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121 In The Gum
The natural silk fibre before the gum covering is removed by boiling out. -
122 Nylon
Nylon was first made in the laboratories of E.I. du Pont de Nemours, of Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A., under the direction of the late Dr. W. H. Carothers as a result of researches started 1928. In October, 1938, it -was announced to the world that a new form of textile fibre had been made by man, and that " nylon " was to be its name. Nylon stockings were on sale to the general public in U.S.A. on May 15, 1940, and many other items of wearing apparel were shown at the New York Pair that summer. In Great Britain, plans made jointly before the war by Courtaulds and Imperial Chemical Industries were responsible for production being started in 1941 by British Nylon Spinners Limited. The " 66 " polymer (each molecule of these reagents contains 6 carbon atoms and hence the name or designation " 66 ") was first made in 1935. Nylon is a name, not for a single material, but for a whole class or family of entirely new materials. There are many nylons and there may be many more. Nylon is the generic or family name for them all, just as glass and coal are names of classes of substances. Nylon, in the general sense, is a man-made material having a chemical composition akin to proteins, of which silk, hair and wool are examples, although nylon has not an exact counterpart in nature. It is not an " artificial " product, nor a man-made copy of a natural material. It can be made up into powders, sheets, solutions, strands or yarns, each with special properties according to requirements. The " 66 " polymer, from which yam is made, was synthesised in 1933, although not announced to the world until October, 1938. The raw material from which the diamine and acid for making " 66 " polymer are obtained are phenol from coal, oxygen and nitrogen from the air, and hydrogen from water. Particularly suitable where high elasticity is required. Uses include parachute fabrics, tyre cords, glider tow ropes, shoe laces webbing, braid, tape and thread, fully-fashioned hosiery, seamless hosiery, underwear fabrics, lace, nets, dress fabrics, marquisettes, neckties, transparent velvet, coated fabrics for raincoats and food covers. Industrial uses include shoe fabrics, sash cords, window screens, filters and bolting fabrics, also slip covers, motor car upholstery, shirtings, tents and shower curtains. -
123 Oiling Wool
During the scouring of raw wool the natural " suint " is removed and if the wool were passed on to the carding machines in this dry condition, much waste of fibre would occur, so oil is applied to the wool to restore it to a condition in which it can be treated on the card and on other machines without damage to the wool. -
124 Punta Arenas Wool
Tierra del Fuego is a fine wool country, and its wools are more commonly known as Punta Arenas. Although some merino is produced, by far the greater amount is fine crossbred with the 56's quality predominating. Punta wools have a character of their own, due to the crosses used, but largely influenced by climatic conditions and pasturage. Much of the wool is heavy in shrinkage due to the loose soil being blown furiously by high winds. The colour is often beautifully white, probably due to the heavy earthy matter in suspension preventing the natural grease from tingeing the wool before scouring is„ effected. The wools are very spongy and blobby, and although occasionally un-uniform in fibre diameter, have a value of their own where apparent substance is accompanied by lightness in weight. The wools are chiefly used in the United Kingdom. -
125 Silk Fabrics
The Silk Association of Great Britain and Ireland, Inc., has formulated the following definitions of " Silks ": - (1) Silk means the natural product of the silkworm, whether net, spun, or schappe silk. (2) Woven or knitted textiles and articles made therefrom. Silk goods may only be so called if they contain no other fibre than silk. They may be further qualified as pure silk goods if they contain no tin weighting and no added weight of any kind other than that which is an essential part of dyeing and finishing. (3) The word silk may be used for articles containing silk and other fibres provided it is clearly qualified, as for example, silk warp taffeta, silk warp poplin, silk pile velvet, silk mixture, silk union, etc. (4) Smallwares, certain smallwares containing silks in combination with other fibres (such as Paris bindings, gimps, eyeglass cords, etc.), have been by long established custom known as "silks." Only where there is a clear long established custom may they continue to be described as silk, otherwise the general principles set forth above will apply. The more generally known silk fabrics are as given below: - Armures - Barathea, Loisine, Natte, Ottoman, Roy ale. Repp. Figured Silks - Arras, Broche, Brocatelle, Brocades, Chevron, Chine warp prints. Cote-line, Damassin, Foulard, Lampas, Matelasse, Striped tabaret. Satins - Duchesse, Meteor, Mervelleux, Peau de Soie, Radyimar, Raadames, Radium, Satin mousseline. Satin messaline. Satin lus-mineaux. Satin charmeuse. Satin de Lyon, Satin chine. Satin lumiere, Soleil, Soie de Devil. Twills - Serge, Surah, Sarcenat. Velvet, or pile weaves - Terry velvet frese, Utrecht, Velours de nord. Velours de chiffon, Velours de sabre. Silk warp, wool weft - Bengaline, Cotele, Crepon, Irish poplin, Popeline, Poplinette, Sultane, Sicilienne, Velours Victoria, Veloa-tine. Silk warp, cotton weft - Moirette, Polonaise, Satins, Satinet, Striped linings. Taffetas, plain weaves - Bengaline de Soie, Epingle, Faille Francaise, Glace, Gros grain, Gros de Tours, Gros de Naples, Gros de Suez, Lustring, Pongee, Poult de Soie, Royale, Tabaret, Taffeta mousseline. Taffeta chiffon. Crepe de chine, Ninon, tulle, voile, Marquisette, Moire onde. Moire Faconne, Moire Francaise, Moire Antique. -
126 Silk Noils
Silk noils may be divided into two major divisions, i.e., Schappe noils, produced on the Continent, and English noils. The broad difference is that whereas the former are not free from the natural gum of the silkworm, the latter have the gum fully discharged. Owing to the difference of the processes of which they are the outcome, the English noil is whiter and longer than the schappe noil. The English noil in its turn is of two kinds "long" and "exhaust." The long noil is the simple by-product of the flat-dressing frame, and the exhaust (or short) noil has been recombed and is more " neppy " than the material from which it came. All silk noils, long or short, schappe or English, may be divided into " white " and " tussah " according as they are the produce of one kind of silk or the other. The white has many sub-divisions (" China " and " Italian," " Steam," etc.) and the tussah may be light or dark brown according as its origin is Chinese or Indian waste silk. These noils, after spinning, appear as noil yarns, which are useful among other purposes as striping yarn for cheap tweeds. They are also useful substitutes for " spun " silk at three to four times the price. Noils are used in the production of fancy effects by Continental spinners of the so-called " imitation " yarns. And in Yorkshire silk noils are periodically required by costume and dress tweed makers for procuring " knop " or snowflake effects in cheap woollens. For this purpose the " short " or " exhaust " noil is preferable to the " long " and in some circumstances the short or re-combed noil fetches a higher price than the intrinsically better noil containing the long fibre. -
127 naturale
1. agg.1) естественный, природныйchissà perché i ragazzi non sanno parlare con un tono di voce naturale, urlano — ребята почему-то не умеют говорить нормальным тоном, они кричат во всю горло
gli viene naturale — у него это получается непроизвольно (само собой, естественно)
è naturale — естественно (avv.)
è naturale che siano delusi — вполне естественно, что они разочарованы
3) (genuino) натуральный2. avv.конечно, естественно, само собой разумеется"Ne vuoi?" "naturale!" — - Хочешь? - Конечно!
3.•◆
figlio naturale — внебрачный ребёнокvita natural durante — пожизненно (avv.) (всю жизнь, в течение всей жизни)
См. также в других словарях:
natural fibre — ▪ raw material Introduction any hairlike raw material directly obtainable from an animal, vegetable, or mineral source and convertible into nonwoven fabrics such as felt or paper or, after spinning into yarns, into woven cloth. A natural fibre… … Universalium
natural fibre, GB — natūralusis pluoštas statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Pluoštas iš nemodifikuotų gamtinės kilmės medžiagų. atitikmenys: angl. natural fiber, US; natural fibre, GB rus. натуральное волокно; природное волокно ryšiai: sinonimas – gamtinis… … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
natural fibre — noun fiber derived from plants or animals • Syn: ↑natural fiber • Hypernyms: ↑fiber, ↑fibre • Hyponyms: ↑pandanus, ↑New Zealand cotton, ↑bowstring hemp … Useful english dictionary
fibre */*/ — UK [ˈfaɪbə(r)] / US [ˈfaɪbər] noun Word forms fibre : singular fibre plural fibres 1) [uncountable] the parts of fruit, vegetables, and grains that your body cannot digest (= change into substances it can use). It helps food to pass through your… … English dictionary
fibre — [[t]fa͟ɪbə(r)[/t]] fibres (in AM, use fiber) 1) N COUNT A fibre is a thin thread of a natural or artificial substance, especially one that is used to make cloth or rope. If you look at the paper under a microscope you will see the fibres. ...a… … English dictionary
fibre — BrE, fiber AmE noun 1 (U) parts of plants that you eat but cannot digest 1 (1), which help food to move quickly through your body: Fruit and vegetables are high in fibre content. 2 (U) a mass of threads used to make rope, cloth etc : man… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
natural fiber — noun fiber derived from plants or animals • Syn: ↑natural fibre • Hypernyms: ↑fiber, ↑fibre • Hyponyms: ↑pandanus, ↑New Zealand cotton, ↑bowstring hemp … Useful english dictionary
fibre — noun /ˈfaɪ.bə(ɹ)/ a) A single piece of a given material, elongated and roughly round in cross section, often twisted with other fibres to form thread. The microscope showed several different fibres stuck to the sole of the shoe. b) Material in… … Wiktionary
fibre — /fuy beuhr/, n. Chiefly Brit. fiber. * * * (as used in expressions) glass fibre fibre optics fibre dietary * * * ▪ technology also spelled Fiber, in textile production, basic unit of raw material having suitable length, pliability, and… … Universalium
natural fiber, US — natūralusis pluoštas statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Pluoštas iš nemodifikuotų gamtinės kilmės medžiagų. atitikmenys: angl. natural fiber, US; natural fibre, GB rus. натуральное волокно; природное волокно ryšiai: sinonimas – gamtinis… … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
fibre — UK US /ˈfaɪbər/ noun UK (US fiber) ► [C or U] a thread like part made from plants or artificial material which can be made into products: »Natural fibres such as cotton tend to be cooler. »artificial/man made/synthetic fibre(s) »They use… … Financial and business terms
