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  • 21 В-152

    ВХОДИТЬ/ВОЙТИ ВО ВКУС (чего) VP subj: human to begin to derive pleasure from some newly undertaken activity as one familiarizes o.s. with it and continues to pursue it
    X вошёл во вкус (Y-a) - X developed (acquired, got) a taste for it (for Y)
    X developed a liking for it (for Y) X got into the swing of it (of Y) X got into (hit) his stride X grew to like it (Y) X warmed (up) to it (to Y) X took to it (to Y) X began to enjoy himself (it, Y) (in limited contexts) Y began to grow onX.
    Они (люди, которых использовали для массовых убийств,) слепо доверялись начальникам, а потом входили во вкус убийства и издевательства (Мандельштам 2). Trusting blindly in their superiors, they (those people who were employed in the carrying out of mass murder) soon developed a taste for killing and torture (2a).
    ...Он женился на этой красивой девушке, сыграл свадьбу, а примерно через две недели после женитьбы собрался в горы, потому что начиналось лето. Односельчане в шутку говорили ему, как это он не боится бросать без присмотра молоденькую жену, когда она только-только вошла во вкус (Искандер 4)....He married this beautiful girl, celebrated the wedding, but about two weeks after the marriage made ready to go to the mountains, because it was the beginning of summer. The villagers jokingly asked him how come he wasn't afraid to leave a little young wife without supervision when she was just getting a taste for it (4a).
    ...Вообразите, что вы, например, начнёте управлять, распоряжаться и другими и собою, вообще, так сказать, входить во вкус, и вдруг у вас... кхе... кхе... саркома лёгкого... И вот ваше управление закончилось!» (Булгаков 9). "...Imagine yourself, for example, trying to govern, to manage both others and yourself, just getting into the swing of it, when suddenly you develop...hm, hm...cancer of the lung....And all your management is done with!" (9a).
    ...С каждым словом становился он (Лужин) всё привязчивее и раздражительнее, точно во вкус входил (Достоевский 3)....Не (Mr. Luzhin) became more and more pugnacious and more and more irritable with every word, as though getting into his stride (3a).
    Иван Васильевич, всё более входя во вкус, стал подробно рассказывать, как работать над этим материалом (Булгаков 12)....Ivan Vasilievich, warming increasingly to his job, began telling me exactly how I should rework my material (12a).
    Он сам не заметил, как постепенно вошёл во вкус работы и стал во всём помогать Алексею (Максимов 3). Unconsciously he began to enjoy himself and to help Alexei with the rest of his job (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > В-152

  • 22 войти во вкус

    • ВХОДИТЬ/ВОЙТИ ВО ВКУС (чего)
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    ⇒ to begin to derive pleasure from some newly undertaken activity as one familiarizes o.s. with it and continues to pursue it:
    - X вошёл во вкус (Y-a) ≈ X developed (acquired, got) a taste for it (for Y);
    - X began to eijjoy himself (it, Y);
    - [in limited contexts] Y began to grow on X.
         ♦ Они [люди, которых использовали для массовых убийств,] слепо доверялись начальникам, а потом входили во вкус убийства и издевательства (Мандельштам 2). Trusting blindly in their superiors, they [those people who were employed in the carrying out of mass murder] soon developed a taste for killing and torture (2a).
         ♦...Он женился на этой красивой девушке, сыграл свадьбу, а примерно через две недели после женитьбы собрался в горы, потому что начиналось лето. Односельчане в шутку говорили ему, как это он не боится бросать без присмотра молоденькую жену, когда она только-только вошла во вкус (Искандер 4)....He married this beautiful girl, celebrated the wedding, but about two weeks after the marriage made ready to go to the mountains, because it was the beginning of summer. The villagers jokingly asked him how come he wasn't afraid to leave a little young wife without supervision when she was just getting a taste for it (4a).
         ♦ "...Вообразите, что вы, например, начнёте управлять, распоряжаться и другими и собою, вообще, так сказать, входить во вкус, и вдруг у вас... кхе... кхе... саркома лёгкого... И вот ваше управление закончилось!" (Булгаков 9). "...Imagine yourself, for example, trying to govern, to manage both others and yourself, just getting into the swing of it, when suddenly you develop... hm, hm...cancer of the lung....And all your management is done with!" (9a).
         ♦...С каждым словом становился он [Лужин] всё привязчивее и раздражительнее, точно во вкус входил (Достоевский 3)... He [Mr. Luzhin] became more and more pugnacious and more and more irritable with every word, as though getting into his stride (3a).
         ♦...Иван Васильевич, всё более входя во вкус, стал подробно рассказывать, как работать над этим материалом (Булгаков 12)....Ivan Vasilievich, warming increasingly to his job, began telling me exactly how I should rework my material (12a).
         ♦ Он сам не заметил, как постепенно вошёл во вкус работы и стал во всём помогать Алексею (Максимов 3). Unconsciously he began to enjoy himself and to help Alexei with the rest of his job (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > войти во вкус

  • 23 входить во вкус

    • ВХОДИТЬ/ВОЙТИ ВО ВКУС (чего)
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    ⇒ to begin to derive pleasure from some newly undertaken activity as one familiarizes o.s. with it and continues to pursue it:
    - X вошёл во вкус (Y-a) ≈ X developed (acquired, got) a taste for it (for Y);
    - X began to eijjoy himself (it, Y);
    - [in limited contexts] Y began to grow on X.
         ♦ Они [люди, которых использовали для массовых убийств,] слепо доверялись начальникам, а потом входили во вкус убийства и издевательства (Мандельштам 2). Trusting blindly in their superiors, they [those people who were employed in the carrying out of mass murder] soon developed a taste for killing and torture (2a).
         ♦...Он женился на этой красивой девушке, сыграл свадьбу, а примерно через две недели после женитьбы собрался в горы, потому что начиналось лето. Односельчане в шутку говорили ему, как это он не боится бросать без присмотра молоденькую жену, когда она только-только вошла во вкус (Искандер 4)....He married this beautiful girl, celebrated the wedding, but about two weeks after the marriage made ready to go to the mountains, because it was the beginning of summer. The villagers jokingly asked him how come he wasn't afraid to leave a little young wife without supervision when she was just getting a taste for it (4a).
         ♦ "...Вообразите, что вы, например, начнёте управлять, распоряжаться и другими и собою, вообще, так сказать, входить во вкус, и вдруг у вас... кхе... кхе... саркома лёгкого... И вот ваше управление закончилось!" (Булгаков 9). "...Imagine yourself, for example, trying to govern, to manage both others and yourself, just getting into the swing of it, when suddenly you develop... hm, hm...cancer of the lung....And all your management is done with!" (9a).
         ♦...С каждым словом становился он [Лужин] всё привязчивее и раздражительнее, точно во вкус входил (Достоевский 3) - He [Mr. Luzhin] became more and more pugnacious and more and more irritable with every word, as though getting into his stride (3a).
         ♦...Иван Васильевич, всё более входя во вкус, стал подробно рассказывать, как работать над этим материалом (Булгаков 12)....Ivan Vasilievich, warming increasingly to his job, began telling me exactly how I should rework my material (12a).
         ♦ Он сам не заметил, как постепенно вошёл во вкус работы и стал во всём помогать Алексею (Максимов 3). Unconsciously he began to enjoy himself and to help Alexei with the rest of his job (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > входить во вкус

  • 24 नाग _nāga

    नाग a. (
    -गी f.) Serpentine, formed of snakes, snaky.
    -2 Elephantine.
    -गः [न गच्छति इत्यगः न अगो नागः]
    1 A snake in general, particularly the cobra; नासुरो$यं न वा नागः Ki.15.12.
    -2 A fabulous serpent- demon or semi-divine being, having the face of a man and the tail of a serpent, and said to inhabit the Pātāla; अनन्तश्चास्मि नागानाम् Bg.1.29; R.15.83.
    -3 An elephant; दिङ्नागानां पथि परिहरन् स्थूलहस्तावलेपान् Me.14,36; Si.4.63; V.4.25.
    -4 A shark.
    -5 A cruel or tyrannical person.
    -6 (At the end of comp.) Any pre-eminent or distinguished person, e. g. पुरुषनागः.
    -7 A cloud.
    -8 A peg projecting from a wall to hang anything upon.
    -9 N. of several plants as Mesua Roxburghii, Rottlera Tictoria, Piper betel; (Mar. नागचाफा, नागकेशर, पानवेल, नागरमोथा etc.); Bhāg.8.2.18; Rām.7. 42.4.
    -1 One of the five vital airs of the body, that which is expelled by eructation.
    -11 The number 'seven'.
    -12 A trumpet (see नागवेला).
    -गम् 1 Tin.
    -2 Lead.
    -3 One of the astronomical periods (Karaṇas) called ध्रुव
    -4 The effects of that period on anything done during it.
    -5 The asterism called आश्लेषा.
    -6 A captivating act of females (स्त्रीबन्धः), gesticulation; L. D. B.
    -7 A kind of coitus; Nm.
    -गी 1 A female Nāga.
    -2 A female elephant;
    -Comp. -अङ्गम् Hastināpura.
    -अङ्गना 1 a female elephant.
    -2 the proboscis of an elephant.
    -अञ्चला, -अञ्जना = नागयष्टि q. v.
    -अञ्जना a female elephant.
    -अधिपः an epithet of Śeṣa.
    -अन्तकः, -अरातिः, -अरिः 1 an epithet of Garuḍa.
    -2 a peacock.
    -3 a lion.
    -अशनः 1 a peacock; Pt.1.159.
    -2 an epithet of Garuḍa.
    -3 a lion.
    -आख्यः = नागकेसर q. v.
    -आननः an epithet of Ganeśa.
    -आनन्दम् a drama by Śrīharṣa.
    -आरूढ a. Riding upon an elephant.
    -आह्वः Hastināpura.
    -इन्द्रः 1 a lordly or superior elephant; नागेन्द्रहस्तास्त्वचि कर्कशत्वात... कदलीविशेषाः Ku.
    1 36.
    -2 Airāvata, Indra's elephant; कुथेन नागेन्द्रमिवेन्द्रवाहनम् Śi.
    -3 an epithet of Śeṣa.
    -ईशः 1 an epithet of Śeṣa.
    -2 N. of the author of Pari- bhāṣenduśekhara and several other works.
    -3 N. of Patañjali.
    -उदम्, -उदरम् 1 a breast-plate.
    -2 a peculiar disease of pregnancy (गर्भोपद्रवभेद).
    -कन्यका, -कन्या a serpent-virgin.
    -कर्णः the castor-oil plant.
    -किंजल्कः = नागकेसर q. v.
    -कुमारी Rubia Munjiṣṭā (Mar. मंजिष्ठ).
    -केतुः An epithet of Karṇa (?); समरमधि- गतार्थः प्रस्थितो नागकेतुः Karṇabhāra 1.3.
    -केसरः N. of a tree with fragrant flowers, Mesua Roxburghii; कतकं नक्रनखरं नलदं नागकेसरम् Śiva B.3.14.
    -रम् a kind of steel.
    -गर्भम् red lead.
    -चूडः an epithet of Śiva.
    -जम् 1 red lead.
    -2 tin.
    -जिह्विका red arsenic.
    -जीवनम् tin. (
    -नः) orpiment.
    -दन्तः, -दन्तकः 1 ivory.
    -2 a peg or bracket projecting from a wall and used to hang things upon; N.18.15.
    -दन्ती 1 a kind of sun-flower.
    -2 a harlot.
    -द्वीपम् N. of a द्वीप in Bharata- varṣa.
    -नक्षत्रम्, -नायकम् the constellation called Āśleṣā. (
    -कः) the lord of serpents; अनन्तो वासुकिः पद्मो महापद्मो$पि नक्षकः । कर्कोटः कुलिकः शङ्ख इत्यष्टौ नागनायकाः ॥ Trikāṇdaśeṣa.
    -नामकम् Tin.
    -नामन् m. holy basil (तुलसी).
    -नासा the proboscis of an elephant.
    -निर्यूहः a large pin or bracket projecting from a wall.
    -पञ्चमी 1 N. of a festival on the fifth day in the bright half of Śrāvaṇa.
    -2 the fifth day in the dark half of Āsāḍha.
    -पतिः an epithet of (1) Airāvata. (2) Śesa.
    -पदः a mode of sexual enjoyment (रतिबन्ध). पादौ स्कन्धे तथा हस्ते क्षिपेल्लिङ्गं भगे लघु । कामयेत् कामुको नारीं बन्धो नागपदो मतः ॥ Ratimañjarī.
    -पर्णी the betel plant.
    -पाशः 1 a sort of magical noose used in battle to entangle an enemy.
    -2 N. of the noose or weapon of Varuṇa.
    -पाशकः a kind of coitus (रतिबन्ध). स्वजङ्घाद्वयमध्यस्थां हस्ताभ्यां धारयन् कुचौ । रमेन्निःशङ्कितो नारीं बन्धो$यं नागपाशकः ॥ Ratimañjarī.
    -पुरम् 1 Hastināpura.
    -2 N. of a city in Pātāla.
    -पुष्पः 1 the Champaka tree.
    -2 the Punnāga tree.
    -बन्धः 1 a snake as a chain.
    -2 N. of a metre, resembling the coilings of a snake.
    -बन्धकः an elephant-catcher.
    -बन्धुः the holy fig-tree.
    -बलः an epithet of Bhīma.
    -भूषणः an epithet of Śiva.
    -मण्डलिकः 1 a snake-keeper.
    -2 a snake-catcher.
    -मल्लः an epithet of Airāvata.
    -मारः a species of pot-herb (Mar. माका).
    -यष्टिः f.,
    -यष्टिका 1 a graduated pole or post for showing the depth of water in a newly-dug pond.
    -2 a boring-rod driven into the earth.
    -रक्तम्, -रेणुः red lead.
    -रङ्गः the orange.
    -राजः 1 an epithet of Śeṣa.
    -2 a large elephant; अधस्तान्नागराजाय सोमायोर्ध्वं दिशं ददौ Hariv.
    -रिपुः (see नागान्तकः) Garuḍa; शार्ङ्गचक्रायुधः खड्गी सर्वनागरिपुध्वजः Mb.13.147.15.
    -रुकः the orange tree.
    -लता 1 the penis.
    -2 the piper betel.
    -वल्लरी, -वल्ली piper betel.
    -वेला the hour when a serpent-like instrument is blown; नागवेलायामागन्तव्य...... । यस्मिन् ग्रामे न नागाः...... तस्मिन्नपि स एव कालः । तत्र हि आगमनं क्रियते । ŚB. on MS.1.8.69.
    -लोकः the world of serpents, the race of serpents collectively, one of the regions below the earth called Pātāla.
    -वारिकः 1 a royal elephant.
    -2 an elephant-driver.
    -3 a peacock.
    -4 an epithet of Garuḍa.
    -5 the chief of a herd of elephants.
    -6 the chief person in an assembly.
    -वीथी that part of the moon's path which contains the asterisms अश्विनी, भरणी and कृत्तिका; अश्विनी कृत्तिका याम्या नागवीथीति शब्दिता V. P.
    -संभवम्, -संभूतम् red lead....... मञ्जिष्ठां नागसंभवम् Śiva. B.3.19.
    -साह्वयम् Hastināpura.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > नाग _nāga

  • 25 backen1;

    bäckt oder backt, backte (oder altm. buk), hat gebacken
    I v/t
    1. (Brot, Kuchen) bake; Dial. (braten: Eier, Fisch etc.) fry; (Obst) dry
    2. fig.: etw. gebacken kriegen umg. (schaffen, erreichen) get s.th. done; (dazu kommen) get round to doing s.th.; den Mann, der das alles kann, den musst du dir erst backen lassen hum. the man you’re looking for hasn’t been born yet; eine frisch gebackene Mutter / Krankenschwester umg. a young mother / a fledgling ( oder newly trained) nurse
    II v/i bake; Dial. (braten) fry; das Brot muss noch eine Weile backen the bread needs to bake ( oder stay in the oven) a bit longer; im Hotel, Restaurant: wir backen selbst we do all our own baking
    —
    I v/i (kleben) Lehm, Schnee: stick (an + Dat to)
    II v/t stick (an + Akk to, onto)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > backen1;

  • 26 appoint

    [ë'point] vt 1. caktoj; appoint the time caktoj kohën. 2. emëroj, caktoj (në një post); the newly appointed officials nënpunësit e posaemëruar. 3. urdhëroj; appoint that sth shall be done urdhëroj të bëhet diçka. 4. pajis; well/ badly appointed i pajisur mirë/ keq.

    English-Albanian dictionary > appoint

  • 27 артель Напрасный труд

    разг., шутл., ирон.
    wasted labour; something useless or doomed to failure; one's effort gone phut; cf. a dead frost; a dead dog (duck)

    - А не жалко такую махину на лом брать? Нельзя ли её для какой-нибудь типографии приспособить? - Думали. Прикидывали. Артель "напрасный труд"! - бросил Никита... - Новую легче сделать, чем её чинить. (В. Беляев, Старая крепость) — 'Isn't it a pity to break up a machine like that for scrap? Couldn't one of our print-shops make use of it?' 'We thought of that, but it would be wasted labour!' Nikita replied....'It'd be easier to make a new one than repair this.'

    Гремя и подпрыгивая, проехал грузовик, обдал их пылью. Колёса прошли по только что сделанной насыпке, гравий брызнул в сторону. - Вот и весь ремонт! - сказал папка. - Артель напрасный труд. (Н. Дубов, Беглец) — A clattering, bouncing lorry rumbled past, spraying them with dust. The heavy wheels rolling over the newly filled-in ruts sent the gravel flying. 'That's done it,' Pa said. 'All our effort's gone phut.'

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > артель Напрасный труд

  • 28 carna

    passive participle *"built, made" in Vincarna "newly-made" MR:408, also struck-out alacarna “well-done, well-made” PE17:172. Carna would seem to be the passive participle of car-, though a longer form carina read *cárina? is also attested VT43:15.

    Quettaparma Quenyallo (Quenya-English) > carna

  • 29 pas

    pas1
    I 〈de〉
    1 [stap] step, pace ⇒ 〈 manier van lopen〉 gait
    2 [paspoort] passport
    3 [leger] pass
    4 [in gebergte] pass
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   een flinke/veerkrachtige pas • a brisk/buoyant step
         grote passen maken/nemen • stride
         iemand de pas afsnijden • cut/head someone off
         er (flink/stevig) de pas in houden • keep up a brisk pace
         de pas inhouden • check one's step
         een kreet deed mij de pas inhouden • a cry brought me up short/stopped me dead in my tracks
         pas op de plaats maken • 〈 ook figuurlijk〉 mark time
         zijn pas versnellen • quicken one's step
         in de pas lopen/blijven (met) • 〈 leger〉 be in step (with)/keep step (with); 〈 figuurlijk ook〉 be/stay in line (with)
         uit de pas raken/lopen • fall/be out of step
         twee passen hier vandaan • just a few steps away
    2   een pas aanvragen/laten verlengen • apply for a passport, get one's passport extended
    ¶   pas-65+ • senior citizen's pass
    II 〈 het〉
    1 [gunstige gelegenheid] 〈zie voorbeelden 1〉
    2 [waterpas] level
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   te pas en te onpas praat men daarover • people talk about it whether it is relevant or not
         bij/in iets te pas komen • enter into the matter
         jouw gedrag komt hier niet te pas • your conduct is unbecoming here
         iemands naam te pas en te onpas noemen • bandy someone's name about
         gezien de sterke concurrentie, zal ik er wel niet aan te pas komen • the competition being so strong, I suppose I won't get a chance
         het komt niet in zijn kraam te pas • it does not suit his purpose
         het kwam zo in het gesprek te pas • it just cropped up in the course of the conversation
         als het zo te pas komt, dan … • on occasion …, if required …
         het leger moest er aan te pas komen • the army had to step in
         er moest een sleepboot aan te pas komen om … • a tug had to be called in to …
         daar komt wat meer ervaring bij te pas • that requires a bit more experience
         er komt meer bij te pas dan … • there's more to it than …
         goed te/van pas komen 〈 bijvoorbeeld geld〉 • come in handy/useful
         van pas • (just) in time, in the nick of time
         dat komt uitstekend van pas • that's just the thing
         het komt nu niet erg van pas • it is inconvenient at the moment
         zijn cursus zelfverdediging kwam hem nu goed van pas • his self-defence classes stood him in good stead
         altijd wel van pas komen • always come in handy
    ¶   dat geeft geen pas • that is unbecoming/not done
         het geeft geen pas voor een heer om … • it does not become a gentleman to …
    ————————
    pas2
    1 [juist zo groot als het zijn moet] fit
    2 [waterpas] level
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   dat is precies pas • that is an exact fit
    2   die drempel is (nog) niet pas • that threshold is not level yet
    II 〈 bijwoord〉
    1 [zojuist, zoëven] (only) just ⇒ recently
    2 [niet meer dan] only, just
    3 [niet eerder dan] only ⇒ not until
    4 [in nog hogere mate] really
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   ik ben pas klaar • I have only just finished
         pas aangekomen gasten • new arrivals
         hij begint pas • he's just beginning, he's only just started
         pas geplukt • freshly picked
         een pas getrouwd stel • a newly-wed couple
         pas geverfd • wet paint
         ik heb pas nog een brief van haar gekregen • I received a letter from her only recently
         ik werk hier nog maar pas • I'm new to the job
         zo pas • only a minute ago, just now
    2   het is pas een begin • it's only a beginning
         het is pas een jaar geleden • it's only/barely a year since it happened
         hij is pas vijftig (jaar) • he's only fifty
    3   dan pas, nu pas • only then, only now
         pas toen vertelde hij het mij • it was only then that he told me
         pas toen hij weg was, begreep ik … • it was only after he had left that I understood …, only after/not until he left did I understand …
         pas geleden/een paar dagen terug • only recently/only the other day
    4   dat is pas een vent • he's (what I call) a real man
         dit is pas whisky • now this is what I call whisky!
         dat is pas leven! • this is the life!
         dat is pas hard werken! • now, that's what I call hard work!

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > pas

  • 30 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside

    [br]
    b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
    d. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England
    [br]
    English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.
    [br]
    The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.
    Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.
    The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.
    In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.
    Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.
    Further Reading
    E.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.
    D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside

  • 31 Kelly, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1790s Lanark, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish pioneer in attempts to make Crompton 's spinning mule work automatically.
    [br]
    William Kelly, a Larnack clockmaker, was Manager of David Dale's New Lanark cotton-spinning mills. He was writing to Boulton \& Watt in 1796 about the different ways in which he heated the mills and the New Institution. He must also have been responsible for supervising the millwrights' and mechanics' shops where much of the spinning machinery for the mills was constructed. At one time there were eighty-seven men employed in these shops alone. He devised a better method of connecting the water wheel to the line shafting which he reckoned would save a quarter of the water power required. Kelly may have been the first to apply power to the mule, for in 1790 he drove the spinning sequence from the line shafting, which operated the gear mechanism to turn the rollers and spindles as well as draw out the carriage. The winding on of the newly spun yarn still had to be done by hand. Then in 1792 he applied for a patent for a self-acting mule in which all the operations would be carried out by power. However, winding the yarn on in a conical form was a problem; he tried various ways of doing this, but abandoned his attempts because the mechanism was cumbersome and brought no economic advantage as only a comparatively small number of spindles could be operated. Even so, his semi-automatic mule became quite popular and was exported to America in 1803. Kelly was replaced as Manager at New Lanark by Robert Owen in 1800.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1792, British patent no. 1,879 (semi-automatic mule).
    Further Reading
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (includes Kelly's own account of his development of the self-acting mule).
    H.Catling, 1970, The Spinning Mule, Newton Abbot (describes some of Kelly's mule mechanisms).
    J.Butt (ed.), 1971, Robert Owen, Prince of Cotton Spinners, Newton Abbot (provides more details about the New Lanark mills).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Kelly, William

  • 32 οὖν

    οὖν (Hom.+) a particle, never found at the beginning of a sentence. In our lit. it is an inferential and then mainly a transitional conjunction (so Hdt.+ [Kühner-G. II p. 326].—B-D-F §451, 1; Rob. 1191f; Mlt-Turner 337f).
    ① inferential, denoting that what it introduces is the result of or an inference fr. what precedes, so, therefore, consequently, accordingly, then.
    ⓐ in declarative sentences (PTebt 37, 15 [73 B.C.] ἐγὼ οὖν … γέγραφα=‘consequently I … am writing’; difft. 4 below) Mt 1:17; 3:10 (s. also 3 below); 7:24; Lk 3:9; 11:35; J 6:13; Ac 1:21; 5:41; Ro 5:1; 6:4; 11:5; 13:10; 16:19; 1 Cor 4:16; 7:26; 2 Cor 3:12; Eph 4:1, 17; Phil 2:28; 1 Pt 2:7; 3J 8 al.; AcPlCor 2:10, 19.—ἀπόδοτε οὖν well, then, give back Mt 22:21 (here οὖν=mod. Gk. λοιπόν).
    ⓑ in commands and invitations, with intensive force (PTebt 33, 2 [φρόν]τισον οὖν ἵνα γένη(ται) ἀκολύθως=‘take care, then, that its (the letter’s) stipulations are followed’. Here οὖν picks up on the suggestion of the letter’s importance because of the prestige of the addressee; difft. 3 below) ποιήσατε οὖν καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μετανοίας Mt 3:8 (also s. 3 below); ἔσεσθε οὖν ὑμεῖς τέλειοι 5:48. μὴ οὖν φοβεῖσθε 10:31 (cp. ApcEsdr 7:2; Just., D. 9, 2). προσερχώμεθα οὖν μετὰ παρρησίας Hb 4:16. Cp. Mt 6:8, 9, 31; 9:38; Mk 10:9; 13:35; Lk 8:18; 10:2, 40; Ac 2:36; 3:19; 8:22; 23:15, 21 (also s. 4 below); Ro 6:12 (WNauck, Das οὖν-paräneticum: ZNW 49, ’58, 134f); 1 Cor 10:31; 2 Cor 7:1; Gal 5:1; Phil 2:29; Col 2:16 al. νῦν οὖν πορεύεσθε ἐν εἰρήνῃ Ac 16:36.
    ⓒ in questions
    α. in real questions θέλεις οὖν; do you want, then? Mt 13:28. σὺ οὖν εἶ; are you, then? Lk 22:70. Cp. J 18:39. νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν; μὴ γένοιτο Ro 3:31; cp. Gal 3:21.—1 Cor 6:15. τί οὖν; why then? (Menand., Her. 40, Epitr. 313 S. [137 Kö.]; Dio Chrys. 2, 9; Just., D. 3, 2) Mt 17:10; cp. 19:7; J 1:25; what then? (Menand., Epitr. 226 S. [50 Kö], Peric. 744 [321 Kö.]; TestJob 38:7; Just., D. 3, 6; 67, 10) Mt 27:22; Mk 15:12; Lk 3:10; 20:15, 17; J 6:30b. τίς οὖν; (Menand., Epitr. 221 S. [45 Kö.]; TestJob 38:3; Just., D. 7, 1; Ath. 35, 1) Lk 7:42. διὰ τί οὖν οὐκ ἐπιστεύσατε; Mt 21:25; Mk 11:31 (TestJob 38:1; Just., D. 47, 2). πῶς οὖν; (Menand., Epitr. 441 S. [265 Kö.]; TestJob 19:2; Ar. 9, 9; 10, 7 al.) Mt 22:43; J 9:19; Ro 4:10; Ox 1081, 25=Otero p. 83 (SJCh 90, 2); AcPl Ha 10, 9. πότε οὖν; Lk 21:7. πόθεν οὖν; Mt 13:27, 56; J 4:11. ποῦ οὖν; (TestJob 32:2ff) Ro 3:27; Gal 4:15.
    β. Certain formulas are favorite expressions, esp. in Paul: τί οὖν; what, then, are we to conclude? (Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 55; 60; 17 [34], 28; Jos., Bell. 2, 364) J 1:21; Ro 3:9; 6:15; 11:7. τί οὖν ἐστιν; what, then, is to be done? Ac 21:22; 1 Cor 14:15, 26. τί οὖν ἐστιν Ἀπολλῶς; what is Apollos, really? 3:5 (s. 3 below). τί οὖν φημι; 1 Cor 10:19. τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν; what, then, are we to say? Ro 6:1; 7:7; 9:14, 30. τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν πρὸς ταῦτα; 8:31. τί οὖν ὁ νόμος; Gal 3:19.
    γ. in rhetorical questions πόσῳ οὖν διαφέρει ἄνθρωπος προβάτου how much more, then, is a human being worth than a sheep? Mt 12:12. πῶς οὖν σταθήσεται ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ; how then will (Beelzebul’s) kingdom endure? vs. 26.—26:54; Lk 7:31; Ro 10:14 (s. also 4 below).
    ② marker of continuation of a narrative, so, now, then (s. Rob. 1191: ‘a transitional particle relating clauses or sentences loosely together by way of confirmation’)
    ⓐ οὖν serves to resume a subject once more after an interruption: so, as has been said ἔλεγεν οὖν τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις Lk 3:7 (connecting w. vs. 3). Cp. 19:12; J 4:6, 9, 28; Ac 8:25; 12:5; cp. 25:4 (s. 4 below).—Cp. 1 Cor 8:4 (reaching back to vs. 1); 11:20.
    ⓑ οὖν serves to indicate a transition to someth. new. So esp. in the Gospel of John (Rob. 1191: ‘John boldly uses οὖν alone and needs no apology for doing so. It just carries along the narrative with no necessary thought of cause or result’.) now, then, well J 1:22; 2:18, 20; 3:25; 4:33, 46, 48; 5:10, 19; 6:60, 67; 7:25, 28, 33, 35, 40; 8:13, 21, 22, 25 (καὶ ἔλεγον P66), 31, 57; 9:7f, 10, 16; 20:30 (s. also 3 below); and oft.; Ac 25:1; 26:9 (also s. 3 below) al. Prob. also J 9:18 οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαίοι Well, the Judeans refused to believe (s. 4 below). Cp. 1 Cor 3:5 (s. also 3 below).
    ⓒ οὖν serves to indicate a response (HDana and JMantey, Manual Grammar of the Gk. NT 1927, p. 254) where the transl. in reply, in turn (Ex 8:6) is prob. J 4:9, 48; 6:53 al. In Ac 28:5 (s. also 4 below) Paul’s action is a response in narrative terms to the perception of the islanders: ὁ μὲν οὖν ἀποτινάξας τὸ θήριον he, in turn, shook off the creature.
    ⓓ Frequently used w. other particles in continuation of discourse or narrative: ἄρα οὖν s. ἄρα 2b. ἐὰν οὖν Mt 5:19, 23; 24:26; J 6:62; 2 Ti 2:21; Js 4:4; Rv 3:3b; 2 Cl 3:3. ἐάν τε οὖν Ro 14:8. εἰ οὖν s. εἰ 6k. εἰ μὲν οὖν s. εἰ 6g. εἴτε οὖν … εἴτε 1 Cor 10:31; 15:11. ἐπεὶ οὖν s. ἐπεί 2. μὲν οὖν … δέ (Jos., Ant. 13, 76f; Just., D. 43, 7) Mk 16:19f; Lk 3:18f; J 19:24f; Ac 8:4f; 11:19f; 1 Cor 9:25.—Also without δέ denoting contrast (TestJob 40:14; Jos., Ant. 19, 337; Just., A I, 8, 3; Tat. 15, 1) Ac 1:6, 18; 2:41; 5:41; 8:25 al. νῦν οὖν (TestJob 23:7; ApcMos 11:30) Ac 10:33b; 23:15; also 15:10 (s. νῦν 2a).—ὅταν οὖν (Just., D. 138, 2; Ath. 7, 1; 13, 1; 32, 1 al.) Mt 6:2; 21:40; 24:15. ὅτε οὖν J 2:22; 4:45; 6:24; 13:12, 31; 19:6, 8, 30; 21:15. τότε οὖν (ApcEsdr 3:14; Just., D. 56, 19) 11:14; 19:1, 16; 20:8. ὡς οὖν (Jos., Ant. 6, 145, Vi. 292; Just., D. 43, 1; 49, 7) 4:1, 40; 11:6; 18:6; 20:11; 21:9; AcPlCor 1:6. ὥσπερ οὖν Mt 13:40.—οὐκ οὖν s. οὐκοῦν.
    ③ It has been proposed that some traces of older Gk. usage in which οὖν is emphatic, = certainly, really, to be sure etc. (s. L-S-J-M s.v. 1) remain in the pap (e.g. PLond I, 28, 4, p. 43 [c. 162 B.C.]; PTebt 33, 2 [on this s. 1b above]) and in the NT (so M-M., s.v. 3 and Dana and Mantey, op. cit. p. 255f) Mt 3:8 (s. also 1b above), 10; J 20:30 (s. also 2b above); indeed, of course Ac 26:9 (s. also 2b above); 1 Cor 3:5 (s. also 1cβ above) al. On the other hand, as indicated by the cross references, there is little semantic justification for making a separate classification. (On this s. esp. Rob. 1191–92.)
    ④ It has also been proposed that οὖν may be used adversatively (M-M., s.v. 4: ‘slightly adversative sense’, and w. ref. to PTebt 37, 15 [73 B.C.]; cp. 1b above; so also Dana and Mantey, op. cit. p. 256f) in some NT pass., e.g. J 9:18 (s. 2b above); Ac 23:21; 25:4; 28:5; Ro 10:14 (s. 1cγ above) in the sense but, however—JMantey, Newly Discovered Mngs. for οὖν: Exp., 8th ser., 22, 1921, 205–14. But s. Rob. 1191–92; B-D-F §451, 1.—Denniston 415–30.—DELG. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > οὖν

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