Caes. 41.—

Fem.:

cetera jurisdictio,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5:

vita,

Sall. C. 52, 31:

aetas,

Verg. G. 3, 62:

nox,

Ov. M. 12, 579:

silva,

id. ib. 8, 750:

turba,

id. ib. 3, 236; 12, 286; Hor. S. 2, 8, 26:

classis,

Liv. 35, 26, 9:

deprecatio,

id. 42, 48, 3; 21, 7, 7:

inter ceteram planitiem mons,

Sall. J. 92, 5:

Graeciam,

Nep. Paus. 2, 4:

aciem,

Liv. 6, 8, 6:

multitudinem,

id. 35, 30, 8:

(super) turbam,

Suet. Calig. 26:

manum procerum,

Tac. Or. 37:

pro ceterā ejus audaciā atque amentiā,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6:

pluviā (aquā) utebantur,

Sall. J. 89, 6:

ceterā (ex) copiā militum,

Liv. 35, 30, 9; Plin. Ep. 2, 16, 1:

ceterā (pro) reverentiā,

id. ib. 3, 8, 1:

ceterā (cum) turbā,

Suet. Claud. 12 al. —

Neutr.:

cum a pecu cetero absunt,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 20:

non abhorret a cetero scelere,

Liv. 1, 48, 5; Suet. Aug. 24:

cetero (e) genere hominum,

id. ib. 57:

quanto violentior cetero mari Oceanus,

Tac. A. 2, 24 al. — Subst.: cētĕ-rum, i, n., the rest:

elocuta sum convivas, ceterum cura tu,

Plaut. Men. 1, 4, 6:

ceterum omne incensum est,

Liv. 22, 20, 6; so,

de cetero,

as for the rest, Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 26; Curt. 4, 1, 14 al.;

and in ceterum,

for the rest, for the future, Sen. Ep. 78, 15.—

Plur., the rest, the others (freq. in all periods and species of composition):

de reliquis nihil melius ipso est: ceteri et cetera ejus modi, ut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 5:

multae sunt insidiae bonis nosti cetera,

id. Planc. 24, 59; id. Fat. 13, 29:

cetera de genere hoc, adeo sunt multa, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 13; Lucr. 5, 38:

ut omittam cetera,

Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 18:

ibi Amineum... Lucanum serito, ceterae vites in quemvis agrum conveniunt,

Cato, R. R. 6, 4:

quam fortunatus ceteris sim rebus, absque una hac foret,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 25: nam ceteri fere, qui artem orandi litteris tradiderunt, ita sunt exorsi, quasi, etc., Quint. prooem. § 4; id. 10, 1, 80:

ceterae partes loquentem adjuvant, hae ipsae loquuntur,

id. 11, 3, 85:

sane ceterarum rerum pater familias et prudens et attentus, unā in re paulo minus consideratus,

Cic. Quint. 3, 11:

hanc inter ceteras vocem,

Quint. 9, 4, 55: de justitiā, fortitudine, temperantiā ceterisque similibus, id. prooem. § 12; 3, 5, 5;

2, 4, 38: ego ceteris laetus, hoc uno torqueor,

Curt. 6, 5, 3.—

Et cetera ceteraque or cetera, and so forth, kai ta hexês, when one refers to a well-known object with only a few words, or mentions only a few from a great number of objects, Cic. de Or. 2, 32, 141:

ut illud Scipionis, Agas asellum et cetera,

id. ib. 2, 64, 258; id. Top. 6, 30; 11, 48; id. Tusc. 2, 17, 39; id. Att. 2, 19, 3:

et similiter cetera,

Quint. 4, 1, 14:

vina ceteraque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 91; Curt. 3, 4, 10:

solem, lunam, mare, cetera,

Lucr. 2, 1085:

fundum, aedes, parietem, supellectilem, penus, cetera,

Cic. Top. 5. 27.—

Hence, the advv.,

cē-tĕrum (orig. acc. respectiv.), lit. that which relates to the other, the rest (besides what has been mentioned).

For the rest, in other respects, otherwise (in good prose):

nihil, nisi ut ametis impero: Ceterum quantum lubet me poscitote aurum, ego dabo,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 52: tu aurum rogato: ceterum ( for the rest, in respect to the rest) verbum sat est, id. ib. 4, 8, 37: precator, qui mihi sic oret: nunc amitte quaeso hunc;

ceterum Posthac si quicquam, nil precor,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 91:

ego me in Cumano et Pompeiano, praeterquam quod sine te, ceterum satis commode oblectabam,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 12 (14), 1:

foedera alia aliis legibus, ceterum eodem modo omnia fiunt,

Liv. 1, 24, 3; cf. Sall. J. 2, 4; 75, 3; Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Curt. 4, 1, 18.—Rarely after the verb: argentum accepi;

nil curavi ceterum,

Plaut. Capt. 5, 3, 12: numquid me vis ceterum? id. Ep. 4, 2, 76.—

= alioquin, introducing a conclusion contrary to fact (mostly post-class.), otherwise, else, in the opposite event, = Gr. allôs: non enim cogitaras;

ceterum Idem hoc melius invenisses,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 62:

ita et anima... solam vim ejus exprimere non valuit,... ceterum non esset anima, sed spiritus,

Tert. adv. Marc. 2, 9; App. M. 7, p. 200, 33; Dig. 4, 4, 7, § 2 al.—

In passing to another thought, besides, for the rest; very freq. (esp. in the histt.; usu. placed at the beginning of a new clause;

only in the comic poets in the middle): Filium tuom te meliust repetere, Ceterum uxorem abduce ex aedibus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 73; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 31; Sall. J. 4, 1; 20, 8; 29, 2; Quint. 6, 1, 8; 8, 6, 51; 9, 2, 14 al.; Suet. Caes. 4; 16; id. Tib. 42; id. Claud. 1; Curt. 3, 1, 4; 3, 3, 7; 3, 6, 13; Col. 8, 8, 5:

dehinc ceterum valete,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 125; cf. id. ib. 91. —

With a restricting force, commonly contrasted with quidem or a neg. phrase; often to be translated by but, yet, notwithstanding, still, on the other hand (esp. freq. since the Aug. per.):

cum haud cuiquam in dubio esset, bellum ab Tarquiniis imminere, id quidem spe omnium serius fuit: ceterum, id quod non timebant, per dolum ac proditionem prope libertas amissa est,

Liv. 2, 3, 1; Plin. Pan. 5, 4; Flor. 3, 1, 11; Suet. Aug. 8; 66; id. Tib. 61 fin.; id. Gram. 4 al.:

eos multum laboris suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxume tutos esse,

Sall. J. 14, 12:

avidus potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans,

id. ib. 15, 3; 52, 1; 83, 1; id. C. 51, 26:

eo rem se vetustate oblitteratam, ceterum suae memoriae infixam adferre,

Liv. 3, 71, 6:

id quamquam, nihil portendentibus diis, ceterum neglegentia humana acciderat, tamen, etc.,

id. 28, 11, 7; 9, 21, 1; 21, 6, 1 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut quisquis factus est princeps, extemplo fama ejus, incertum bona an mala, ceterum aeterna est,

Plin. Pan. 55, 9:

pauca repetundarum crimina, ceterum magicas superstitiones objectabat,

Tac. A. 12, 59; cf. Liv. 3, 40, 11.—

cē-tĕra (properly acc. plur.), = talla, ta loipa, as for the rest, otherwise; with adjj., and (in poets) with verbs (not found in Cic. or Quint.).

With adj.:

Bocchus praeter nomen cetera ignarus populi Romani,

Sall. J. 19, 7:

hastile cetera teres praeterquam ad extremum,

Liv. 21, 8, 10:

excepto quod non simul esses, cetera laetus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 50 (cf. the passage cited under ceterum, II. A. 1. fin., Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 12 (14), 1):

cetera Graius,

Verg. A. 3, 594 (so prob. also Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3, where others read ad cetera):

virum cetera egregium secuta,

Liv. 1, 35, 6:

vir cetera sanctissimus,

Vell. 2, 46, 2 Ruhnk.; Plin. 8, 15, 16, § 40; 12, 6, 13, § 25; 22, 25, 64, § 133; Tac. G. 29.—

With verbs: cetera, quos peperisti, ne cures, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 9, 656:

quiescas cetera,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 53:

cetera parce, puer, bello,

Verg. A. 9, 656; cf. Sil. 17, 286:

cetera non latet hostis,

id. 2, 332; Mart. 13, 84.—

cētĕrō, peculiar to the Nat. Hist. of Pliny, for the rest, in other respects, otherwise:

cetero viri quam feminae majus,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 133; so id. 3, 11, 16, § 105; 6, 26, 30, § 122; 8, 3, 4, § 7;

10, 1, 1, § 1 al.: est et alia iritis cetero similis, at praedura,

id. 37, 9, 52, § 138.—

Of time: palumbes incubat femina post meridiana in matutinum, cetero mas,

id. 10, 58, 79, § 159.

circŭĭtus, a, um, Part., from circumeo.

circŭĭtus ( circŭmĭtus, Cic. N. D. 1, 12, 29; 2, 62, 155; 2, 19, 49; id. Rep. 1, 29, 45; Quint. 1, 10, 42 al.; cf. circumeo, and v. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 737), ūs, m. [circumeo] (class. in prose and poetry).

A going round, a circling, revolving, a revolution:

solis,

Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 49; cf. Plin. 2, 23, 21, § 86; Cic. Rep. 6, 12, 12:

nox et dies unum circumitum orbis efflcit,

id. Univ. 9 prope med.:

Asiae Syriaeque circuitu Aegyptum petit,

Suet. Aug. 17:

mundi,

Plin. 2, 5, 4, § 11.—

In medic. lang., the periodical return of a disease, Cels. 3, 5; Ser. Samm. 95.—Far more freq.,

Meton.

(Abstr. pro concr.). A circuit, compass, a way around:

plurimum refert, cujus sit formae ille circuitus,

Quint. 1, 10, 40; cf. id. 1, 10, 42; 1, 5, 26; Augur. ap. Gell. 13, 14, 1:

collis, quem propter magnitudinem circuitus opere circumplecti non poterant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 83:

illi operibus vincebant, quod interiore spatio minorem circuitum habebant,

id. B. C. 3, 44:

XV milia passuum circuitu amplexus,

id. ib.; so id B G. 1, 41; Plin. 4, 12, 19, § 54:

brevi per mon tes circuitu praemissis, qui munirent viam,

Liv. 34, 28, 2; 4, 27, 8; Curt. 3, 11, 19:

qualis esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21; 2, 29; 2, 30:

longo circuitu petere regiones,

id. ib. 7, 45; Verg. A. 11, 767:

saevaque circuitu curvantem bracchia longo, Ov M. 2, 82: circumitus Siciliae quid tibi novi ostenderit,

Sen. Ep. 79, 1.—

= ambitus, an open space left around a building, Varr. L. L. 5, § 22; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p 5, 4 Müll.; Inscr Marin. Fratr. Arval. p. 369.—

Trop

In rhet., a period: in toto circuitu illo orationis, quem Graeci periodon, nos tum ambitum, tum circuitum, tum comprehensionem, aut continuationem aut circumscriptionem dicimus, Cic. Or. 61, 204; cf.

Quint 9, 4, 124: modo ne circuitus ipse verborum sit aut brevior quam aures exspectent, aut longior, etc.,

Cic. de Or 3, 49, 191; 3, 51, 198; id. Or. 23, 78; Quint. 8, 6, 59; 11, 1, 6. —In plur.:

oratio longiores habet saepe circuitus,

Quint. 9, 4, 60.—

In the postAug. per., a circumlocution, periphrasis, a roundabout way in speech or action; an indirect procedure.

Of speech, ea, quae proprie signari poterant, circuitu coeperint enuntiare, Quint. 12, 10, 16; 12, 10, 41; 5, 7, 16;

10, 1, 12: loqui per circuitus,

Mart. 11, 15, 8.—

Of action:

cur circuitu petis gloriam, quae ad manum posita est?

Curt. 9, 3, 14: negavi circuitu agendum, sed plane jure civili dimicandum, Petr 13 fin.

obscūrus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. sku, to cover, akin to Gr. skeuê, skutos, kutos; cf.: scutum, cutis], dark, darksome, dusky, shady, obscure (class.).

Lit.: unde (Acherunte) animae excitantur obscurā umbrā, in dark, shadowy forms, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; so,

umbra,

Verg. A. 6, 453:

donec in obscurum coni conduxit acumen,

the obscure point of the cone, Lucr. 4, 431:

lucus,

Verg. A. 9, 87:

antrum,

Ov. M. 4, 100:

convalles,

Verg. A. 6, 139:

tabernae,

Hor. A. P. 229; cf. Liv. 10, 1, 5: aliae res obnoxiosae nocte in obscurā latent, Enn. ap. Gell. 7, 16 (17), 10 (Trag. v. 341 Vahl.):

nox,

Verg. A. 2, 420; cf.:

per occasum solis, jam obscurā luce,

Liv. 24, 21:

caelum,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 15:

nimbus,

Verg. A. 12, 416:

nubes,

id. G. 4, 60:

ferrugo,

i. e. black, id. ib. 1, 467:

dentes,

Juv. 6, 145.— Poet.: funda, dark, i. e. invisible, Val. Fl. 6, 193; cf.

mamma,

i. e. hidden, covered, id. 3, 52, 6:

aquae,

i. e. turbid, Ov. F. 4, 758.— Subst.: obscūrum, i, n., dim light, twilight:

in obscuro, advesperascente die,

Vulg. Prov. 7, 9; but commonly the dark, darkness, obscurity:

sub obscurum noctis,

Verg. G. 1, 478:

lumen,

i. e. darkness visible, Sall. J. 21, 2.— obscū-rum, adverb.:

obscurum nimbosus dissidet aër,

Luc. 5, 631.—

Transf., to the person who is in the dark, darkling, unseen:

ibant obscuri solā sub nocte per umbram,

Verg. A. 6, 268:

obscurus in ulvā Delitui,

id. ib. 2, 135.—

Trop.

In gen., dark, obscure, indistinct, unintelligible:

Heraclitus... Clarus ob obscuram linguam,

Lucr. 1, 639: valde Heraclitus obscurus (cf. the Gr. appellation of Heraclitus, ho skoteinos), Cic. Div. 2, 64, 133:

quid? poëta nemo, nemo physicus obscurus?

id. ib.:

obscurā de re tam lucida pango carmina,

Lucr. 1, 933; 4, 8:

brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,

Hor. A. P. 25:

reperta Graiorum,

Lucr. 1, 136:

obscurum et ignotum jus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 177:

cur hoc tam est obscurum atque caecum?

id. Agr. 2, 14, 35:

nolo plebem Romanam obscurā spe et caecā expectatione haerere,

uncertain, id. ib. 2, 25, 66.— Comp., Quint. 11, 3, 60.— Sup.:

videre res obscurissimas,

Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 153.— Subst.:

causae in obscuro positae,

Cels. 1 praef. —

In partic., rhet. t. t.: obscurum genus causae, obscure, i. e. intricate, involved, Gr. dusparakolouthêton, Cic. Inv. 1, 15, 20:

(causae privatae) sunt multo saepe obscuriores,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 100.—

Not known, unknown, not recognized:

forma,

Ov. M. 3, 475:

P Ilas,

i. e. disguised, under another form, id. ib. 6, 36.—Esp. of rank and station, obscure, ignoble, mean, low:

non est obscura tua in me benevolentia,

Cic. Fam. 13, 70: Caesaris in barbaris erat nomen obscurius, * Caes. B. C. 1, 61:

Pompeius humili atque obscuro loco natus,

of an obscure, ignoble family, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 181:

obscuris orti majoribus,

from obscure ancestors, id. Off. 1, 32, 116:

clarus an obscurus,

Quint. 5, 10, 26; cf.:

si nobilis obscurum se vocet,

id. 11, 1, 21; 2, 3, 9:

non obscurus professor et auctor,

id. 2, 15, 36:

natus haud obscuro loco,

Sall. C. 23, 1.— Neutr. absol.:

in obscuro vitam habere,

Sall. C. 51, 12:

vitam per obscurum transmittere,

in obscurity, Sen. Ep. 19, 3:

saepe mandatum initio litis in obscuro est,

kept back, Gai. Inst. 4, 84.—

Of character, close, secret, reserved:

obscurus et astutus homo,

Cic. Off. 3, 13, 5 (for which:

sin me astutum et occultum lubet fingere,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 8):

plerumque modestus Occupat obscuri speciem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 94:

Tiberium obscurum adversus alios, sibi uni incautum intectumque efficeret,

Tac. A. 4, 1:

obscurum odium,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 6.— Comp.:

natura obscurior,

Tac. Agr. 42.— Adv.: ob-scūrē, darkly, obscurely (class.).

Lit.: aut nihil superum aut obscure admodum cernimus, very darkly, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 474, 28.—

Trop.

Of speech, darkly, obscurely, indistinctly:

dicta,

Quint. 3, 4, 3; 4, 1, 79.— Comp.:

quae causa dicta obscurius est,

Quint. 8, 2, 24.— Sup.:

obscurissime particulā uti, Cell. 17, 13, 5: non obscurissime dicere (opp. planissime),

id. 11, 16, 9.—

Of birth, obscurely, ignobly, meanly (perh. only post-class.):

obscure natus,

Macr. S. 7, 3:

obscurissime natus,

Amm. 29, 1, 5.—

Covertly, closely, secretly:

malum obscure serpens,

Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 6:

tacite obscureque perire,

id. Quint. 15, 50:

non obscure ferre aliquid,

id. Clu. 19, 54; cf. id. Par. 6, 1, 45; Hirt. B. G. 8, 54.— Comp.:

ceteri sunt obscurius iniqui,

more secretly, Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 2.— Sup.:

avertere aliquid de publico quam obscurissime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 53.

obscūrus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. sku, to cover, akin to Gr. skeuê, skutos, kutos; cf.: scutum, cutis], dark, darksome, dusky, shady, obscure (class.).

Lit.: unde (Acherunte) animae excitantur obscurā umbrā, in dark, shadowy forms, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; so,

umbra,

Verg. A. 6, 453:

donec in obscurum coni conduxit acumen,

the obscure point of the cone, Lucr. 4, 431:

lucus,

Verg. A. 9, 87:

antrum,

Ov. M. 4, 100:

convalles,

Verg. A. 6, 139:

tabernae,

Hor. A. P. 229; cf. Liv. 10, 1, 5: aliae res obnoxiosae nocte in obscurā latent, Enn. ap. Gell. 7, 16 (17), 10 (Trag. v. 341 Vahl.):

nox,

Verg. A. 2, 420; cf.:

per occasum solis, jam obscurā luce,

Liv. 24, 21:

caelum,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 15:

nimbus,

Verg. A. 12, 416:

nubes,

id. G. 4, 60:

ferrugo,

i. e. black, id. ib. 1, 467:

dentes,

Juv. 6, 145.— Poet.: funda, dark, i. e. invisible, Val. Fl. 6, 193; cf.

mamma,

i. e. hidden, covered, id. 3, 52, 6:

aquae,

i. e. turbid, Ov. F. 4, 758.— Subst.: obscūrum, i, n., dim light, twilight:

in obscuro, advesperascente die,

Vulg. Prov. 7, 9; but commonly the dark, darkness, obscurity:

sub obscurum noctis,

Verg. G. 1, 478:

lumen,

i. e. darkness visible, Sall. J. 21, 2.— obscū-rum, adverb.:

obscurum nimbosus dissidet aër,

Luc. 5, 631.—

Transf., to the person who is in the dark, darkling, unseen:

ibant obscuri solā sub nocte per umbram,

Verg. A. 6, 268:

obscurus in ulvā Delitui,

id. ib. 2, 135.—

Trop.

In gen., dark, obscure, indistinct, unintelligible:

Heraclitus... Clarus ob obscuram linguam,

Lucr. 1, 639: valde Heraclitus obscurus (cf. the Gr. appellation of Heraclitus, ho skoteinos), Cic. Div. 2, 64, 133:

quid? poëta nemo, nemo physicus obscurus?

id. ib.:

obscurā de re tam lucida pango carmina,

Lucr. 1, 933; 4, 8:

brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,

Hor. A. P. 25:

reperta Graiorum,

Lucr. 1, 136:

obscurum et ignotum jus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 177:

cur hoc tam est obscurum atque caecum?

id. Agr. 2, 14, 35:

nolo plebem Romanam obscurā spe et caecā expectatione haerere,

uncertain, id. ib. 2, 25, 66.— Comp., Quint. 11, 3, 60.— Sup.:

videre res obscurissimas,

Cic. de Or. 2, 36, 153.— Subst.:

causae in obscuro positae,

Cels. 1 praef. —

In partic., rhet. t. t.: obscurum genus causae, obscure, i. e. intricate, involved, Gr. dusparakolouthêton, Cic. Inv. 1, 15, 20:

(causae privatae) sunt multo saepe obscuriores,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 100.—

Not known, unknown, not recognized:

forma,

Ov. M. 3, 475:

P Ilas,

i. e. disguised, under another form, id. ib. 6, 36.—Esp. of rank and station, obscure, ignoble, mean, low:

non est obscura tua in me benevolentia,

Cic. Fam. 13, 70: Caesaris in barbaris erat nomen obscurius, * Caes. B. C. 1, 61:

Pompeius humili atque obscuro loco natus,

of an obscure, ignoble family, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 181:

obscuris orti majoribus,

from obscure ancestors, id. Off. 1, 32, 116:

clarus an obscurus,

Quint. 5, 10, 26; cf.:

si nobilis obscurum se vocet,

id. 11, 1, 21; 2, 3, 9:

non obscurus professor et auctor,

id. 2, 15, 36:

natus haud obscuro loco,

Sall. C. 23, 1.— Neutr. absol.:

in obscuro vitam habere,

Sall. C. 51, 12:

vitam per obscurum transmittere,

in obscurity, Sen. Ep. 19, 3:

saepe mandatum initio litis in obscuro est,

kept back, Gai. Inst. 4, 84.—

Of character, close, secret, reserved:

obscurus et astutus homo,

Cic. Off. 3, 13, 5 (for which:

sin me astutum et occultum lubet fingere,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 8):

plerumque modestus Occupat obscuri speciem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 94:

Tiberium obscurum adversus alios, sibi uni incautum intectumque efficeret,

Tac. A. 4, 1:

obscurum odium,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 6.— Comp.:

natura obscurior,

Tac. Agr. 42.— Adv.: ob-scūrē, darkly, obscurely (class.).

Lit.: aut nihil superum aut obscure admodum cernimus, very darkly, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 474, 28.—

Trop.

Of speech, darkly, obscurely, indistinctly:

dicta,

Quint. 3, 4, 3; 4, 1, 79.— Comp.:

quae causa dicta obscurius est,

Quint. 8, 2, 24.— Sup.:

obscurissime particulā uti, Cell. 17, 13, 5: non obscurissime dicere (opp. planissime),

id. 11, 16, 9.—

Of birth, obscurely, ignobly, meanly (perh. only post-class.):

obscure natus,

Macr. S. 7, 3:

obscurissime natus,

Amm. 29, 1, 5.—

Covertly, closely, secretly:

malum obscure serpens,

Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 6:

tacite obscureque perire,

id. Quint. 15, 50:

non obscure ferre aliquid,

id. Clu. 19, 54; cf. id. Par. 6, 1, 45; Hirt. B. G. 8, 54.— Comp.:

ceteri sunt obscurius iniqui,

more secretly, Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 2.— Sup.:

avertere aliquid de publico quam obscurissime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 53.

parvus, a, um, adj. (usual, irreg. comp. and sup.: mĭnor, mĭnĭmus.— Comp.:

volantum parviores,

Cael. Aur. Tard. 2, 1, 26.— Sup.: rictus parvissimus, Varr. ap. Non. 456, 10:

parvissima corpora,

Lucr. 1, 615; 621; 3, 199: minerrimus pro minimo dixerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 122 Müll.:

minimissimus,

Arn. 5, n. 8) [kindr. with paucus and Gr. pauros; cf., also, parum, parcus], little, small, petty, puny, inconsiderable (cf.: exiguus, minutus, brevis; in class. prose parvus is not used, like brevis, of stature, v. Auct. Her. 4, 33, 45).

Posit.:

in parvis aut mediocribus rebus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 84:

quam parva sit terra, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 17, 26; cf. id. ib. 6, 16, 16:

commoda parva ac mediocria,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 1:

in parvum quendam et angustum locum concludi,

id. Leg. 1, 5, 17:

beneficium non parvum,

id. Caecin. 10, 26:

parvi pisciculi,

id. N. D. 2, 48, 123:

haec parva et infirma sunt,

id. Clu. 34, 94:

si parva licet componere magnis,

Verg. G. 4, 176:

merces,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 86:

sucus,

Plin. 21, 31, 105, § 178 et saep.:

liberi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 21, 37;

so of children: salutaria appetant parvi,

the little ones, id. Fin. 3, 5, 16:

parva soror,

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 15; cf.:

memini quae plagosum mihi parvo Orbilium dictare,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 70:

operosa parvus Carmina fingo,

a little man, id. C. 4, 2, 31; Suet. Aug. 48:

a parvis didicimus: si in jus vocat, etc.,

when little, in childhood, Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

puer in domo a parvo eductus,

from infancy, Liv. 1, 39 fin. —Of time, little, short, brief:

parvae consuetudinis Causa,

slight, short, Ter. And. 1, 1, 83; cf.:

in parvo tempore,

Lucr. 5, 106:

nox,

Luc. 4, 476:

vita,

id. 6, 806:

parvam fidem habere alicui,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 117:

hic onus horret, Ut parvis animis et parvo corpore majus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 39:

homo parvo ingenio,

Plin. Ep. 6, 29:

parvum carmen,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 257:

hoc opus, hoc studium parvi properemus et ampli,

both small and great, id. ib. 1, 3, 28.—With ref. to value or consequence, little, small, low, mean, etc.:

meam erus esse operam deputat parvi pretii,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1:

nil parvom aut humili modo, Nil mortale loquar,

Hor. C. 3, 25, 17:

et magnis parva mineris Falce recisurum simili te,

id. S. 1, 3, 122:

pretio parvo vendere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 60, § 134:

parvi sunt foris arma, nisi est consilium domi,

of little value, id. Off. 1, 22, 76:

parvi refert abs te jus dici diligenter, nisi, etc.,

it matters little, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7, § 20.—Hence, parvi facere, aestimare, ducere, pendere, etc., to esteem lightly, care little for:

parvi ego illos facio,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 41:

parvi aestimo, si ego hic peribo,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 24:

quia parvi id duceret,

Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 24: nequam hominis ego parvi pendo gratiam, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 29.—So, in abl.:

signa abs te diligenter parvoque curata sunt,

Cic. Att. 1, 3, 2; so,

quanti emptus? parvo,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 156:

parvo stat magna potentia nobis,

Ov. M. 14, 493:

parvo contentus esse possum,

with little, Cic. Att. 12, 19, 1; cf.:

vivitur parvo bene,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 13:

possim contentus vivere parvo,

Tib. 1, 1, 25:

agricolae prisci, fortes parvoque beati,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 139:

necessarium est parvo assuescere,

Sen. Ep. 123, 3: parvo, as an abl. of measure, with comp. (rarely;

perh. not ante-Aug.): ita ut parvo admodum plures caperentur,

a very little more, Liv. 10, 45, 11:

parvo brevius,

Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:

haud parvo junior,

Gell. 13, 2, 2.—So in designating time:

parvo post,

Plin. 16, 25, 42, § 103:

parvo post tempore,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 11, 1.—Of stature (late Lat. for brevis):

Zacchaeus staturā parvus erat,

Aug. Serm. 113, 3; id. in Psa. 143, 1.

Comp.: mĭnor, us [cf. Gr. minus, minuthô], less, lesser, smaller, inferior:

quod in re majore valet, valeat in minore,

Cic. Top. 4, 23:

si ea pecunia non minor esset facta,

id. Leg. 2, 20, 51:

Hibernia dimidio minor quam Britannia,

Caes. B. G. 5, 13:

minus praedae quam speraverant fuit,

a smaller quantity, less, Liv. 4, 51:

sociis dimidio minus quam civibus datum,

id. 41, 13 fin.:

calceus... si minor (pede), uret,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 43:

neve minor, neu sit quinto productior actu Fabula,

less than five acts, id. A. P. 189:

genibus minor,

i. e. down upon his knees, on his bended knees, id. Ep. 1, 12, 28; cf.:

minor in certamine longo,

worsted, id. ib. 1, 10, 35:

numero plures, virtute et honore minores,

inferior, id. ib. 2, 1, 183.— Absol.: minor, inferior in rank:

praevalidi ad injurias minorum elati,

Tac. A. 15, 20; Ov. P. 4, 7, 49; cf.:

sapiens uno minor est Jove,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106:

minor capitis, i. e. capiti deminutus,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 42: et sunt notitiā multa minora tuā, too trivial, = leviora, Ov. Tr. 2, 214:

dies sermone minor fuit,

too short for, id. P. 2, 10, 37:

infans Et minor igne rogi,

too young for, Juv. 15, 140.—With abl. of measure, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 117:

ut uno minus teste haberet?

id. ib. 2, 1, 57, §

149: bis sex Herculeis ceciderunt, me minus uno, Viribus,

i. e. eleven, Ov. M. 12, 554.—Of age:

qui minor est natu,

younger, Cic. Lael. 9, 32:

aliquot annis minor natu,

id. Ac. 2, 19, 61:

aetate minor,

Ov. M. 7, 499:

minor uno mense,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 40:

filia minor Ptolemaei regis,

the younger daughter, Caes. B. C. 3, 112:

minor viginti annis,

less than twenty years old, under twenty years of age, Dig. 30, 99, 1.— With gen.:

minor quam viginti quinque annorum natu, Praetor,

Dig. 4, 4, 1; id. ib. 50, 2, 6:

si pupilla minor quam viripotens nupserit,

id. ib. 36, 2, 30.—So, absol.: minor, a person under age (under five-and-twenty), a minor:

De minoribus,

Dig. 4, tit. 4:

si minor negotiis majoris intervenerit,

ib. 4, 4, 24:

si minor praetor vel consul jus dixerit, valebit,

ib. 42, 1, 57.— Poet., children, Sil. 2, 491.—Also, descendants, posterity, = posteri:

nunc fama, minores Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem,

Verg. A. 1, 532; so id. ib. 733; Prop. 2, 15, 47; Sil. 16, 44:

minorum gentium, v. gens.—In specifications of value: vendo meum non pluris quam ceteri, fortasse etiam minoris,

cheaper, Cic. Off. 3, 12, 51:

minoris pallium addicere placuit,

Petr. 14: omnia minoris aestimare, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 2:

(fidem suam) non minoris quam publicam ducebat,

Sall. J. 32, 5.—

Poet., with acc. respect.:

frontemque minor truncam amnis Acarnan,

Sil. 3, 42; Val. Fl. 1, 582.—

Poet., with inf.:

tanto certare minor,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 313:

heu Fatis Superi certare minores!

Sil. 5, 76.

Sup.: mĭnĭmus, a, um (whence a new sup.:

minimissimus digitorum,

Arn. 5, 160; 166; cf., in the Gr., elachistotatos, from elachistos), very small, very little; least, smallest, etc.:

cum sit nihil omnino in rerum naturā minimum, quod dividi nequeat,

Cic. Ac. 1, 7, 27:

minimae tenuissimaeque res,

id. de Or. 1, 37, 169:

minima pars temporis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 70:

quā minima altitudo fluminis erat,

id. B. G. 1, 8:

in maximā fortunā minima licentia est,

Sall. C. 51, 13:

vitia,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 69:

minimus digitulus,

the little finger, Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 15; so,

minimus digitus,

Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 251.—Of age: minimus natu horum omnium, the youngest, Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 58:

ex his omnibus natu minimus,

id. Clu. 38, 107:

Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat,

Sall. J. 11, 3:

minimus filius,

Just. 42, 5, 6.—In specifications of value:

deos minimi facit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 35: Pe. Quanti emi potest minimo? Ep. Ad quadraginta fortasse eam posse emi minimo minis, id. Ep. 2, 2, 110: Crispinus minimo me provocat, for a trifle (in a wager), Hor. S. 1, 4, 14 (minimo provocare dicuntur hi qui in responsione plus ipsi promittunt quam exigunt ab adversario, Schol.).—Prov.:

minima de malis,

of evils choose the least, Cic. Off. 3, 29, 105.—

With a negation emphatically: non minimo discrimine, i. e. maximo,

Suet. Aug. 25:

res non minimi periculi,

id. ib. 67:

ut nihil, ne pro minimis quidem, debeant,

Liv. 6, 41. —With gen.:

minimum firmitatis minimumque virium,

Cic. Lael. 13, 46:

minimum pedibus itineris confectum,

Liv. 44, 5:

unde minimum periculi erat,

id. 27, 15.— As adv. absol.:

praemia apud me minimum valent,

very little, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 11; cf. Quint. 5, 10, 56:

minimum distantia miror,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 72:

dormiebat minimum,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11:

medica secatur sexies per annos: cum minimum, quater,

at least, Plin. 18, 16, 43, § 146:

quam minimum credula postero (diei),

as little as possible, Hor. C. 1, 11, 8:

ita fiunt omnes partes minimum octoginta et una,

at least, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 12:

quae (comprehensio) ex tribus minimum partibus constat,

Quint. 5, 10, 5:

in quo non minimum Aetolorum operā regii fugati atque in castra compulsi sunt,

chiefly, particularly, Liv. 33, 6, 6:

eae omnia novella sata corrumpunt, non minimum vites,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 18.—Hence, adv.

Posit.: parvē, a little, slightly (very rare), Vitr. 9, 6.—

Comp.: mĭnus, less:

aut ne quid faciam plus, quod post me minus fecisse satius sit,

too little... too much, Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 4:

ne quid plus minusve faxit,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 21 (v. plus, under multus):

cum habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 93:

ne mea oratio, si minus de aliquo dixero, ingrata: si satis de omnibus, infinita esse videatur,

Cic. Sest. 50, 108:

metus ipsi per se minus valerent, nisi, etc.,

id. Div. 2, 72, 150:

minus multi,

not so many, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 138:

minus multum et minus bonum vinum,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2:

ita imperium semper ad optumum quemque a minus bono transfertur,

less good, not so good, Sall. C. 2, 6:

quia Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi,

Sall. J. 18, 12:

minus diu vivunt,

Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 141.—Rarely with comp.:

minus admirabilior,

Flor. 4, 2, 46 Duker: quare milites Metelli sauciabantur multo minus, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 1; cf. Ov. M. 12, 554:

civilem admodum inter initia ac paulo minus quam privatum egit,

little less so than, nearly as much so as, Suet. Tib. 26:

dimidio minus,

Varr. R. R. 1, 22, 3.—With quam:

nec illa minus aut plus quam tu sapiat,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 28:

minus quam aequom erat feci,

id. Aul. 3, 2, 10:

respondebo tibi minus fortasse vehementer, quam abs te sum provocatus,

Cic. Planc. 30, 72.—With atque:

qui peccas minus atque ego?

Hor. S. 2, 7, 96.—And elliptically, without a particle of comparison:

minus quindecim dies sunt, quod, etc.,

less than fifteen days, not yet fifteen days, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 1:

madefactum iri minus XXX. diebus Graeciam sanguine,

Cic. Div. 1, 32, 68:

minus quinquennium est, quod prodiere,

Plin. 15, 25, 30, § 104:

cecidere duo milia haud minus peditum,

Liv. 42, 6:

cum centum et quinquaginta non minus adessent,

id. 42, 28; Varr. R. R. 2, 2 fin.:

ut ex suā cujusque parte ne minus dimidium ad Trebonium perveniret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 123:

ut antequam baccae legantur, ne minus triduum serenum fuerit,

Col. 12, 38, 6.—

In partic.

Non (haud) minus quam (atque), not less than, no less than, quite as:

exanimatus evolat ex senatu, non minus perturbato animo atque vultu, quam si, etc.,

Cic. Sest. 12, 28:

existumans non minus me tibi quam liberos carum fore,

Sall. J. 10, 1:

non minus nobis jucundi atque illustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur quam illi quibus nascimur,

Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 2; Quint. 2, 4, 8; 3, 7, 20:

laudibus haud minus quam praemio gaudent militum animi,

Liv. 2, 60:

haud minus ac jussi faciunt,

Verg. A. 3, 561.—

Non (neque) minus, equally, and as well, also: haec res [p. 1311] non minus me male habet quam te, Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 30: quae hominibus non minus quam liberi cara esse debent, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; Ov. H. 19, 86:

neque minus assiduis fessa choreis,

also, Prop. 1, 3, 3.—

Nihil minus, in replies, as a strong negation, by no means, Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 45: Py. At tu apud nos hic mane, Dum redeat ipsa. Ch. Nihil minus, id. ib. 3, 3, 29:

nihil profecto minus,

Cic. Off. 3, 20, 81; cf.: quid? a Tranione servo? Si. Multo id minus, Plaut. Most. 4, 3, 20.—

Minus minusque, minus et (ac) minus, less and less: mihi jam minus minusque obtemperat. Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 33:

jam minus atque minus successu laetus equorum,

Verg. A. 12, 616; Hor. C. 1, 25, 6:

minus et minus,

Ov. P. 2, 8, 73; id. H. 2, 129:

minus ac minus,

Plin. 11, 10, 10, § 26.—

Transf., in a softened negation, not at all, by no means, not:

quod intellexi minus,

Ter. Eun. 4, 5, 11:

nonnumquam ea quae praedicta sunt, minus eveniunt,

Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24.—Esp.:

si minus: monebo, si quem meministi minus,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 4, 19:

Syracusis, si minus supplicio affici, at custodiri oportebat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 69:

quod si assecutus sum, gaudeo: sin minus, hoc me tamen consolor quod, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 6 et saep.; so,

minus formido ne exedat,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 45. —

Quo minus, also written as one word, quominus, that not, from, after verbs of hindering, preventing, as impedio, recuso, deterreo, etc., Ter. And. 1, 2, 26:

si te infirmitas valetudinis tenuit, quo minus ad ludos venires,

Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 1; 7, 1, 6:

hiemem credo prohibuisse, quo minus de te certum haberemus, quid ageres,

id. Fam. 12, 5, 1:

deterrere aliquem, quo minus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

stetisse per Trebonium, quo minus oppido potirentur, videbatur,

Caes. B. C. 2, 13 fin.; Quint. 12, 1, 16;

v. also quo. —Ante-class. also in the reverse order, minus quo: ne vereatur, minus jam quo redeat domum,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 8.—

Sup., in two forms, parvissime (post-class.), and minime (class.), least, very little.

par-vissĭmē:

memorare aliquid,

very briefly, with very few words, Cael. Aur. Acut. 2, 38. —

mĭnĭmē, least of all, in the smallest degree, least, very little:

cum minime vellem, minimeque opus fuit,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 42:

cum minime videbamur, tum maxime philosophabamur,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 6; id. Or. 66, 222:

mihi placebat Pomponius maxime, vel dicam minime displicebat,

id. Brut. 57, 207:

quod in miserrimis rebus minime miserum putabis, id facies,

id. Fam. 14, 13:

quod minime ad eos mercatores saepe commeant,

very rarely, Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 3; Cic. de Or. 2, 79, 322.—Strengthened by quam:

si non decore, at quam minime dedecore facere possimus,

as little as possible, Cic. Off. 1, 31, 114; by omnium and gentium:

ad te minime omnium pertinebat,

id. Rosc. Am. 34, 96:

minime gentium,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 77:

heus, inquit, puer, arcesse Pamphilam,... illa exclamat, Minime gentium,

not for any thing in the world, Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 11; id. Ad. 3, 2, 44.—

In partic.

For minimum, saltem, at least:

is morbus erit longissimus minimeque annuus,

Cels. 2, 8 fin. Targ.:

pedes decem vel minime novem,

Col. 1, 6, 6:

sed id minime bis anno arari debet,

id. 5, 9, 12; id. Arb. 16, 3.—

In replies, as an emphatic negative, by no means, not at all, not in the least, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 50: Ba. Sed cessas? Pa. Minime equidem:

nam hodie, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 16: M. An tu haec non credis? A. Minime vero, Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: num igitur peccamus? Minime vos quidem. id. Att. 8, 9, 2:

minime, minime hercle vero!

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 23; so in discourse: minime multi (= quam paucissimi). Ter. Eun. prol. 2: minume irasci decet. Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 27; Sall. C. 51, 13.—Strengthened by gentium (cf.supra): Nau. Meriton' hoc meo videtur factum? De. Minime gentium, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 44.

parvus, a, um, adj. (usual, irreg. comp. and sup.: mĭnor, mĭnĭmus.— Comp.:

volantum parviores,

Cael. Aur. Tard. 2, 1, 26.— Sup.: rictus parvissimus, Varr. ap. Non. 456, 10:

parvissima corpora,

Lucr. 1, 615; 621; 3, 199: minerrimus pro minimo dixerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 122 Müll.:

minimissimus,

Arn. 5, n. 8) [kindr. with paucus and Gr. pauros; cf., also, parum, parcus], little, small, petty, puny, inconsiderable (cf.: exiguus, minutus, brevis; in class. prose parvus is not used, like brevis, of stature, v. Auct. Her. 4, 33, 45).

Posit.:

in parvis aut mediocribus rebus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 84:

quam parva sit terra, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 17, 26; cf. id. ib. 6, 16, 16:

commoda parva ac mediocria,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 1:

in parvum quendam et angustum locum concludi,

id. Leg. 1, 5, 17:

beneficium non parvum,

id. Caecin. 10, 26:

parvi pisciculi,

id. N. D. 2, 48, 123:

haec parva et infirma sunt,

id. Clu. 34, 94:

si parva licet componere magnis,

Verg. G. 4, 176:

merces,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 86:

sucus,

Plin. 21, 31, 105, § 178 et saep.:

liberi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 21, 37;

so of children: salutaria appetant parvi,

the little ones, id. Fin. 3, 5, 16:

parva soror,

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 15; cf.:

memini quae plagosum mihi parvo Orbilium dictare,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 70:

operosa parvus Carmina fingo,

a little man, id. C. 4, 2, 31; Suet. Aug. 48:

a parvis didicimus: si in jus vocat, etc.,

when little, in childhood, Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

puer in domo a parvo eductus,

from infancy, Liv. 1, 39 fin. —Of time, little, short, brief:

parvae consuetudinis Causa,

slight, short, Ter. And. 1, 1, 83; cf.:

in parvo tempore,

Lucr. 5, 106:

nox,

Luc. 4, 476:

vita,

id. 6, 806:

parvam fidem habere alicui,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 117:

hic onus horret, Ut parvis animis et parvo corpore majus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 39:

homo parvo ingenio,

Plin. Ep. 6, 29:

parvum carmen,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 257:

hoc opus, hoc studium parvi properemus et ampli,

both small and great, id. ib. 1, 3, 28.—With ref. to value or consequence, little, small, low, mean, etc.:

meam erus esse operam deputat parvi pretii,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1:

nil parvom aut humili modo, Nil mortale loquar,

Hor. C. 3, 25, 17:

et magnis parva mineris Falce recisurum simili te,

id. S. 1, 3, 122:

pretio parvo vendere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 60, § 134:

parvi sunt foris arma, nisi est consilium domi,

of little value, id. Off. 1, 22, 76:

parvi refert abs te jus dici diligenter, nisi, etc.,

it matters little, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7, § 20.—Hence, parvi facere, aestimare, ducere, pendere, etc., to esteem lightly, care little for:

parvi ego illos facio,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 41:

parvi aestimo, si ego hic peribo,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 24:

quia parvi id duceret,

Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 24: nequam hominis ego parvi pendo gratiam, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 29.—So, in abl.:

signa abs te diligenter parvoque curata sunt,

Cic. Att. 1, 3, 2; so,

quanti emptus? parvo,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 156:

parvo stat magna potentia nobis,

Ov. M. 14, 493:

parvo contentus esse possum,

with little, Cic. Att. 12, 19, 1; cf.:

vivitur parvo bene,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 13:

possim contentus vivere parvo,

Tib. 1, 1, 25:

agricolae prisci, fortes parvoque beati,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 139:

necessarium est parvo assuescere,

Sen. Ep. 123, 3: parvo, as an abl. of measure, with comp. (rarely;

perh. not ante-Aug.): ita ut parvo admodum plures caperentur,

a very little more, Liv. 10, 45, 11:

parvo brevius,

Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:

haud parvo junior,

Gell. 13, 2, 2.—So in designating time:

parvo post,

Plin. 16, 25, 42, § 103:

parvo post tempore,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 11, 1.—Of stature (late Lat. for brevis):

Zacchaeus staturā parvus erat,

Aug. Serm. 113, 3; id. in Psa. 143, 1.

Comp.: mĭnor, us [cf. Gr. minus, minuthô], less, lesser, smaller, inferior:

quod in re majore valet, valeat in minore,

Cic. Top. 4, 23:

si ea pecunia non minor esset facta,

id. Leg. 2, 20, 51:

Hibernia dimidio minor quam Britannia,

Caes. B. G. 5, 13:

minus praedae quam speraverant fuit,

a smaller quantity, less, Liv. 4, 51:

sociis dimidio minus quam civibus datum,

id. 41, 13 fin.:

calceus... si minor (pede), uret,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 43:

neve minor, neu sit quinto productior actu Fabula,

less than five acts, id. A. P. 189:

genibus minor,

i. e. down upon his knees, on his bended knees, id. Ep. 1, 12, 28; cf.:

minor in certamine longo,

worsted, id. ib. 1, 10, 35:

numero plures, virtute et honore minores,

inferior, id. ib. 2, 1, 183.— Absol.: minor, inferior in rank:

praevalidi ad injurias minorum elati,

Tac. A. 15, 20; Ov. P. 4, 7, 49; cf.:

sapiens uno minor est Jove,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106:

minor capitis, i. e. capiti deminutus,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 42: et sunt notitiā multa minora tuā, too trivial, = leviora, Ov. Tr. 2, 214:

dies sermone minor fuit,

too short for, id. P. 2, 10, 37:

infans Et minor igne rogi,

too young for, Juv. 15, 140.—With abl. of measure, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 117:

ut uno minus teste haberet?

id. ib. 2, 1, 57, §

149: bis sex Herculeis ceciderunt, me minus uno, Viribus,

i. e. eleven, Ov. M. 12, 554.—Of age:

qui minor est natu,

younger, Cic. Lael. 9, 32:

aliquot annis minor natu,

id. Ac. 2, 19, 61:

aetate minor,

Ov. M. 7, 499:

minor uno mense,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 40:

filia minor Ptolemaei regis,

the younger daughter, Caes. B. C. 3, 112:

minor viginti annis,

less than twenty years old, under twenty years of age, Dig. 30, 99, 1.— With gen.:

minor quam viginti quinque annorum natu, Praetor,

Dig. 4, 4, 1; id. ib. 50, 2, 6:

si pupilla minor quam viripotens nupserit,

id. ib. 36, 2, 30.—So, absol.: minor, a person under age (under five-and-twenty), a minor:

De minoribus,

Dig. 4, tit. 4:

si minor negotiis majoris intervenerit,

ib. 4, 4, 24:

si minor praetor vel consul jus dixerit, valebit,

ib. 42, 1, 57.— Poet., children, Sil. 2, 491.—Also, descendants, posterity, = posteri:

nunc fama, minores Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem,

Verg. A. 1, 532; so id. ib. 733; Prop. 2, 15, 47; Sil. 16, 44:

minorum gentium, v. gens.—In specifications of value: vendo meum non pluris quam ceteri, fortasse etiam minoris,

cheaper, Cic. Off. 3, 12, 51:

minoris pallium addicere placuit,

Petr. 14: omnia minoris aestimare, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 2:

(fidem suam) non minoris quam publicam ducebat,

Sall. J. 32, 5.—

Poet., with acc. respect.:

frontemque minor truncam amnis Acarnan,

Sil. 3, 42; Val. Fl. 1, 582.—

Poet., with inf.:

tanto certare minor,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 313:

heu Fatis Superi certare minores!

Sil. 5, 76.

Sup.: mĭnĭmus, a, um (whence a new sup.:

minimissimus digitorum,

Arn. 5, 160; 166; cf., in the Gr., elachistotatos, from elachistos), very small, very little; least, smallest, etc.:

cum sit nihil omnino in rerum naturā minimum, quod dividi nequeat,

Cic. Ac. 1, 7, 27:

minimae tenuissimaeque res,

id. de Or. 1, 37, 169:

minima pars temporis,

Caes. B. C. 1, 70:

quā minima altitudo fluminis erat,

id. B. G. 1, 8:

in maximā fortunā minima licentia est,

Sall. C. 51, 13:

vitia,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 69:

minimus digitulus,

the little finger, Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 15; so,

minimus digitus,

Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 251.—Of age: minimus natu horum omnium, the youngest, Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 58:

ex his omnibus natu minimus,

id. Clu. 38, 107:

Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat,

Sall. J. 11, 3:

minimus filius,

Just. 42, 5, 6.—In specifications of value:

deos minimi facit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 35: Pe. Quanti emi potest minimo? Ep. Ad quadraginta fortasse eam posse emi minimo minis, id. Ep. 2, 2, 110: Crispinus minimo me provocat, for a trifle (in a wager), Hor. S. 1, 4, 14 (minimo provocare dicuntur hi qui in responsione plus ipsi promittunt quam exigunt ab adversario, Schol.).—Prov.:

minima de malis,

of evils choose the least, Cic. Off. 3, 29, 105.—

With a negation emphatically: non minimo discrimine, i. e. maximo,

Suet. Aug. 25:

res non minimi periculi,

id. ib. 67:

ut nihil, ne pro minimis quidem, debeant,

Liv. 6, 41. —With gen.:

minimum firmitatis minimumque virium,

Cic. Lael. 13, 46:

minimum pedibus itineris confectum,

Liv. 44, 5:

unde minimum periculi erat,

id. 27, 15.— As adv. absol.:

praemia apud me minimum valent,

very little, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 11; cf. Quint. 5, 10, 56:

minimum distantia miror,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 72:

dormiebat minimum,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11:

medica secatur sexies per annos: cum minimum, quater,

at least, Plin. 18, 16, 43, § 146:

quam minimum credula postero (diei),

as little as possible, Hor. C. 1, 11, 8:

ita fiunt omnes partes minimum octoginta et una,

at least, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 12:

quae (comprehensio) ex tribus minimum partibus constat,

Quint. 5, 10, 5:

in quo non minimum Aetolorum operā regii fugati atque in castra compulsi sunt,

chiefly, particularly, Liv. 33, 6, 6:

eae omnia novella sata corrumpunt, non minimum vites,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 18.—Hence, adv.

Posit.: parvē, a little, slightly (very rare), Vitr. 9, 6.—

Comp.: mĭnus, less:

aut ne quid faciam plus, quod post me minus fecisse satius sit,

too little... too much, Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 4:

ne quid plus minusve faxit,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 21 (v. plus, under multus):

cum habeas plus, Pauperiem metuas minus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 93:

ne mea oratio, si minus de aliquo dixero, ingrata: si satis de omnibus, infinita esse videatur,

Cic. Sest. 50, 108:

metus ipsi per se minus valerent, nisi, etc.,

id. Div. 2, 72, 150:

minus multi,

not so many, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 138:

minus multum et minus bonum vinum,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2:

ita imperium semper ad optumum quemque a minus bono transfertur,

less good, not so good, Sall. C. 2, 6:

quia Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi,

Sall. J. 18, 12:

minus diu vivunt,

Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 141.—Rarely with comp.:

minus admirabilior,

Flor. 4, 2, 46 Duker: quare milites Metelli sauciabantur multo minus, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 1, 1; cf. Ov. M. 12, 554:

civilem admodum inter initia ac paulo minus quam privatum egit,

little less so than, nearly as much so as, Suet. Tib. 26:

dimidio minus,

Varr. R. R. 1, 22, 3.—With quam:

nec illa minus aut plus quam tu sapiat,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 28:

minus quam aequom erat feci,

id. Aul. 3, 2, 10:

respondebo tibi minus fortasse vehementer, quam abs te sum provocatus,

Cic. Planc. 30, 72.—With atque:

qui peccas minus atque ego?

Hor. S. 2, 7, 96.—And elliptically, without a particle of comparison:

minus quindecim dies sunt, quod, etc.,

less than fifteen days, not yet fifteen days, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 1:

madefactum iri minus XXX. diebus Graeciam sanguine,

Cic. Div. 1, 32, 68:

minus quinquennium est, quod prodiere,

Plin. 15, 25, 30, § 104:

cecidere duo milia haud minus peditum,

Liv. 42, 6:

cum centum et quinquaginta non minus adessent,

id. 42, 28; Varr. R. R. 2, 2 fin.:

ut ex suā cujusque parte ne minus dimidium ad Trebonium perveniret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 47, § 123:

ut antequam baccae legantur, ne minus triduum serenum fuerit,

Col. 12, 38, 6.—

In partic.

Non (haud) minus quam (atque), not less than, no less than, quite as:

exanimatus evolat ex senatu, non minus perturbato animo atque vultu, quam si, etc.,

Cic. Sest. 12, 28:

existumans non minus me tibi quam liberos carum fore,

Sall. J. 10, 1:

non minus nobis jucundi atque illustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur quam illi quibus nascimur,

Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 2; Quint. 2, 4, 8; 3, 7, 20:

laudibus haud minus quam praemio gaudent militum animi,

Liv. 2, 60:

haud minus ac jussi faciunt,

Verg. A. 3, 561.—

Non (neque) minus, equally, and as well, also: haec res [p. 1311] non minus me male habet quam te, Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 30: quae hominibus non minus quam liberi cara esse debent, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; Ov. H. 19, 86:

neque minus assiduis fessa choreis,

also, Prop. 1, 3, 3.—

Nihil minus, in replies, as a strong negation, by no means, Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 45: Py. At tu apud nos hic mane, Dum redeat ipsa. Ch. Nihil minus, id. ib. 3, 3, 29:

nihil profecto minus,

Cic. Off. 3, 20, 81; cf.: quid? a Tranione servo? Si. Multo id minus, Plaut. Most. 4, 3, 20.—

Minus minusque, minus et (ac) minus, less and less: mihi jam minus minusque obtemperat. Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 33:

jam minus atque minus successu laetus equorum,

Verg. A. 12, 616; Hor. C. 1, 25, 6:

minus et minus,

Ov. P. 2, 8, 73; id. H. 2, 129:

minus ac minus,

Plin. 11, 10, 10, § 26.—

Transf., in a softened negation, not at all, by no means, not:

quod intellexi minus,

Ter. Eun. 4, 5, 11:

nonnumquam ea quae praedicta sunt, minus eveniunt,

Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24.—Esp.:

si minus: monebo, si quem meministi minus,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 4, 19:

Syracusis, si minus supplicio affici, at custodiri oportebat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 69:

quod si assecutus sum, gaudeo: sin minus, hoc me tamen consolor quod, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 6 et saep.; so,

minus formido ne exedat,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 45. —

Quo minus, also written as one word, quominus, that not, from, after verbs of hindering, preventing, as impedio, recuso, deterreo, etc., Ter. And. 1, 2, 26:

si te infirmitas valetudinis tenuit, quo minus ad ludos venires,

Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 1; 7, 1, 6:

hiemem credo prohibuisse, quo minus de te certum haberemus, quid ageres,

id. Fam. 12, 5, 1:

deterrere aliquem, quo minus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

stetisse per Trebonium, quo minus oppido potirentur, videbatur,

Caes. B. C. 2, 13 fin.; Quint. 12, 1, 16;

v. also quo. —Ante-class. also in the reverse order, minus quo: ne vereatur, minus jam quo redeat domum,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 8.—

Sup., in two forms, parvissime (post-class.), and minime (class.), least, very little.

par-vissĭmē:

memorare aliquid,

very briefly, with very few words, Cael. Aur. Acut. 2, 38. —

mĭnĭmē, least of all, in the smallest degree, least, very little:

cum minime vellem, minimeque opus fuit,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 42:

cum minime videbamur, tum maxime philosophabamur,

Cic. N. D. 1, 3, 6; id. Or. 66, 222:

mihi placebat Pomponius maxime, vel dicam minime displicebat,

id. Brut. 57, 207:

quod in miserrimis rebus minime miserum putabis, id facies,

id. Fam. 14, 13:

quod minime ad eos mercatores saepe commeant,

very rarely, Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 3; Cic. de Or. 2, 79, 322.—Strengthened by quam:

si non decore, at quam minime dedecore facere possimus,

as little as possible, Cic. Off. 1, 31, 114; by omnium and gentium:

ad te minime omnium pertinebat,

id. Rosc. Am. 34, 96:

minime gentium,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 77:

heus, inquit, puer, arcesse Pamphilam,... illa exclamat, Minime gentium,

not for any thing in the world, Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 11; id. Ad. 3, 2, 44.—

In partic.

For minimum, saltem, at least:

is morbus erit longissimus minimeque annuus,

Cels. 2, 8 fin. Targ.:

pedes decem vel minime novem,

Col. 1, 6, 6:

sed id minime bis anno arari debet,

id. 5, 9, 12; id. Arb. 16, 3.—

In replies, as an emphatic negative, by no means, not at all, not in the least, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 50: Ba. Sed cessas? Pa. Minime equidem:

nam hodie, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 16: M. An tu haec non credis? A. Minime vero, Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: num igitur peccamus? Minime vos quidem. id. Att. 8, 9, 2:

minime, minime hercle vero!

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 23; so in discourse: minime multi (= quam paucissimi). Ter. Eun. prol. 2: minume irasci decet. Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 27; Sall. C. 51, 13.—Strengthened by gentium (cf.supra): Nau. Meriton' hoc meo videtur factum? De. Minime gentium, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 44.

praeceps, cĭpĭtis (old form praecĭ-pes, cĭpis, Plaut. Rud. 3, 3, 8; id. et Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 725 P. (Ann. v. 391 Vahl.; abl. praecipiti), adj. [prae-caput].

Lit., headforemost, headlong (class.):

praecipitem trahi,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 79:

aliquem praecipitem deicere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86:

praeceps ad terram datus,

dashed to the ground, Liv. 31, 37:

praeceps curru ab alto Desilit,

Ov. M. 12, 128:

hic se praecipitem tecto dedit,

threw himself headlong from the roof, Hor. S. 1, 2, 41:

aliquem in praeceps jacere,

headlong, Tac. A. 4, 22; so,

jacto in praeceps corpore,

id. ib. 6, 49; cf.:

in praeceps deferri,

Liv. 5, 47.—For in praeceps, in late Lat., per praeceps occurs:

abiit grex per praeceps in mare,

Vulg. Matt. 8, 32; id. Judic. 5, 22.—Hence, of one going rapidly, headforemost, headlong:

de ponte Ire praecipitem in lutum per caputque pedesque,

Cat. 17, 9:

se jacere praecipitem e vertice,

id. 63, 244; Verg. A. 5, 860:

ab equo praeceps decidit,

Ov. Ib. 259:

(apes) praecipites Cadunt,

Verg. G. 4, 80:

aliquem praecipitem agere,

to drive headlong, Cic. Caecin. 21, 60; Verg. A. 5, 456:

praecipites se fugae mandabant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 24:

Monoeten In mare praecipitem deturbat,

Verg. A. 5, 175; cf.:

praeceps amensque cucurri,

Ov. M. 7, 844:

praeceps Fertur,

is borne headlong, rushes, Hor. S. 1, 4, 30:

nuntii,

Tac. H. 2, 6.—

Transf., of inanim. things.

Of localities, qs. that descend suddenly in front, i. e. downhill, steep, precipitous:

in declivi ac praecipiti loco,

Caes. B. G. 4, 33:

via (opp. plana),

Cic. Fl. 42, 105:

saxa,

Liv. 38, 23:

fossae,

Ov. M. 1, 97; Verg. A. 11, 888:

iter,

Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 74; cf.

trop.: iter ad malum praeceps ac lubricum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 28, 44:

loci,

Col. 1, 2:

mons,

Plin. Pan. 16.—

Subst.: praeceps, cĭpĭtis, n., a steep place, a precipice:

turrim in praecipiti stantem,

Verg. A. 2, 460:

specus vasto in praeceps hiatu,

Plin. 2, 45, 44, § 115:

in praeceps pervenitur,

Vell. 2, 3, 4:

immane,

Juv. 10, 107:

altissimum,

App. M. 4, p. 144 med. —In plur.:

in praecipitia cursus iste deducit,

Sen. Ep. 8, 4.—

Sinking, declining:

(in vitibus) praecipites palmites dicuntur, qui de hornotinis virgis enati in duro alligantur,

Col. 5, 6, 33:

sol Praecipitem lavit aequore currum,

Verg. G. 3, 359:

jam praeceps in occasum sol erat,

Liv. 10, 42:

dies,

id. 4, 9; cf.:

senectus,

Curt. 6, 5, 3. —

In gen., swift, rapid, rushing, violent ( poet.;

syn.: celer, velox): praeceps Anio,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 13:

Boreas,

Ov. M. 2, 185:

nox,

fleeting, transient, id. ib. 9, 485:

procella,

Stat. Th. 5, 419:

oceani fragor,

Val. Fl. 3, 404:

letum,

Sen. Hippol. 262:

remedium,

Curt. 3, 6, 2.—

Trop., headlong, hasty, rash, precipitate.

In gen. (class.):

noster erus, qui scelestus sacerdotem anum praecipes Reppulit,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 3, 10:

sol jam praecipitans me quoque haec praecipitem paene evolvere coëgit,

almost headlong, precipitately, Cic. de Or. 3, 55, 209:

agunt eum praecipitem poenae civium Romanorum,

chase, pursue, id. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 7:

praecipitem amicum ferri sinere,

to rush into the abyss, id. Lael. 24, 89:

quoniam ab inimicis praeceps agor,

am pursued, Sall. C. 31, 9:

praeceps celeritas dicendi,

Cic. Fl. 20, 48: profectio, Att. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 10, 6: occumbunt multi letum... praecipe cursu, in rapid destruction, Enn. l. l.—With gen.:

SI NON FATORVM PRAECEPS HIC MORTIS OBISSET,

sudden as regards fate, Inscr. Grut. 695, 9, emended by Minervini in Bullet. Arch. Napol. III. 1845, p. 41 (but Minervini's assumption of a new adj., praeceps, from praecipio, anticipating fale, is unnecessary).—

In partic.

Rash, hasty, inconsiderate:

homo in omnibus consiliis praeceps,

Cic. Phil. 5, 13, 37: praeceps et effrenata mens, id. Cael. 15, 35:

praeceps consilium et immaturum,

Suet. Aug. 8:

cogitatio,

id. Calig. 48:

audacia,

Val. Max. 1, 6, 7.—

Inclined to any thing:

praeceps in avaritiam et crudelitatem animus,

Liv. 26, 38:

praeceps ingenio in iram,

id. 23, 7:

animus ad flagitia praeceps,

Tac. A. 16, 21.—

Dangerous, hazardous, critical:

in tam praecipiti tempore,

Ov. F. 2, 400.—Hence,

Subst.: praeceps, cĭpĭtis, n.

Great danger, extremity, extreme danger, critical circumstances:

se et prope rem publicam in praeceps dederat,

brought into extreme danger, Liv. 27, 27:

levare Aegrum ex praecipiti,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 292:

aeger est in praecipiti,

Cels. 2, 6.—

The highest part, summit, sublimity (postAug.):

omne in praecipiti vitium stetit,

at its point of culmination, Juv. 1, 149:

debet orator erigi, attolli, efferri, ac saepe accedere ad praeceps,

to verge on the sublime, Plin. Ep. 9, 26, 2.—Hence, adv.: prae-ceps, headlong.

Lit.:

aliquem praeceps trahere,

Tac. A. 4, 62:

ex his fulgoribus quaedam praeceps eunt, similia prosilientibus stellis,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 15, 2:

moles convulsa dum ruit intus immensam vim mortalium praeceps trahit atque operit,

Tac. A. 4, 62:

toto praeceps se corpore ad undas Misit,

Verg. A. 4, 253.—

Trop.:

eversio rei familiaris dignitatem ac famam praeceps dabat,

brought into danger, Tac. A. 6, 17:

praeceps in exsilium acti,

suddenly, hastily, Amm. 29, 1, 21.

prĕmo, essi, essum, 3, v. a. [etym. dub.; cf. prelum], to press (class.).

Lit.:

pede pedem alicui premere,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 30:

et trepidae matres pressere ad pectora natos,

Verg. A. 7, 518:

veluti qui sentibus anguem Pressit humi nitens,

id. ib. 2, 379:

novercae Monstra manu premens,

id. ib. 8, 288:

pressit et inductis membra paterna rotis,

i. e. drove her chariot over her father's body, Ov. Ib. 366:

trabes Hymettiae Premunt columnas,

press, rest heavily upon them, Hor. C. 2, 18, 3:

premere terga genu alicujus,

Ov. Am. 3, 2, 24:

ubera plena,

i. e. to milk, id. F. 4, 769:

vestigia alicujus,

to tread in, to follow one's footsteps, Tac. A. 2, 14:

nudis pressit qui calcibus anguem,

Juv. 1, 43:

dente frena,

to bite, to champ, Ov. M. 10, 704:

ore aliquid,

to chew, eat, id. ib. 5, 538; cf.:

aliquid morsu,

Lucr. 3, 663:

presso molari,

with compressed teeth, Juv. 5, 160:

pressum lac,

i. e. cheese, Verg. E. 1, 82.—In mal. part.:

Hister Peucen premerat Antro,

forced, Val. Fl. 8, 256:

uxorem,

Suet. Calig. 25.—Of animals:

feminas premunt galli,

Mart. 3, 57, 17.—

Transf.

Poet., to bear down upon, to touch:

premere litora,

Ov. M. 14, 416:

litus,

to keep close to the shore, Hor. C. 2, 10, 3:

aëra,

i. e. to fly, Luc. 7, 835.—

Poet., to hold fast, hold, firmly grasp:

premere frena manu,

Ov. M. 8, 37:

ferrum,

to grasp, Sil. 5, 670:

capulum,

id. 2, 615.—

Poet., to press a place with one's body, i. e. to sit, stand, lie, fall, or seat one's self on any thing:

toros,

Ov. H. 12, 30:

sedilia,

id. M. 5, 317:

hoc quod premis habeto,

id. ib. 5, 135:

et pictam positā pharetram cervice premebat,

id. ib. 2, 421:

humum,

to lie on the ground, id. Am. 3, 5, 16; cf. id. F. 4, 844:

frondes tuo premis ore caducas,

id. M. 9, 650; Sen. Hippol. 510.—

To cover, to conceal by covering (mostly poet.):

aliquid terrā,

to conceal, bury in the earth, Hor. Epod. 1, 33:

nonumque prematur in annum,

kept back, suppressed, id. A. P. 388:

omne lucrum tenebris alta premebat humus,

Ov. Am. 3, 8, 36:

ossa male pressa,

i. e. buried, id. Tr. 5, 3, 39; Plin. 2, 79, 81, § 191; hence, to crown, to cover or adorn with any thing:

ut premerer sacrā lauro,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 18:

molli Fronde crinem,

Verg. A. 4, 147:

canitiem galeā,

id. ib. 9, 612:

mitrā capillos,

Ov. F. 4, 517; cf. Verg. A. 5, 556.—

To make, form, or shape any thing by pressing ( poet.):

quod surgente die mulsere horisque diurnis, Nocte premunt,

they make into cheese, Verg. G. 3, 400:

os fingit premendo,

id. A. 6, 80:

caseos,

id. E. 1, 35:

mollem terram,

Vulg. Sap. 15, 7; Calp. Ecl. 5, 34.—

To press hard upon, bear down upon, to crowd, pursue closely:

hostes de loco superiore,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19:

Pompeiani nostros premere et instare coeperunt,

id. B. C. 3, 46:

hac fugerent Graii, premeret Trojana juventus,

Verg. A. 1, 467:

Pergamenae naves cum adversarios premerent acrius,

Nep. Hann. 11, 5:

hinc Rutulus premit, et murum circumsonat armis,

Verg. A. 8, 473:

obsidione urbem,

Caes. B. G. 7, 32.—Of the pursuit or chase of animals:

ad retia cervum,

Verg. G. 3, 413:

spumantis apri cursum clamore,

id. A. 1, 324:

bestias venatione,

Isid. 10, 282.—

To press down, burden, load, freight:

nescia quem premeret,

on whose back she sat, Ov. M. 2, 869:

tergum equi,

id. ib. 8, 34;

14, 343: et natat exuviis Graecia pressa suis,

Prop. 4, 1, 114 (5, 1, 116):

pressae carinae,

Verg. G. 1, 303:

pressus membra mero,

Prop. 2, 12 (3, 7), 42:

magno et gravi onere armorum pressi,

Caes. B. G. 4, 24:

auro phaleras,

to adorn, Stat. Th. 8, 567.—

To press into, force in, press upon:

(caprum) dentes in vite prementem,

Ov. F. 1, 355:

presso sub vomere,

Verg. G. 2, 356; cf.:

presso aratro,

Tib. 4, 1, 161:

alte ensem in corpore,

Stat. Th. 11, 542:

et nitidas presso pollice finge comas,

Prop. 3, 8 (4, 9), 14:

et cubito remanete presso,

leaning upon, Hor. C. 1, 27, 8. —

To make with any thing ( poet.):

aeternā notā,

Ov. F. 6, 610:

littera articulo pressa tremente,

id. H. 10, 140:

multā via pressa rotā,

id. ib. 18, 134.—

To press down, let down, cause to sink down, to lower:

nec preme, nec summum molire per aethera currum,

Ov. M. 2, 135:

humanaeque memor sortis, quae tollit eosdem, Et premit,

id. Tr. 3, 11, 67:

mundus ut ad Scythiam Rhiphaeasque arduus arces Consurgit, premitur Libyae devexus in Austros,

sinks down, Verg. G. 1, 240; Sen. Herc. Fur. 155. —

In partic.

To set, plant:

virgulta per agros,

Verg. G. 2, 346; 26.—

To make or form by pressing down, to make any thing deep, to dig:

vestigio leviter presso,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 53; cf.

(trop.): vestigia non pressa leviter, sed fixa,

id. Sest. 5, 13:

sulcum premere,

to draw a furrow, Verg. A. 10, 296:

fossam transversam, inter montes pressit (al. percussit),

Front. Strat. 1, 5:

fossa pressa,

Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 4:

cavernae in altitudinem pressae,

Curt. 5, 1, 28.—

To strike to the ground, to strike down:

tres famulos,

Verg. A. 9, 329:

paucos,

Tac. H. 4, 2.—

To press closely, compress, press together, close:

oculos,

Verg. A. 9, 487:

alicui fauces,

Ov. M. 12, 509:

laqueo collum,

to strangle, Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 37:

angebar ceu guttura forcipe pressus,

Ov. M. 9, 78:

presso gutture,

compressed, Verg. G. 1, 410; cf.:

siquidem unius praecordia pressit ille (boletus) senis,

i. e. stopped his breath, Juv. 6, 621:

quibus illa premetur Per somnum digitis,

choked, id. 14, 221:

amplexu presso,

united, in close embrace, Sen. Oedip. 192:

oscula jungere pressa,

to exchange kisses, Ov. H. 2, 94; so,

pressa basia,

Mart. 6, 34, 1:

presso gradu incedere,

in close ranks, foot to foot, Liv. 28, 14:

pede presso,

id. 8, 8.—

In partic.

To shorten, tighten, draw in:

pressis habenis,

Verg. A. 11, 600 (cf.:

laxas dure habenas,

id. ib. 1, 63).—

To keep short, prune:

Calenā falce vitem,

Hor. C. 1, 31, 9:

luxuriem falce,

Ov. M. 14, 628:

falce premes umbras (i. e. arbores umbrantes),

Verg. G. 1, 157; 4, 131:

molle salictum,

Calp. Ecl. 5, 110.—

To check, arrest, stop:

premere sanguinem,

Tac. A. 15, 64:

vestigia pressit,

Verg. A. 6, 197:

attoniti pressere gradum,

Val. Fl. 2, 424 ' dixit, pressoque obmutuit ore, was silent, Verg. A. 6, 155.—

To press out, bring out by pressure:

tenerā sucos pressere medullā,

Luc. 4, 318; cf.: (equus) collectumque fremens volvit sub naribus ignem, Verg. ap. Sen. Ep. 95, 68, and id. G. 3, 85 Rib.—

To frequent: feci ut cotidie praesentem me viderent, habitavi in [p. 1441] oculis, pressi forum, Cic. Planc. 27, 66.—

Trop.

To press, press upon, oppress, overwhelm, weigh down; to urge, drive, importune, pursue, to press close or hard, etc. (class.):

ego istum pro suis factis pessumis pessum premam,

Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 49 Lorenz ad loc.:

quae necessitas eum tanta premebat, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97:

ea, quae premant, et ea, quae impendeant,

id. Fam. 9, 1, 2:

aerumnae, quae me premunt,

Sall. J. 14, 22:

pressus gravitate soporis,

bound by heavy, deep sleep, Ov. M. 15, 21:

cum aut aere alieno, aut magnitudine tributorum, aut injuriā potentium premuntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 13:

invidia et odio populi premi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 228:

premi periculis,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

cum a me premeretur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 53, § 139; cf.:

aliquem verbo,

id. Tusc. 1, 7, 13:

criminibus veris premere aliquem,

Ov. M. 14, 401:

cum a plerisque ad exeundum premeretur, exire noluit,

was pressed, urged, importuned, Nep. Ages. 6, 1:

a Pompeii procuratoribus sescentis premi coeptus est,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 3: numina nulla premunt;

mortali urgemur ab hoste,

Verg. A. 10, 375:

premere reum voce, vultu,

Tac. A. 3, 67:

crimen,

to pursue obstinately, Quint. 7, 2, 12:

confessionem,

to force a confession from one, id. 7, 1, 29:

argumentum etiam atque etiam,

to pursue steadily, Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:

ancipiti mentem formidine pressus,

Verg. A. 3, 47:

maerore pressa,

Sen. Oct. 103:

veritate pressus negare non potuit,

overcome, overpowered, Lact. 4, 13.—

Transf.

To repress, hide, conceal (mostly poet.):

dum nocte premuntur,

Verg. A. 6, 827:

curam sub corde,

id. ib. 4, 332:

odium,

Plin. Pan. 62:

iram,

Tac. A. 6, 50:

pavorem et consternationem mentis vultu,

id. ib. 13, 16:

interius omne secretum,

Sen. Ep. 3, 4:

dolorem silentio,

Val. Max. 3, 3, 1 ext.; cf. silentia, Sil. 12, 646:

aliquid ore,

Verg. A. 7, 103:

jam te premet nox,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 16.—

To lower, diminish, undervalue, disparage, depreciate:

premendorum superiorum arte sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12:

arma Latini,

Verg. A. 11, 402:

opuscula ( = deprimere atque elevare),

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 36:

famam alicujus,

Tac. A. 15, 49:

premere ac despicere,

Quint. 11, 1, 16:

premere tumentia, humilia extollere,

id. ib. 10, 4, 1.—

To surpass, exceed:

facta premant annos,

Ov. M. 7, 449:

ne prisca vetustas Laude pudicitiae saecula nostra premat,

id. P. 3, 1, 116:

quantum Latonia Nymphas Virgo premit,

Stat. S. 1, 2, 115.—

To rule ( poet.):

dicione premere populos,

Verg. A. 7, 737:

imperio,

id. ib. 1, 54:

Mycenas Servitio premet,

id. ib. 1, 285.—

To suppress, pull down, humble, degrade:

quae (vocabula) nunc situs premit,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 118:

nec premendo alium me extulisse velim,

Liv. 22, 59, 10; cf. id. 39, 41, 1:

premebat reum crimen,

id. 3, 13, 1.—

To compress, abridge, condense:

haec enim, quae dilatantur a nobis, Zeno sic premebat,

Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20.—

To check, arrest, repress, restrain:

cursum ingenii tui, Brute, premit haec importuna clades civitatis,

Cic. Brut. 97, 332:

sub imo Corde gemitum,

Verg. A. 10, 464:

vocem,

to be silent, id. ib. 9, 324:

sermones vulgi,

to restrain, Tac. A. 3, 6.—

To store up, lay up in the mind, muse upon:

(vocem) ab ore Eripuit pater ac stupefactus numine pressit,

Verg. A. 7, 119.—Hence, pressus, a, um, P. a.

Moderate, slow, suppressed, kept down.

Lit.:

presso pede eos retro cedentes principes recipiebant,

Liv. 8, 8, 9:

presso gradu,

id. 28, 14, 14; cf.:

pressoque legit vestigia gressu,

Ov. M. 3, 17.—

Trop.

Of the voice or manner, subdued:

haec cum pressis et flebilibus modis, qui totis theatris maestitiam inferant,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 106.—

Of color, lowered, depressed; hence, dark, gloomy:

color pressus,

Pall. 4, 13, 4:

color viridi pressior,

Plin. 35, 6, 13, § 32:

spadices pressi,

Serv. Verg. G. 3, 82.—

Esp., of an orator or of speech.

Compressed, concise, plain, without ornament (class.):

fiunt pro grandibus tumidi, pressis exiles, fortibus temerarii, etc.,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

cum Attici pressi et integri, contra Asiani inflati et inanes haberentur,

id. 12, 10, 18.—Of style:

pressa et tenuia, et quae minimum ab usu cotidiano recedant,

Quint. 10, 1, 102:

pressus et demissus stilus,

Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 5; Quint. 4, 2, 117.— Comp.: in concionibus pressior, et circumscriptior, et adductior, more moderate, keeping more within bounds, Plin. Ep. 1, 16, 4.—

Close, exact, accurate:

Thucydides ita verbis aptus et pressus, ut,

Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 56: quis te fuit umquam in partiundis rebus pressior? more exact, more accurate, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 364, 24:

sicuti taxare pressius crebriusque est, quam tangere,

Gell. 2, 6, 5:

quod (periculum) observandum pressiore cautelā censeo,

stricter, greater, App. M. 5, p. 160, 36:

cogitationes pressiores,

id. ib. 5, p. 163, 32.—So of sounds, precise, intelligible:

(lingua) vocem profusam fingit atque sonos vocis distinctos et pressos facit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149.—Hence, adv.: pressē, with pressure, violently (class.): artius pressiusque conflictata, Atei. Capito ap. Gell. 10, 6, 2.—

Closely, tightly.

Lit.:

vites pressius putare,

Pall. 12, 9:

pressius colla radere,

Veg. Vet. 1, 56.—

Trop.

Of pronunciation, shortly, neatly, trimly:

loqui non aspere, non vaste, non rustice, sed presse, et aequabiliter, et leniter,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; id. Off. 1, 37, 133.—

Of the mode of expression, etc., concisely, not diffusely:

definire presse et anguste,

Cic. Or. 33, 117:

abundanter dicere, an presse,

Quint. 8, 3, 40:

pressius et astrictius scripsi,

Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 10.—

Without ornament, simply:

unum (genus oratorum) attenuate presseque, alterum sublate ampleque dicentium,

Cic. Brut. 55, 202:

aliquid describere modo pressius, modo elatius,

Plin. Ep. 4, 14, 3.—

Closely, exactly, correctly, accurately:

mihi placet agi subtilius, et pressius,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24:

definiunt pressius,

id. Tusc. 4, 7, 14:

anquisitius, et exactius pressiusque disserere,

Gell. 1, 3, 21.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —

In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

supera de parte,

i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

superas evadere ad auras,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

superum ad lumen ire,

id. ib. 6, 680:

aurae,

Ov. M. 5, 641:

orae,

Verg. A. 2, 91:

limen,

id. ib. 6, 680.—

Sŭpĕri, orum, m.

They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

multum fleti ad superos,

i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

epistula ad superos scripta,

i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—

(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

quae Superi Manesque dabant,

Verg. A. 10, 34:

aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

Ov. M. 13, 70:

o Superi!

id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

pro Superi,

id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

Verg. A. 1, 4:

illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

Ov. M. 1, 161:

exemplo Superorum,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

Superorum,

id. P. 1, 1, 43:

postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

Verg. A. 3, 2:

scilicet is Superis labor est,

id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

flectere Superos,

Verg. A. 7, 312:

te per Superos... oro,

id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—

sŭpĕra, orum, n.

The heavenly bodies:

Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—

Higher places (sc. loca):

supera semper petunt,

tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.

Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.

Lit., of place, higher, upper:

inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

tota domus superior vacat,

the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

superior accumbere,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

de loco superiore dicere,

i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

agere,

i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

ex loco superiore,

id. ib. 3, 4:

loca,

id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

id. B. C. 3, 98:

qui in superiore acie constiterant,

id. B. G. 1, 24:

ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

posteriori superius non jungitur,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

superiores solis defectiones,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

superioribus aestivis,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

superioribus temporibus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

tempus (opp. posterius),

id. Dom. 37, 99:

tempora (opp. inferiora),

Suet. Claud. 41:

annus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

anno superiore,

id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

superioris anni acta,

Suet. Caes. 23:

in superiore vita,

Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

superioris more crudelitatis uti,

Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

superius genus,

mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

nuptiae,

former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

vir,

first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—

Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

aetate superiores,

Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

superior Africanus,

the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

Dionysius,

id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

Cic. Or. 34, 120.—

Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

numero superiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

semper discessit superior,

Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

Sall. C. 39, 4:

ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

multo superiores bello esse,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

Liv. 5, 7, 1.—

Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.

With abl. respect.:

pecuniis superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

id. Lael. 25, 94:

habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

ordine,

id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

facilitate et humanitate superior,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

si superior ceteris rebus esses,

id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—

Absol.:

ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12, 12:

cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

Vell. 2, 101, 1.

Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.

‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—

sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.

Lit. (only poet.; cf.

summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

montes,

Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

rupes,

Sen. Oedip. 95:

arx,

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

supremae Tethyos unda,

Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).

In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

supremo te sole domi manebo,

at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

Ov. M. 12, 526.—

In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

supremo vitae die,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

dies,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

hora,

Tib. 1, 1, 59:

tempus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

mors,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

finis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

iter,

id. C. 2, 17, 11:

lumen,

Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

ore,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

Verg. A. 8, 583:

Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

supremis suis annis,

in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

suprema ejus cura,

id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

funera,

Ov. M. 3, 137:

oscula,

id. ib. 6, 278:

tori,

i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

ignis,

id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

ignes,

id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

officia,

Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

tabulae,

Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

tituli,

i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

Troiae sorte suprema,

Verg. A. 5, 190:

dies regnis,

Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

anima exitura supremo,

Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.

sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

ventum ad supremum est,

Verg. A. 12, 803.—

suprēma, orum, n.

The last moments, the close of life, death:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

circa suprema Neronis,

the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—

The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

supremis divi Augusti,

Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

suprema ferre (sc. munera),

Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—

A last will, testament:

nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—

The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —

Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

macies,

Verg. A. 3, 590:

Juppiter supreme,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—

summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).

Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

summum jugum montis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

summus mons,

the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

feriunt summos fulmina montes,

the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

locus castrorum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

in summa sacra via,

on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

in summa columna conlocare,

id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Janus summus ab imo,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

ad aquam summam appropinquare,

Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

in aqua summa natare,

the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

apud summum puteum,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

per summa volare aequora,

Verg. A. 5, 819:

summa cacumina linquunt,

id. ib. 6, 678:

mari summo,

id. ib. 1, 110:

prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

id. ib. 6, 357:

summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

id. ib. 12, 434:

amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

summam cutem novacula decerpito,

Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

a summo dare (bibere),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—

summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

summa petere,

Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—

Transf., of the voice:

jubeo te salvere voce summa,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

vox (opp. ima),

Quint. 11, 3, 15:

summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

summo haec clamore,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

bis, terve summum,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

triduo aut summum quatriduo,

id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

venit summa dies,

Verg. A. 2, 324:

ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

cum esset summa senectute,

id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

Luc. 2, 211:

summo carmine,

at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

Albin. 1, 137. —

Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

summi puerorum amores,

Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

spes civium,

id. ib. 3, 11:

fides, constantia justitiaque,

id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

id. ib. 6, 20:

non agam summo jure tecum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

tres fratres summo loco nati,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

qui summo magistratui praeerat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

turpitudo,

id. Lael. 17, 61:

summum in cruciatum se venire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

scelus,

Sall. C. 12, 5:

hiems,

the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

optimi et summi viri diligentia,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

summus Juppiter,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

miles summi inperatoris,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

amicus summus,

the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

summa ducum Atrides,

the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

summo rei publicae tempore,

at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

summa salus rei publicae,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

res publica,

id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

ad summam rem publicam,

Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

quo res summa loco, Panthu?

the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

non agam summo jure tecum,

deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

quod me sollicitare summe solet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

cupere aliquid,

id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

contendere,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

diffidere,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

admirari,

Quint. 10, 1, 70:

summe jucundum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

officiosi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

summe disertus vir,

Quint. 12, 1, 23:

summe munitus locus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

mei summe observantissimus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —

In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

supera de parte,

i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

superas evadere ad auras,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

superum ad lumen ire,

id. ib. 6, 680:

aurae,

Ov. M. 5, 641:

orae,

Verg. A. 2, 91:

limen,

id. ib. 6, 680.—

Sŭpĕri, orum, m.

They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

multum fleti ad superos,

i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

epistula ad superos scripta,

i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—

(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

quae Superi Manesque dabant,

Verg. A. 10, 34:

aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

Ov. M. 13, 70:

o Superi!

id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

pro Superi,

id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

Verg. A. 1, 4:

illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

Ov. M. 1, 161:

exemplo Superorum,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

Superorum,

id. P. 1, 1, 43:

postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

Verg. A. 3, 2:

scilicet is Superis labor est,

id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

flectere Superos,

Verg. A. 7, 312:

te per Superos... oro,

id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—

sŭpĕra, orum, n.

The heavenly bodies:

Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—

Higher places (sc. loca):

supera semper petunt,

tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.

Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.

Lit., of place, higher, upper:

inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

tota domus superior vacat,

the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

superior accumbere,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

de loco superiore dicere,

i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

agere,

i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

ex loco superiore,

id. ib. 3, 4:

loca,

id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

id. B. C. 3, 98:

qui in superiore acie constiterant,

id. B. G. 1, 24:

ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

posteriori superius non jungitur,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

superiores solis defectiones,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

superioribus aestivis,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

superioribus temporibus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

tempus (opp. posterius),

id. Dom. 37, 99:

tempora (opp. inferiora),

Suet. Claud. 41:

annus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

anno superiore,

id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

superioris anni acta,

Suet. Caes. 23:

in superiore vita,

Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

superioris more crudelitatis uti,

Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

superius genus,

mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

nuptiae,

former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

vir,

first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—

Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

aetate superiores,

Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

superior Africanus,

the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

Dionysius,

id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

Cic. Or. 34, 120.—

Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

numero superiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

semper discessit superior,

Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

Sall. C. 39, 4:

ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

multo superiores bello esse,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

Liv. 5, 7, 1.—

Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.

With abl. respect.:

pecuniis superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

id. Lael. 25, 94:

habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

ordine,

id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

facilitate et humanitate superior,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

si superior ceteris rebus esses,

id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—

Absol.:

ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12, 12:

cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

Vell. 2, 101, 1.

Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.

‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—

sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.

Lit. (only poet.; cf.

summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

montes,

Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

rupes,

Sen. Oedip. 95:

arx,

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

supremae Tethyos unda,

Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).

In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

supremo te sole domi manebo,

at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

Ov. M. 12, 526.—

In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

supremo vitae die,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

dies,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

hora,

Tib. 1, 1, 59:

tempus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

mors,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

finis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

iter,

id. C. 2, 17, 11:

lumen,

Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

ore,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

Verg. A. 8, 583:

Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

supremis suis annis,

in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

suprema ejus cura,

id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

funera,

Ov. M. 3, 137:

oscula,

id. ib. 6, 278:

tori,

i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

ignis,

id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

ignes,

id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

officia,

Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

tabulae,

Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

tituli,

i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

Troiae sorte suprema,

Verg. A. 5, 190:

dies regnis,

Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

anima exitura supremo,

Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.

sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

ventum ad supremum est,

Verg. A. 12, 803.—

suprēma, orum, n.

The last moments, the close of life, death:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

circa suprema Neronis,

the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—

The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

supremis divi Augusti,

Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

suprema ferre (sc. munera),

Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—

A last will, testament:

nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—

The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —

Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

macies,

Verg. A. 3, 590:

Juppiter supreme,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—

summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).

Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

summum jugum montis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

summus mons,

the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

feriunt summos fulmina montes,

the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

locus castrorum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

in summa sacra via,

on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

in summa columna conlocare,

id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Janus summus ab imo,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

ad aquam summam appropinquare,

Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

in aqua summa natare,

the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

apud summum puteum,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

per summa volare aequora,

Verg. A. 5, 819:

summa cacumina linquunt,

id. ib. 6, 678:

mari summo,

id. ib. 1, 110:

prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

id. ib. 6, 357:

summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

id. ib. 12, 434:

amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

summam cutem novacula decerpito,

Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

a summo dare (bibere),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—

summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

summa petere,

Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—

Transf., of the voice:

jubeo te salvere voce summa,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

vox (opp. ima),

Quint. 11, 3, 15:

summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

summo haec clamore,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

bis, terve summum,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

triduo aut summum quatriduo,

id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

venit summa dies,

Verg. A. 2, 324:

ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

cum esset summa senectute,

id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

Luc. 2, 211:

summo carmine,

at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

Albin. 1, 137. —

Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

summi puerorum amores,

Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

spes civium,

id. ib. 3, 11:

fides, constantia justitiaque,

id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

id. ib. 6, 20:

non agam summo jure tecum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

tres fratres summo loco nati,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

qui summo magistratui praeerat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

turpitudo,

id. Lael. 17, 61:

summum in cruciatum se venire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

scelus,

Sall. C. 12, 5:

hiems,

the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

optimi et summi viri diligentia,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

summus Juppiter,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

miles summi inperatoris,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

amicus summus,

the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

summa ducum Atrides,

the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

summo rei publicae tempore,

at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

summa salus rei publicae,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

res publica,

id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

ad summam rem publicam,

Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

quo res summa loco, Panthu?

the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

non agam summo jure tecum,

deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

quod me sollicitare summe solet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

cupere aliquid,

id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

contendere,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

diffidere,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

admirari,

Quint. 10, 1, 70:

summe jucundum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

officiosi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

summe disertus vir,

Quint. 12, 1, 23:

summe munitus locus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

mei summe observantissimus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —

In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

supera de parte,

i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

superas evadere ad auras,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

superum ad lumen ire,

id. ib. 6, 680:

aurae,

Ov. M. 5, 641:

orae,

Verg. A. 2, 91:

limen,

id. ib. 6, 680.—

Sŭpĕri, orum, m.

They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

multum fleti ad superos,

i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

epistula ad superos scripta,

i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—