-
21 supremus
sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:I.super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].Posit.A.Adj.1.In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:2.at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):B.supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—Substt.1.Sŭpĕri, orum, m.(α).They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:(β).multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:2.quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—sŭpĕra, orum, n.(α).The heavenly bodies:(β).Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—Higher places (sc. loca):II.supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.A.Lit., of place, higher, upper:B.inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—Trop.1.Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:b.superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:2.omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:3. (α).Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—With abl. respect.:(β).pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—Absol.:III.ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.A.‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—B. 1.Lit. (only poet.; cf.2.summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—Trop.a. (α).In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;(β).sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:1. 2.supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.suprēma, orum, n.(α).The last moments, the close of life, death:(β).ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:(γ).supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—A last will, testament:(δ). b.nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:C.multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).1.Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):b.summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:2.ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—Transf., of the voice:2.jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—Trop.a.Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):b.haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1. -
22 dead
1. n собир. мёртвые, умершие, покойники2. n глухая пора3. n сл. горн. пустая порода4. a мёртвый; умерший; дохлыйdead scholastic style — мёртвый, схоластический стиль
dead ice — стоячий ледник, «мёртвый» лёд
5. a связанный со смертью6. a безжизненный; как у мертвеца7. a погибший, кончившийся8. a увядший; погибший9. a неодушевлённый, неживойdead matter — неживая материя; неорганическое вещество
10. a лишённый признаков жизни, бесплодный, пустой11. a онемевший, потерявший чувствительность12. a бесчувственный, безразличный; слепой или глухойdead to shame — бесстыдный, забывший всякий стыд
dead to all feelings — бесчувственный, чёрствый
dead key — слепая клавиша; немаркированная клавиша
13. a негодный, непригодный, утративший основное свойство или функцию, потерявший силуdead match — негодная, незагоревшаяся спичка
dead channel — слепой рукав реки; старица; заводь
the line has gone dead — линия отключилась, телефон отключился
14. a безвкусный15. a погасший, потухший16. a фальшивый, ложный17. a недействующий, вышедший из употребления; устаревший18. a вымерший, древний19. a тусклый20. a вялый, апатичный21. a оцепенелый22. a глухой; унылый, однообразный, скучныйdead season — мёртвый сезон; глухая пора
at dead of night, in the depth of night — в глухую полночь, глубокой ночью
23. a лишённый движения, неподвижный; недвижный, недвижимый, застывший24. a не двигающийся, стоящий на местеdead ball, ball out of play — мяч вне игры
dead band — зона нечувствительности; мертвая зона
25. a остановившийся; бездействующий26. a эмоц. -усил. полный, совершенный, глубокий, крайнийdead faint — глубокий обморок; потеря сознания
27. a эмоц. -усил. смертельно, ужасноto be dead with hunger — умирать с голоду; быть голодным как волк
28. a ком. убыточныйdead loss — чистая потеря, чистый убыток
29. a спорт. вышедший из игрыdead ball — мяч, который не засчитывается
30. a юр. лишённый прав; поражённый в правахdead load — собственный вес; вес конструкции
dead hand — «мёртвая рука», владение без права передачи
31. a физ. поглощающий звукинегодный; использованный
32. a горн. непроветриваемый33. a застойный; неподвижный34. a горн. пустой, не содержащий полезного ископаемого; непродуктивный35. a эл. не находящийся под напряжением, выключенныйDead Sea Apple — красивый, но гнилой плод
over my dead body! — через мой труп, ни за что на свете!; этому не бывать!
36. adv эмоц. -усил. до смерти, крайне; совершенноdead broke — обанкротившийся, разорившийся в пух и прах
dead drunk — мертвецки пьяный; в стельку пьяный
37. adv точно, ровно, прямо38. adv не двигаясь39. v диал. умирать40. v диал. терять силы41. v диал. охлаждаться42. v диал. губить, умерщвлять43. v диал. лишать жизненной силы, ослаблять, заглушатьСинонимический ряд:1. asleep (adj.) anaesthetised; anesthetized; apathetic; asleep; benumbed; bygone; callous; cold; cool; deceased; defunct; departed; exanimate; expired; frigid; gone; indifferent; insensible; insensitive; late; lost; numb; numbed; senseless; spiritless; stillborn; unanimated; unfeeling; vanished2. barren (adj.) arid; barren; infertile; inorganic; sterile3. deathly (adj.) corpselike; corpsy; deadened; deadly; deathful; deathlike; deathly4. dull (adj.) blind; dim; dull; flat; lackluster; lusterless; mat; muted5. ended (adj.) ended; extinct; extinguished; out; terminated6. entire (adj.) absolute; complete; entire; final; total; unconditional; utter7. exact (adj.) direct; exact; precise; straight; sure; unerring8. inert (adj.) inactive; inanimate; inert; low; sluggish; stagnant; torpid; wooden9. late (adj.) deceased; defunct; departed; late; lifeless; lost; vanished10. obsolete (adj.) disused; obsolete; outmoded; outworn; passe; superseded11. spent (adj.) exhausted; spent; tired; wearied; worn12. casualties (noun) casualties; deceased; fatalities13. directly (other) direct; directly; due; right; straight; straightly; undeviatinglyАнтонимический ряд:alive; animate; animated; being; bustling; continuing; crooked; devious; eager; enduring; existent; existing; fertile; fervid; indirect; survivors -
23 Slavery and Slave trade, Portuguese
The Portuguese role in the Atlantic slave trade (ca. 1500-1850), next to Portugal's motives for empire and the nature of her colonial rule, remains one of the most controversial historical questions. The institution of slavery was conventional in Roman and Visigothic Portugal, and the Catholic Church sanctioned it. The origins of an international traffic in enslaved African captives in the Atlantic are usually dated to after the year 1411, when the first black African slaves were brought to Portugal (Lagos) and sold, but there were activities a century earlier that indicated the beginnings. In the 1340s, under King Afonso IV, Portuguese had captured native islanders on voyages to the Canary Islands and later used them as slave labor in the sugar plantations of Madeira. After 1500, and especially after the 1550s, when African slave-worked plantations became established in Brazil and other American colonies, the Atlantic slave trade became a vast international enterprise in which Portugal played a key role. But all the European maritime powers were involved in the slave trade from 1500 to 1800, including Great Britain, France, and Holland, those countries that eventually pressured Portugal to cease the slave trade in its empire.No one knows the actual numbers of Africans enslaved in the nefarious business, but it is clear that millions of persons during more than three-and-a-half centuries were forcibly stolen from African societies and that the survivors of the terrible slave voyages helped build the economies of the Americas. Portugal's role in the trade was as controversial as its impact on Portuguese society. Comparatively large numbers of African slaves resided in Portugal, although the precise number remains a mystery; by the last quarter of the 18th century, when the prime minister of King José I, the Marquis of Pombal abolished slavery in Portugal, the African racial element had been largely absorbed in Portuguese society.Great Portuguese fortunes were built on the African slave trade in Portugal, Brazil, and Angola, and the slave trade continued in the Portuguese empire until the 1850s and 1860s. The Angolan slave trade across the Atlantic was doomed after Brazil banned the import of slaves in 1850, under great pressure from Britain. As for slavery in Portugal's African empire, various forms of this institution, including forced labor, continued in Angola and Mozambique until the early 1960s. A curious vestige of the Portuguese role in the African slave trade over the centuries is found in the family name, appearing in Lisbon telephone books, of Negreiro, which means literally, "One who trades in (African) Negro slaves."Historical dictionary of Portugal > Slavery and Slave trade, Portuguese
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24 περιγίγνομαι
A- γενήσομαι Th.4.27
, etc.: [tense] aor.- εγενόμην Hdt.1.122
, etc.: [tense] pf. - γέγονα ib.82, etc.;- γεγένημαι Th.1.69
, etc.:— to be superior to others, prevail over, overcome: Constr. in full, c. gen. pers. et dat. rei,μήτι δ' ἡνίοχος περιγίγνεται ἡνιόχοιο 11.23.318
; , cf. 252 ; πολυτροπίῃ τινὸς π. Hdt.2.121.έ, cf. Th.1.55, Pl.Ap. 22c ;τάχει τοσοῦτον π. τινός X.Cyr.3.1.19
;τῶν χρημάτων τῶν ἐν Δελφοῖς π. ταῖς ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων δαπάναις Isoc.5.54
: c.acc. rei,δσα.. περιγένοιντο ἐμοῦ D.18.236
; τὰ Ὀλύμπια π. Plu.2.242b: c. gen. pers. only, Hdt.1.207, Ar.V. 604 ;π. καὶ πλεονεκτεῖν τῶν ἐχθρῶν Pl. R. 362b
, etc.: c. acc. pers. (in an anacoluthon), κατὰ τὸ ἰσχυρὸν Ἕλληνας ὁμοφρονέοντας χαλεπὰ εἶναι π. Hdt.9.2 : abs., to be superior, prevail, Id.1.214, Th.4.27, etc.; π. τῇ συμβολῇ, τῷ πλῷ, Hdt.6.109, Th.8.104 ; π. πρός τινας, πρὸς τὰ ἀντιτεταγμένα, Id.1.69,5.111.2 of things, ἤν τι περιγίγνηται αὐτοῖς τοῦ πολέμου if they gain any advantage in the war, Id.6.8 ; π. ὑμῖν πλῆθος νεῶν you have a superiority in number of ships, Id.2.87 ; π. ἡμῖν μὴ προκάμνειν we have the advantage in not.., ib.39.II live over, survive, escape, Hdt.1.82, 122, Th.4.27, etc.; οἱ περιγενόμενοι the survivors, Hdt.5.64, etc.: c. gen. rei, περιεγένετο τούτον τοῦ πάθεος he survived, escaped from this disaster, ib.46 ; τῆς δίκης π. Pl.Lg. 905a ; ἐκ τῶν μεγίστων π. Th.2.49.2 of things, remain over and above, opp. ἐπιλείπειν, Ar.Pl. 554, cf. Lys. 30.20 ;περιγενόμενον ἐκ τοῦ προτέρου ἐνιαυτοῦ IG12.352.10
; τάλαντα ἃ περιεγένοντο τῶν φόρων which remained from the tribute, the surplus, X.HG2.3.8 ;τὸ περιγιγνόμενον τῶν πόρων ἀργύριον Isoc.8.82
, cf. Pl. Lg. 742b, PRev.Laws 19.8(iii B.C.), etc.; τὰ περιγινόμενα the revenues, Arr.An.7.17.4.3 of things, to be left over: hence, to be a result or consequence, ἐκ τῶν μεγίστων κινδύνων καὶ πόλει καὶ ἰδιώτῃ μέγισται τιμαὶ π. Th.1.144 ;ἀμαχητὶ π. τινί τι Id.4.73
; ἡ ἠθικὴ ἐξ ἔθους π. Arist. EN 1103a17 ; τί αὐτῷ περιγέγονεν ἐκ τῆς φιλοσοφίας ; D.L.2.68 ;περιεγένετο ὥστε καλῶς ἔχειν X.An.5.8.26
;τούτου μόνου περιγίγνεσθαι μέλλοντος, παθεῖν τι κακόν D.3.12
; ἐκ τούτων περιγίγνεταί τι the upshot of the matter is.., Id.8.53 ; τοῖς μὲν.. πεισθεῖσιν ἡ σωτηρία περιεγένετο to those who complied safety was the result, Id.18.80 ; περίεστι δέ μοι τοιαῦτα οἷα τοῖς κακόν τι νοοῦσιν ὑμῖν περιγένοιτο that is what I have got by the business, and I hope that your enemies may get the like , Id.Ep.3.36 ; ἀηδὴς δόξα τῇ πόλει παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς π. Id.Prooem. 23 ;ἡ ἐκ τῆς πραγματικῆς ἱστορίας περιγινομένη ἐμπειρία Plb.1.35.9
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > περιγίγνομαι
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25 last
Ⅰ.last1 [lɑ:st](a) (with dates, times of day) dernier;∎ last Monday lundi dernier;∎ last week/year la semaine/l'année dernière;∎ last July en juillet dernier, l'année dernière au mois de juillet;∎ the last train le dernier train;∎ the last guest to arrive le dernier des invités à arriver;∎ the last syllable but one l'avant-dernière syllabe;∎ that was the last time I saw him c'était la dernière fois que je le voyais;∎ that's the last time I do HIM a favour c'est la dernière fois que je lui rends service;∎ it's your last chance c'est votre dernière chance;∎ at the last minute or moment à la dernière minute, au dernier moment;∎ it's our last day here c'est notre dernière journée ici;∎ I'm down to my last cigarette il ne me reste plus qu'une seule cigarette;∎ they were down to their last few bullets il ne leur restait pratiquement plus de munitions;∎ one of the last few survivors un des tout derniers survivants;∎ the last two pages les deux dernières pages;∎ I'll sack every last one of them! je vais tous les virer!;∎ every last scrap of bread had been eaten on avait mangé jusqu'à la dernière miette;∎ she used up every last ounce of energy elle a utilisé tout ce qui lui restait d'énergie;∎ to the last detail dans les moindres détails;∎ American the movie was her last hurrah c'est avec ce film qu'elle a fait ses adieux au cinéma;∎ the concert was her last hurrah c'est avec ce concert qu'elle a fait ses adieux au public;∎ they were prepared to fight to the last man ils étaient prêts à se battre jusqu'au dernier;∎ she was on her last legs elle était au bout du rouleau;∎ your car is on its last legs votre voiture ne va pas tarder à vous lâcher;∎ the regime is on its last legs le régime vit ses derniers jours ou est au bord de l'effondrement;∎ I'll get my money back if it's the last thing I do je récupérerai mon argent coûte que coûte;∎ I always clean my teeth last thing at night je me brosse toujours les dents juste avant de me coucher;∎ we finished the work last thing on Tuesday afternoon on a terminé le travail juste avant de partir mardi après-midi(c) (most recent) dernier;∎ you said that last time c'est ce que tu as dit la dernière fois;∎ this time last year we were in New York l'année dernière à cette époque nous étions à New York;∎ I've been here for the last five years je suis ici depuis cinq ans, cela fait cinq ans que je suis ici;∎ I haven't been to church for the last few weeks je ne suis pas allé à l'église ces dernières semaines;∎ I didn't like her last film je n'ai pas aimé son dernier film∎ he's the last person I expected to see c'est bien la dernière personne que je m'attendais à voir;∎ he's the last person I'd ask to help me c'est (bien) la dernière personne à qui je demanderais de l'aide;∎ that's the last thing that's worrying me ça c'est le cadet de mes soucis;∎ that's the last place I'd have looked c'est bien le dernier endroit où j'aurais cherché;∎ that's the last thing I wanted je n'avais vraiment pas besoin de ça;∎ you're the last one to criticize tu es vraiment mal placé pour critiquer2 adverb∎ she arrived last elle est arrivée la dernière ou en dernier;∎ she came or finished last (in race) elle est arrivée dernière;∎ and last but not least… et en dernier, mais non par ordre d'importance,…;∎ last but not least on the list we have M. Livingstone et enfin sur la liste, je ne voudrais pas oublier M. Livingstone∎ when did you last see him? quand l'avez-vous vu la dernière fois?;∎ they last came to see us in 1989 leur dernière visite remonte à 1989;∎ I can't remember when I last ate je ne sais plus quand j'ai pris mon dernier repas;∎ last, I would like to say… et pour finir, je voudrais dire…3 noun(a) (final one) dernier(ère) m,f;∎ am I the last? (to arrive) suis-je le dernier?;∎ the last in the class le dernier de la classe;∎ she was the last to arrive elle est arrivée la dernière;∎ the last of the Romanovs le dernier des Romanov;∎ the next to last, the last but one l'avant-dernier;∎ Bible the last shall be first les derniers seront les premiers∎ each more handsome than the last tous plus beaux les uns que les autres;∎ the day before last avant-hier;∎ the winter before last l'hiver d'il y a deux ans;∎ the Prime Minister before last l'avant-dernier Premier ministre∎ that was the last I saw of her c'est la dernière fois que je l'ai vue, je ne l'ai pas revue depuis;∎ I hope that's the last we see of them j'espère qu'on ne les reverra plus;∎ I'll never see the last of this! je n'en verrai jamais la fin!, je n'en viendrai jamais à bout!;∎ I think we've heard the last of him je pense qu'on n'en entendra plus parler;∎ we'll never hear the last of it on n'a pas fini d'en entendre parler;∎ you haven't heard the last of this! (as threat) vous aurez de mes nouvelles!;∎ leave the pans till last gardez les casseroles pour la fin, lavez les casseroles en dernier;∎ literary to look one's last on sth voir qch pour la dernière fois;∎ literary to breathe one's last rendre le dernier soupir;(d) (remainder) reste m;∎ we drank the last of the wine on a bu ce qui restait de vinenfin;∎ free at last enfin libre;∎ at long last enfin;∎ now at last I understand enfin, je comprends;∎ at long last she's found a job she enjoys elle a enfin trouvé un emploi qui lui plaît;∎ at last! where on earth have you been? (te voilà) enfin! mais où étais-tu donc?;∎ at last he said: "do you forgive me?" enfin il demanda: "tu me pardonnes?"∎ formal at the last the judges came out in her favour à la dernière minute, les juges ont décidé en sa faveur;∎ she was there at the last elle est restée jusqu'au boutjusqu'au bout;∎ faithful to the last fidèle jusqu'au bout;∎ she insisted to the last that she was not guilty elle a dit jusqu'au bout qu'elle n'était pas coupable►► American last call = dans un bar, moment où le barman annonce que l'heure de la fermeture approche et qu'il s'apprête à servir les dernières consommations;the Last Frontier = surnom donné à l'Alaska;the Last Judgment le Jugement dernier;last name nom m de famille;Telecommunications last number redial touche f bis;British last orders = dans un pub, moment où le barman annonce que l'heure de la fermeture approche et qu'il s'apprête à servir les dernières consommations;∎ to sound the last post (over the grave) jouer la sonnerie aux morts;last rites derniers sacrements mpl;the Last Supper la (sainte) Cène;Stock Exchange last trading day dernier jour m de cotation;∎ the Treasury has the last word on defence spending le ministère des Finances a le dernier mot en matière de dépenses militaires;∎ she was wearing the very last word in hats elle portait un chapeau du dernier criⅡ.last2 [lɑ:st]∎ it's too good to last c'est trop beau pour durer;∎ if the good weather lasts si le beau temps se maintient;∎ it lasted (for) ten days cela a duré dix jours;∎ how long did the film last? combien de temps le film a-t-il duré?, quelle était la durée du film?;∎ how long can we last without water? combien de temps tiendrons-nous sans eau?;∎ the supplies will not last two months les vivres ne feront pas deux mois;∎ he didn't last more than a year as a singer il n'a pas tenu plus d'un an dans la chanson;∎ their romance didn't last (for) long leur idylle n'a pas duré longtemps;∎ he won't last long (in job) il ne tiendra pas longtemps; (will soon die) il n'en a plus pour longtemps;∎ the batteries didn't last (for) long les piles n'ont pas duré longtemps;∎ familiar cakes never last long in this house (they get eaten quickly) les gâteaux ne durent jamais très longtemps dans cette maison;∎ built/made to last construit/fait pour durer∎ we've got enough food to last another week nous avons assez à manger pour une semaine encore(c) (keep fresh → food) se conserver;∎ these flowers don't last (long) ces fleurs ne tiennent ou ne durent pas (longtemps)∎ his money didn't last him to the end of the holiday il n'a pas eu assez d'argent pour tenir jusqu'à la fin des vacances;∎ have we got enough to last us until tomorrow? en avons-nous assez pour tenir ou aller jusqu'à demain?;∎ my camera's lasted me ten years mon appareil photo a duré dix ans;∎ that fountain pen will last you a lifetime vous pourrez garder ce stylo à plume toute votre vie;∎ it has lasted him well ça lui a fait de l'usage;∎ she couldn't last the pace elle n'a pas pu tenir le rythme➲ last out∎ I'm not sure I'll last out at this job je ne sais pas si je pourrai faire ce travail longtemps;∎ how long will he last out? combien de temps peut-il tenir?(b) (be enough) suffire;∎ will our supplies last out till the end of the month? les provisions suffiront-elles jusqu'à la fin du mois?∎ he didn't last the night out il n'a pas passé la nuit, il est mort pendant la nuit;∎ will the play last out the month? est-ce que la pièce tiendra le mois?;∎ to last the year out (person) survivre jusqu'à la fin de l'année; (supplies) suffire pour l'année;∎ my overcoat will last the winter out mon pardessus fera encore l'hiver;∎ I don't know if I'll be able to last out the afternoon without any coffee je ne sais pas si j'arriverai à tenir tout l'après-midi sans caféⅢ.last3(for shoes) forme f
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