offender)

ăsĭnus, i, m. [acc. to Benfey, I. p. 123, and Hehn foll. by Curtius, an oriental word, perh. the Heb., asina; cf. Goth. asilus; Lith. asilas; Erse, assul; Celt. asen or assen; Engl. ass; and Gr. onos, which latter two forms the Lat. seems to have in combination], an ass.

Lit., Cato, R. R. 10, 1; 11, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 14; 2, 6, 1 al.; Col. 6, 37, 8; 6, 7, 1 al.; Plin. 8, 43, 68, § 167 sqq. et saep.; Vulg. Gen. 12, 6; ib. Isa. 1, 3; ib. Luc. 13, 15; 14, 5 et persaepe.—Prov.:

qui asinum non potest, stratum caedit,

i. e. he, that cannot find the offender, avenges himself on the unoffending, Petr. 45, 8:

in tegulis, of an odd appearance,

id. 45, 63: ad lyram, of an awkward man, acc. to Varr. ap. Gell. 3, 16:

sepulturā asini sepelietur, of a contemptible and unworthy man,

Vulg. Jer. 22, 19.—

Trop., an ass, a dolt, simpleton, blockhead:

neque ego homines magis asinos umquam vidi,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 4; Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 4. —Hence, as a term of insult:

Quid tu autem huic, asine, auscultas?

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 12; id. Eun. 3, 5, 50:

Quid nunc te, asine, litteras doceam? Non opus est verbis, sed fustibus,

Cic. Pis. 30.

clārĭgātĭo, ōnis, f. [clarigo], a solemn demand for redress, a religious solemnity with which the Fetialis declared war upon an enemy, in case he should refuse to give satisfaction within 33 days for injuries sustained (cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 9, 53; 10, 14;

Dict. of Antiq.),

Plin. 1, epit. libr. 22, 3, p. 69 Bip.; Quint. 7, 3, 13; cf. Liv. 1, 32, 5 sq.—

In gen., a fine or ransom for a transgression of limits, to be exacted of the offender by any person finding him:

(Veliterni) jussi trans Tiberim habitare, ut ejus, qui cis Tiberim deprehensus esset, usque ad mille passuum clarigatio esset,

Liv. 8, 14, 6.

noxa, ae, f. [for noc-sa, from noc-eo, like rixa from ringor], hurt, harm, injury, which one does or suffers (v. Döderl. Synon. 2, p. 153 sqq.; not in Cic., but cf. noxia; syn.: injuria, contumelia).

Lit.: QVANDOQVE HICE HOMINES... NOXAM NOCVERVNT, an old fetial formula in Liv. 9, 10 fin.; so, too, perhaps, SI SERVVS FVRTVM FAXIT NOXAMVE NOCVIT, Fragm. XII. Tab. in Dig. 9, 4, 2, § 1 (al. NOXIAMVE):

servus, qui noxam nocuit,

Dig. 35, 2, 63:

si eadem (terra) ad noxam genuit aliqua,

injurious, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 158:

tristes pellere a foribus noxas,

Ov. F. 6, 129:

ab noxā curculionum conditas fruges defendere,

Col. 1, 6, 15:

nihil eam rem noxae faturam,

Liv. 34, 19:

rempublicam non extra noxam modo, sed etiam extra famam noxae conservandam esse,

id. 34, 61:

sine ullius noxā urbis,

id. 36, 21: prava incepta consultoribus noxae esse, Sall. Or. Phil. contr. Lep.:

sine ullā noxā,

Cels. 7, 26, 4:

veram noxam concipere,

i. e. sickness, Col. 12, 3, 7.—

Transf.

An injurious act, i. e. a fault, offence, crime, = delictum:

noxae appellatione omne delictum continetur,

Dig. 50, 16, 238, § 3:

aliquem tenere in noxā,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 71:

hic in noxā est,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 36:

in noxā esse,

Liv. 32, 26; 7, 4:

noxae damnatus,

id. 8, 35:

reus ejus noxae,

id. 5, 47:

capitalis,

id. 3, 55:

neve ea caedes capitalis noxae haberetur,

id. 3, 55: qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliquā noxā sint comprehensi, * Caes. B. G. 6, 16:

graviorem noxam fateri,

Ov. P. 2, 9, 72:

noxa caput sequitur,

Paul. Sent. 2, 31, 8 sq.; cf. also Paul. ex Fest. under noxia init. —

Punishment (not ante-Aug.;

most freq. in jurid. Lat.): noxam merere,

Liv. 8, 28, 8 Drak.:

aliquem noxā pecuniāque exsolvere,

id. 23, 14, 3; 2, 59, 6; 26, 29, 4:

noxae dedere aliquem,

to deliver one up for punishment, Dig. 4, 3, 9; so ib. 7, 1, 17, § 2; cf. ib. 9, 4, 19;

hence: mergi freto, satius illi insulae (Siciliae) esse, quam velut dedi noxae inimico,

Liv. 26, 29, 4; and:

rem rusticam pessimo cuique servorum, ut carnifici noxae dedimus,

Col. 1 prooem.:

quod ajunt aediles: noxā solutus non sit (servus) sic intellegendum est, ut non hoc debeat pronuntiari, nullam eum noxam commisisse, sed illud, noxā solutum esse, hoc est noxali judicio subjectum non esse: ergo si noxam commisit nec permanet, noxā solutus videtur,

Dig. 21, 1, 17, § 17: non noxae eximitur Q. Fabius, qui contra edictum imperatoris pugnavit;

sed, noxae damnatus, donatur populo Romano,

Liv. 8, 35, 5:

noxae accipere aliquem,

to receive one for the purpose of punishing him, Dig. 7, 1, 17, § 2.— —

Concr., that which commits an offence, an offender, criminal (jurid. Lat.): noxa est corpus, quod nocuit, id est servus;

noxia ipsum maleficium, veluti furtum, damnum, rapina, injuria,

Just. Inst. 4, 8, 1:

aut noxiam sarcire aut noxam dedere oportet,

the guilty thing, Dig. 9, 1, 1, § 11; so,

noxae deditio,

ib. 9, 4, 4.

pecco, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. and a. [often referred to Sanscr. pāpa, pāpaka, wicked; but better to root pik-, to be angry; cf.: piget, pigeo, and Fick, Vergl. Wört. 632], to miss or mistake any thing; to do amiss, to transgress, to commit a fault, to offend, sin:

peccare est tamquam transilire lineas,

Cic. Par. 3, 1, 20:

alius magis alio vel peccat vel recte facit,

id. Fin. 3, 14, 48; id. Or. 47, 157:

peccare largiter,

to make a great mistake, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 8; id. Ep. 3, 4, 53.—With acc.:

si unam peccavisses syllabam,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 29: aliquid, to offend in any respect:

plura in aliquā re,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 44:

Empedocles multa alia peccat,

Cic. N. D. 1, 12, 29:

eadem fere,

id. ib. 1, 12, 31:

talia peccandi jam mihi finis erit,

Ov. P. 3, 7, 10.—With in and acc.:

si quid in te peccavi... in me ipsum peccavi vehementius,

Cic. Att. 3, 15, 4:

in rem publicam,

id. ib. 7, 1, 3 (al. in re publicā).—With erga aliquem, Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 62.— In aliquo or in aliquā re:

quod in eo (Valerio) peccandi Germanis causa non esset,

Caes. B. G. 1, 47:

in servo necando semel peccatur,

Cic. Par. 3, 2, 25:

in hoc eodem peccat Hieronymus,

id. Fin. 2, 10, 32:

non modo in vitā sed saepissime et in poëmatis et in oratione peccatur,

id. Or. 21, 70.—With abl. alone:

et pecuniā et mollibus consultis,

Tac. A. 1, 40:

libidine,

Juv. 6, 135.—With dat. of person (late Lat.):

Domino,

Vulg. Deut. 1, 41; id. 2 Reg. 12, 13.— De aliquă re, Caecil. ap. Gell. 2, 23, 13.—

In partic., of sexual sin:

quid inter-Est in matronā, ancillā, peccesve togatā?

Hor. S. 1, 2, 63; Ov. H. 16, 295; Mart. 1, 35, 2.—

Transf., of animals and inanim. things, to fail, miscarry:

ne Peccet (equus) ad extremum ridendus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 9:

unus de toto peccaverat orbe comarum Anulus,

Mart. 2, 66, 1:

si senseris vina peccatura,

Pall. 11, 14.—Hence, peccans, antis, P. a., sinful, full of sin:

unus dies bene actus peccanti immortalitati anteponendus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 2, 5.— Comp.:

peccantius,

more faulty, worse, Cael. Aur. Acut. 3, 8, 88.—

As subst.: peccans, antis, comm., an offender, sinner: non prodest latere peccantibus. Sen. Ep. 97, 13:

peccantium poena,

id. ib. 97, 14:

ad officium peccantes redire cogeret,

Nep. Ages. 5, 3.— Adv.: peccanter, wrongly, incorrectly, falsely, Cael. Aur. Acut. 2, 9, 40:

definire aliquid,

id. ib. 3, 1, 5.

sā̆cro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [sacer], to declare or set apart as sacred; to consecrate, dedicate, or devote to a divinity (class.; cf. consecro).

Lit.:

ne quis agrum consecrato. Auri, argenti, eboris sacrandi modus esto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

eum praedam Veientanam publicando sacrandoque ad nihilum redegisse, ferociter increpant,

Liv. 5, 25:

(agrum) Cypriae,

Ov. M. 10, 644:

Capitolino Jovi donum ex auro,

Suet. Tib. 53 fin.:

(laurum) Phoebo,

Verg. A. 7, 62:

aras,

id. ib. 5, 48:

vigilem ignem,

id. ib. 4, 200:

votum immortale,

id. ib. 8, 715:

inter haec auream aquilam pinnis extendenti similem sacraverant,

Curt. 3, 3, 16:

templum, in quo Helena sacravit calicem ex electro,

Plin. 33, 4, 23, § 81.—In part. perf.:

duabus aris ibi Jovi et Soli sacratis cum immolasset,

Liv. 40, 22:

arae,

Suet. Tib. 14:

sacratas fide manus,

Liv. 23, 9:

sacrata Crotonis Ossa tegebat humus,

Ov. M. 15, 55:

rite pecudes,

Verg. A. 12, 213:

templum,

id. ib. 2, 165 al. —

With a bad accessory signif. (cf. sacer, II.), to devote or doom to destruction, to declare accursed, to condemn:

de sacrando cum bonis capite ejus, qui regni occupandi consilia inisset, gratae in vulgus leges fuere,

Liv. 2, 8; cf.:

caput Jovi,

id. 10, 38.—

Transf., in gen., to set apart, consecrate, devote, give, dedicate a thing to any one ( poet. and rare):

quod patriae vocis studiis nobisque sacrasti, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 13, 22: hunc illi honorem Juppiter sacravit,

Verg. A. 12, 141:

tibi sacratum opus,

Ov. Tr. 2, 552.—In a bad sense:

injecere manum Parcae, telisque sacrarunt Evandri (Halaesum),

Verg. A. 10, 419.—

Meton.

To render sacred or inviolable by consecration; to hallow, consecrale:

hoc nemus aeterno cinerum sacravit honore Faenius,

Mart. 1, 117, 1:

foedus, quod in Capitolio sacratum fuisset, irritum per illos esse,

that had been decreed inviolable, Liv. 38, 33; cf.:

sanctiones sacrandae sunt genere ipso aut obtestatione legis, aut, etc.,

Cic. Balb. 14, 33:

sacrata lex,

a law whose violation was punished by devoting the offender to the infernal gods, id. Sest. 7, 16; id. Dom. 17, 43; Liv. 2, 33; 3, 17; 7, 41; 9, 39; 36, 38; cf.:

sacratae leges sunt, quibus sanctum est, qui quid adversus eas fecerit, sacer alicui deorum sit cum familia pecuniaque,

Fest. p. 318 Müll.—

Of a deity, to hold sacred, to worship or honor as sacred:

haud frustra te patrem deum hominumque hac sede sacravimus,

Liv. 8, 6:

Vesta sacrata,

Ov. M. 15, 864.—

Transf., in gen., to render imperishable, to immortalize (rare):

aliquem Lesbio plectro,

Hor. C. 1, 26, 11; cf.:

miratur nihil, nisi quod Libitina sacravit,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 49:

vivit vigetque eloquentia ejus (Catonis), sacrata scriptis omnis generis,

Liv. 39, 40:

avum Sacrārunt carmina tuum,

Ov. P. 4, 8, 64.—Hence, sā̆crātus, a, um, P. a., hallowed, consecrated, holy, sacred:

sacrata jura parentum,

Ov. M. 10, 321:

jura Graiorum,

Verg. A. 2, 157:

vittae Sacrati capitis,

id. ib. 3, 371:

dux,

i. e. Augustus, Ov. F. 2, 60; cf.:

manus (Tiberii),

id. ib. 1, 640:

dies sacratior,

Mart. 4, 1, 1:

numen gentibus sacratissimum,

Plin. 33, 4, 24, § 82:

homines,

devoted to the gods, Macr. S. 3, 7;

Aug. Civ. Dei, 2, 26.—At a later per., Sacratissimus,

an epithet of the emperors, Most Worshipful, Dig. 38, 17, 9; Mamert. Pan. ad Maxim. 1 et saep.— Adv.: sā̆crātē, in eccl. Lat.,

Holily, piously:

vivere,

Aug. Ep. 22 fin. —

Mysteriously, mystically, Aug. Doctr. Chr. 2, 16.

sons, sontis, adj. ( nom. sing., Fest. p. 297; Aus. Idyll. 12) [Part. from root as-, es-; Sanscr. as-mi; Gr. eimi; Lat. esum, sum; cf. Gr. eteos, etêtumos; prop. he who was it, the real person, the guilty one].

Guilty, criminal; subst., a guilty person, an offender, malefactor, criminal (freq. and class., esp. as subst.; syn.:

reus, nocens): anima,

Verg. A. 10, 854; Ov. M. 6, 618:

ulni,

id. ib. 7, 847:

di,

Stat. Th. 5, 610: manus foedata sanguine sonti ( poet. for sontis), Ov. M. 13, 563:

morae ab igne supremo,

Stat. Th. 4, 641.— Subst.: sontes condemnant reos, * Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 16:

(minores magistratus) vincla sontium servanto,

Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 6:

punire sontes,

id. Off. 1, 24, 82:

insontes, sicuti sontes,

Sall. C. 16, 3:

manes Virginiae nullo relicto sonte tandem quieverunt,

Liv. 3, 58 fin.; Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; id. Fam. 4, 13, 3; Ov. M. 2, 522; 10, 697; 11, 268.— Gen. plur.:

sontum,

Stat. Th. 4, 475.—

Hurtful, noxious, acc. to Fest. p. 297, 22 (but no example is preserved).—

Neutr. sing., sin, offence (eccl. Lat.), Aldh. Ep. 3.