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motion+aside

  • 81 σπάω

    σπάω, S.Ant. 1003, Ar. Pax 498, etc.: [tense] fut. σπάσω [ᾰ] Lyc.484, ([etym.] δια-) Hdt.7.236, ([etym.] ἐπι-) S.Aj. 769: [tense] aor.
    A

    ἔσπᾰσα Il.13.178

     (tm.), [dialect] Ep.

    σπάσα 5.859

     (tm.), etc.: [tense] pf.

    ἔσπᾰκα Arist.Pr. 930a21

    , ([etym.] ἀν-) Hp.Superf. 22, Ar.Ach. 1069:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

    σπάσομαι Hp.Vict.2.38

    , etc.: [tense] aor.

    ἐσπᾰσάμην Il.19.387

    , Hdt.3.29, Philostr.VA7.42, [dialect] Ep.

    σπασάμην Od. 10.166

    , [dialect] Ep. also σπάσσασθε, σπασσάμενος (v. infr.):—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

    σπασθήσομαι Gal.16.760

    , ([etym.] δια-) X.An.4.8.10: [tense] aor.

    ἐσπάσθην Il.11.458

    , etc.: [tense] pf.

    ἔσπασμαι Hp.Morb.1.20

    , ([etym.] δι-) Th.6.98, etc.; also in med. sense, X.An.7.4.16, Cyr.7.5.29. Mostly poet. ( ἕλκω being preferred in Prose):— draw, hence,
    I of a sword, draw, mostly in [voice] Med.,

    φάσγανά τε σπάσσασθε Od.22.74

    ;

    σπασσάμενος.. ἄορ παχέος παρὰ μηροῦ Il.16.473

    ;

    ἐκ δ' ἄρα σύριγγος.. ἐσπάσατ' ἔγχος 19.387

    ;

    σπασαμένων τὰς μαχαίρας PTeb.48.19

     (ii B.C.), cf. 138 (ii B.C.): in [voice] Act.,

    ξίφος σπάσαντα E.Or. 1194

    ;

    φάσγανον σπάσας χερί Id.IT 322

    :—[voice] Pass., ἐσπασμένοι τὰ ξίφη having their swords drawn, X.An.7.4.16;

    ἐσπασμένον ὃν εἶχεν ἀκινάκην Id.Cyr.7.5.29

    ;

    ἐσπασμένοις τοῖς ξίφεσι D.S. 4.52

    .
    3 abs., σπᾶτ' ἀνδρείως pull, hoist away, like men, Ar. Pax 498.
    II of violent actions, pluck off or out,

    κόμην S.OT 1243

    ;

    λάχνην Id.Tr. 690

    ; cf. σπαστέος.
    2 tear, rend, esp. of ravenous animals, S.Ant. 258, 1003; λαιμοτόμους κεφαλάς dub. l. in E.IA 776 (lyr.); σ. τοῖς ὄνυξιν [τοὺς νεοττούς], of the eagle, Arist.HA 619b31:—[voice] Pass., φλέβιον, σάρκα σπασθῆναι, Hp.Morb. 1.17.
    3 wrench, sprain,

    τὸ σκέλος ἔσπασε Plu.Arat.33

    :—[voice] Pass.,

    τὸν μηρὸν σπασθῆναι Hdt.6.134

    ;

    τοὺς πόδας E.Cyc. 639

    .
    5 metaph., carry away, draw aside,

    ἀλλά σ' ἔσπασεν πειθώ S.El. 561

    ;

    τὰ πάθη οἷον νεῦρα σ. ἡμᾶς Pl. Lg. 644e

    .
    6 Medic., cause convulsion or spasm, v.l. in Hp.Art. 67:—[voice] Pass., to be convulsed,

    σπασθεὶς ἀποθνῄσκει Id.Aph.5.5

    , Thphr. HP 4.4.13, etc.; ἐσπᾶτο γὰρ πέδονδε καὶ μετάρσιος, of Heracles in his agony, S.Tr. 786, cf. σπάσμα, σπασμός: metaph., to be harassed, anxious, Arr.Epict.1.1.16.
    III draw in, suck in,

    θρόμβον αἵματος A. Ch. 533

    ;

    ἔσπασεν ἄμυστιν ἑλκύσας E. Cyc. 417

    ; συνεκθανεῖν σπῶντα χρὴ τῷ πώματι ib. 571;

    μεστὴν ἀκράτου Θηρίκλειον ἔσπασεν Alex.5

    , cf. 285; opp. λάπτω, κάπτω, Plu. 2.699d, cf.

    σπάσις 11

    ; σ. τὸν μαστόν suck it, Arist.HA 587a33;

    σ. ἀμυστί Ael.NA6.51

    ; and in [voice] Med.,

    ταυρείου σπασάμενος αἵματος Apollod.1.9.27

    :—[voice] Pass., of the female, to be sucked, Arist.HA 576b11 ( τὸ ἄγαν σπᾶσθαι prob. l.); cf.

    ἕλκω A. 11.4

    .
    3 metaph., derive, τροφήν, of winds, Hp.Vict.2.38;

    πειθώ τε καὶ εἵμερον ἔσπασε ἐκ..

     drew, derived..,

    IG14.889

     ([place name] Sinuessa); σ. ἔρωτα enjoy it, Opp.H.4.270; ὀλίγον ὕπνου ς. snatch a little sleep, Hld.5.1:—[voice] Med., Id.2.16.
    2 of angling,

    ἡ μήρινθος οὐδὲν ἔσπασεν Ar. Th. 928

    : hence prov., οὐκ ἔσπασεν ταύτῃ γε 'he took nothing by his motion', Id.V. 175.
    V derive,

    ἐπωνυμίαν παρά τινων Philostr.VS2.10.6

    , cf. Ael.NA14.15 ([voice] Med.); ἀρχὴν λυρικῆς καὶ πέρας ς. AP9.184 (s. v.l.); ῥίζαν σ. τινός derive one's origin from.., Lyc.623;

    σ. τὴν κλῆσιν ἀπό τινος S.E.M.1.46

    ;

    ἔννοιαν θεοῦ ἐκ τῶν κατὰ τοὺς ὕπνους φαντασιῶν Epicur.Fr. 353

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σπάω

  • 82 ἐκνεύω

    ἐκνεύω, [tense] aor. ἐξένευσα,
    A turn the head out of its natural position, of a horse, ἐ. ἄνω to toss the head, X.Eq.5.4; τῇ κεφαλῇ ἐκνεύσας by a side-movement with the head, of the wild boar, Id.Cyn.10.12, cf. LXX 4 Ki.23.16.
    2 c. acc., shun, avoid, Phld.Sign.27, Ph.1.146, Orph.A. 458;

    ξίφος Hegesias

     ap.D.H.Comp.18;

    πληγήν D.S.17.100

    .
    II fall headlong,

    εἰς θάνατον E.Ph. 1268

    ;

    ἐ. πρός τι

     to turn aside,

    Ph.1.297

     : c. gen.,

    τῶν παρόντων Plot.6.7.34

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐκνεύω

  • 83 τρέπω

    τρέπω, fut. τρέψω, aor. ἔτρεψα, τρέψα, aor. 2 ἔτραπον, τράπον, mid. aor. 1 part. τρεψάμενος, aor. 2 (ἐ) τραπόμην, pass. perf. τέτραμμαι, imp. τετράφθω, part. τετραμμένος, plup. 3 pl. τετράφαθ, aor. inf. τραφθῆναι: turn, so as to alter the direction more or less.—I. act., turn, direct; τὶ ἔς τι, πρός, παρά, κατά, ἀνά τι, etc., pass., Il. 14.403; of guiding or leading one to a place, Od. 4.294, Od. 9.315; turning missiles aside, horses to flight, Il. 5.187, Il. 8.157, and without ἵππους, Il. 16.657; esp., of turning, ‘routing’ an enemy, Il. 15.261; metaph., νόον, θῦμόν, Il. 5.676.—With πάλιν, turn about or around, ὄσσε, ‘avert’ the eyes, Il. 13.3 ; ἵππους, Il. 8.432; met., φρένας τινός, Il. 6.61.—II. mid., intrans., turn oneself, with direction specified by preposition or adv., as above; metaph., τραπέσθαι ἐπὶ ἔργα, Γ , Od. 1.422; of motion to and fro (versari), τραφθῆναι ἀν' Ἑλλάδα, ‘wander up and down’ through Hellas, Od. 15.80; met., change, τρέπεται χρώς, Il. 13.279; τράπετο νοός, φρήν, κραδίη τέτραπτο, Il. 17.546, Κ , Od. 4.260.

    A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > τρέπω

  • 84 apart

    apart [ə'pɑ:t]
    (a) (separated → in space)
    ∎ a couple of metres apart à (une distance de) deux ou trois mètres l'un de l'autre;
    ∎ the houses were about 10 kilometres apart les maisons étaient à environ 10 kilomètres l'une de l'autre;
    ∎ the lines must be 10 centimetres apart les lignes doivent être espacées de 10 centimètres;
    ∎ plant the seeds fairly far apart plantez les graines assez loin les unes des autres;
    ∎ cities as far apart as Johannesburg and Hong Kong des villes aussi éloignées l'une de l'autre que Johannesburg et Hong Kong;
    ∎ he stood with his legs wide apart il se tenait (debout) les jambes bien écartées;
    ∎ they can't bear to be apart ils ne supportent pas d'être loin l'un de l'autre ou séparés;
    ∎ the boys and girls were kept apart on tenait séparés les garçons et les filles;
    ∎ they're living apart (because of circumstances) ils n'habitent pas ensemble; (because of divorce, breakup) ils sont séparés, ils vivent séparément;
    ∎ children born two years apart des enfants nés à deux ans d'intervalle;
    ∎ figurative we're miles apart when it comes to politics nous avons des points de vue politiques très différents
    (b) (in pieces) en pièces, en morceaux;
    ∎ to break apart s'émietter;
    ∎ to take a machine apart démonter ou désassembler une machine
    ∎ to push apart éloigner (en poussant);
    ∎ they sprang apart when I entered the room ils se sont écartés vivement l'un de l'autre quand je suis entré dans la pièce;
    ∎ to grow apart from sb s'éloigner de qn
    (d) (isolated) à l'écart;
    ∎ she stood apart from the others elle se tenait à l'écart des autres
    (e) (aside) à part;
    ∎ joking apart trève de plaisanterie;
    ∎ that apart, did you enjoy yourselves? à part ça, vous vous êtes amusés?
    (after n) (distinct and special) à part;
    ∎ they regard it as a thing apart ils considèrent que c'est quelque chose de complètement différent
    (a) (except for) à part;
    ∎ apart from my salary, we have nothing en dehors de ou à part mon salaire, nous n'avons rien;
    ∎ it's fine, apart from a few minor mistakes à part ou sauf quelques fautes sans importance, c'est très bien;
    ∎ I don't know anyone apart from you je ne connais personne à part toi;
    ∎ but apart from that, everything's fine! mais à part ça, tout va très bien!
    (b) (as well as) en plus de;
    ∎ she has many interests apart from golf elle s'intéresse à beaucoup de choses à part le ou en plus du golf;
    ∎ quite apart from the fact that it's too big, I don't like the colour outre (le fait) que c'est trop grand, je n'aime pas la couleur

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > apart

  • 85 ἐγείρω

    ἐγείρω fut. ἐγερῶ; 1 aor. ἤγειρα. Pass.: pres. ἐγείρομαι, impv. 2 sg. ἐγείρου, pl. ἐγείρεσθε; 1 fut. ἐγερθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἠγέρθην; pf. ἐγήγερμαι (B-D-F §101 and 78; Rob. 1215) (Hom.+).
    ① to cause someone to wake from sleep, wake, rouse Mt 8:25; Mk 4:38; Ac 12:7.
    ② to cease sleeping, wake up, awaken fr. sleep, pass. intr. (PStras 100, 15 [II B.C.] ἐγερθεὶς ἐκάλουν βοηθούς) ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕπνου Mt 1:24 (cp. διεγείρω). Abs. 25:7; Mk 4:27; J 11:12 P75. Fig., ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι awaken fr. sleep (i.e. thoughtless indolence) Ro 13:11 (cp. Epict. 2, 20, 15 ἐ. ἐκ τῶν ὕπνων, fr. the sleep of carelessness); cp. AcPl Ha 4, 32.
    ③ to cause to stand up from a position lower than that of the pers. rendering assistance, raise, help to rise, pers. sitting down Ac 3:7 (ἵνα σταθῶ). Lying down Mk 1:31; 9:27. Stretched out Ac 10:26 (En 14:25). Fallen Mt 12:11; 1 Cl 59:4; Hv 3, 2, 4.
    ④ to move to a standing position, rise, get up, pass. intr. of those who have awakened Mt 2:13f, 20f; 8:26; Lk 11:8; who were sitting down (EpArist 94) Mt 9:19; Lk 13:25; J 11:29; Hv 1, 4, 1; AcPl Ox 6; kneeling Hv 2, 1, 3; of the sick Mt 8:15; 9:6f; Mk 2:12; of those called back to life (cp. 4 Km 4:31) Mt 9:25; Lk 7:14. ἐκ τοῦ δείπνου rise from the table J 13:4; of one who has fallen Mt 17:7; Ac 9:8 (on ἀπὸ τ. γῆς cp. 2 Km 12:17; Ps 112:7).
    ⑤ to cause to come into existence, raise up, bring into being (Judg 2:16, 18 ἤγειρε αὐτοῖς κύριος κριτάς; 3:9, 15 σωτῆρα; Pr 10:12; TestLevi 18:2 ἱερέα; Jos., Ant. 8, 199) κέρας σωτηρίας a horn of salvation Lk 1:69; τέκνα τινί Mt 3:9; Lk 3:8. ἤγειρεν τὸν Δαυὶδ αὐτοῖς εἰς βασιλέα he gave them David as (their) king Ac 13:22 (cp. Jos., Ant. 19, 295). W. double acc. and dat. of advantage vs. 23 v.l.; τὶ someth. (Theognis 549 πόλεμον ἐ.; Appian, Hann. 41 §177 θόρυβον; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 50 Jac. μάχην; Tat. 19, 3 στάσεις καὶ μάχας) cause θλῖψιν Phil 1:17 (Lucian, Syr. Dea 18 πένθος τινι).
    ⑥ to cause to return to life, raise up (the ancients closely associated death with sleep; s., e.g., Kaibel 559, 7f; RLattimore, Themes in Greek and Latin Epitaphs ’62, 164f al.) (Apollodor. [II B.C.]: 244 Fgm. 138a Jac., of Asclepius. Similarly schol. on Lucian p. 55, 23 Rabe; Sir 48:5 ὁ ἐγείρας νεκρὸν ἐκ θανάτου; PGM 4, 195) Mt 10:8; J 5:21; Ac 26:8; 2 Cor 1:9; AcPt Ox 849 verso, 10; AcPl Ha 8, 35=BMM verso 9. Of the raising of Jesus Ac 5:30; 10:40; 13:37; 1 Cor 6:14; 15:15ff; 2 Cor 4:14. More fully ἐ. τινὰ ἐκ νεκρῶν (mostly of Jesus’ resurr.) J 12:1, 9, 17; Ac 3:15; 4:10; 13:30; Ro 4:24; 8:11; 10:9; Gal 1:1; Eph 1:20; Col 2:12; 1 Th 1:10; Hb 11:19; 1 Pt 1:21; IMg 9:3; Pol 2:1f; AcPlCor 2:6. ἀπὸ νεκρῶν ITr 9:2. Of the raising of Christ’s flesh ISm 7:1.
    ⑦ to enter into or to be in a state of life as a result of being raised, be raised, rise, pass. intr., of one who has died (Is 26:19; TestJob 4:9; cp. 4 Km 4:31) approaches ἀναστῆναι in mng. (cp. mss. and synopt. parallels; s. ἀνίστημι 7) gen. νεκροὶ ἐγείρονται Mk 12:26; Lk 7:22; 20:37; 1 Cor 15:15f, 29, 32, 35, 52. Of Lazarus ἐγερθήσεται J 11:12 v.l. σώματα … ἠγέρθησαν Mt 27:52; ἐγείρεται σῶμα πνευμάτικον 1 Cor 15:44; cp. 15:42f; τὸ σῶμα ἐγείρεται AcPlCor 2:27; cp. 2:26 (in imagery after 1 Cor 15:37). ἐάν τις ἀπὸ νεκρῶν ἐγερθῇ Lk 16:30 v.l.; ἐάν τις ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγερθῇ 16:31 P75.—Of John the Baptist ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν Mt 14:2; cp. ἐκ νεκρῶν Mk 6:14; Lk 9:7.—Of Christ: ἐκ νεκρῶν Mt 17:9; J 2:22; 21:14; Ro 6:4, 9; 7:4; 1 Cor 15:12, 20 (cp. Just., D. 108, 2 ἐγηγέρθαι); 2 Ti 2:8. Also ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν Mt 27:64; 28:7; ἀπὸ νεκρῶν ITr 9:2. Without this qualification τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐγερθῆναι Mt 16:21; 17:23. καθῶς εἶπεν 28:6; ὄντως εἶπεν Mt 26:32; 26:34. διὰ τὴν δικαίωσιν ἡμῶν Ro 4:25; ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν (τῶν ζώντων) 2 Cor 5:15. Abs. Mt 26:32; Mk 14:28; 16:6; Lk 24:6, 14 (v.l. ἐκ νεκρῶν); Ro 8:34 (v.l. ἐκ ν.); 1 Cor 15:13f, 16f; AcPlCor 2:31.—For lit. s. on ἀνάστασις 2 end.
    ⑧ to raise up from sickness, raise up=restore to health (the sick pers. is ordinarily recumbent) Js 5:15; AcPl BMM verso 11 (Did., Gen. 168, 17).
    ⑨ to change to a previous good state or condition, restore, erect of buildings (Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 18; Aelian, NA 11, 10; Herodian 3, 15, 3; 8, 2, 5; Lucian, Alex. 19; Anth. Pal. 9, 696; OGI 677, 3; 1 Esdr 5:43; Sir 49:13; ἐ. τρόπαιον Hippol., Ref. 1, 24, 6; θυσιαστήριον Did., Gen. 223, 19) temple (ναόν: Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 26 §120; Lucian, Sacr. 11; Jos., Ant. 15, 391; 20, 228) J 2:19f.
    ⑩ to move someth. from its position by exerting effort in overcoming resistance, lift up ἔγειρον τ. λίθον lift up the stone, push the stone aside (Seleucus of Alex. [I A.D.]: 341 Fgm. 4 Jac. in buffoonery at a symposium, of a stone pushed out from under a participant who has put his head in a noose and has been given a small scimitar to cut the rope before it strangles him) (Ox 1 recto, 6 [=GTh 77]); LWright, JBL 65, ’46, 182; Unknown Sayings 95–98; AWalls, VigChr 16, ’62, 71–76.— Raise κονιορτόν (Polyaenus 4, 19; 7, 44, 1) Hv 4, 1, 5 (Jos. Bell. 5, 471 speaks in the pass. of the dust that ‘is raised’). Cp. Mt 12:11.
    ⑪ to move against in hostility, rise up, pass. intr., of nations rising in arms (Jer 6:22 v.l.) ἐ. ἐπί τινα against someone one nation against another Mt 24:7; Mk 13:8; Lk 21:10 (for ἐπί τινα cp. Appian, Liby. 68 §307; Jer 27:9; Jos., Ant. 8, 199).
    ⑫ to make an appearance, appear, pass. intr. of prophets Mt 11:11; Lk 7:16; J 7:52; of false prophets Mt 24:11, 24; Mk 13:22. Of accusers in court (w. ἐν τῇ κρίσει; s. ἀνίστημι 9) Mt 12:42; Lk 11:31 (on omission of ἐν τῇ κρίσει in ms. D, see MBlack, An Aramaic Approach3, ’67, 134).
    ⑬ in a command to evoke movement from a fixed position ἔγειρε, ἐγείρου get up!, come! impv.
    ⓐ act. intr. only in impv. (Eur., Iph. A. 624; Aristoph., Ran. 340; Aesop-mss. [Ursing 80]) Mt 9:5f; Mk 2:9 (v.l. ἐγείρου), 11; 3:3; 5:41; 10:49; Lk 5:23f; 6:8; 8:54 (v.l. ἐγείρου); J 5:8; Ac 3:6 ἔγειρε καὶ περιπάτει; Rv 11:1; AcPl Ha 7, 28. Awakening of the ‘dead’ (with καθεύδειν and ἐγείρειν associated in figurative use, as in Plut., Mor. 462) in Mk 5:41; Lk 8:54 (v.l. ἐγείρου); Eph 5:14 (MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc., but without Gnostic motif acc. to KKuhn, NTS 7, ’60/61, 341–46; cp. PsSol 16:1–4) parallels the aspect of motion in passages cited in 1, 3–10, and others here in a above.
    ⓑ pass. intr. ἐγείρου get up! Mk 2:9 v.l.; Lk 8:54 v.l.; ἐγείρεσθε, ἄγωμεν get up! let us be going Mt 26:46; Mk 14:42; J 14:31.—B. 271; 670. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐγείρω

  • 86 Science

       It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)
       One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)
       Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)
       A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)
       [Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]
       I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)
       If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)
       Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)
       The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)
       The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)
       The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)
       Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)
       Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)
       This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)
       Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science

  • 87 חלל

    חָלַל(b. h.; v. Ges. H. Dict.10> s. vv. חלל I, II) 1) (v. חוּל) to roll, turn. Ber.32a (ref. to ייחל, Ex. 32:11) שחַל עליהם מדת הדין למדת הרחמים Ms. M. (v. חָלָה) he (Moses) turned justice into mercy in their behalf; Yalk. Ex. 392 הֵחֵל (Hif.).Tanḥ. Yithro 1 מת חולל, read וחָלָל. 2) to bore, hollow, pierce, v. חָלִיל, חָלָל I. 3) to surround; to place outside a circle, v. חוֹל III, חִילּוֹנִי. Nif. נֶחְלַל (v. חָלָל I) to be cut all around, be severed. Naz.54a (ref. to Num. 19:18) בחלל זה אבר הנ׳ מן החיוכ׳ ‘on something severed, that means a limb which has been cut off a living body, and on which there was not flesh enough to have made healing possible; במת זה אבר הנ׳וכ׳ ‘on something dead, that means a limb severed from a corpse; ib. 53b. Nif. נָחוֹל to become חוּלִּין, to cease to be sacred. Shebi. I, 8 עד שיֵחוֹלּוּ until the fruits become available for private use; Y. ib. 33c top מהו עד שיח׳ עד שיפדו או עד שיעשו חוליןוכ׳ what does ad sheyeḥôllu mean? Until they are redeemed (in the fourth year), or until they become ḥullin of themselves (in the fifth year)? Hif. הֵיחֵל 1) ( to set in motion, to begin. Sifré Num. 134 (ref. to Deut. 3:24) אתה הֲחִילּוֹתָוכ׳ thou hast begun to open the door Dem. VII, 4 ומֵיחֵל ושותה Y. ed. (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) and he may at once commence drinking (Maim.; v. infra). 2) to make חוּלִּין; to break a vow; to profane. Ber. l. c. (ref. to Num. 30:3) הוא אינו מֵיחֵל אבל אחרים מְחַלִּין לו he himself cannot break a vow, but others may break it for him (absolve him; Ḥag.10a … מיחל … מוֹחֲלִין; Ex. R. s. 43 מוחל אבל.… חכם מוֹחֵל, corr. acc.). Dem. l. c. ומיחל ושותה and thus he redeems, and he may drink (R. S.); Tosef. ib. VIII, 7 ומ׳ ושותה מיד.Kidd.77a (ref. to Lev. 21:15) מֵיחֵל he produces profanation (begets degraded priests), v. חָלָל II. 3) to turn, change. Yalk. Ex. 392, v. supra. Pi. חִלֵּל 1) to break a vow, to profane, to desecrate; to degrade. Deut. R. s. 2 (play on החלת, Deut. 3:24) חִלַּלְתָּוכ׳ hast thou not broken the oath? (Sifré Num. 134 הֲחִלּוֹתָ, v. supra). Ab. III, 11 המְחַלֵּל את הקדשים who treats profanely sacred things (causes them to be carried out and burnt). Ab. Zar.28a מְחַלְּלִין עליהוכ׳ you may desecrate the Sabbath for the sake of curing it; a. fr.Esp. to cause the loss of the priestly status. Macc.2a המְחַלֵּל אינו מִתְחַלֵּל he (the priest marrying a divorced woman) who causes the loss of priestly status (to his issue) does not lose the priestly status himself; הבא לחַלֵּל ולא חִילֵּל he who intended to cause the loss of priestly status (by false testimony) and did not succeed. 2) (v. Deut. 14:24, sq.) to redeem, to make available for private use. Maas. Sh. I, 2; a. fr. Pa. חוּלָּל 1) to be removed from the priestly status, become a חָלָל. Kidd.77a (ref. to Lev. 21:15 ‘he shall not degrade) לא יְחוּלָּל זהוכ׳ no degradation shall be causedwhich can only refer to a person who had a status and now becomes degraded (i. e. his wife). 2) to be redeemed, to become secular again. Part. מְחוּלָּל, f. מְחוּלֶּלֶת. Dem. V, 1, a. fr. ומח׳ על המעות and it is redeemed by setting aside its value. Maas. Sh. II, 10 מה … סלע זו ח׳ עליו (not על זו, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l.) this Sela (which has been set apart as an equivalent for second tithes) shall be redeemed against the wine which the clean (sons of mine) may drink in Jerusalem, i. e. I buy with this Sela only that portion of the wine which the clean may drink. Ib. הרי מעות האלו מְחוּלָּלִיםוכ׳ that money (dedicated for purchasing equivalents in Jerusalem) shall be redeemed against thy fruits; a. v. fr. 3) to be loosely joined, to be a movable link. Sabb.52b במְחוּלָּלִין referring to movable links, (v. חוּלְיָא I). Y.Pes.I, 27c top במְחוּלָּלוֹת when the vessels can be rolled about, opp. אפוצות close together (v. חִלְחֵל). Hithpa. הִתְחַלֵּל, Nithpa. נִתְחַלֵּל 1) ( to be perforated, (of bowels) to be loose. Esth. R. to I, 8 שיִתְחַלְּלוּ מעיו. 2) to be profaned, desecrated, degraded. Ab. I, 11. Macc.2a, v. supra. Yeb.79a ואל יתְחַלֵּלוכ׳ rather than that the name of the Lord be profaned in public; a. fr.

    Jewish literature > חלל

  • 88 חָלַל

    חָלַל(b. h.; v. Ges. H. Dict.10> s. vv. חלל I, II) 1) (v. חוּל) to roll, turn. Ber.32a (ref. to ייחל, Ex. 32:11) שחַל עליהם מדת הדין למדת הרחמים Ms. M. (v. חָלָה) he (Moses) turned justice into mercy in their behalf; Yalk. Ex. 392 הֵחֵל (Hif.).Tanḥ. Yithro 1 מת חולל, read וחָלָל. 2) to bore, hollow, pierce, v. חָלִיל, חָלָל I. 3) to surround; to place outside a circle, v. חוֹל III, חִילּוֹנִי. Nif. נֶחְלַל (v. חָלָל I) to be cut all around, be severed. Naz.54a (ref. to Num. 19:18) בחלל זה אבר הנ׳ מן החיוכ׳ ‘on something severed, that means a limb which has been cut off a living body, and on which there was not flesh enough to have made healing possible; במת זה אבר הנ׳וכ׳ ‘on something dead, that means a limb severed from a corpse; ib. 53b. Nif. נָחוֹל to become חוּלִּין, to cease to be sacred. Shebi. I, 8 עד שיֵחוֹלּוּ until the fruits become available for private use; Y. ib. 33c top מהו עד שיח׳ עד שיפדו או עד שיעשו חוליןוכ׳ what does ad sheyeḥôllu mean? Until they are redeemed (in the fourth year), or until they become ḥullin of themselves (in the fifth year)? Hif. הֵיחֵל 1) ( to set in motion, to begin. Sifré Num. 134 (ref. to Deut. 3:24) אתה הֲחִילּוֹתָוכ׳ thou hast begun to open the door Dem. VII, 4 ומֵיחֵל ושותה Y. ed. (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) and he may at once commence drinking (Maim.; v. infra). 2) to make חוּלִּין; to break a vow; to profane. Ber. l. c. (ref. to Num. 30:3) הוא אינו מֵיחֵל אבל אחרים מְחַלִּין לו he himself cannot break a vow, but others may break it for him (absolve him; Ḥag.10a … מיחל … מוֹחֲלִין; Ex. R. s. 43 מוחל אבל.… חכם מוֹחֵל, corr. acc.). Dem. l. c. ומיחל ושותה and thus he redeems, and he may drink (R. S.); Tosef. ib. VIII, 7 ומ׳ ושותה מיד.Kidd.77a (ref. to Lev. 21:15) מֵיחֵל he produces profanation (begets degraded priests), v. חָלָל II. 3) to turn, change. Yalk. Ex. 392, v. supra. Pi. חִלֵּל 1) to break a vow, to profane, to desecrate; to degrade. Deut. R. s. 2 (play on החלת, Deut. 3:24) חִלַּלְתָּוכ׳ hast thou not broken the oath? (Sifré Num. 134 הֲחִלּוֹתָ, v. supra). Ab. III, 11 המְחַלֵּל את הקדשים who treats profanely sacred things (causes them to be carried out and burnt). Ab. Zar.28a מְחַלְּלִין עליהוכ׳ you may desecrate the Sabbath for the sake of curing it; a. fr.Esp. to cause the loss of the priestly status. Macc.2a המְחַלֵּל אינו מִתְחַלֵּל he (the priest marrying a divorced woman) who causes the loss of priestly status (to his issue) does not lose the priestly status himself; הבא לחַלֵּל ולא חִילֵּל he who intended to cause the loss of priestly status (by false testimony) and did not succeed. 2) (v. Deut. 14:24, sq.) to redeem, to make available for private use. Maas. Sh. I, 2; a. fr. Pa. חוּלָּל 1) to be removed from the priestly status, become a חָלָל. Kidd.77a (ref. to Lev. 21:15 ‘he shall not degrade) לא יְחוּלָּל זהוכ׳ no degradation shall be causedwhich can only refer to a person who had a status and now becomes degraded (i. e. his wife). 2) to be redeemed, to become secular again. Part. מְחוּלָּל, f. מְחוּלֶּלֶת. Dem. V, 1, a. fr. ומח׳ על המעות and it is redeemed by setting aside its value. Maas. Sh. II, 10 מה … סלע זו ח׳ עליו (not על זו, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l.) this Sela (which has been set apart as an equivalent for second tithes) shall be redeemed against the wine which the clean (sons of mine) may drink in Jerusalem, i. e. I buy with this Sela only that portion of the wine which the clean may drink. Ib. הרי מעות האלו מְחוּלָּלִיםוכ׳ that money (dedicated for purchasing equivalents in Jerusalem) shall be redeemed against thy fruits; a. v. fr. 3) to be loosely joined, to be a movable link. Sabb.52b במְחוּלָּלִין referring to movable links, (v. חוּלְיָא I). Y.Pes.I, 27c top במְחוּלָּלוֹת when the vessels can be rolled about, opp. אפוצות close together (v. חִלְחֵל). Hithpa. הִתְחַלֵּל, Nithpa. נִתְחַלֵּל 1) ( to be perforated, (of bowels) to be loose. Esth. R. to I, 8 שיִתְחַלְּלוּ מעיו. 2) to be profaned, desecrated, degraded. Ab. I, 11. Macc.2a, v. supra. Yeb.79a ואל יתְחַלֵּלוכ׳ rather than that the name of the Lord be profaned in public; a. fr.

    Jewish literature > חָלַל

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