-
101 nasionalisasikan
nationalize, nationalized, nationalized, nationalizing -
102 nazionalizzato agg
[nattsjonalid'dzato] nazionalizzato (-a) -
103 nazionalizzato
agg [nattsjonalid'dzato] nazionalizzato (-a) -
104 национализированный
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > национализированный
-
105 Banking
Historically, banking in Portugal was in the hands of eight very large family-owned private banks (Banco Totta e Açores, Banco Nacional Ultramarino, Banco Pinto e Sotto Mayor, Banco Espirito Santo, Banco Português do Atlantico, Banco Borges e Irmão, Banco Fonsecas e Burnay, and Banco Intercontinental Português), all regulated by the state-owned Banco de Portugal. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, private banks and private insurance companies were nationalized; that is, taken over by the state. Nationalization created structural problems for banks because they were required to extend credit at negative real interest rates to finance the budget deficits of nonprofitable public enterprises. They were also plagued by undercapitalization, overstaffing, and excessive branching.The banking sector began to change during the 1980s, when, as a condition for joining the European Economic Community (EEC), it was liberalized and internationalized. In 1984, a law was passed that allowed private banks and insurance companies to be organized. In the 1980s, six foreign banks (Manufacturers Hanover Trust, Chase Manhattan, Barclays, Banque Nationale de Paris, Citicorp, and Gé-nérale de Banque of Belgium) and four majority Portuguese banks (Banco de Comércio e Indústria, Banco Internacional de Crédito, Banco Português de Investimento, and Banco Comercial Português) began operating. In the 1990s, the banks nationalized after the Revolution of 25 April were reprivatized (beginning with Banco Totta e Açores followed by Banco Português do Atlantico) by selling shares in them to the public. This has allowed some of the dispossessed families, such as the Espirito Santos, to attempt to regain control of their banks by becoming majority shareholders in them. Despite the privatizations of the 1990s, the Portuguese state maintains tight control over banking through the Banco de Portugal. The state continues to be a majority shareholder in the Caixa Geral de Depósitos, Portugal's largest savings bank, the Banco Nacional Ultramarino, Banco de Fomento e Exterior, and the Banco Borges e Irmão. -
106 Media
The purpose of the media during the Estado Novo (1926-74) was to communicate official government policy. Therefore, the government strictly censored newspapers, magazines, and books. Radio and television broadcasting was in the hands of two state-owned companies: Radiodifusão Portuguesa (RDP) and Radiotelevisão Portuguesa (RTP). The first TV broadcasts aired in March 1957, and the official state visit of Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain to Portugal was featured. The only independent broadcasting company during the Estado Novo was the Catholic Church's Radio Renascença. Writers and journalists who violated the regime's guidelines were severely sanctioned. Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, censorship was relaxed somewhat, and writers were allowed to publish critical and controversial works without fear of punishment. Caetano attempted to "speak to the people" through television. Daily program content consisted of little more than government-controlled (and censored) news programs and dull documentaries.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, censorship was abolished. As the revolution veered leftward, some sectors of the media were seized by opponents of the views they expressed. The most famous case was the seizure of Radio Renascença by those who sought to bring it into line with the drift leftward. State ownership of the media was increased after 25 April 1974, when banks were nationalized because most banks owned at least one newspaper. As the Revolution moderated and as banking was privatized during the 1980s and 1990s, newspapers were also privatized.The history of two major Lisbon dailies illustrates recent cycles of Portuguese politics and pressures. O Século, a major Lisbon daily paper was founded in 1881 and was influenced by Republican, even Masonic ideas. When the first Republic began in 1910, the editorials of O Século defended the new system, but the economic and social turmoil disillusioned the paper's directors. In 1924, O Século, under publisher João Pereira da Rosa, called for political reform and opposed the Democratic Party, which monopolized elections and power in the Republic. This paper was one of the two most important daily papers, and it backed the military coup of 28 May 1926 and the emergent military dictatorship. Over the history of the Estado Novo, this paper remained somewhat to the left of the other major daily paper in Lisbon, Diário de Notícias, but in 1972 the paper suffered a severe financial crisis and was bought by a Lisbon banker. During the more chaotic times after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, O Século experienced its own time of turmoil, in which there was a split between workers and editors, firings, resignations, and financial trouble. After a series of financial problems and controversy over procommunist staff, the paper was suspended and then ceased publication in February 1977. In the 1990s, there was a brief but unsuccessful attempt to revive O Século.Today, the daily paper with the largest circulation is Diário de Notícias of Lisbon, which was established in 1883. It became the major daily paper of record, but after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, like O Século, the paper suffered difficulties, both political and financial. One of its editors in the "hot" summer of 1975 was José Saramago, future Nobel Prize winner in literature, and there was an internal battle in the editorial rooms between factions. The paper was, like O Século, nationalized in 1976, but in 1991, Diário de Notícias was reprivatized and today it continues to be the daily paper of record, leading daily circulation.Currently, about 20 daily newspapers are published in Portugal, in Lisbon, the capital, as well as in the principal cities of Oporto, Coimbra, and Évora. The major Lisbon newspapers are Diário de Notícias (daily and newspaper of record), Publico (daily), Correia da Manha (daily), Jornal de Noticias (daily), Expresso (weekly), The Portugal News (English language weekly), The Resident (English language weekly), and Get Real Weekly (English language).These papers range from the excellent, such as Público and the Diário de Notícias, to the sensationalistic, such as Correio da Manhã. Portugal's premier weekly newspaper is Expresso, founded by Francisco Balsemão during the last years of Marcello Caetano's governance, whose modern format, spirit, and muted criticism of the regime helped prepare public opinion for regime change in 1974. Another weekly is O Independente, founded in 1988, which specializes in political satire. In addition to these newspapers, Portugal has a large number of newspapers and magazines published for a specific readership: sports fans, gardeners, farmers, boating enthusiasts, etc. In addition to the two state-owned TV channels, Portugal has two independent channels, one of which is operated by the Catholic Church. TV programming is now diverse and sophisticated, with a great variety of programs of both domestic and foreign content. The most popular TV programs have been soap operas and serialized novels ( telenovelas) imported from Brazil. In the 1990s, Portugal attempted to produce its own telenovelas and soap operas, but these have not been as popular as the more exotic Brazilian imports. -
107 национализированный
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > национализированный
-
108 enterprise
ˈentəpraɪz предприятие (особенно мелкое, рискованное) - to embark on an * пуститься в смелое предприятие - exploits and mighty *s подвиги и великие свершения предприимчивость, (смелая) инициатива - man of * предприимчивый человек, смельчак - spirit of * дух отважных поисков - the plan has been materialized through his * благодаря его инициативе план был осуществлен предпринимательство( промышленное) предприятие;
завод, фабрика;
фирма, компания - small *s мелкие предприятия - parent * головное предприятие - public * государственное предприятие - multi-unit * предприятие с (несколькими) филиалами agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственное предприятие business ~ торговая фирма business ~ торгово-промышленное предприятие close down an ~ ликвидировать предприятие collective ~ коллективное хозяйство commercial ~ коммерческое предприятие commercial ~ торговое предприятие cooperative ~ кооперативное предприятие craftsman's ~ ремесленное предприятие distressed ~ предприятие, находящееся в бедственном положении enterprise завод ~ компания ~ отрасль ~ предметная область ~ предприимчивость, смелость;
инициатива ~ предпринимательство;
free (или private) enterprise частное предпринимательство ~ предпринимательство ~ предприятие ~ промышленное предприятие( фабрика, завод и т. п.) ~ смелое предприятие ~ фабрика ~ ферма ~ фирма ~ хозяйство family ~ семейное предприятие ~ предпринимательство;
free (или private) enterprise частное предпринимательство free ~ свободное предпринимательство free ~ частное предпринимательство free ~ частное предприятие government ~ государственное предприятие incorporated ~ акционерное общество incorporated ~ акционерное предприятие individual ~ индивидуальное предпринимательство industrial ~ промышленное предприятие insurance ~ страховая компания large-scale ~ крупномасштабное предприятие manufacturing ~ промышленное предприятие mining ~ предприятие по разработке месторождений полезных ископаемых mixed ~ смешанное предприятие nationalized ~ национализированное предприятие, государственное предприятие noncommercial ~ некоммерческое предприятие nonprofit ~ некоммерческое предприятие one-man ~ предприятие с одним занятым private ~ свободное предпринимательство private ~ частное предпринимательство private ~ частное предприятие production ~ промышленное предприятие public ~ государственное предприятие risky ~ рискованное предприятие sound ~ рентабельное предприятие specialized ~ специализированное предприятие state ~ государственное предприятие state trading ~ государственное предприятие subcontracting ~ субподрядчик trading ~ торговое предприятиеБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > enterprise
-
109 (web-usage) reverting privatization and/or changing ownership of privatized property
Современное выражение: реприватизация (I think the English word "re-privatization" means returning nationalized property to the original owner)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > (web-usage) reverting privatization and/or changing ownership of privatized property
-
110 национализированный марксизм
Diplomatic term: "nationalized Marxism" (реакционная концепция)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > национализированный марксизм
-
111 государственная промышленность
Sociology: nationalized industryУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > государственная промышленность
-
112 государственное предприятие
1) General subject: national enterprise, state-run enterprise, public factory, publicly-owned factory2) Engineering: state owned enterprise3) Law: (2)(США) public corporation (http://www.teachmefinance.com/Financial_Terms/public_corporation.html)4) Economy: SOE ( State Owned Enterprise), government enterprise, governmental enterprise, public enterprise, public undertaking, publicly-owned enterprise, publicly-owned establishment, publicly-owned the, state enterprise, state-owned enterprise, State Company, ГП5) Accounting: government establishment, government-owned establishment6) Diplomatic term: government( - owned) establishment, state (-owned) enterprise7) Sociology: nationalized enterprise8) Business: state trading enterprise, state venture9) EBRD: public enterprise (ГП), state enterprise (ГП), state-owned enterprise (SOE; ГП)10) Makarov: state undertakingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > государственное предприятие
-
113 национализированная компания
Economy: nationalized companyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > национализированная компания
-
114 национализированная отрасль промышленности
Business: nationalized industryУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > национализированная отрасль промышленности
-
115 национализированная промышленность
Economy: nationalized industryУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > национализированная промышленность
-
116 национализированная собственность
Economy: nationalized propertyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > национализированная собственность
-
117 национализированное серебро
Economy: nationalized silverУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > национализированное серебро
-
118 национализированные отрасли промышленности
1) General subject: state owned industries2) Business: nationalized industriesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > национализированные отрасли промышленности
-
119 национализированный
Economy: nationalizedУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > национализированный
-
120 реприватизация
1) Law: denationalization2) Economy: denationalization (предприятий, отраслей), return into private hands, reprivatization, re-privatisation3) Current usage: (web-usage) reverting privatization and/or changing ownership of privatized property (I think the English word "re-privatization" means returning nationalized property to the original owner)
См. также в других словарях:
nationalized — ◊ nationalized A nationalized industry has been brought under the control of the state. Nationalized industries are continually at risk from political interference. ◊ naturalized If you become a naturalized citizen of a country, you legally… … Useful english dictionary
nationalized — (Amer.) adj. made into a citizen; naturalized (also nationalised) nationalize (Amer.) na·tion·al·ize || næʃnÉ™laɪz v. make into a citizen, naturalize; make nationwide; place under national government; become a nation (also nationalise) … English contemporary dictionary
Nationalized — nationalize a tion*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Nationalized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Nationalizing}.] [Cf. F. nationaliser.] 1. To make national; to make a nation of; to endow with the character and habits of a nation, or the peculiar sentiments and… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
nationalized — nationalize na‧tion‧al‧ize [ˈnæʆnəlaɪz] also nationalise verb [transitive] ECONOMICS if a government nationalizes a company or industry, it brings it under state control: • The British government nationalised the railways in 1948. compare … Financial and business terms
nationalized — adj. Nationalized is used with these nouns: ↑industry … Collocations dictionary
nationalized - naturalized — ◊ nationalized A nationalized industry has been brought under the control of the state. Nationalized industries are continually at risk from political interference. ◊ naturalized If you become a naturalized citizen of a country, you legally… … Useful english dictionary
nationalized and privatized industries — After its 1945 victory, Clement Attlee’s Labour government immediately began bringing transport (most notably the railways) and key industries such as coal mining, gas and electricity into public ownership. Developing the ancient state… … Encyclopedia of contemporary British culture
Nationalized Industry — The nationalization law of 26 July 1946 made the Republic of Austria the sole shareholder in 70 privately owned mining and manufacturing concerns throughout the country. These included all of the country’s coal, iron, lead, and copper mines;… … Historical dictionary of Austria
nationalized — adjective archaic make (a foreigner) naturalized. → nationalize … English new terms dictionary
Nationalization — Not to be confused with Naturalization. Part of a series on Economic systems Ideological systems … Wikipedia
Copyright law of the Soviet Union — Copyright in Russia • Copyright law of the Soviet Union • Copyright law of the Russian Federation • International copyright relations of Russia The Copyright law of the Soviet … Wikipedia