odor+sense

dīvīnus, a, um, adj. [divus], of or belonging to a deity, divine (class. and very freq.).

Prop.:

divinae Matris imago,

Lucr. 2, 609:

numen,

id. 1, 154; 4, 1233; Cic. N. D. 1, 9, 22; id. Mil. 30 fin. al.:

stirps,

Verg. A. 5, 711; Ov. M. 2, 633; cf.

semen,

id. ib. 1, 78;

and, origo,

Liv. 1, 15:

Pergamum divina moenitum manu,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 2; cf.:

non sine ope divina bellum gerere,

Caes. B. G. 2, 31, 2; and:

quasi divino consilio,

Cic. Fam. 13, 4 fin.:

stellae divinis animatae mentibus,

Cic. Rep. 6, 15:

divina studia colere,

id. ib. 6, 18:

animos hominum esse divinos, i. e.,

of divine origin, id. Lael. 4, 13; cf.: hoc divinum animal (homo, shortly before: quasi mortalem deum), id. [p. 603] Fin. 2, 13, 40:

aliquis instinctus inflatusque,

id. Div. 1, 6 fin.; cf.:

causa divinior,

id. Fin. 5, 11, 33 et saep.:

condimenta,

enjoyed by the gods, divine, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 37:

odor (Veneris),

Verg. A. 1, 403; cf.

decoris,

id. ib. 5, 647:

ars Palladis,

id. ib. 2, 15 et saep.:

divinissima dona, i. e.,

most worthy of a deity, Cic. Leg. 2, 18: re divina facta, i. e., religious exercise, divine worship, sacrifice, etc., Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 13;

in this sense res divina is very freq.,

id. Epid. 2, 3, 11; 3, 3, 34 et saep.; Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 7; id. Hec. 1, 2, 109; Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 47; id. Div. 2, 10; Nep. Hann. 2, 4; Plin. 18, 2, 2, § 7; Suet. Tib. 44 et saep.; less freq. in the plur. divinae res, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 81; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 8; id. Div. 2, 10; Liv. 23, 11.—In plur. also in gen. for religious affairs, Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 4; 6, 21, 1; Cic. Div. 1, 4 fin. —Also verba, a form of prayer, Cato R. R. 14, 3:

religiones (opp. fides humana),

Liv. 9, 9; cf. id. 34, 31.—

Freq. connected with humanus as a stronger designation for all things, things of every kind, etc. (cf.: di hominesque under deus, I. B. fin.):

dedunt se, divina humanaque omnia,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 102; cf. id. Trin. 2, 4, 78; Liv. 9, 14; Suet. Caes. 84:

res,

Cic. Lael. 6:

jura,

id. Rosc. Am. 23 fin.; Caes. B. C. 1, 6 fin.:

scelera,

Liv. 3, 19; cf. id. 29, 18 fin.:

spes,

id. 10, 40 et saep. But in the explanation of philosophia by scientia divinarum humanarumque rerum, the term divinae res denotes nature, physics, as distinguished from humanae res, i. e. morals, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7; 4, 26, 57; id. Off. 1, 43, 153; 2, 2, 5; id. Fin. 2, 12, 37; Sen. Ep. 88; 90; Quint. 12, 2, 8; 20 al.; cf. Cic. Or. 34; Quint. 10, 1, 35.—So too in jurid. lang., divinae res signifies natural laws, in opp. to humanae res, positive laws, Cic. Sest. 42, 91; Just. Inst. 1, 1; Dig. 1, 1, 10.— dīvīnum, i, n.,

The deity, to theion:

divina si faverint,

God willing, Pall. 1, 1, 2; Juv. 15, 144; Amm. 23, 6; id. 22, 16 fin. —

The divine, that which comes from God, nihil est divino divinius, Sen. Ep. 66, 11.—

That which is under the sanction of a god; hence: quicquam divini credere alicui; or simply: divini alicui credere, to believe one upon oath (ante-class.):

numquam edepol tu mihi divini quicquam creduis, in, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 40:

quid ei divini aut humani aequum est credere?

id. Poen. 2, 1, 20:

nam mihi divini numquam quisquam creduat, ni, etc.,

id. Bacch. 3, 3, 99; id. As. 5, 2, 4.

Transf.

Divinely inspired, prophetic:

aliquid praesagiens atque divinum,

Cic. Div. 1, 38:

animus appropinquante morte multo est divinior, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 30, 63; cf. id. ib. 1, 28 fin.:

cum ille potius divinus fuerit,

Nep. Att. 9, 1:

divinarum sagacem flammarum,

Sil. 3, 344:

divini quicquam,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 40; cf. id. Bacch. 3, 4, 5;

also joined to humani,

id. As. 5, 2, 4; id. Poen. 2, 20.— Poet. of poets:

vates,

Hor. A. P. 400; cf.:

divini pectoris carmina,

Lucr. 1, 731.—With gen.:

divina futuri Sententia,

Hor. A. P. 218:

avis imbrium imminentium,

id. C. 3, 27, 10.— Subst.: dīvīnus, i, m., a soothsayer, prophet = vates, Cic. Div. 1, 58; 2, 3; id. Fat. 8; Liv. 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 6, 114; Vulg. Deut. 18, 11 al.—In the fem.: dīvīna, ae, a prophetess, Petr. 7, 2.—

Like caelestis (but far more freq. in prose), godlike, superhuman, admirable, excellent:

ex maxime raro genere hominum et paene divino,

Cic. Lael. 18:

ingenio esse divino,

id. Rep. 2, 2:

magni cujusdam civis et divini viri,

id. ib. 1, 29; cf.:

caelestes divinaeque legiones,

id. Phil. 5, 11:

senatus in supplicatione deneganda,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 8:

homo in dicendo,

id. de Or. 1, 10, 40: homo, Crispus ap. Quint. 8, 5, 17:

orator,

Quint. 4, 3, 13 et saep.:

incredibilis quaedam et divina virtus,

Cic. Rep. 3, 3:

fides,

id. Mil. 33 fin.:

admurmuratio senatus,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 16:

memoria,

id. Ac. 2, 1, 2:

eloquentia M. Tullii,

Quint. 2, 16, 7:

facultas eloquendi,

id. 10, 1, 81:

ille nitor loquendi,

id. ib. 83:

illa ironia,

id. ib. 4, 1, 70:

haec in te, Sulpici, divina sunt,

Cic. de Or. 1, 29 et saep.—In the comp.:

ratione nihil est in homine divinius,

Cic. Fin. 5, 13 fin.; id. Par. 1, 3, 14. Under the empire an epithet often bestowed on the emperors:

domus,

Phaedr. 5, 8, 38:

princeps,

Nazar. Pan. Const. Aug. 35, 3; cf. Inscr. Orell. 277; 339:

indulgentia,

Dig. 1, 4, 3 et saep.— Adv.: dīvīne.

(Acc. to I.) In a godlike manner, through godlike power:

nunc tu divine fac huc assis Sosia,

Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 21.—

(Acc. to II.)

By divine inspiration, prophetically:

plura divine praesensa et praedicta reperiri,

Cic. Div. 1, 55; id. Att. 10, 4; and in the comp., id. Rep. 2, 5 Mos. —

In a godlike, superhuman, admirable manner, divinely:

divine Plato escam malorum appellat voluptatem,

Cic. de Sen. 13, 44; Quint. 1, 6, 18; 11, 1, 62.— Sup. does not occur.

fūmus, i, m. [Sanscr. dhū, dhumas, smoke; Zend. dun-man, vapor; Gr. thuô, to rage, sacrifice, thumos, thuma, thuos, etc.; Goth. dauns, odor; Engl. dust; cf.: fūnus, fuligo], smoke, steam, fume:

in lignis si flamma latet fumusque cinisque,

Lucr. 1, 871; cf. 1, 891;

4, 56: ibi hominem ingenuum fumo excruciatum, semivivum reliquit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 17, § 45:

castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus pass. VIII. in latitudinem patebant,

Caes. B. G. 2. 7 fin.:

tum fumi incendiorum procul videbantur,

id. ib. 5, 48 fin.:

significatione per castella fumo facta,

id. B. C. 3, 65, 3:

ater ad sidera fumus erigitur,

Verg. A. 9, 239:

pernas in fumo suspendito,

Cato, R. R. 162, 3:

fumo inveteratum vinum,

Plin. 23, 1. 22, § 40; cf. Hor. C. 3, 8, 11; Col. 1, 6, 19 sq.; v. fumarium; hence, poet. transf.:

fumi Massiliae,

Marseilles wine mellowed in the smoke, Mart. 14, 118: in illo ganearum tuarum [p. 792] nidore atque fumo, Cic. Pis. 6, 13; cf.:

intervenerant quidam amici, propter quos major fumus fieret, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 64, and Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 60:

non fumum ex fulgore, sed ex fumo dare lucem Cogitat,

Hor. A. P. 143.—In double sense: Ph. Oculi dolent. Ad. Quor? Ph. Quia fumus molestus est, smoke, i. e. foolish talk, Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 10. —

Prov.

Semper flamma fumo est proxima:

Fumo comburi nihil potest, flamma potest,

i. e. the slightest approach to wrong-doing leads to vice, Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 53.—

Tendere de fumo, ut proverbium loquitur vetus, ad flammam, to jump out of the frying-pan into the fire, Amm. 14, 11, 12; cf.:

de fumo, ut aiunt, in flammam,

id. 28, 1, 26.—

Fumum or fumos vendere, i. e. to make empty promises, Lampr. Alex. Sev. 36; Mart. 4, 5, 7; App. Mag. p. 313, 31.—For which also:

per fumum or fumis vendere aliquid,

Capitol. Anton. 11; Lampr. Heliog. 10.—

Trop., like our word smoke, as a figure of destruction: ubi omne Verterat in fumum et cinerem, had reduced to smoke and ashes, i. e. had consumed, squandered, Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 39.

ŏdōrātus, a, um, P a., from odoro.

ŏdōrātus, ūs, m. [odoror], a smelling, smell.

Lit. (class.), eorum jucundus non gustatus solum. sed odoratus etiam, et spectatus, Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 158.—

Transf.

The sense of smell:

nihil necesse est de gustatu et odoratu loqui,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 20:

insecta habent oculos, aliqua et odoratum,

Plin. 11, 4, 3, § 10.—

A smell, scent, odor which a thing gives out, Plin. 25, 13, 95, § 151.

ŏlĕo, lŭi, 2 (collat. form ŏlo, ĕre; pres. subj. olat, Afran. ap. Non. 147, 2:

olant,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 56; id. Most. 1. 3, 121; Pompon. ap. Non. 147, 5). v. n. and a. [root od-; cf. Gr. ozô; v. odor], to smell (class.; cf. odoro, fragro).

To emit a smell, to smell of any thing.

Lit., constr. absol. or with acc., less freq. with abl. of that of which any thing smells:

quid (jura) olant, nescias, nisi id unum, male ut olere intellegas,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 120 sq.; id. Truc. 2, 4, 3: rosa recens a longinquo [p. 1262] olet, sicca propius, Plin. 21, 7, 18, § 37:

olent, salsa sunt, ut tangere non velis,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 35:

mulieres ideo bene olere, quia nihil olebant, videbantur,

Cic. Att. 2, 1, 1; cf. Mart. 2, 12:

hesperis noctu magis olet,

Plin. 21, 7, 18, § 39:

ceram crocum olere,

of wax, Cic. de Or. 3, 25, 99:

olet unguenta,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 37:

unguenta exotica,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 41:

vina fere dulces oluerunt mane Camenae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 5.— With abl.:

cur nardo flammae non oluere meae?

Prop. 5, 7, 32:

Arabo rore,

Ov. H. 15, 76:

sulphure,

id. M. 5, 405.—In a bad sense:

cui os oleat,

i. e. who has a foul breath, Dig. 21, 1, 12; cf. Mart. 12, 87.—

Trop., to smell of, savor of any thing; to indicate, betray any thing: quid igitur? quid olet? responde! Pen. Furtum, scortum, prandium, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 60:

nihil olere peregrinum,

to savor of, betray, Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 44:

nihil ex Academiā,

id. N. D. 1, 26, 72:

malitiam,

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

verba alumnum olent,

betray, Quint. 8, 1, 3.—

To betray itself or be observed by its smell:

aurum huic olet,

i. e. he smells out, observes that I have money, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 39:

non olet, unde sit, quod dicitur cum illis?

don't you perceive whence it comes? Cic. Or. 45, 154.—Hence, ŏlens, entis, P. a., smelling, odorous (mostly poet.).

Sweet-smelling, fragrant, odoriferous:

rami olentes,

Verg. G. 1, 188:

serpylla,

Verg. G. 4, 30:

olentia pascua,

Ov. A. A. 1, 95:

mentae,

id. M. 10, 729:

Hymettus,

Stat. Th. 12, 622.—

Lit., Stinking, foul, rank:

leno,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 111:

maritus (i. e. hircus),

Hor. C. 1, 17, 7:

immundus olentia sudor Membra sequebatur,

Verg. G. 3, 564:

Medi ora,

id. ib. 2, 134:

fornix,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 30:

stagna Palici, i. e. olentia sulphure,

Ov. P. 2, 10, 25:

agri (from dead bodies),

Luc. 7, 821.—

Trop.:

quaedam,

musty, Tac. Or. 22 fin.

ŏlĕo, ēre, 2 [root al-; Sanscr. ar-, to rise; cf.: indoles, almus, alumnus. etc.], to increase, grow, found only in the compounds: adoleo, aboleo, etc.

săpor, ōris, m. [sapio, I.].

Lit., a taste, relish, flavor, savor (objectively of the taste inherent in a thing; whereas gustatus is used subjectively, of the taste experienced by him who eats or drinks;

class.),

Lucr. 2, 679; cf.: si quem forte inveneritis, qui aspernetur oculis pulchritudinem rerum, non odore ullo, non tactu, non sapore capiatur, excludat auribus omnem suavitatem, Cic. Cael. 17, 42:

ut mel, suo proprio genere saporis, dulce esse sentitur,

id. Fin. 3, 10, 34:

in os salsi venit umor saepe saporis,

Lucr. 4, 222; 2, 401:

asper in ore sapor (amelli),

Verg. G. 4, 277:

tardus,

id. ib. 2, 126:

asper maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222:

vini,

id. 24, 9, 38, § 60:

asperrimus,

id. 14, 2, 4, § 22:

dulcis,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 19:

odoratus et jucundus,

Plin. 26, 8, 50, § 83:

austerus,

id. 25, 5, 20, § 45:

tristi poma sapore,

Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 12.—In plur., Lucr. 2, 430; 2, 504; Hor. S. 2, 4, 36; Plin. 11, 37, 65, § 174; 8, 51, 77, § 209; 15, 27, 32, § 106 al.—

Transf. ( poet. or in post-Aug. prose).

Subjectively for gustatus, a sense of taste, a taste which a person has of any thing:

an poterunt oculos aures reprehendere? an aures Tactus? an hunc porro tactum sapor arguet oris?... Seorsus sapor oris habet vim,

Lucr. 4, 487 sq.:

aliis aliud taetrius esset orisque sapori,

id. 2, 511.—

Concr. (mostly in the plur.), that which tastes good, a dainty, delicacy, Tib. 1, 7, 35; Verg. G. 4, 62; Plin. 9, 17, 29, § 63; 12, 1, 2, § 4.—In sing.:

et tunsum gallae admiscere saporem,

i.e. juice, Verg. G. 4, 267.—

A smell, scent, odor, Plin. 32, 10, 39, § 117.—

Trop.

Of style:

vernaculus,

i.e. taste, elegance, Cic. Brut. 46, 172; Arn. 3, p. 108:

Atticus,

Quint. 12, 10, 75; cf. id. 6, 4, 107:

sermo non publici saporis,

of uncommon elegance, Petr. 3, 1.—

Of conduct:

homo sine sapore,

without refinement, Cic. post Red. in Sen. 6, 14.

somnus, i, m. [Sanscr. svap-nas; Gr. hupnos; som-nus for sop-nus; cf.: sopor, sopio].

Lit., sleep: hostes vino domiti somnoque sepulti, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6 (Ann. v. 291 Vahl.); Lucr. 1, 133: vix aegro cum corde meo me somnus reliquit, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 52 Vahl.); cf., on the contrary: pandite sulti' genas et corde relinquite somnum, id. ap. Fest. p. 343 Müll. (Ann. v. 521 Vahl.):

somnum capere,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 115; cf. Cic. Tusc. 4, 19, 44:

somnum videre,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 82:

Caninius suo toto consulatu somnum non vidit,

Cic. Fam. 7, 30, 1:

somnum tenere,

id. Brut. 80, 278:

somno se dare,

id. Tusc. 1, 47, 113:

me artior quam solebat somnus complexus est,

id. Rep. 6, 10, 10:

puella somno fessa,

Tib. 1, 3, 88:

somno vincta,

Ov. M. 11, 238; Liv. 5, 44; Suet. Aug. 16:

hos oppressos somno,

Caes. B. C. 2, 38 fin.:

ne me e somno excitetis,

Cic. Rep. 6, 12, 12: so,

ex somno excitare aliquem,

id. Sull. 8, 24:

e somno suscitari,

id. Tusc. 4, 19, 44:

somno solutus sum,

id. Rep. 6, 26, 29:

cum ergo est somno sevocatus animus a societate,

id. Div. 1, 30, 63:

palpebrae somno coniventes,

id. N. D. 2, 57, 143:

somno languidus,

Quint. 4, 2, 106: in somnis aliquid videre, in sleep, in dreams, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 325 Müll. (Ann. v. 228 Vahl.); cf. Plaut. Curc. 2, 2, 10; Poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 21, 44; Cic. N. D. 1, 29, 82; id. Div. 1, 24, 49; 1, 25, 44; 1, 53, 121; 2, 70, 144; Verg. A. 2, 270; 4, 466; 4, 557 al.; so,

less freq.: per somnum,

Cic. Div. 2, 11, 27; Liv. 2, 36, 4; Verg. A. 5, 636; and:

per somnos,

Plin. 23, 1, 24, § 49; cf.: ea si cui in somno accidant, Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 45:

datur in somnum euntibus,

Plin. 26, 8, 47, § 74:

somnum petiere,

Ov. M. 13, 676; Quint. 9, 4, 12:

ducere somnos,

i. e. protract slumber, continue to sleep, Verg. A. 4, 560 (cf.:

trahere quietem,

Prop. 1, 14, 9); so,

educere somnos,

Sil. 11, 405;

but: pocula ducentia somnos,

causing sleep, Hor. Epod. 14, 3:

verba placidos facientia somnos,

Ov. M. 7, 153:

nuces somnum faciunt,

Plin. 23, 8, 75, § 144:

odor somnum gignit,

id. 21, 19, 77, § 132:

somnum parere,

id. 19, 8, 38, § 126:

adferre,

id. 32, 2, 11, § 24:

conciliare (opp. fugare),

id. 14, 18, 22, § 117:

concitare,

id. 20, 17, 73, § 189:

adlicere,

id. 26, 3, 8, § 14:

somnos invitare,

Hor. Epod. 2, 28:

adimere,

id. C. 1, 25, 3:

avertere,

id. S. 1, 5, 15:

rumpere,

Sil. 3, 167:

perturbare,

Quint. 12, 1, 6.— Poet.:

conditque natantia lumina somnus,

Verg. G. 4, 496:

labi ut somnum sensit in artus,

Ov. M. 11, 631:

serpens,

Plin. 7, 24, 24, § 90:

graviore somno premi,

id. 9, 13, 15, § 42:

voltus in somnum cadit,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 1044:

somno cedere,

Val. Fl. 2, 71:

lumina mergere somno,

id. 8, 65:

somnus altus,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 8:

somni faciles,

Ov. H. 11, 29; cf.:

somno mollior herba,

Verg. E. 7, 45:

somni pingues,

Ov. Am. 1, 13, 7; Luc. 10, 354:

plenus,

Cels. 1, 3:

intermissus,

Quint. 10, 6, 1:

lenis et placidus,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 1075:

gravis,

id. ib. 1051:

servus ad somnum,

who keeps watch during one's sleep, Curt. 6, 11, 3.—Personified: Somnus, as a divinity, son of Erebus and Nox, Hyg. Fab. praef.; Verg. A. 5, 838; 6, 390; Ov. M. 11, 586, 11, 593; 11, 623 sq.; Stat. Th. 10, 87; Tib. 2, 1, 90 al.—

Esp., in reproachful sense, sleep, sloth, drowsiness, inactivity, slumber, idleness, etc.: corde relinquite somnum, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 343 Müll. (Ann. v. 521 Vahl.):

dediti ventri ac somno,

Sall. C. 2, 8:

somno et conviviis et delectationi nati,

Cic. Sest. 66, 138: somno et luxu pudendus, Tac. H. 2, 90:

somno indulsit,

id. A. 16, 19:

dediti somno ciboque,

id. G. 15; Vell. 2, 1, 1.—

Poet., transf.

Night:

Libra die somnique pares ubi fecerit horas,

Verg. G. 1, 208; cf. Sil. 3, 200. —

Death (mostly with adjj.):

longus,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 38:

componit lumina somno,

Sil. 5, 529:

niger,

id. 7, 633:

frigidus,

Val. Fl. 3, 178;

SO, SOMNO AETERNO SACRVM,

Inscr. Orell. 4428:

REQVIESCIT IN SOMNO PACIS,

ib. 1121.—

Of a calm at sea:

pigro torpebant aequora somno,

Stat. S. 3, 2, 73:

imbelli recubant litora somno,

id. Th. 3, 256. —

A dream: exterrita somno, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 37 Vahl.):

promissa somni,

Sil. 3, 216.

vīrus, i, n. [Sanscr. visham; Gr. ios, poison], a slimy liquid, slime.

In gen., of animals and plants, Verg. G. 3, 281; Col. 2, 14, 3; Plin. 19, 5, 27, § 89; 30, 6, 15, § 45; Stat. S. 1, 4, 104.—Of animal sperm or semen, Plin. 9, 50, 74, § 157.—

In partic., in a bad sense.

A poisonous liquid, poison, venom, virus (syn. venenum).

Lit., Cic. Arat. 432; Verg. G. 1, 129; 3, 419; Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 64; Plin. 34, 17, 48, § 160:

amatorium,

id. 8, 22, 34, § 83.—

Trop.:

evomere virus acerbitatis suae,

Cic. Lael. 23, 87:

futile virus linguae,

Sil. 11, 560:

mentis,

id. 9, 476; Mart. 13, 2, 8.—

An offensive odor, stench, Lucr. 2, 853; Col. 1, 5, 6; Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277; 27, 12, 83, § 107; 35, 15, 52, § 185:

odoris,

an offensive pungency, id. 28, 3, 6, § 31; 28, 7, 23, § 79.—

A sharp, saline taste; of sea-water, Lucr. 2, 476; 5, 269; 6, 635.—Of wine, Plin. 14, 20, 25, § 124.

σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ (Hom.+; ‘flesh’).

① the material that covers the bones of a human or animal body, flesh lit. 1 Cor 15:39abcd; Hv 3, 10, 4; 3, 12, 1. The pl. (which denotes flesh in the mass [Lucian, Dial. Mort. 10, 5], whereas the sing. rather denotes the substance.—Herodas 4, 61; Gen 40:19; 1 Km 17:44; 4 Km 9:36; PsSol 4:19; TestJob 13:5; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 211; Just., A I, 26, 7; Mel., P. 52, 383; Ath. 34, 2) Lk 24:39 v.l.; Rv 19:18, 21 (4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010, 16] cannibalism out of hunger, sim. Mel., P. 52, 383; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 245: the σάρκες of the slain are food for the birds) B 10:4; metaph. Rv 17:16. It decays 1 Cl 25:3; cp. Ac 2:31 (cp. 2a below). Normally gives forth an evil odor when burned MPol 15:2. W. bones (s. ὀστέον) 1 Cl 6:3 (Gen 2:23); Lk 24:39; Eph 5:30 v.l. (metaph.). Paul speaks of his illness as a σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί (s. σκόλοψ) 2 Cor 12:7. ἡ ἐν σαρκὶ περιτομή the physical circumcision (cp. Just., D. 10, 1 al.) Ro 2:28; cp. Eph 2:11b; Col 2:13 (ἀκροβυστία 2); Gal 6:13 (ἡ σάρξ=the flesh that is circumcised); B 9:4. Metaph.: the corrosion on the precious metals of the rich φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ Js 5:3.—Ign. describes the elements of the Eucharist as σὰρξ (or αἷμα) Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IRo 7:3; IPhld 4; ISm 7:1. Also J 6:51–56 urges that one must eat the flesh (and drink the blood) of the Human One or Son of Man (Just., A I, 66, 2; s. TPhilips, Die Verheissung der hl. Eucharistie nach Joh. 1922; Bultmann ad loc.; AWikenhauser ’48, 105f).—His anti-Docetic position also leads Ign. to use the concept ‘flesh (and blood) of Christ’ in other contexts as well ITr 8:1; IPhld 5:1.—For Mt 16:17; Gal 1:16; Eph 6:12; and 1 Cor 15:50 s. 3a.

② the physical body as functioning entity, body, physical body

ⓐ as substance and living entity (Aeschyl., Sept. 622: opp. νοῦς; Ex 30:32; 4 Km 6:30; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 6 [Stone p. 54] πάντα τὰ μέλη τῆς σαρκός μου; w. καρδία or ψυχή Alex. Aphr., An. p. 98, 7–10 Br.; Ps 37:8; 62:2; Eccl 2:3; Ezk 11:19; 44:7 a1.; Jos., Bell. 6, 47, Ant. 19, 325; Ar.15, 7) οὔτε ἡ σὰρξ αὐτοῦ εἶδεν διαφθοράν Ac 2:31 (but s. 1). W. ψυχή 1 Cl 49:6 (Tat. 13:2 al.). W. καρδία Ac 2:26 (Ps 15:9).—Eph 5:29. ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί they have seen me face to face Col 2:1. ἕως ἂν τὸν χριστὸν ἐν σαρκὶ ἴδῃ before he had seen the Messiah in person GJs 24:4 (cp. Lk 2:26). Opp. πνεῦμα (Ath. 31:3; PGM 5, 460 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε τὸν κτίσαντα πᾶσαν σάρκα κ. πᾶν πνεῦμα) 1 Cor 5:5; 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5; 1 Pt 4:6; Hm 3:1; 10, 2, 6; cp. AcPl Ant 13:17 (=Aa, I 237, 2; s. οἶδα); also in relation to Christ (though this is disputed) J 6:63; Hs 5, 6, 5–7; cp. 1 Ti 3:16.—ἀσθένεια τῆς σαρκός bodily ailment Gal 4:13; s. vs. 14. ἀσθενὴς τῇ σαρκί weak in the body Hs 9, 1, 2. ὁ ἀλγῶν σάρκα the one who is ill in body B 8:6. πάσχειν σαρκί 1 Pt 4:1b. Cp. 2 Cor 7:5. ἡ τῆς σαρκὸς καθαρότης the purity of the body Hb 9:13 (opp. καθαρίζειν τὴν συνείδησιν vs. 14). σαρκὸς ἀπόθεσις ῥύπου 1 Pt 3:21 (s. ῥύπος 1). The σάρξ is raised fr. the dead (s. ParJer 6:9; Theoph. Ant. 1, 7 [74, 2]) 1 Cl 26:3; 2 Cl 9:1. ἀνάστασις σαρκός AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24 (σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν Just., D. 80, 5); cp. ἀναστήσεσθε ἔχοντες ὑγιῆ τὴν σάρκα AcPlCor 2:32. Of the body of Christ during his earthly ministry Eph 2:14 (JHart, The Enmity in His Flesh: Exp. 6th ser., 3, 1901, 135–41); Hb 10:20; 1 Pt 3:18; 4:1a; 1J 4:2; 2J 7; B 5:1, 10f; 6:7, 9; 7:5; 12:10; IEph 7:2; Pol 7:1; AcPlCor 2:6b. Married couples form μία σάρξ (Gen 2:24; s. Ath. 33, 2 τὴν σάρκα πρὸς σάρκα … κοινωνίαν.—GAicher, Mann u. Weib ein Fleisch: BZ 5, 1907, 159–65) Mt 19:5f; Mk 10:8ab; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (on these passages, TBurkill, ZNW 62, ’71, 115–20). δικαιώματα σαρκός behind ‘all sorts of ceremonial washings’ there are regulations that concern the physical body Hb 9:10.—On ὑποτάγητε τῷ ἐπισκόπῳ ὡς ὁ Χριστὸς τῷ πατρὶ κατὰ σάρκα IMg 13:2 s. Hdb. ad loc. and MRackl, Die Christologie des hl. Ignatius v. Ant. 1914, 228.—πνεῦμα δυνάμεως … ὁ θεὸς … κατέπεμψεν εἰς σάρκα τουτέστιν εἰς τὴν Μαρίαν God sent a powerful spirit (prob. a ref. to the kind of divine breath that brought the first human being to life [Gen 2:7]) into flesh, that is, into Mary AcPl Ha 8, 26=BMM recto 34; s. AcPlCor 1:14.

ⓑ as someth. with physical limitations, life here on earth (ApcEsdr 4:4 p. 28, 3 Tdf. σάρκα ἀνθρωπίνην φορῶ) θλῖψιν τῇ σαρκὶ ἕξουσιν 1 Cor 7:28. Cp. 2 Cor 4:11; Col 1:24. Of Christ τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ his body with its physical limitations Col 1:22; cp. 2:11 and s. cα below (cp. En 102:5 τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν; 1QpHab 9:2; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 29, 25).—Of human life: ἀποδημεῖν τῆς σαρκός MPol 2:2 (s. ἀποδημέω). ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ σαρκί Phil 1:24. ζῆν ἐν σαρκί vs. 22; Gal 2:20. ἐν ς. περιπατεῖν 2 Cor 10:3a. ἐν ς. τυγχάνειν Dg 5:8a. ὄντος ἔτι ἐν ς. σου AcPlCor 1:6. τὸν ἐπίλοιπον ἐν ς. χρόνον 1 Pt 4:2. ἡ ἐπιδημία τῆς σαρκὸς ταύτης our sojourn in life 2 Cl 5:5. ἐν τῇ σαρκί in our earthly life 8:2.

ⓒ as instrument of various actions or expressions.

α. In Paul’s thought esp., all parts of the body constitute a totality known as ς. or flesh, which is dominated by sin to such a degree that wherever flesh is, all forms of sin are likew. present, and no good thing can live in the σάρξ Ro 7:18 (cp. Philo, Gig. 29 αἴτιον δὲ τῆς ἀνεπιστημοσύνης μέγιστον ἡ σὰρξ καὶ ἡ πρὸς σάρκα οἰκείωσις; Sextus 317 ἀγαθὸν ἐν σαρκὶ μὴ ἐπιζήτει. The OT lays no stress on a necessary relationship betw. flesh as a substance, and sin. But for Epicurus the σάρξ is the bearer of sinful feelings and desires as well as the means of sensual enjoyment: Ep. in Plut., Mor. 135c; 1087bf; 1089e; 1096c αἱ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐπιθυμίαι. Also Diog. L. 10, 145. Likew. Plut. himself: Mor. 101b ταῖς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡδοναῖς; 672e; 688d; 734a; Ps.-Plut., Mor. 107f σαρκὶ καὶ τοῖς πάθεσι ταύτης; Maximus Tyr. 33, 7a. Cp. 4 Macc 7:18 τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς πάθη; Philo, Deus Imm. 143 σαρκὸς ἡδονή, Gig. 29; TestJud 19:4; TestZeb 9:7; ApcMos 25 [p. 14, 2 Tdf.] εἰς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τῆς σαρκός); Ro 6:19; 7:25 (opp. νοῦς); 8:3a, 4–9 (cp. Persius 2, 63 scelerata pulpa, which contaminates devotion to deity), 12f; Gal 5:13, 24; Col 2:23; Jd 23; AcPlCor 2:11, 15; Dg 6:5 (opp. ψυχή, as Plut., Mor. 101b). Opp. τὸ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4, 5, 6, 9, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:16, 17ab; 6:8ab; J 3:6; B 10:9. τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 25, 8) Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. σὰρξ ἁμαρτίας sinful flesh Ro 8:3b. ἐπιθυμία (τῆς) σαρκός (cp. Maximus Tyr. 20, 9f σαρκῶν … ἐπιθυμίας) Gal 5:16; 1J 2:16; B 10:9. Pl. Eph 2:3a, cp. b; 2 Pt 2:18; cp. Ro 13:14. τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός Gal 5:19 (s. Vögtle at πλεονεξία). τὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκός Eph 2:3b. ὁ νοῦς τῆς σαρκός Col 2:18. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός the body of (sinful) flesh 2:11; cp. 1:22 and s. b above (cp. Sir 23:17 σῶμα σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ; En 102:5 τῷ σώματι τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν). τὰ τῆς σαρκός what pertains to (sinful) flesh Ro 8:5b. ἐν (τῇ) σαρκὶ εἶναι be in an unregenerate (and sinful) state Ro 7:5; 8:8f. τὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί Eph 2:11a. κατὰ σάρκα εἶναι Ro 8:5a; ζῆν vs. 12b; 13; Dg 5:8b; περιπατεῖν Ro 8:4; 2 Cor 10:2; βουλεύεσθαι 1:17; στρατεύεσθαι 10:3b; cp. IRo 8:3 (opp. κατὰ γνώμην θεοῦ).

β. source of the sexual urge. The σάρξ is the source of the sexual urge, without any suggestion of sinfulness connected w. it ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς ἐγεννήθησαν J 1:13.

ⓓ as someth. attractive 2 Pt 2:10 (a Hebraism, cp. Judg 2:12; 3 Km 11:10; Sir 46:10). S. also 3b.

③ one who is or becomes a physical being, living being with flesh

ⓐ of humans person, human being: πᾶσα σάρξ every person, everyone (LXX; TestAbr B 7 p. 112, 3 [Stone p. 72]; GrBar 4:10; ApcEsdr 7:7; ApcMos 13 [p. 7, 1 Tdf.]; Mel., P. 55, 400: for כָּל-בָּשָׂר; s. πᾶς 1aα) Lk 3:6 (Is 40:5); J 17:2; Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 1 Pt 1:24 (Is 40:6); 1 Cl 59:3; 64; 2 Cl 7:6; 17:5 (the last two Is 66:24); AcPlCor 2:6a. οὐ πᾶσα σάρξ no person, nobody (En 14:21 end.—W-S. §26, 10a; B-D-F §275, 4; 302, 1; Rob. 752) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; Ro 3:20 (cp. Ps 142:2 πᾶς ζῶν); 1 Cor 1:29 (μή); Gal 2:16.—Though ς. in the foll. passages refers to body in its physical aspect, it cannot be divorced from its conjunction with αἷμα, and the unit σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα (cp. Sir 17:31; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82]; Philo, Quis Div. Rer. Her. 57; Just., D. 135, 6) refers to a human being in contrast to God and other transcendent beings Mt 16:17; Gal 1:16; Eph 6:12 (here vice versa, αἷ. καὶ ς.). τὰ παιδία κεκοινώνηκεν αἵματος καὶ σαρκός the children share mortal nature Hb 2:14, but with suggestion of its frailty, as indicated by the context with its ref. to death. Because they are the opposites of the divine nature σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα βασιλείαν θεοῦ κληρονομῆσαι οὐ δύναται 1 Cor 15:50 (JJeremias, NTS 2, ’56, 151–59). For Jd 7 s. b next. Cp. AcPl Ant 13, 17 (=Aa I 237, 2) σαρκί personally (s. οἶδα 2).

ⓑ of transcendent entities ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο J 1:14 (RSeeberg, Festgabe AvHarnack dargebracht 1921, 263–81.—Artem. 2, 35 p. 132, 27 ἐὰν σάρκινοι οἱ θεοὶ φαίνωνται; Synes., Dio 6 p. 45b).—Of flesh other than human: ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἑτέρας after another kind of flesh (cp. Judg 2:12 ὀπίσω θεῶν ἑτέρων) i.e. of divine messengers who take on ς. when they appear to humans (so Windisch et al.; difft. Frame et al. of same-sex activity) Jd 7.

④ human/ancestral connection, human/mortal nature, earthly descent (Did., Gen. 144, 25) Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα Ro 4:1 (Just., D. 43, 7 al.). οἱ συγγενεῖς μου κατὰ σάρκα 9:3. τοὺς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρας Hb 12:9. τὸν Ἰσραὴλ κατὰ σάρκα the earthly Israel 1 Cor 10:18 (opp. τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ Gal 6:16). Of natural descent τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκός children by natural descent Ro 9:8 (opp. τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας). ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται Gal 4:23; cp. vs. 29. μου τὴν σάρκα my compatriots Ro 11:14 (s. Gen 37:27).—Of Christ’s physical nature Ro 8:3c; Hb 5:7. Christ is descended fr. the patriarchs and fr. David (τὸ) κατὰ σάρκα according to the human side of his nature, as far as his physical descent is concerned Ro 1:3 (JDunn, Jesus: Flesh and Spirit [Ro 1:3f], JTS 24, ’73, 40–68); 9:5; 1 Cl 32:2; IEph 20:2. The context of 2 Cor 11:18 includes ancestry as a reason for boasting, but ς. in this pass. applies as well to other aspects of Paul’s career and therefore belongs more properly in 5.

⑤ the outward side of life as determined by normal perspectives or standards, a transf. sense of 1 and 2. Usually w. κατά indicating norm or standard σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα wise (people) according to human standards 1 Cor 1:26. καυχᾶσθαι κατὰ (τὴν) σάρκα boast of one’s outward circumstances, i.e. descent, manner of life, etc. (cp. 11:22) 2 Cor 11:18. κατὰ σάρκα Χριστόν Christ (the Messiah) from a human point of view or as far as externals are concerned 5:16b, cp. a (κατά B5bβ and 7a; also VWeber, BZ 2, 1904, 178–88; HWindisch, exc. ad loc.; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³, 374–76; FPorter, Does Paul Claim to Have Known the Historical Jesus [2 Cor 5:16]?: JBL 47, 1928, 257–75; RMoxon, CQR 108, 1929, 320–28). οἱ κατὰ σάρκα κύριοι those who, according to human standards, are masters Eph 6:5; Col 3:22. ὑμεῖς κατὰ τὴν ς. κρίνετε you judge by outward things, by externals J 8:15. Of the route taken in one’s earthly life ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ κατὰ σάρκα IRo 9:3.—ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθέναι place one’s trust in earthly things or physical advantages Phil 3:3f. εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί Gal 6:12. Onesimus is a beloved brother to Philemon καὶ ἐν σαρκὶ καὶ ἐν κυρίῳ both as a human being (=personally, in the external relationship betw. master and slave) and as a Christian Phlm 16. ὑμῶν δὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἐπισκόπῳ IEph 1:3 (cp. IMg 3:2).—HWindisch, Taufe u. Sünde 1908; EBurton, ICC Gal. 1920, 492–95; WSchauf, Sarx 1924; WBieder, Auferstehung des Fleisches od. des Leibes?: TZ 1, ’45, 105–20. W. special ref. to Paul: Ltzm., Hdb. exc. on Ro 7:14 and 8:11; Lohmeyer (ἁμαρτία 3a); EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33; RGrant, ATR 22, ’40, 199–203; RBultmann, Theologie des NTs ’48, 228–49 (Engl. tr. by KGrobel, ’51 I, 227–59); LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 267–70; E Schweizer, Die hellenist. Komponente im NT sarx-Begriff: ZNW 48, ’57, 237–53; two in KStendahl, The Scrolls and the NT, ’57: KKuhn, 94–113 and WDavies, 157–82; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT: RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; DLys, La chair dans l’AT ’67; ASand, D. Begriff ‘Fleisch’ ’67 (Paul); RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms ’71, 49–166. On Ign.: CRichardson, The Christianity of Ign. of Ant. ’35, esp. 49 and 61. S. also the lit. s.v. πνεῦμα, end.—B. 202. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.