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21 ما (أداة نفي لم)
مَا (أداة نفي لَمْ) \ not: (often shortened in speech to n’t with the verbs be, can, dare, do, have, may, must, need, ought) a word that gives an opposite meaning to any word or sentence: He did not (or didn’t come).. \ مَا (التعجُّبيّة) \ what: expressing surprise or annoyance, etc.: What a big dog! What nasty medicine! What a shame!. \ مَا؟ \ what: (in questions) which thing: What do you want?, that which I do what I like. What I hate most is cruelty. \ مَا! \ how: (with an adj. or adv., to express surprise or other feelings): How clever you are!. \ مَا إِذا \ if: whether: I asked him if you were at home. whether: showing a question in reported speech, where there is a choice: I asked whether he liked it (or not). I don’t know whether he will agree or (whether he will) refuse. \ مَا الأمْر؟ \ be the matter: to be wrong; be causing trouble: What’s the matter (with you)? Are you feeling ill?. \ مَا بعدَ البَنَفْسَجيّ \ ultraviolet. \ _(field) Phys. \ مَا دَام \ so long as: if; provided that: I’ll go so long as you’ll go with me. as long as: (a) on condition that: You can take my key as long as you don’t lose it., (b) all the time that: I’ll remember you as long as I live. \ مَا دَام الأَمْرُ كذلك \ all right: also alright in that case: You don’t want it? All right, I’ll give it to someone else. then: in that case: Don’t you want it? Then I’ll give it to someone else. \ مَا رأيُك في \ how about?: what is your opinion of (a certain plan); would you like: How about a cup of coffee?. what about...?: what is your opinion of (a certain plan); how would you like: What about going for a swim?. \ مَا رأيُك في...؟ \ what about?: what is your opinion of (an idea?): What about that blue coat in the shop window? (Does it suit you? Would you like it?) What about a swim? (Shall we go for a swim?). \ مَا زَال \ still: up till now; up till then: Are you still unmarried? He was still in bed when I left home. \ مَا زَال قَويًّا \ going strong: continuing to be successful or healthy, etc.: My father is 82 years old, and still going strong. \ مَا شَكْلُهُ؟ \ what is it like?: please describe it. \ مَا عَدَا \ apart from: besides; except: Apart from that, he had little to say. but: except: Nobody laughed but me. except: leaving out; not including: I work every day except Sunday (or except on Sundays). other: (with than) except: We have nothing to read, other than school books. save: old use, except. \ مَا قَبْل \ pre-. \ مَا قَبْل الحرب \ pre-war: before the war (usu. meaning the World War of 1939-45): a pre-war car (made before the war). \ مَا قولُك في \ how about: what is your opinion of (a certain plan); how would you like: How about a cup of coffee?. what about...?: what is your opinion of (a certain plan); how would you like: What about going for a swim?. \ مَا قيمتُه أو ثَمنُه \ worth: a quality that is equal to a certain value: I bought a pound’s worth of fruit. \ مَا كاد... \ no sooner... than: as soon as: No sooner had I found the key than I lost it again (I lost it very soon after I had found it). \ مَا لَم \ unless: if not: You will fail unless you try harder. \ مَا مُجْمَلُه \ in all: altogether: We won six games in all. \ مَا مَجْمُوعُه \ in all: altogether: We won six games in all. \ مَا المَسْأَلة؟ \ be the matter: to be wrong; be causing trouble: What’s the matter (with you)? Are you feeling ill?. \ مَا مِن (أحد) \ no: not any: No other boy could have done it. \ مَا هو أَبْكَر وقت...؟ \ how soon?: in how much time: How soon can you start the work?. \ مَا وَراء \ trans-: across. \ مَا وراءَ الطبيعة \ metaphysics. \ مَا وَصْفُهُ؟ \ what is it like?: please describe it. \ مَا يُحبُّه الإنسان \ love: sb. or sth. that is loved: Football and fishing are his greatest loves. \ مَا يَخْتَارُه المَرْء \ pick: choice: Take your pick of those books. (Take whichever you wish). \ مَا يَخُصُّه تمامًا \ very own: completely one’s own; not shared in any way: If you want your very own horse you must pay for it yourself. \ مَا يَسْتَحِقّ \ due: the fair treatment that one deserves in spite of one’s faults: He failed. But to give him his due, he did try hard. \ مَا يَسُدّ حاجته \ pay one’s way: to earn enough for one’s needs; not get into debt. \ مَا يقرُب مِن \ close on: nearly: There were close on a hundred people at the meeting. \ مَا يلي \ following: that which is written or listed next: Please buy me the following: 2 pens, 3 pencils, some ink. -
22 programme
programme [pʀɔgʀam]masculine nounb. ( = brochure) [de cinéma, théâtre, concert] programme (Brit), program (US) ; [de radio, télévision] guide ; ( = section de journal) listings• quel est le programme cette année ? what's on the curriculum this year?• c'est tout un programme ! (inf) that'll take some doing!• programme libre [de patinage artistique] free skating* * *pʀɔgʀamnom masculin1) Cinéma, Radio, Théâtre, Télévision programme [BrE]ce n'est pas au programme — lit it's not on the programme [BrE]; fig that wasn't planned
changement de programme — lit change in the programme [BrE]; fig change of plan
2) ( emploi du temps) programme [BrE]quel est le programme des réjouissances aujourd'hui? — hum what delights are in store (for us) today?
3) ( projet) ( d'action) plan; ( de travail) programme [BrE]c'est tout un programme! — hum that'll take some doing!
4) École, Université syllabus5) Informatique program* * *pʀɔɡʀam nm1) (projet, grille) programme Grande-Bretagne program USA2) TV, RADIO programme Grande-Bretagne program USA3) ÉDUCATION syllabus, curriculum4) INFORMATIQUE program* * *programme nm1 Radio, Théât, TV, Cin programmeGB; ce n'est pas au programme lit it's not on the programmeGB; fig that wasn't planned; changement de programme lit change in the ou of programmeGB; fig change of plan;2 ( emploi du temps) programmeGB; le programme de la journée the programmeGB for the day; avoir un programme très chargé to have a very busy schedule; quel est le programme des réjouissances aujourd'hui? hum what delights are in store (for us) today?;3 ( projet) ( d'action) plan; ( de travail) programmeGB; programme électoral electoral programmeGB ou platform; programme de gouvernement government programmeGB ou platform; c'est tout un programme! hum that'll take some doing!;4 Scol, Univ syllabus; le programme d'histoire the History syllabus; le programme de première année the first-year syllabus; au programme on the syllabus;5 Ordinat program; programme d'exploitation/de compilation operating/compiling program; programme machine/d'assemblage computer/assembly program.[prɔgram] nom masculin1. [contenu - d'une cérémonie, d'un spectacle] programmeprogramme minimum RADIO & TÉLÉVISION minimum programme schedule (provided during strike actions by journalists and technicians)2. [brochure - d'un concert, d'une soirée] programme ; [ - de cinéma, de télévision] listings, guide3. [emploi du temps] schedule4. ÉDUCATION [d'une année] curriculum[dans une matière] syllabusprogramme commun common ou joint manifesto6. [projet] programmelancer un programme de réformes to launch a package ou programme of reformsle programmenucléaire/spatial français the French nuclear/space programme -
23 previsto
adj.foreseen, predicted, cut-and-dried, provided.past part.past participle of spanish verb: prever.* * *1→ link=prever prever\tener previsto,-a to plan* * *ADJ [resultados] predicted, anticipatedtodo salió según lo previsto — everything went as planned o (according) to plan
* * *= anticipated, intended, upcoming [up-coming], expected, predicted, forecast, slated.Ex. The order of subjects must be systematic and generally acceptable to the anticipated users of the index or collection.Ex. In all 20 per cent of visitors went out of the bookshop with a book they had intended to buy, 15 per cent went out with a book they had not intended to buy and 67 went out with both intended and unintended purchases.Ex. Its 2 objectives are described: the creation and distribution of a newsletter of upcoming meetings and calls for papers; and the organisation of a workshop on writing articles for publication.Ex. A much more effective method is to count the number of occurrences of a word in relation to the expected number.Ex. The predicted information technology crisis is likely to be worse than predicted.Ex. This article describes the functions and equipment of the forecast 'electronic office'.Ex. Reservations are held for 20 minutes after the slated event start time.----* antes de lo previsto = ahead of schedule.* salir según lo previsto = go off + as planned.* según lo previsto = as planned.* suceder de acuerdo con lo previsto = come off + on schedule.* un año antes de lo previsto = a year ahead of schedule.* * *= anticipated, intended, upcoming [up-coming], expected, predicted, forecast, slated.Ex: The order of subjects must be systematic and generally acceptable to the anticipated users of the index or collection.
Ex: In all 20 per cent of visitors went out of the bookshop with a book they had intended to buy, 15 per cent went out with a book they had not intended to buy and 67 went out with both intended and unintended purchases.Ex: Its 2 objectives are described: the creation and distribution of a newsletter of upcoming meetings and calls for papers; and the organisation of a workshop on writing articles for publication.Ex: A much more effective method is to count the number of occurrences of a word in relation to the expected number.Ex: The predicted information technology crisis is likely to be worse than predicted.Ex: This article describes the functions and equipment of the forecast 'electronic office'.Ex: Reservations are held for 20 minutes after the slated event start time.* antes de lo previsto = ahead of schedule.* salir según lo previsto = go off + as planned.* según lo previsto = as planned.* suceder de acuerdo con lo previsto = come off + on schedule.* un año antes de lo previsto = a year ahead of schedule.* * *previsto, -a♦ participiover prever♦ adj[conjeturado] predicted; [planeado] forecast, expected, planned;salió tal y como estaba previsto it turned out just as planned* * *I part → preverII adj foreseen, expected;tener previsto have planned -
24 pieza
f.1 piece (pedazo, parte).una pieza de ajedrez a chess pieceuna pieza de fruta a piece of fruitun dos piezas a two-piece suitdejar/quedarse de una pieza to leave/be thunderstruckpieza de coleccionista collector's itempieza de museo museum piece, exhibit2 catch.3 room.4 play (obra) (dramática).5 track.6 kill, animal killed.7 chip, piece.* * *1 (gen) piece; (de un aparato) part2 MÚSICA piece, piece of music3 TEATRO play4 (de un juego de tablero) piece5 (en caza) piece6 (habitación) room7 (de tela) roll; (remiendo) patch\dejar de una pieza to dumbfoundquedarse de una pieza to be dumbfoundedpieza de recambio spare part* * *noun f.1) piece2) component, part•- pieza de repuesto* * *1. SF1) (=componente)a) [de rompecabezas, colección] piecepoco a poco fueron encajando todas las piezas del misterio — little by little all the pieces of the mystery fell into place
b) [de una exposición] exhibituna exposición de piezas de cerámica/orfebrería — an exhibition of ceramics/silverware
c) [de mecanismo, motor] part, componentlas piezas del motor — the engine parts o components
d)de una pieza: el capó estaba construido de una pieza — the bonnet was made in one piece
me quedé de una pieza — I was totally dumbstruck o gobsmacked *
- ser de una sola piezapieza clave — (lit) essential part; (fig) key element
pieza de convicción — (Jur) piece of evidence
pieza de oro — (=moneda) gold coin, gold piece; (=objeto) gold object
pieza de recambio, pieza de repuesto — spare (part), extra (EEUU)
2) (=ejemplar)a) [de carne, fruta] pieceb) (Arte) examplec) (tb: pieza de caza) specimen3) (Ajedrez) piece4) (Cos) (=remiendo) patch; (=rollo de tela) roll5) esp LAm (=habitación) room6) (=obra) (Mús) piece, composition; (Literat) work; (Teat) playpieza corta — (Mús) short piece; (Teat) playlet
pieza musical — piece of music, musical piece
7) (Mil)8) (Odontología) toothpieza bucal, pieza dental, pieza dentaria — tooth
9) * (=persona)¡buena pieza estás tú hecho! — you're a fine one!
2.SMF ** (=camello) pusher ** * *1)a) (elemento, parte) piecela pieza clave de su política — the key element o feature of their policy; ver tb dos I
b) (Tec) partlas piezas de un reloj/motor — watch/engine parts o components
dejar a alguien de una pieza — to leave somebody speechless
quedarse de una pieza — to be dumbfounded
ser de una sola pieza — (AmL) to be as straight as a die
c) ( en ajedrez) piece; (unidad, objeto) pieceser una pieza de museo — (fam) to be a museum piece (colloq)
2) ( en caza) piece, specimen3) ( de tela) roll4) (Mús, Teatr) piece¿me permite esta pieza? — (ant) may I have the pleasure of this dance?
5) (esp AmL) ( dormitorio) bedroom; ( en hotel) room* * *= part, building block, workpiece.Ex. Machines with interchangeable parts can now be constructed with great economy of effort.Ex. This article seeks to explain why current on-line products have, despite tremendous capitalisation, not yet achieved satisfactory returns, but have provided the necessary building blocks towards future products.Ex. This guide to punch press selection examines the advantages/disadvantages of available machine designs and stresses how workpiece size and shape is critical to every purchase plan.----* pieza clave = cornerstone [corner-stone], building block.* pieza clave que falta = missing piece.* pieza de archivo = archival file.* pieza de carne = cut of meat.* pieza de recambio = spare part, repair part.* pieza de repuesto = part, spare part, repair part.* pieza eléctrica = electrical part.* pieza estrella = showpiece.* pieza mecánica = mechanical part.* pieza musical = piece of music, item, a piece of + music.* una pieza más en el engranaje = a cog in the wheel, a cog in the machine.* una pieza más en la organización = a cog in the wheel, a cog in the machine.* * *1)a) (elemento, parte) piecela pieza clave de su política — the key element o feature of their policy; ver tb dos I
b) (Tec) partlas piezas de un reloj/motor — watch/engine parts o components
dejar a alguien de una pieza — to leave somebody speechless
quedarse de una pieza — to be dumbfounded
ser de una sola pieza — (AmL) to be as straight as a die
c) ( en ajedrez) piece; (unidad, objeto) pieceser una pieza de museo — (fam) to be a museum piece (colloq)
2) ( en caza) piece, specimen3) ( de tela) roll4) (Mús, Teatr) piece¿me permite esta pieza? — (ant) may I have the pleasure of this dance?
5) (esp AmL) ( dormitorio) bedroom; ( en hotel) room* * *= part, building block, workpiece.Ex: Machines with interchangeable parts can now be constructed with great economy of effort.
Ex: This article seeks to explain why current on-line products have, despite tremendous capitalisation, not yet achieved satisfactory returns, but have provided the necessary building blocks towards future products.Ex: This guide to punch press selection examines the advantages/disadvantages of available machine designs and stresses how workpiece size and shape is critical to every purchase plan.* pieza clave = cornerstone [corner-stone], building block.* pieza clave que falta = missing piece.* pieza de archivo = archival file.* pieza de carne = cut of meat.* pieza de recambio = spare part, repair part.* pieza de repuesto = part, spare part, repair part.* pieza eléctrica = electrical part.* pieza estrella = showpiece.* pieza mecánica = mechanical part.* pieza musical = piece of music, item, a piece of + music.* una pieza más en el engranaje = a cog in the wheel, a cog in the machine.* una pieza más en la organización = a cog in the wheel, a cog in the machine.* * *A1 (elemento, parte) pieceuna cubertería de 24 piezas a 24-piece cutlery setuna pieza del rompecabezas a piece of the jigsaw puzzlela pieza clave de su política the key element o feature of their policyun bañador de dos piezas a two-piece bathing suit2 ( Tec) partlas piezas de un reloj/motor/televisor watch/engine/television parts o componentsal verlo se quedó de una (sola) pieza she was (absolutely) flabbergasted o dumbfounded o dumbstruck when she saw himme lo dijo de una manera que me dejó de una (sola) pieza he said it so rudely that I was left speechless o I was struck dumb o I was completely taken abackser de una sola pieza ( AmL); to be as straight as a die, be an upright citizenLuis es (mucha) pieza para el ajedrez Luis is really good at chess o ( colloq) a pretty nifty chess playerno trates de competir con él, es mucha pieza para ti don't try and compete with him, he's more than a match for you o he's in a different class to o from you o he's out of your league ( colloq)3 (en ajedrez) piece4 (unidad, objeto) pieceuna pieza de museo a museum piece o exhibitla colección se compone de 30 piezas the collection is made up of 30 piecesuna pieza arqueológica an archaeological pieceuna pieza única a unique piecevenden las manzanas por piezas you can buy apples individuallyCompuestos:piece of evidencetooth● pieza de recambio or de repuestospare partB (en caza) piece, specimenel total de piezas cobradas the total bagC (de tela) rollera el final de la pieza it was a remnant o an endpiece o the end of the roll¿me permite esta pieza? ( ant); may I have the pleasure of this dance?* * *
pieza sustantivo femenino
1
pieza de recambio or de repuesto spare part;◊ quedarse de una pieza to be dumbfounded;
ser de una sola pieza (AmL) to be as straight as a die
(unidad, objeto) piece;◊ ser una pieza de museo (fam) to be a museum piece
2 (Mús, Teatr) piece
3 (esp AmL) ( dormitorio) bedroom;
( en hotel) room
pieza sustantivo femenino
1 piece, part
una pieza de repuesto, a spare part
2 Teat Mús piece
3 (en una casa) room
♦ Locuciones: dejar de una pieza, to leave speechless
' pieza' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abatimiento
- adelgazar
- componente
- contraste
- desajustar
- desconchada
- desconchado
- desencajar
- desencajada
- desencajado
- desencajarse
- ensayar
- habitación
- holgura
- macho
- mira
- obús
- plato
- reemplazar
- romper
- salirse
- tope
- torre
- adaptar
- adelantar
- alojado
- brazalete
- cambiar
- cerámica
- cónico
- correr
- cubierto
- cuña
- desmontable
- desmontar
- encajar
- enganche
- falla
- forjar
- interpretar
- moneda
- mover
- pan
- parte
- practicar
- que
- refacción
- repuesto
- salir
- tocar
English:
casting
- component
- cut
- kill
- lavatory
- man
- office
- part
- piece
- play
- replace
- replacement
- replacement part
- roll
- room
- spare
- bed
- cast
- collector
- each
- individual
- item
- moving
- panel
- peg
- track
* * *pieza nf1. [unidad] piece;una pieza de ajedrez a chesspiece;una pieza de fruta a piece of fruit;una pieza dental a tooth;una vajilla de cien piezas a hundred-piece dinner service;una pieza de coleccionista a collector's item;piezas de artillería guns, artillery;construyó el televisor pieza a pieza he put the television together piece by piece;Famdejar/quedarse de una pieza to leave/be thunderstruck;Am Fames de una pieza she's a really decent personpieza arqueológica archaeological piece; Fig pieza clave linchpin;pieza de coleccionista collector's item;pieza de museo museum piece, exhibit;Figesta máquina de escribir es una pieza de museo this typewriter's a museum piece2. [de mecanismo] partpieza de recambio spare part, US extra;pieza de repuesto spare part, US extra3. [de pesca] catch;[de caza] kill¡menuda pieza está hecha Susana! Susana's a fine one o right one!5. [parche] patch6. [obra dramática] play7. [habitación] room8. Mús piece10. [rollo de tela] roll* * *fde dos/tres piezas two-piece/three-piece2 TEA play3 ( habitación) room4 fam:quedarse de una pieza be amazed* * *pieza nf1) elemento: piece, part, componentvestido de dos piezas: two-piece dresspieza de recambio: spare partpieza clave: key element2) : piece (in chess)3) obra: piece, workpieza de teatro: play4) : room, bedroom* * *pieza n1. (en general) piece2. (de un mecanismo) part -
25 חשב
חָשַׁב(b. h.; cmp. חָשָׁה) 1) to think, intend, plan. Ber.6a; Kidd.40a (ref. to Mal. 3:16) אפי׳ ח׳ אדםוכ׳ even if one only had the intention of doing etc.; Sabb.63a, חִישֵּׁב (Pi.).Tanḥ. Pkudé 11 וכשהן חוֹשְׁבִין להעמידווכ׳ and when they thought they had put it up, it fell apart again. Sot.35a אני חֲשַׁבְתִּיהָ … והם חָשְׁבוּוכ׳ I planned it for their good, but they considered it an evil; a. fr. 2) to consider, regard; to count. Ber.14a (ref. to Is. 2:22) במה חֲשַׁבְתּוֹ לזה ולא לאלוה with what right didst thou pay thy regard to him and not to God?Sot. l. c., v. supra. Pesik. R. s. 21, v. סוֹפִיסְטָא; a. fr. 3) to design, trace. Yoma 72b (ref. to חשב a. רקם, Ex. 26:31a 36) רוקמין במקים שחוֹשְׁבִין they embroidered over what they had traced.Part. pass. חָשוּב fem. חֲשוּבָה a) counted, regarded; ח׳ כ־ equal to. Lam. R. to I, 5 לא … מדינה ח׳ כלום the country towns were of no account. Ned.64b ח׳ כמת is like dead; ib. חֲשוּבִין; Gen. R. s. 71 חֲשוּבִים כמתים; a. fr.b) valuable; important; respectable, of high standing. Bets.3b ביצה ח׳ an egg is a valuable object. Ber.19a, a. fr. אדם ח׳ שאני with a man of high standing it is different. Pes.108a אשה ח׳ a woman of rank. Tanḥ. Shmini 9 איש ח׳ שמחשביםוכ׳ a man of standing whom they respected in his place; a. fr. Pi. חִישֵּׁב same, 1) to consider, regard; to respect, v. supra. 2) to account, calculate, figure. B. Bath78b המְחַשְּׁבִים the thoughtful. Sabb.150a. חשבונות … לחַשְּׁבָןוכ׳ accounts of a religious nature may be figured out on the Sabbath. Ab. II, 1 הוי מְחַשְּׁבוכ׳ count what you sacrifice in doing good, against what you gain thereby. Snh.65b המח׳ עתיםוכ׳ he who calculates seasons and hours (which are auspicious and which are not). Ib. 97b מְחַשְּׁבֵי קיצין those who make calculations (from Biblical verses) as to when the Messiah will come; a. fr.Sabb.150b top מותר לחוֹשְׁבָן (Kal), Ms. M. לחַשְּׁ׳.V. חֶשְׁבּוֹן. 3) (sub. מחשבה זרה) to have in mind an undue intention in the performance of a sacrificial ceremony. Yoma 48a חי׳ בחפינתוכ׳ if he had an undue intention when grasping the frankincense (e. g. to offer it tomorrow). Ib. b; a. fr. Hithpa, הִתְחַשֵּׁב, Nithpa. נִתְחַשֵּׁב 1) to be counted. Ohol. I, 3 אין האהל מִתְחַשֵּׁב the tent is not counted (as a special item). Yalk. Num. 768 מתח׳ לנו will be counted against us (be deducted from our share). Mikv. III, 3 עד שיִתְחַשֵּׁבוכ׳ until it is calculated that all the original water has run off. Pesik. R. s. 44 the former sins אינן מִתְחַשְּׁבוֹת לווכ׳ are not counted or remembered to him. 2) to be considered, believed to be. Tanḥ. Masé 5, v. כַּזְבָּן. 3) to occupy a high position. Shebi. VIII, 11 אם מתחשב הוא (Ms. M. כמ׳, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) if he (is like one who) holds a high position. 4) to conspire (with the Romans). Tosef.Ab. Zar. II, 7 ואם מתחשבוכ׳ but when he (the Israelite besieging a city) does it as an ally (in the Roman interest), he is forbidden (to conduct the siege); Ab. Zar.18b ובלבד שלא יִתְחַשֵּׁב עמהם provided he does not conspire with them; ואם נתח׳וכ׳ (Ms. M. יתח׳); Y. ib. I, 40a מתחשד (corr. acc.). -
26 חָשַׁב
חָשַׁב(b. h.; cmp. חָשָׁה) 1) to think, intend, plan. Ber.6a; Kidd.40a (ref. to Mal. 3:16) אפי׳ ח׳ אדםוכ׳ even if one only had the intention of doing etc.; Sabb.63a, חִישֵּׁב (Pi.).Tanḥ. Pkudé 11 וכשהן חוֹשְׁבִין להעמידווכ׳ and when they thought they had put it up, it fell apart again. Sot.35a אני חֲשַׁבְתִּיהָ … והם חָשְׁבוּוכ׳ I planned it for their good, but they considered it an evil; a. fr. 2) to consider, regard; to count. Ber.14a (ref. to Is. 2:22) במה חֲשַׁבְתּוֹ לזה ולא לאלוה with what right didst thou pay thy regard to him and not to God?Sot. l. c., v. supra. Pesik. R. s. 21, v. סוֹפִיסְטָא; a. fr. 3) to design, trace. Yoma 72b (ref. to חשב a. רקם, Ex. 26:31a 36) רוקמין במקים שחוֹשְׁבִין they embroidered over what they had traced.Part. pass. חָשוּב fem. חֲשוּבָה a) counted, regarded; ח׳ כ־ equal to. Lam. R. to I, 5 לא … מדינה ח׳ כלום the country towns were of no account. Ned.64b ח׳ כמת is like dead; ib. חֲשוּבִין; Gen. R. s. 71 חֲשוּבִים כמתים; a. fr.b) valuable; important; respectable, of high standing. Bets.3b ביצה ח׳ an egg is a valuable object. Ber.19a, a. fr. אדם ח׳ שאני with a man of high standing it is different. Pes.108a אשה ח׳ a woman of rank. Tanḥ. Shmini 9 איש ח׳ שמחשביםוכ׳ a man of standing whom they respected in his place; a. fr. Pi. חִישֵּׁב same, 1) to consider, regard; to respect, v. supra. 2) to account, calculate, figure. B. Bath78b המְחַשְּׁבִים the thoughtful. Sabb.150a. חשבונות … לחַשְּׁבָןוכ׳ accounts of a religious nature may be figured out on the Sabbath. Ab. II, 1 הוי מְחַשְּׁבוכ׳ count what you sacrifice in doing good, against what you gain thereby. Snh.65b המח׳ עתיםוכ׳ he who calculates seasons and hours (which are auspicious and which are not). Ib. 97b מְחַשְּׁבֵי קיצין those who make calculations (from Biblical verses) as to when the Messiah will come; a. fr.Sabb.150b top מותר לחוֹשְׁבָן (Kal), Ms. M. לחַשְּׁ׳.V. חֶשְׁבּוֹן. 3) (sub. מחשבה זרה) to have in mind an undue intention in the performance of a sacrificial ceremony. Yoma 48a חי׳ בחפינתוכ׳ if he had an undue intention when grasping the frankincense (e. g. to offer it tomorrow). Ib. b; a. fr. Hithpa, הִתְחַשֵּׁב, Nithpa. נִתְחַשֵּׁב 1) to be counted. Ohol. I, 3 אין האהל מִתְחַשֵּׁב the tent is not counted (as a special item). Yalk. Num. 768 מתח׳ לנו will be counted against us (be deducted from our share). Mikv. III, 3 עד שיִתְחַשֵּׁבוכ׳ until it is calculated that all the original water has run off. Pesik. R. s. 44 the former sins אינן מִתְחַשְּׁבוֹת לווכ׳ are not counted or remembered to him. 2) to be considered, believed to be. Tanḥ. Masé 5, v. כַּזְבָּן. 3) to occupy a high position. Shebi. VIII, 11 אם מתחשב הוא (Ms. M. כמ׳, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) if he (is like one who) holds a high position. 4) to conspire (with the Romans). Tosef.Ab. Zar. II, 7 ואם מתחשבוכ׳ but when he (the Israelite besieging a city) does it as an ally (in the Roman interest), he is forbidden (to conduct the siege); Ab. Zar.18b ובלבד שלא יִתְחַשֵּׁב עמהם provided he does not conspire with them; ואם נתח׳וכ׳ (Ms. M. יתח׳); Y. ib. I, 40a מתחשד (corr. acc.). -
27 Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 6 October 1887 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerlandd. 27 August 1965 Cap Martin, France[br]Swiss/French architect.[br]The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary Doctorate Zurich University 1933. Honorary Member RIBA 1937. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1937. American Institute of Architects Gold Medal 1961. Honorary Degree University of Geneva 1964.BibliographyHis chief publications, all of which have been numerously reprinted and translated, are: 1923, Vers une architecture.1935, La Ville radieuse.1946, Propos d'urbanisme.1950, Le Modular.Further ReadingP.Blake, 1963, Le Corbusier: Architecture and Form, Penguin. R.Furneaux-Jordan, 1972, Le Corbusier, Dent.W.Boesiger, 1970, Le Corbusier, 8 vols, Thames and Hudson.——1987, Le Corbusier: Architect of the Century, Arts Council of Great Britain.DYBiographical history of technology > Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)
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