-
121 account
1) счёт (бухгалтерского учёта) || записывать на счёт2) (финансовый) отчёт3) счётная формула, журнальная статья (в бухгалтерском учете)4) регистр5) брит. отчёт об исполнении государственного бюджета6) pl отчётность7) pl деловые книги; торговые книги8) брит. расчёт по биржевым сделкам9) запись финансовой операции -
122 Spain
Portugal's independence and sovereignty as a nation-state are based on being separate from Spain. Achieving this on a peninsula where its only landward neighbor, Spain, is stronger, richer, larger, and more populous, raises interesting historical questions. Considering the disparity in size of population alone — Spain (as of 2000) had a population of 40 million, whereas Portugal's population numbered little over 10 million—how did Portugal maintain its sometimes precarious independence? If the Basques, Catalans, and Galicians succumbed to Castilian military and political dominance and were incorporated into greater Spain, how did little Portugal manage to survive the "Spanish menace?" A combination of factors enabled Portugal to keep free of Spain, despite the era of "Babylonian Captivity" (1580-1640). These include an intense Portuguese national spirit; foreign assistance in staving off Spanish invasions and attacks between the late 14th century and the mid l9th century, principally through the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance and some assistance from France; historical circumstances regarding Spain's own trials and tribulations and decline in power after 1600.In Portugal's long history, Castile and Leon (later "Spain," as unified in the 16th century) acted as a kind of Iberian mother and stepmother, present at Portugal's birth as well as at times when Portuguese independence was either in danger or lost. Portugal's birth as a separate state in the 12th century was in part a consequence of the king of Castile's granting the "County of Portucale" to a transplanted Burgundian count in the late 11th century. For centuries Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Portugal struggled for supremacy on the peninsula, until the Castilian army met defeat in 1385 at the battle of Aljubarrota, thus assuring Portugal's independence for nearly two centuries. Portugal and its overseas empire suffered considerably under rule by Phillipine Spain (1580-1640). Triumphant in the War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68), Portugal came to depend on its foreign alliances to provide a counterweight to a still menacing kindred neighbor. Under the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, England (later Great Britain) managed to help Portugal thwart more than a few Spanish invasion threats in the next centuries. Rumors and plots of Spain consuming Portugal continued during the 19th century and even during the first Portuguese republic's early years to 1914.Following difficult diplomatic relations during Spain's subsequent Second Republic (1931-36) and civil war (1936-39), Luso-Span-ish relations improved significantly under the authoritarian regimes that ruled both states until the mid-1970s. Portugal's prime minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar and Spain's generalissimo Francisco Franco signed nonaggression and other treaties, lent each other mutual support, and periodically consulted one another on vital questions. During this era (1939-74), there were relatively little trade, business, and cultural relations between the two neighbors, who mainly tended to ignore one another. Spain's economy developed more rapidly than Portugal's after 1950, and General Franco was quick to support the Estado Novo across the frontier if he perceived a threat to his fellow dictator's regime. In January 1962, for instance, Spanish army units approached the Portuguese frontier in case the abortive military coup at Beja (where a Portuguese oppositionist plot failed) threatened the Portuguese dictatorship.Since Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974, and the death of General Franco and the establishment of democracy in Spain (1975-78), Luso-Spanish relations have improved significantly. Portugal has experienced a great deal of Spanish investment, tourism, and other economic activities, since both Spain and Portugal became members of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986.Yet, Portugal's relations with Spain have become closer still, with increased integration in the European Union. Portugal remains determined not to be confused with Spain, and whatever threat from across the frontier exists comes more from Spanish investment than from Spanish winds, marriages, and armies. The fact remains that Luso-Spanish relations are more open and mutually beneficial than perhaps at any other time in history. -
123 Kirkaldy, David
[br]b. 4 April 1820 Mayfield, Dundee, Scotlandd. 25 January 1897 London, England[br]Scottish engineer and pioneer in materials testing.[br]The son of a merchant of Dundee, Kirkaldy was educated there, then at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Edinburgh University. For a while he worked in his father's office, but with a preference for engineering, in 1843 he commenced an apprenticeship at the Glasgow works of Robert Napier. After four years in the shops he was transferred to the drawing office and in a very few years rose to become Chief. Here Kirkaldy demonstrated a remarkable talent both for the meticulous recording of observations and data and for technical drawing. His work also had an aesthetic appeal and four of his drawings of Napier steamships were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, earning both Napier and Kirkaldy a medal. His "as fitted" set of drawings of the Cunard Liner Persia, which had been built in 1855, is now in the possession of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London; it is regarded as one of the finest examples of its kind in the world, and has even been exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.With the impending order for the Royal Naval Ironclad Black Prince (sister ship to HMS Warrior, now preserved at Portsmouth) and for some high-pressure marine boilers and engines, there was need for a close scientific analysis of the physical properties of iron and steel. Kirkaldy, now designated Chief Draughtsman and Calculator, was placed in charge of this work, which included comparisons of puddled steel and wrought iron, using a simple lever-arm testing machine. The tests lasted some three years and resulted in Kirkaldy's most important publication, Experiments on Wrought Iron and Steel (1862, London), which gained him wide recognition for his careful and thorough work. Napier's did not encourage him to continue testing; but realizing the growing importance of materials testing, Kirkaldy resigned from the shipyard in 1861. For the next two and a half years Kirkaldy worked on the design of a massive testing machine that was manufactured in Leeds and installed in premises in London, at The Grove, Southwark.The works was open for trade in January 1866 and engineers soon began to bring him specimens for testing on the great machine: Joseph Cubitt (son of William Cubitt) brought him samples of the materials for the new Blackfriars Bridge, which was then under construction. Soon The Grove became too cramped and Kirkaldy moved to 99 Southwark Street, reopening in January 1874. In the years that followed, Kirkaldy gained a worldwide reputation for rigorous and meticulous testing and recording of results, coupled with the highest integrity. He numbered the most distinguished engineers of the time among his clients.After Kirkaldy's death, his son William George, whom he had taken into partnership, carried on the business. When the son died in 1914, his widow took charge until her death in 1938, when the grandson David became proprietor. He sold out to Treharne \& Davies, chemical consultants, in 1965, but the works finally closed in 1974. The future of the premises and the testing machine at first seemed threatened, but that has now been secured and the machine is once more in working order. Over almost one hundred years of trading in South London, the company was involved in many famous enquiries, including the analysis of the iron from the ill-fated Tay Bridge (see Bouch, Sir Thomas).[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland Gold Medal 1864.Bibliography1862, Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Tensile Strength and Other Properties of Wrought Iron and Steel (originally presented as a paper to the 1860–1 session of the Scottish Shipbuilders' Association).Further ReadingD.P.Smith, 1981, "David Kirkaldy (1820–97) and engineering materials testing", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 52:49–65 (a clear and well-documented account).LRD / FMW -
124 sand
sænd
1. сущ.
1) а) песок;
гравий to scatter, spread, sprinkle, strew sand ≈ насыпать песок, посыпать песком coarse sand ≈ крупный, грубый песок fine sand ≈ мелкий песок a grain of sand ≈ песчинка б) мн. песчинки
2) а) мн. песчаный пляж;
отмель Syn: sandbank, shoal I
1. б) поэт. морской берег в) уст. суша (как противопоставление воде)
3) а) мн. пески;
пустыня б) мн. песчаные почвы, песчаники
4) а) песок в песочных часах б) перен.;
обыкн. мн. (отведенное) время жизни the sands are running out ≈ время подходит к концу;
дни сочтены;
конец близок The remaining sands of my life are few. ≈ Немного мне осталось жить.
5) амер.;
разг. мужество, стойкость;
выдержка;
выносливость he was losing his sand ≈ он постепенно терял выдержку Syn: pluck
1., stamina
6) песочный цвет The new Renault comes in black, silver, blue or sand. ≈ Экземпляры новой модели автомобиля Рено будут черного, стального, синего или песочного цвета.
7) мед. песок (патологические отложения в полостях некоторых органов) ∙ built on sand throw sand in the wheels
2. гл.
1) а) посыпать песком;
зарывать в песок The floors are sanded in the most primitive country-inn fashion. ≈ Полы засыпаны песком, прямо как в каком-нибудь деревенском трактире. б) с.-х. покрывать посевные почвы песком с целью их защиты
2) чистить или шлифовать песком The quality of the finished paintwork depends on how well you sanded the wood down. ≈ Качество сделанного покрытия зависит от того, насколько хорошо отшлифовано дерево.
3) подмешивать песок (с целью обмана, камуфляжа)
4) а) посадить судно на мель б) перен. поставить( кого-л.) в трудное положение
5) а) растирать песком б) мор., сл. оттирать, тщательно отчищать в) тех. зачищать, шлифовать шкуркой to sand a piece of furniture ≈ отшкурить мебель
6) стопорить, закупоривать;
затруднять движение The well stopped of its own accord, probably sanding up. ≈ Родник, возможно, перестал течь из-за того, что засорился. песок, гравий - fine * тонкий песок - a grain of * песчинка - a great figure covered with the *s of oblivion( образное) великий человек, преданный забвению обыкн. pl песчинки - numberless as the *s on the seashore бесчисленные как песчинки на морском берегу - to number *s взять на себя непосильную задачу;
пытаться сделать невозможное обыкн. pl песчаный пляж - to play on the *s играть на пляже /на песке/ отмель, песчаная коса - to run upon the *s сесть на мель pl пески, пустыня - unending *s бесконечные пески песок в песочных часах pl время;
дни жизни - the *s are running out /low/ срок истекает;
время подходит к концу;
конец уже близок, жизнь подходит /близится/ к концу - the *s are numbered дни уже сочтены, конец близок (американизм) (разговорное) выдержка, стойкость характера, мужество - a man with plenty of * in him человек большой выдержки - it takes * to do it чтобы сделать это, требуется много мужества песочный цвет (сленг) деньги( разговорное) влажный, подмоченный сахар( горное) хвосты( от обогащения) > to plough the *(s) заниматься бесполезным делом, тратить силы впустую > to build on * строить на песке > to put /to throw/ * in the wheels /in the machine/ ставить палки в колеса, создавать искусственные препятствия > to knock the * from under smb. выбить у кого-л. почву из-под ног посыпать песком - to * a road посыпать песком дорогу заносить песком (устье реки, порт и т. п.) зарывать в песок шлифовать, чистить песком - to * off the rough edges сгладить острые края, смягчить острые вопросы - the surface should be thoroughly *ed down before you apply any paint поверхность нужно тщательно очистить до нанесения краски подмешивать песок, смешивать с песком - to * the sugar подмешивать песок в сахар посадить (судно) на мель ~ песочный цвет;
built on sand построенный на песке, непрочный ~ pl песчинки;
numberless as the sand(s) бесчисленные, как песок морской sand амер. разг. мужество, стойкость;
выдержка ~ pl пески;
пустыня ~ песок;
гравий ~ песок в песочных часах;
перен. (обыкн. pl) время;
дни жизни ~ песочный цвет;
built on sand построенный на песке, непрочный ~ pl песчаный пляж;
отмель ~ pl песчинки;
numberless as the sand(s) бесчисленные, как песок морской ~ подмешивать песок;
to sand the sugar подмешивать песок в сахар ~ посадить судно на мель ~ посыпать песком;
зарывать в песок ~ чистить или шлифовать песком ~ подмешивать песок;
to sand the sugar подмешивать песок в сахар the sands are running out время подходит к концу the sands are running out дни сочтены;
конец близок to throw ~ in the wheels амер. = ставить палки в колеса;
создавать искусственные препятствия -
125 sand
1. [sænd] n1. 1) песок, гравийfine [coarse, sea] sand - тонкий [крупный, морской] песок
a great figure covered with the sands of oblivion - образн. великий человек, преданный забвению
2) обыкн. pl песчинкиnumberless as the sands on the seashore - бесчисленные как песчинки на морском берегу
to number sands - взять на себя непосильную задачу; пытаться сделать невозможное
2. обыкн. pl1) песчаный пляжto play on the sands - играть на пляже /на песке/
2) отмель, песчаная коса3. pl пески, пустыняunending [shifting, pathless] sands - бесконечные [зыбучие, непроходимые] пески
4. 1) песок в песочных часах2) pl время; дни жизниthe sands are running out /low/ - срок истекает; время подходит к концу; конец уже близок, жизнь подходит /близится/ к концу
the sands are numbered - дни уже сочтены, конец близок
5. амер. разг. выдержка, стойкость характера, мужествоit takes sand to do it - чтобы сделать это, требуется много мужества
6. песочный цвет7. сл. деньги8. разг. влажный, подмоченный сахар9. горн. хвосты ( от обогащения)♢
to plough the sand(s) - заниматься бесполезным делом, тратить силы впустуюto put /to throw/ sand in the wheels /in the machine/ - ставить палки в колёса, создавать искусственные препятствия
2. [sænd] vto knock the sand from under smb. - выбить у кого-л. почву из-под ног
1. 1) посыпать пескомto sand a road [a street] - посыпать песком дорогу [улицу]
2) заносить песком (устье реки, порт и т. п.)2. зарывать в песок3. шлифовать, чистить пескомto sand off the rough edges - сгладить острые края, смягчить острые вопросы
the surface should be thoroughly sanded down before you apply any paint - поверхность нужно тщательно очистить до нанесения краски
4. подмешивать песок, смешивать с песком5. посадить ( судно) на мель -
126 scale
5) шкала7) масштаб || определять масштаб, масштабировать; изменять масштаб; сводить к определённому масштабу8) мн. ч. весы9) чашка весов10) взвешивать11) электрон. степень интеграции12) вчт. система счисления13) пищ. чешуя; чешуйка; шелуха || удалять чешую; отделяться чешуйками•at scales — в масштабе;to scale down — 1. представлять что-л. в уменьшенном масштабе 2. редуцировать, уменьшать ( изображение) 3. (пропорционально) уменьшать размеры ( элементов ИС) 4. делить на константу;to scale off — 1. выкрашиваться, крошиться (о камне, горной породе) 2. отслаивать(ся); шелушиться 3. удалять окалину 4. отбивать накипь 5. снимать [измерять\] что-л. в масштабе;to draw to scale — чертить [вычерчивать\] в масштабе;to generate a time scale — строить [создавать\] шкалу времени;to maintain a time scale — поддерживать [хранить\] шкалу времени;to mark off a scale in logarithmic units — градуировать шкалу в логарифмических единицах;to place a scale on a dial — градуировать шкалу, наносить отметки шкалы на циферблат;to realize a time scale on a dial — воспроизводить шкалу времени на циферблате часов;to retain a scale — поддерживать [хранить\] шкалу (напр. времени);to scale up — 1. представлять что-л. в увеличенном масштабе 2. увеличивать ( изображение) 3. умножать на константу;scale with central zero — шкала с нулевой отметкой посередине, двусторонняя шкала;-
absolute-temperature scale
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aligning scale
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alkali-promoted steel mill scale
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annual time scale
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antiknock rating reference fuel scale
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antiparallax mirror scale
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API hydrometer scale
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API scale
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arbitrary scale
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arc scale
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atomic scale
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atomic time scale
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atomic weight scale
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automatic weighing scales
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automatic scales
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bagging scale
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batching scales
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beam scale
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Beaufort scale
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belt conveyor scales
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bench-type scales
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binary scale
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boiler scale
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brightness scale
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calibrated divided scale
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calibration scale
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car scales
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CCT-64 scale
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Celsius scale
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centered scale
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centigrade scale
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charging scales
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chromatic scale
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chroma scale
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circular scale
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clock time scale
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colorimetric scale
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color scale
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complete number scale
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constant-interval scale
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constant-pressure gas thermometry scale
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constant-volume gas thermometry scale
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constant-volume hydrogen scale
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continuous tone density scale
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convective scale
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conventional scale
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conveyor scales
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coordinate scale
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crane scales
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Curie-temperature scale
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curved scale
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CVGT scale
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decimal scale
-
depth scale
-
derived scale
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dial scale
-
direct-measurement scale
-
direct scale
-
direct-reading scale
-
displacement scale
-
distance scale
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divided scale
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dot gain scale
-
drawn-in scale
-
electronic railcar scales
-
Engler scale
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equidistant scale
-
expanded scale
-
exposure scale
-
extended scale
-
Fahrenheit scale
-
finely subdivided scale
-
fire scale
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fish scale
-
flat-disk scale
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floodlight scale
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floor scales
-
focusing scale
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Forel-Ula's color scale
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Forel scale
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forklift truck scales
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frosted scale
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fuel measurement scale
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full scale
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furnace scale
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Giaque's temperature scale
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gray scale
-
hardness scale
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heavy scale
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helium temperature scale
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high-temperature scale
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hopper scales
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hue scale
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hump scales
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hydrogen scale
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hydrogen temperature scale
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ideal-gas scale
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illuminated scale
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image scale
-
indicating scale
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indicator scale
-
industrial scales
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instrument scale
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integration scale
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intensity scale
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International Practical Temperature scale
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international scale
-
Kelvin temperature scale
-
light-capacity scales
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line scale
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linear scale
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line-standard scale
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logarithmic scale
-
loudness scale
-
low-temperature scale
-
magnetic scale
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magnetic temperature scale
-
magnetic-acoustic temperature scale
-
magnitude scale
-
margin scale
-
mean-time scale
-
measuring device scale
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mechanical scales
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Mercalli scale
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meter scale
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mill-roll scale
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mired scale
-
mirror scale
-
MM scale
-
Modified Mercalli scale
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Mohs scale
-
motor-truck scales
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natural scale
-
Nernst hydrogen scale
-
nominal scale
-
nonglare scale
-
nonlinear scale
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normal hydrogen scale
-
normalizing scale
-
number scale
-
numbered scale
-
octane scale
-
one-meter scale
-
optical scale
-
ordinal scale
-
overhead track scales
-
overlaid scale
-
packing house scales
-
paper scale
-
paraffin scale
-
paramagnetic-salt temperature scale
-
paramagnetic temperature scale
-
pendulum scales
-
photometric scale
-
physical scale
-
pipe scale
-
pitless scales
-
platform scales
-
platinum resistance thermometer scale
-
practical salinity scale
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practical scale
-
precision scale
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primary scale
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primary thermometry scale
-
projection scale
-
provisional scale
-
pyrheliographic scale
-
radiation scale of temperature
-
radiometric scale
-
Rankine scale
-
ratio scale
-
reading scale
-
Reaumur scale
-
receiver tuning scale
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recording scales
-
reduced scale
-
reduction scale
-
Redwood scale
-
reference scale
-
regular scale
-
relative scale
-
reproducible scale
-
reproduction scale
-
resistance thermometer scale
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Richter scale
-
rider bar scale
-
rider scale
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Rinman scale
-
Rockwell hardness scale
-
roll scale
-
rolled-in scale
-
Rossi-Forel scale
-
salt-pan scale
-
Saybolt scale
-
scale of magnification
-
scale of physical quantity
-
scale of turbulence
-
seasonal time scale
-
secondary scale
-
segmental scale
-
sensitivity scale
-
set-point scale
-
Shore hardness scale
-
sieve scale
-
snow scale
-
soft dot scale
-
solid hydrocarbon scale
-
space-time scale
-
splash scale
-
spring scales
-
standard scale
-
state of sea scale
-
static scales
-
straight scale
-
subgrid scale
-
subsynoptic scale
-
synoptic scale
-
table-type scales
-
temper scale
-
temperature scale
-
thermodynamic pressure scale
-
thermodynamic temperature scale
-
time scale
-
tone scale
-
tonnage scale
-
total life scale
-
track scales
-
transparent aligning scale
-
uniform scale
-
unit-weight scales
-
universal-time scale
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vernier scale
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Vickers hardness scale
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water scale
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white scale
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yarn scales -
127 последовательно
•The glassware was then rinsed successively (or sequentially) with distilled, deionized water.
•Firing sequentially, this laser arrangement could achieve unparalleled repetition rates.
•The system requires the red, blue and green components to be printed in succession.
•The machine performs all operations on the stationary workpiece simultaneously rather than consecutively.
II•Used in tandem with a sock-type filter, the charcoal performs two functions.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > последовательно
-
128 פקד
n. enumerator————————v. be absent, missing————————v. be appointed, charged with————————v. be counted, numbered————————v. be deposited————————v. be ordered, commanded————————v. to appoint, charge someone with————————v. to chastise, punish; remember————————v. to command, order————————v. to count off————————v. to count, number————————v. to deposit, entrust to————————v. to visit, attend to; haunt————————chief inspector
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Numbered Treaties — Aboriginal peoples in Canada … Wikipedia
Numbered bank account — A numbered bank account is a type of bank account where the name of the account holder is kept secret, and he identifies himself to the bank by means of a code word known only by the account holder and a restricted number of bank employees, thus… … Wikipedia
Numbered Air Force — A Numbered Air Force (NAF) is a type of organization in the United States Air Force that is subordinate to a Major Command (MAJCOM) and has assigned to it operational units such as wings, squadrons, and groups.[1] A Component Numbered Air Force… … Wikipedia
Numbered Treaties — ▪ Canadian history (1871–1921), in Canadian history (Canada), a series of 11 treaties negotiated between the dominion and the country s aboriginal (Native American) nations. The treaties are named for the order of their negotiation: Treaty… … Universalium
Numbered highways in the United States — Highways in the United States are split into at least four different types of systems. Interstate Highways The Interstate Highway System is a federally funded and administered (but state maintained) system of freeways that forms the… … Wikipedia
Numbered Streets of St. Louis, Missouri — Number streets of St. Louis, Missouri, start at the Mississippi River and increase as they go west. They are primarily found Downtown and in Downtown West. Contents 1 1st Street 2 2nd Street 3 3rd Street … Wikipedia