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21 С-88
СВОЙ СВОИХ HE ПОЗНАША (saying) said when, because of some confusion, an ally is mistaken for an enemy: = he (you etc) didn't recognize (one of) his (your etc) own he (you etc) couldn't tell (a) friend from (a) foe.В первый же день он (Саша) сказал: «Володя, чтобы не было недоразумений. Я разделяю линию партии. Будем держать свои взгляды при себе. Ни к чему бесполезные споры». - «У меня тем более нет желания дискутировать со сталинскими подголосками, - высокомерно ответил Володя, - но уж раз вы меня сюда (в ссылку) загнали, то рот не заткнёте». Саша улыбнулся. «Я вас сюда не загонял, меня самого загнали». — «Своя своих не познаша» (Рыбаков 2). On the very first day, he (Sasha) said: "Volodya, just so there won't be any misunderstandings, I want you to know that I accept the Party line. Let's keep our views to ourselves. No need to have pointless arguments." "I haven't the slightest desire to debate with Stalinist yes-men," Volodya had replied haughtily. "But since you put me here (in exile), don't try to gag me as well." Sasha smiled. "It wasn't me who sent you here. I've been sent here too, you know." "They don't recognize their own, do they?" (2a).From the Church Slavonic text of the Bible (John 1:10-11). -
22 своя своих не познаша
[saying]=====⇒ said when, because of some confusion, an ally is mistaken for an enemy:- he (you etc) didn't recognize (one of) his (your etc) own;- he (you etc) couldn't tell (a) friend from (a) foe.♦ В первый же день он [Саша] сказал: "Володя, чтобы не было недоразумений. Я разделяю линию партии. Будем держать свои взгляды при себе. Ни к чему бесполезные споры". - "У меня тем более нет желания дискутировать со сталинскими подголосками, - высокомерно ответил Володя, - но уж раз вы меня сюда [в ссылку] загнали, то рот не заткнёте". Саша улыбнулся. "Я вас сюда не загонял, меня самого загнали". - "Своя своих не познаша" (Рыбаков 2). On the very first day, he [Sasha] said: "Volodya, just so there won't be any misunderstandings, I want you to know that I accept the Party line. Let's keep our views to ourselves. No need to have pointless arguments." "I haven't the slightest desire to debate with Stalinist yes-men," Volodya had replied haughtily. "But since you put me here [in exile], don't try to gag me as well." Sasha smiled. "It wasn't me who sent you here. I've been sent here too, you know." "They don't recognize their own, do they?" (2a).—————← From the Church Slavonic text of the Bible (John 1:10-11).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > своя своих не познаша
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23 EK
I) pers. pron. I;in poetry and old prose a pronominal k is suffixed to the verb, emk = em ek, vask = vas ek; sák = sá ek; mundak = munda ek; even if preceded by ek: ek sék, ek sitk; a preceding g becomes by assimilation k, hykk = hygg ek; the pronominal k is inserted between the suffixed negative, -a or -at, and the verb, sáka = sá ek-a, I saw not; veitka = veit ek-a, I know not.* * *pers. pron., mod. eg, proncd. ég or jeg; eg occurs as early as in MSS. of the 15th century, Arna-Magn. 556 A; jak, Fms. x. 287, cp. the mod. Swed. form and the mod. Icel. jeg; old poets make it rhyme with ek, as, Halldórr ok ek | höfum engi þrek, Korm. 154 (in a verse), cp. Ld. 108: [Ulf. ïk, but ek on the Golden horn and on the stone in Tune; A. S. ic; Engl. I; Germ. ich; old Swed. jak, mod. jag; Dan. jeg; cp. Lat. ego, Gr. ἐγώ]:—I, Nj. 10, 30, 132, etc.2. in poetry and old prose a pronominal ‘k or ‘g is suffixed to the verb; em’k búinn annan í at nefna, Grág. i. 103; ek em’k, 623. 56, Blas. 41, Mork. 89, 94, 99, 104, Vþm. 8, Ls. 14, Ad. 1, Post. 645. 33; jók’k, ‘I eked’ ( added), Íb. (pref.); vas’k þar fjórtán vetr, ch. 9; þá er ek var’k á bænum, Blas. 40, Hm. 12; ek bað’k, Post. 645. 54; ek kom’k, Skm. 18; ek sit’k, Mork. 168; ek finn’k, 141; ek nam’k, 73; sá’k, 75; ek sé’k ( video), 103, 168, Fms. xi. 110; mun’k-at ek, Mork. 50; svá ek vind’k, Hm. 156; ok rít’k á þessa lund, Skálda (Thorodd) 166; sjá’k ( sim), Mork. 183: g before k becomes by assimilation k, e. g. hyk’k = hygg’k, Skm. 5: the pronominal k is inserted between the suffixed negative and the verb, ek skal’k-a, hef’k-a, mon’k-a, sa’k-a, ma’k-a, veit’k-a, or skal’k-a ek, hef’k-a ek, etc.: even a double k after a diphthong, siá’kk ( sim), Mork. 89, 134, but chiefly in poetry with the suffixed negative, e. g. ek sé’kk-a: this form is obsolete, whereas the suffixed g (or k) in bisyllables or after a vowel is more freq.; svá at ek fæ’k eigi leyzt mik, Edda 20; er ek vilda’g helzt, Fms. xi. 146; eigi munda’k trúa, Edda 32; ef ek lifi ok mega’k ráða, 34; þá hafða’k bundit með gresjarni, id.; sem önga frægð muna’k af hljóta, 20; sýnda’k bæði þeim ok Sæmundi, Íb. (pref.); þá er ek var heima heyrða’k sagt, Edda 81; er ek aeva kenni’g, Hm. 164; draums ætli’g þér, Hdl. 7; þorða’g, Ad. 1; ræka’g, mætta’g, Stor. 8; sky’t ek ok ræ’k (ræ’g, v. l.), Fms. vi. 170 (in a verse); líkara at ek vitja’g hingat þessa heita, Eg. 319; næða’k (or næða’g), if I could reach, Eb. 70 (in a verse); at ek nemni þá menn alla ok beiði’g, Grág. ii. 317; vilja’k, I will, Ht. 1; þvíat ek ætla’g, Ó. H. 59; ok náða’k svá öllu ríki þeirra, 74; þvíat ek trúi’k yðr bezt, 88; ek setta’k, Mork. 62; flytta’k, 94; geri’k, heyrða’k, 36; mæli’g, 39; ek vetti’g, 175; tefli’g, 186; setta’g, lagða’g, id.; vilda’g, 193; vide Lex. Poët. and the word ‘-at’ [p. 2]: sometimes a double pronoun occurs, g and k, mátti’g-a’k, Og. 32; bjargi’g-a’k, Hm. 153; stöðvi’g-a’k, 151; hversu ek má’k, Fms. vi. 102; vide Lex. Poët. and Frump. 228 sqq.B. DAT. AND ACC. are from a different root:—dat. mér, [Ulf. mis; Germ. mir; lost in Dan.], Nj. 10, etc. etc.; acc. mik, mod. mig, which form occurs even in MSS. at the beginning of the 14th century, e. g. Hauks-bók: mek occurs now and then in MSS., e. g. O. H. L., N. G. L., Sks. B, else it is rare and obsolete, Al. 42, Ó. H. 107, [Ulf. mik; A. S. mec; Engl. me; Germ. mich; Dan. mig.] As the word is so common, we shall only mention the use of mik which is special to the Scandinavian tongue, viz. its use as a verbal suffix. The ancients had a double form for the reflexive; for 1st pers. -mk, i. e. mik suffixed to the plur. of the verb; for the 3rd pers. -sk, i. e. sik suffixed to sing. and plur. alike; thus, ek (vér) þykkjumk, I (we) seem to myself ( ourselves); but hann þykkisk, he seems to himself; þeir þykkjask, they seem to themselves: the -mk was later changed into -mz, or - mst of editions and mod. use; but this is a grammatical decay, as if both - mst and -st (þykjumst and þykist) arose from the same reflex. sik.1. the subject may be another person or thing (plur. or sing.) and the personal pronoun mik suffixed as object to the verb, a kind of middle voice found in very old poems, and where it occurs freq. it is a test of antiquity; in prose it is quite obsolete: jötna vegir stóðum’k yfir ok undir, the ways of giants (i. e. precipices) stood above and beneath me, Hm. 106; er lögðum’k arm yfir, the lass who laid her arms round me, 108; mögr hétum’k fögru, my son promised me fair, Egil; hilmir buðum’k löð (acc.), the king gave me leave, i. e. bade me, sing, Höfuðl. 2; úlfs bagi gáfum’k íþrótt, the wolf’s foe ( Odin) gave me the art ( poetry), Stor. 23; Ragnarr gáfum’k reiðar mána, R. gave me the shield, Bragi; þat erum’k sýnt, it is shewn to me, id.; stöndum’k ilmr fyrir yndi, the lass blights my joy, Kormak; hugr tjáðum’k, courage helped me, Egil; snertum’k harmr við hjarta, grief touches me to the heart, Landn.; stöndum’k til hjarta hjörr, the sword pierces me to the heart, Fm. i; feldr brennum’k, my cloak catches fire, Gm. 1; draum dreymðum’k, I dreamed a dream; grimt várum’k hlið, the gap ( breach) was terrible to me, Stor. 6; hálf ván féllum’k, half my hope failed me, Gráfeldar-drápa; heiðnir rekkar hnekðum’k, the heathen men turned me out, Sighvat; dísir hvöttum’k at, the ‘dísir’ hooted us, Hðm. 29; gumi görðum’k at vigi, the man made us fight, id.; lyst várum’k, it list me, Am. 74: very common is erum’k, ‘tis to me (us); erum’k van, I (we) have to expect; mjök erum’k tregt tungu at hræra, ‘tis hard for me to move the tongue, i. e. the tongue cleaves to my mouth, Stor. 1, 17, Ad. 16.2. sometimes oneself is the subject, freq. in prose and poetry, either in deponent verbs or as reflex. or recipr.; at vit skilim’k sáttir, Ó. H. 119; at vér komim’k, that we shall come, 85; finnum’k hér þá, 108; ef vér finnum’k, 111; ek skildum’k við Ólaf konung, 126; ef ek komum’k í braut, 140; sigrom’k, if I gain the victory, 206; æðrom’k, 214; ef ek öndum’k, if I die, Eg. 127; ek berum’k, I bear myself, Grág. ii. 57, Mork. passim; ek þykkjum’k, þóttum’k, ráðum’k, látum’k, setjum’k, bjóðum’k, skildum’k, kveljum’k, etc., = ek þykisk, þóttisk, ræðsk, lætsk, setsk, býðsk, skildisk, kvelsk, etc.: even at the present day the forms eg þykjumst, þóttumst are often used in writing; in other words the suffix - mst (-mk) is almost obsolete.β. the obsolete interjection er mik = I am; vel er mik, well is me (= ‘bless me!’), O. H. L. 71; æ er mik, ah me! 64; kendr er mik, I am known, 66: with a reflex. notion, hvat er mik at því, what is that to me? Skv. 1. 28; er mik þat undir frétt þeirri, that is my reason for asking, Grág. i. 19:—this ‘er mik’ is clearly the remains of the old erum’k.C. DUAL AND PLUR. also from a different root:1. dual vit, mod. við, a Norse form mit also occurs, Al. 170, 171, [cp. mi, Ivar Aasen]:—we two; gen. and dat. from a different root, okkar and okkr, [cp. Goth. ïggqis; A. S. inc and incer; O. H. G. inch and inchar; Ivar Aasen dikke and dykk]:—our.2. plur.:α. nom. vér and vær, the last form now obsolete, [Goth. veis; A. S. and Engl. we; Germ. wir; Dan. vi]:—we.β. gen. vár, mod. vor, Eg. 524, Fms. viii. 213, 398, etc.γ. dat. and acc. oss, [Goth. uns (acc.), unsis (dat.); A. S. us; Germ. uns; Swed. oss; Dan. os]:—us: it need only be noticed that in mod. familiar usage the dual—við, okkr, okkar—has taken the place of the plural, vér, oss; but that in written books the forms vér, oss are still in freq. use, except in light or familiar style; old writers, on the other hand, made a clear distinction both in speech and writing. -
24 Loki
1.a, m. [perh. akin to lokka], the evil giant-god of the Northern mythol., see Edda passim, Vsp. 39. Loka-senna, u, f. the banter of Loki, the name of an old poem: as a nickname, Landn. The name of Loki is preserved in a few words, Loka-sjóðr, m., botan. rhinanthus crista galli, Loki’s purse, the name for cockscomb or yellow rattle; and Loka-sjóðs-bróðir, m. bartsia alpina, Maurer’s Volks. 1: Loka-brenna, u, f. fire, the ‘blazing’ of Loki = Sirius, according to a statement of Finn Magnusson: Loka-ráð and Loka-heilræði, n. pl. Loki’s advice, i. e. ironical, misanthropic advice, see Snot 192; cp. the Ditmarscher-lügen in Grimm’s Märchen: Loka-lykt, f. a close smell, as from an evil spirit haunting the room, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 556.II. as an appellative, a loop on a thread, Dan. ‘kurre paa traaden;’ opt er loki á nálþræði, Hallgr.2.the name of the terrible fire-demon, half god, half giant, the friend and companion of the gods, and yet their most fearful foe. We have a new suggestion to make as to the origin of this name. The old Northern Loki and the old Italic Volcanus are, we believe, identical; as thus,—the old Teutonic form of Loki, we suppose, was Wloka, whence, by dropping the w before l, according to the rules of the Scandinavian tongue, Loki. A complete analogy is presented in Lat. voltus, vultus, A. S. wlits, but Icel. lit (in and -lit, a face); and, in point of the character of the two demons, the resemblance is no less striking, as we have on the one hand Vulcanus with Etna for his workshop (cp. the mod. volcano), and on the other hand the Northern legends of the fettered fire-giant, Loki, by whose struggles the earthquakes are caused. Of all the personages of the Northern heathen religion, the three, Oðinn, Þórr, and Loki, were by far the most prominent; but not even the name of Loki is preserved in the records of any other Teutonic people. Can the words of Caesar B.G. vi, x. xi, Solem ‘Vulcanum’ et Lunam. refer to our Loki? probably not, although in Caesar’s time the form would have been Wlokan in acc., a form which a Roman ear might well have identified with their own Vulcanus. The old derivation from loka, to shut, is inadmissible in the present state of philological science: a Wôdan from vaða, or Loki from loka, is no better than a ‘Juno a juvando,’ or a ‘Neptunus a nando.’ May not Loki (Wloka) be a relation to the Sansk. vrika, Slav. vluku, Lith. vilkas, Icel. vargr, álfr, meaning a destroyer, a wolf? it is very significant that in the Norse mythology Loki is the father of the world-destroying monsters,—the wolf Fenrir, the World-serpent, and the ogress Hel; and, if the etymology suggested be true, he was himself originally represented as a wolf. -
25 _дружба і ворожнеча
the best friends must part better lose a jest than a friend better an open enemy than a false friend between friends all is common beware of enemies reconciled and meat twice boiled a broken friendship may be soldered but will never be sound a brother may not be a friend, but a friend will always be a brother a courageous foe is better than a cowardly friend a dog with a bone knows no friends don't trade old friends for new even reckoning makes long friends a faithful friend is better than gold a faithful friend is the medicine of life a friend in need is a friend indeed a friend in the market is better than money in the purse a friend married is a friend lost a friend to all is a friend to none a friend's envy is worse than an enemy's hatred friends are thieves of time friends are to be preferred to relatives friends may meet, but mountains never greet friends tie their purses with spider's thread friendship cannot stand always on one side friendship is love without wings friendship is not to be bought at a fair friendship often ends in love, but love in friendship never geese with geese and women with women gifts from enemies are dangerous God defend me from my friends; from my enemies I can defend myself God gives relatives; thank God we can choose our friends a good friend is a great treasure a good friend is my nearest relative have no friends not equal to yourself a hedge between keeps friendship green I cannot be your friend and your flatterer, too it is better to have one friend of great value than many friends of little value let not the grass grow on the path of friendship lend your money and lose your friend long absence changes friends a long spell of illness is apt to point out your best friends many acquaintances but few friends never trust a friend who deserts you in a pinch no matter what else you have, you are poor if you lack friends old friends and old wine are best prosperity makes friends; adversity tries them short acquaintance brings repentance speak well of your friends; of your enemies say nothing there is no better mirror than an old friend there is no little enemy a true friend is one who knows all your faults and loves you still true friendship is a plant of slow growth trust not a new friend nor an old enemy two is company, but three is none union is strength who seeks a faultless friend stays friendless a wise enemy is better than a foolish friend you cannot use your friends and have them tooEnglish-Ukrainian dictionary of proverbs > _дружба і ворожнеча
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26 ἔδαφος
A bottom, foundation, base of anything,τῆς κατασκευῆς τὰ ἐ. Th.1.10
; ἔ. νηός bottom of a ship, Od.5.249;ἔ. πλοίου D.32.5
, cf. Pherecr.12; ἔ. ποταμοῦ, τῆς θαλάττης, X.Cyr.7.5.18, Arist.HA 534a11; [ ποτηρίου] Pherecr.143.2.2 ground-floor, pavement,οἴκου Hdt.8.137
; καθελεῖν ἐς ἔ. raze to the ground, Th. 3.68;τὸ ἔ. ὁμαλίσασι IG11(2).161
A57 (Delos, iii B.C.);ἔπεσον εἰς τὸ ἔ. Act.Ap.22.7
; (iii A. D.), etc.3 ground, soil, περὶ τοῦ τῆς πατρίδος ἐδάφους ἀγωνίζεσθαι for our country's soil, Aeschin.3.134, cf. D.26.11 (pl.); ἐχθρὸς τῷ τῆς πόλεως ἐδάφει, of a mortal foe, Id.8.39, 10.11;ὀκρυόειν ἔ.
Eleg.Alex. Adesp.1.7
; soil, viewed in regard to its quality, Thphr.CP2.4.1 (pl.), 4.11.8: pl., ἐδάφη lands and tenements (incl. houses), Is.11.42, IG 2.780, PTeb.302.10 (i A.D.); also, masses of earth, Epicur.Ep.2p.48U.b manuscript, Id.16.468 (s.v.l.). -
27 friend
A n1 ( person one likes) ami/-e m/f (of de) ; he's a friend of my father's c'est un ami de mon père ; to make friends se faire des amis ; to make friends with sb devenir ami/-e m/f avec qn ; to be friends with sb être ami/-e m/f avec qn ; they've been friends for 15 years ils sont amis depuis 15 ans ; to be the best of friends être les meilleurs amis du monde ; to be a good friend to sb gen être un véritable ami ; ( in crisis) être un soutien pour qn ; he's no friend of mine! ce n'est pas un ami! ; Rosie is a friend of mine Rosie est une amie ; the house belongs to a photographer friend of his la maison appartient à un photographe de ses amis ; we're just good friends nous sommes amis, c'est tout ; that's what friends are for c'est à ça que servent les amis ; let's be friends! ( after quarrel) on fait la paix? ; who goes there? friend or foe? qui va là, ami ou ennemi? ; not forgetting our old friend the taxman iron sans oublier notre cher ami le fisc ;2 fig (supporter, fellow-member, ally) ami/-e m/f ; the party has many friends in industry le parti a des amis influents or de nombreux alliés dans l'industrie ; the Friends of Covent Garden les Amis de Covent Garden ; friends in high places des amis influents ;with friends like him/her, who needs enemies? avec des amis de ce genre, on n'a pas besoin d'ennemis ; a friend in need is a friend indeed Prov c'est dans le besoin que l'on connaît ses vrais amis Prov. -
28 friend
friend [frend]∎ to make friends se faire des amis;∎ he tried to make friends with her brother il essaya d'être ami avec son frère;∎ she makes friends easily elle se lie facilement, elle est très liante;∎ shall we be friends? on est amis?; (after a quarrel) on fait la paix?;∎ his school friends ses camarades mfpl d'école;∎ Lesley's a good friend of mine Lesley est une grande amie à moi;∎ we're just good friends nous sommes bons amis sans plus;∎ my best friend mon meilleur ami, ma meilleure amie;∎ we're the best of friends nous sommes les meilleurs amis du monde;∎ he's a friend of the family c'est un ami de la famille;∎ he's always been a real friend to us il a toujours été là quand on a eu besoin de lui;∎ she's someone I used to be friends with nous avons été amies;∎ she's no friend of mine elle ne fait pas partie de mes amis;∎ I tell you this as a friend je vous dis ça en ami;∎ she doesn't realize what a good friend you are elle n'apprécie pas votre amitié à sa juste valeur;∎ they wanted to part friends ils voulaient se quitter bons amis;∎ you're among friends here tu es entre amis ici;∎ a friend of yours is a friend of mine tes amis sont mes amis;∎ she has friends in high places elle a des amis en haut lieu ou bien placés;∎ Law friend of the court = personne extérieure à un procès qui peut présenter son point de vue à la Cour;∎ proverb a friend in need is a friend indeed = c'est dans le besoin qu'on reconnaît ses vrais amis;∎ friend or foe? (said by sentry) qui va là?;∎ ironic our old friend the flu virus notre vieil ami, le virus de la grippe(b) (supporter → of law and order etc) ami(e) m,f, partisan(e) m,f; (→ of the arts) mécène m, ami(e) m,f;∎ friend of the poor bienfaiteur(trice) m,f des pauvres;∎ she's no friend of trade unionism elle n'est pas favorable au syndicalisme;∎ the Friends of the Tate Gallery les Amis de la Tate Gallery;∎ Religion the (Society of) Friends la Société des Amis, les Quakers∎ my dear friend mon (ma) cher(ère);∎ listen, friend écoute, mon vieux(d) (colleague) collègue mf;∎ friends, we are gathered here tonight… chers amis ou collègues, nous sommes réunis ici ce soir…►► Friends of the Earth les Amis de la Terreⓘ How to win friends and influence people Il s'agit du titre d'un ouvrage de l'auteur américain Dale Carnegie publié en 1937, que l'on pourrait traduire par "comment se faire des amis et influencer autrui". On utilise cette formule de manière allusive lorsque quelqu'un vient de dire une grossièreté ou vient de se comporter comme un rustre; on dira alors he won't win friends and influence people that way ("ce n'est pas comme ça qu'il se fera des amis et qu'il influencera autrui"); ou encore lorsque quelqu'un est mené par l'ambition: he's got his eyes set on the top job and is desperately trying to win friends and influence people to help him get there ("il est décidé à devenir patron et il fait tout ce qu'il peut pour se faire des amis et influencer autrui afin d'atteindre son objectif"). -
29 خصم
خَصْم \ antagonist: sb. that one struggles against, esp. in a fight. enemy: sb. who hates; sb. who harms: Rich business men have many enemies. Cats are the enemies of mice. foe: old word for enemy. opponent: sb. who opposes; (in sport and games) sb. whom we are playing or competing against: We easily beat our opponents. rival: one who competes with another (because he wants to be more successful, or because they both want the same thing): my business rivals; rivals in love. \ See Also عدو (عَدُوّ)، منافس (مُنَافِس) -
30 antagonist
خَصْم \ antagonist: sb. that one struggles against, esp. in a fight. enemy: sb. who hates; sb. who harms: Rich business men have many enemies. Cats are the enemies of mice. foe: old word for enemy. opponent: sb. who opposes; (in sport and games) sb. whom we are playing or competing against: We easily beat our opponents. rival: one who competes with another (because he wants to be more successful, or because they both want the same thing): my business rivals; rivals in love. \ See Also عدو (عَدُوّ)، منافس (مُنَافِس) -
31 enemy
خَصْم \ antagonist: sb. that one struggles against, esp. in a fight. enemy: sb. who hates; sb. who harms: Rich business men have many enemies. Cats are the enemies of mice. foe: old word for enemy. opponent: sb. who opposes; (in sport and games) sb. whom we are playing or competing against: We easily beat our opponents. rival: one who competes with another (because he wants to be more successful, or because they both want the same thing): my business rivals; rivals in love. \ See Also عدو (عَدُوّ)، منافس (مُنَافِس) -
32 opponent
خَصْم \ antagonist: sb. that one struggles against, esp. in a fight. enemy: sb. who hates; sb. who harms: Rich business men have many enemies. Cats are the enemies of mice. foe: old word for enemy. opponent: sb. who opposes; (in sport and games) sb. whom we are playing or competing against: We easily beat our opponents. rival: one who competes with another (because he wants to be more successful, or because they both want the same thing): my business rivals; rivals in love. \ See Also عدو (عَدُوّ)، منافس (مُنَافِس) -
33 rival
خَصْم \ antagonist: sb. that one struggles against, esp. in a fight. enemy: sb. who hates; sb. who harms: Rich business men have many enemies. Cats are the enemies of mice. foe: old word for enemy. opponent: sb. who opposes; (in sport and games) sb. whom we are playing or competing against: We easily beat our opponents. rival: one who competes with another (because he wants to be more successful, or because they both want the same thing): my business rivals; rivals in love. \ See Also عدو (عَدُوّ)، منافس (مُنَافِس) -
34 πούς
πούς, ποδός, ὁ (Hom.+ ‘foot’ in various senses)① foot, of persons or (rarely in our lit.) animals, or the strange creatures of Rvⓐ w. focus on a body part: Mt 4:6 (Ps 90:12); 7:6; Mk 9:45ab al. W. κεφαλή J 20:12; 1 Cor 12:21; 1 Cl 37:5ab. W. χείρ or χεῖρες (Ps 21:17) Mt 18:8ab; 22:13; Lk 24:39, 40 v.l.; J 11:44; 1 Cor 12:15 (for the speculation about foot and hand concerning their relation to the whole body cp. Epict. 2, 10, 4). ὑποδήσασθαι τοὺς π. put shoes on the feet Eph 6:15 (in vivid imagery). Of listeners and pupils καθῆσθαι παρὰ τοὺς π. τινός sit at someone’s feet Lk 8:35; cp. 10:39. W. non-lit. mng. ἀνατεθραμμένος παρὰ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιήλ Ac 22:3 (schol. on Pla. 467b παρὰ πόδας τοῦ Σωκράτους). W. partial imagery (Synes., Ep. 17 p. 175c παρὰ πόδας ἀποδίδως τὴν χάριν) ἐτίθουν παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τῶν ἀποστόλων 4:35; cp. vs. 37; 5:2. πίπτειν (q.v. 1bαב) εἰς τοὺς πόδας τινός Mt 18:29 v.l.; J 11:32 v.l.; ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν τινος Rv 19:10; ἐπὶ τοὺς πόδ. Ac 10:25; παρὰ τοὺς π. τινός Lk 8:41; 17:16. πρὸς τοὺς π. τινός Mk 5:22; 7:25 (προσπίπτειν πρὸς κτλ.); J 11:32; Ac 5:10; 10:25 D (the gen. is easily supplied); Rv 1:17; Hv 3, 2, 3. προσπίπτειν πρὸς τοὺς π. τινί Ac 16:29 D. προσκυνεῖν ἐνώπιον (or ἔμπροσθεν) τῶν ποδῶν τινος Rv 3:9; 22:8. To wash feet, as expression of hospitality or humility (Gen 18:4; 19:2; TestAbr A 3 p. 80, 2 [Stone p. 8]; B 3 p. 107, 21 [St. p. 62] al.; JosAs 7:1): J 13:5f, 8–10, 12, 14ab (cp. λούω 2a); 1 Ti 5:10; cp. Lk 7:44a.—See HAlmqvist, Plutarch u. d. NT ’46, 75. Anoint feet (Anaxandrides Com. [IV B.C.] 40 μύρῳ … ἀλείφει τ. πόδας Καλλιστράτου; Eubulus Com. [IV B.C.] 90, 5f) Lk 7:46; cp. vs. 38c; J 12:3a; cp. 11:2. Kiss feet: Lk 7:38c, 45.—In Rv 10:1 πούς clearly means leg (cp. Lucian, Zeuxis 4, Pseudomant. 59 ποὺς μέχρι τοῦ βουβῶνος [groin]; Achilles Tat. 1, 1, 10; Aëtius p. 86, 2; PGiss 43, 14; PFlor 42, 9 and s. Charles, ICC Rv ad loc.).ⓑ in special imagery: the one who is vanquished lies beneath the victor’s feet (Diod S 17, 100, 8 ῥιφέντος ἐπὶ γῆν ἐπιβὰς ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον τῷ ποδί=[the victor] placed his foot on the neck of his foe, who had been thrown to the ground) τιθέναι τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου Mt 22:44; Mk 12:36; here Ps 109:1 is quoted; its wording acc. to the LXX is quoted more exactly as ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου Lk 20:43; Ac 2:35; Hb 1:13; 10:13; 1 Cl 36:5; B 12:10. For this in the same Ps.-quot. τιθ. ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας (αὐτοῦ) 1 Cor 15:25 (Plut., Mor. 1197c ὑπὸ πόδας τιθ.). πάντα ὑπέταξεν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ 1 Cor 15:27; Eph 1:22; these passages quote Ps 8:7, the exact wording of which in the LXX appears in ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ Hb 2:8.—συντρίψει τὸν σατανᾶν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν Ro 16:20.—The earth as God’s footstool (Is 66:1) ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ (or, as LXX, μου) Mt 5:35; Ac 7:49; B 16:2. Cp. Rv 12:1 (on prob. anti-Isis thrust s. lit. cited EDNT III 144).—Acc. to a usage common also in the OT (Eur., Hipp. 661, Or. 1217) the feet represent the person who is in motion: οἱ πόδες τῶν θαψάντων those who have buried Ac 5:9. ὀξεῖς οἱ πόδες αὐτῶν ἐκχέαι αἷμα they are quick to shed blood Ro 3:15 (cp. Is 59:7). τοῦ κατευθῦναι τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν εἰς ὁδὸν εἰρήνης to guide us in the way of peace Lk 1:79. Cp. Ro 10:15 (cp. Is 52:7).② leg of a piece of furniture, leg (so Aristoph. et al.; Arrian, Anab. 6, 29, 5; SIG 996, 9f; PLond II, 402, verso 27; 30 pp. 10 and 12; POxy 520, 17) Hv 3, 13, 3.③ measurement based on length of a human foot, foot (Hdt., also ins, pap) Hv 4, 1, 6; 4, 2, 1; cp. Ac 7:5 s. βῆμα.—RAC VIII 743–77; BHHW I 505f; B. 243. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
35 ἀρέσκω
ἀρέσκω impf. ἤρεσκον; fut. ἀρέσω; 1 aor. ἤρεσα. Mid. impf. ἠρέσκετο (Tat. 2, 1) (s. ἀρεσκεία; Hom.+). In Gk. lit. ἀ. is used in a variety of senses ranging from conciliatory action (s. Od. 22, 55, of satisfaction pledged to Odysseus) to undertaking of civic responsibility that meets with public approval (s. 2 below). Most oft. w. dat. of pers.① to act in a fawning manner, win favor, please, flatter, w. focus on the winning of approval (Aristot., EN 2, 7, 13; 4, 6, 1; Theophr., Char. 5 [e.g. in a dispute the flatterer endeavors to please friend and foe alike; and he will tell foreigners that they speak with greater sense of justice than do his fellow citizens]. That the original sense of basic civility in human relations [s. 2a below] suffered debasement is affirmed by Anaxandrides Com., cited Athen. 6, 255b: τὸ γαρ κολακεύειν νῦν ἀρέσκειν ὄνομʼ ἔχει ‘flattery’ is now called ‘being accommodating’; s. ἀνθρωπαρεσκέω, ἀνθρωπάρεσκος) ἀνθρώποις (Pla., Ep. 4, 321b; Simplicius in Epict. p. 118, 30 ἀρέσκειν ἀνθρώποις βουλόμενος) Gal 1:10ab (conative impf.); 1 Th 2:4 here in both a neg. and a positive sense: ‘flattering’ humans, but ‘pleasing’ God (in the sense of 2 below), who tests (δοκιμάζω) for motivation.② to give pleasure/satisfaction, please, accommodate.ⓐ a favored term in the reciprocity-conscious Mediterranean world, and frequently used in honorary documents to express interest in accommodating others by meeting their needs or carrying out important obligations. Oft. almost serve Nägeli 40. The use of the term in a good sense in our lit. contributes a tone of special worth and diginity to some of the relationships that are depicted. τινί someone τῷ πλησίον Ro 15:2 (w. τὸ ἀγαθόν and οἰκοδομή as decisive semantic components); cp. Hs 5, 2, 7 a servant doing good work. Lord/God ἀ. τ. κυρίῳ 1 Cor 7:32; 1 Th 4:1; inability to do so Ro 8:8; cp. 1 Th 2:15; rather than humans 1 Th 2:4 (s. 1 above); IRo 2:1 (note the semantic problem cited 1 above). God/Lord as commander (military imagery) IPol 6:2; cp. 2 Ti 2:4.—Concern for a broad public is a common theme in honorary documents (e.g. OGI 339, 29f; s. Danker, Benefactor 336f) and other lit. (cp. Demosth., Ep. 3, 27 πᾶσιν ἀ.; Ath. 26:1 τοῖς πολλοῖς ἀρέσκοντες θεοί) πάντα πᾶσιν ἀ. in everything I endeavor to please all, i.e. without deference to one at the expense of another, 1 Cor 10:33 (w. σύμφορον, q.v., along w. συμφέρω, for cultural significance); sim. κατὰ πάντα τρόπον πᾶσιν ἀ. ITr 2:3. (Cp. the negative appraisal 1 Th 2:15.)—Sacrifice of self-interest is a major component of the foregoing theme, hence the caution μὴ ἑαυτῷ ἀ. Ro 15:1, and the exhibition of Jesus as role model vs. 3; cp. 2 Cl 13:1 (w. ἀνθρωπάρεσκος s. 1 above); Hs 9, 22, 1; in a marriage relationship, wife or husband ἀ. τ. γυναικί 1 Cor 7:33; ἀ. τ. ἄνδρι vs. 34.ⓑ of pleasure (without any suggestion of mere amusement) as a condition generated by an action (cp. POxy 1153, 25 ἐὰν αὐτῷ ἀρέσκῃ; PGiss 20, 15). A fine line cannot always be drawn between a focus on endeavor to please and focus on the impact of pleasure produced by the activity. Some of the pass. cited in 2a may equally belong here and some of those included here could be cited above. But the gener. sense in those that follow is satisfaction produced by the behavior of another please God ἀ. θεῷ (Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 344 Jac. τ. θεοῖς ἀ. here the concern is to meet divine expectations; Num 23:27; Ps 68:32; Mal 3:4; Jos., Ant. 6, 164; 13, 289) Ro 8:8; 1 Th 2:15; cp. Hs 5, 2, 7; ἀ. τ. κυρίῳ 1 Cor 7:32 (on these four last pass. s. also a above); 1 Cl 52, 2 (Ps 68, 32); wife/husband 1 Cor 7:33f (s. a above); 2 Ti 2:4; Herod Mt 14:6; Mk 6:22. W. focus on someth. that provides pleasure (Ael. Aristid. 46, 380 D.: θεοῖς ἀρέσκοντα) Hv 1, 4, 2; Hs 5, 6, 6. ἤρεσεν ὁ λόγος ἐνώπιον (for בְּעֵינֵי or לִפְנֵי) τοῦ πλήθους (= τῷ πλήθει) the saying pleased the whole group (cp. 2 Ch 30:4; 1 Macc 6:60; 8:21; Jos., Vi. 238) Ac 6:5 (B-D-F §4, p. 4, 5; 187, 2; 214, 6).—Salome, daughter of Herodias, pleases Herod and his company, and in keeping w. Mediterranean reciprocity system receives her award, in this instance a grisly one Mt 14:6; Mk 6:22.—Implied, i.e. impers. (Philo, Aet. M. 87; Jos., Ant. 14, 205; 207) ἀρέσκει μοι it pleases me (=mihi placet) w. inf. foll. (Hdt. 8, 19; Josh 24:15; 1 Macc 14:23; 15:19; Jos., Ant. 14, 352) Hm 6, 1, 5.—B. 1099. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.
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