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81 MAD
1) Авиация: устройство магнитного обнаружения2) Медицина: multiwavelength anomalous diffraction, Mandibular Advancement Device, mean abdominal diameter3) Спорт: Mechanical Amusement Device4) Военный термин: Marine air detachment, Mechanized Artillery Division, Missile Attack And Defense, Mission Area Deficiency, Mobile Armor Division, magnetic anomaly detection, magnetic anomaly detector, maintenance access door, maintenance alert directive, maintenance analysis data, maintenance, assembly and disassembly, material analysis data, material availability date, materiel acquisition and delivery, mechanical assembly and disassembly, military airplane division, military assistance division, missile assembly data, motor assembly and disassembly, mutual assured destruction, взаимное гарантированное уничтожение, взаимогарантированное уничтожение, mission assignment discrete (USAF)5) Техника: magnetic airborne detector, multiple-access device6) Шутливое выражение: Malevolent Agency Of Destruction7) Химия: Multi-wavelength Anomalous Diffraction8) Математика: среднее абсолютное отклонение (mean absolute deviation)9) Метеорология: Manipulating Aeromagnetic Data, Measured Air Device10) Статистика: cреднее абсолютное отклонение (сокр. от "mean absolute derivation")11) Астрономия: Mass Analyzer Detector, Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics Demonstrator12) Биржевой термин: Money All Day13) Грубое выражение: Men Are Dumb14) Телекоммуникации: Median Absolute Deviation15) Сокращение: Madurese, Magnetic Azimuth Detector, Maintenance Analysis Document, Mass Air Delivery, Maximum Acquisition Distance, Military Air Distress, Moroccan Dirham, Multiple Access Device, maintenance assembly and disassembly, mutually assured destruction, Mission assignment descrete16) Театр: Music Acting And Dance, Music Art Drama17) Университет: Michigan Athletic Development18) Физиология: Maximum Adrenalin Dose, Morning Affective Disorder, Multiple Avatar Disorder19) Вычислительная техника: Message Address Directory, multiaperture device, multiple aperture device, Memory Address Driver strength (BIOS)20) Нефть: manual activation deluge/foam push button, maximum allowable discharge, maximal allowable discharge21) Онкология: Melanoma Awareness Day22) Транспорт: Make A Delivery23) Фирменный знак: Monument Album Discography26) Деловая лексика: Make A Decision, Maximum Administrative Delay, Motivation And Determination27) Образование: Making A Difference28) Валютные операции: марокканская драхма (Moroccan dirham)29) Сетевые технологии: Managing All Documents30) Контроль качества: mathematical analysis of downtime, mean absolute deviation31) Расширение файла: Machine ANSI Data, Module shortcut (MS Access)32) Собаководство: Master Agility Dog33) Должность: Musicians Artists And Dancers35) Программное обеспечение: Matlab Auditory Demonstrations36) Хобби: Multi Activity Day37) Единицы измерений: Mean Absolute Distance38) Музеи: Museum Accessibility Demonstration -
82 Mad
1) Авиация: устройство магнитного обнаружения2) Медицина: multiwavelength anomalous diffraction, Mandibular Advancement Device, mean abdominal diameter3) Спорт: Mechanical Amusement Device4) Военный термин: Marine air detachment, Mechanized Artillery Division, Missile Attack And Defense, Mission Area Deficiency, Mobile Armor Division, magnetic anomaly detection, magnetic anomaly detector, maintenance access door, maintenance alert directive, maintenance analysis data, maintenance, assembly and disassembly, material analysis data, material availability date, materiel acquisition and delivery, mechanical assembly and disassembly, military airplane division, military assistance division, missile assembly data, motor assembly and disassembly, mutual assured destruction, взаимное гарантированное уничтожение, взаимогарантированное уничтожение, mission assignment discrete (USAF)5) Техника: magnetic airborne detector, multiple-access device6) Шутливое выражение: Malevolent Agency Of Destruction7) Химия: Multi-wavelength Anomalous Diffraction8) Математика: среднее абсолютное отклонение (mean absolute deviation)9) Метеорология: Manipulating Aeromagnetic Data, Measured Air Device10) Статистика: cреднее абсолютное отклонение (сокр. от "mean absolute derivation")11) Астрономия: Mass Analyzer Detector, Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics Demonstrator12) Биржевой термин: Money All Day13) Грубое выражение: Men Are Dumb14) Телекоммуникации: Median Absolute Deviation15) Сокращение: Madurese, Magnetic Azimuth Detector, Maintenance Analysis Document, Mass Air Delivery, Maximum Acquisition Distance, Military Air Distress, Moroccan Dirham, Multiple Access Device, maintenance assembly and disassembly, mutually assured destruction, Mission assignment descrete16) Театр: Music Acting And Dance, Music Art Drama17) Университет: Michigan Athletic Development18) Физиология: Maximum Adrenalin Dose, Morning Affective Disorder, Multiple Avatar Disorder19) Вычислительная техника: Message Address Directory, multiaperture device, multiple aperture device, Memory Address Driver strength (BIOS)20) Нефть: manual activation deluge/foam push button, maximum allowable discharge, maximal allowable discharge21) Онкология: Melanoma Awareness Day22) Транспорт: Make A Delivery23) Фирменный знак: Monument Album Discography26) Деловая лексика: Make A Decision, Maximum Administrative Delay, Motivation And Determination27) Образование: Making A Difference28) Валютные операции: марокканская драхма (Moroccan dirham)29) Сетевые технологии: Managing All Documents30) Контроль качества: mathematical analysis of downtime, mean absolute deviation31) Расширение файла: Machine ANSI Data, Module shortcut (MS Access)32) Собаководство: Master Agility Dog33) Должность: Musicians Artists And Dancers35) Программное обеспечение: Matlab Auditory Demonstrations36) Хобби: Multi Activity Day37) Единицы измерений: Mean Absolute Distance38) Музеи: Museum Accessibility Demonstration -
83 mad
1) Авиация: устройство магнитного обнаружения2) Медицина: multiwavelength anomalous diffraction, Mandibular Advancement Device, mean abdominal diameter3) Спорт: Mechanical Amusement Device4) Военный термин: Marine air detachment, Mechanized Artillery Division, Missile Attack And Defense, Mission Area Deficiency, Mobile Armor Division, magnetic anomaly detection, magnetic anomaly detector, maintenance access door, maintenance alert directive, maintenance analysis data, maintenance, assembly and disassembly, material analysis data, material availability date, materiel acquisition and delivery, mechanical assembly and disassembly, military airplane division, military assistance division, missile assembly data, motor assembly and disassembly, mutual assured destruction, взаимное гарантированное уничтожение, взаимогарантированное уничтожение, mission assignment discrete (USAF)5) Техника: magnetic airborne detector, multiple-access device6) Шутливое выражение: Malevolent Agency Of Destruction7) Химия: Multi-wavelength Anomalous Diffraction8) Математика: среднее абсолютное отклонение (mean absolute deviation)9) Метеорология: Manipulating Aeromagnetic Data, Measured Air Device10) Статистика: cреднее абсолютное отклонение (сокр. от "mean absolute derivation")11) Астрономия: Mass Analyzer Detector, Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics Demonstrator12) Биржевой термин: Money All Day13) Грубое выражение: Men Are Dumb14) Телекоммуникации: Median Absolute Deviation15) Сокращение: Madurese, Magnetic Azimuth Detector, Maintenance Analysis Document, Mass Air Delivery, Maximum Acquisition Distance, Military Air Distress, Moroccan Dirham, Multiple Access Device, maintenance assembly and disassembly, mutually assured destruction, Mission assignment descrete16) Театр: Music Acting And Dance, Music Art Drama17) Университет: Michigan Athletic Development18) Физиология: Maximum Adrenalin Dose, Morning Affective Disorder, Multiple Avatar Disorder19) Вычислительная техника: Message Address Directory, multiaperture device, multiple aperture device, Memory Address Driver strength (BIOS)20) Нефть: manual activation deluge/foam push button, maximum allowable discharge, maximal allowable discharge21) Онкология: Melanoma Awareness Day22) Транспорт: Make A Delivery23) Фирменный знак: Monument Album Discography26) Деловая лексика: Make A Decision, Maximum Administrative Delay, Motivation And Determination27) Образование: Making A Difference28) Валютные операции: марокканская драхма (Moroccan dirham)29) Сетевые технологии: Managing All Documents30) Контроль качества: mathematical analysis of downtime, mean absolute deviation31) Расширение файла: Machine ANSI Data, Module shortcut (MS Access)32) Собаководство: Master Agility Dog33) Должность: Musicians Artists And Dancers35) Программное обеспечение: Matlab Auditory Demonstrations36) Хобби: Multi Activity Day37) Единицы измерений: Mean Absolute Distance38) Музеи: Museum Accessibility Demonstration -
84 marroquí
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85 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
86 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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87 Pedro of Avis, prince
(1392-1449)One of the many talented sons of King João I and Philippa of Lancaster, regent and older brother of Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator). Pedro's life and work were important in consolidating an independent Portuguese monarchy and in promoting the maritime discoveries and explorations down the coast of Africa. Well-educated for a member of royalty in his day, Infante Dom Pedro was present as a warrior at the auspicious conquest of Ceuta in Morocco in 1415, and was named Duke of Coimbra that same year. From 1425 to 1428, he traveled and studied in Europe, including in England, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Aragon and Castile. He returned from his travels with a copy of Marco Polo's famous book and introduced this to his country.Among royalty and nobility, Prince Pedro's views were cautious regarding further Portuguese expansion in Morocco, and during the troubled times of 1436-38, he opposed the planned but ill-fated attack on the Moroccan city of Tangier; he called for the surrender later of Ceuta, in order to ransom the life of Prince Fernando, a prisoner in Moroccan hands. Following the death of King Duarte in 1438 and the subsequent succession crisis, including a civil war among factions, Prince Pedro acted as regent until 1446, when Prince Afonso reached his majority and was acclaimed King Afonso V, called "The African" (r. 1446-81).After Prince Pedro's powers were given up finally in 1448, his formerly exiled enemies returned to Portugal and vowed vengeance against him. Warfare ensued and, with the defeat of his army at the battle of Alfarrobeira in 1449, Prince Pedro was killed. His many accomplishments and talents off the battlefields were forgotten over the generations. Beginning in the late 19th century, the memory of his distinction and greatness was increasingly obscured by the growing fame, legend, and myth of his younger brother, Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator). An effort to rehabilitate the memory and public knowledge of Prince Pedro began in the early 1960s among a handful of foreign scholars, and was carried on by Portuguese scholars in the 1990s, but it appeared to have little effect against the pervasive cult of Prince Henry the Navigator. -
88 mad
[mæd]as mad as a wet hen взбешенный; mad as a hatter, mad as a March hare = совсем сумасшедший, спятивший mad разг. рассерженный, раздосадованный (at, about - чем-л.); to get mad рассердиться; выйти из себя; don't be mad at me не сердитесь на меня mad разг. рассерженный, раздосадованный (at, about - чем-л.); to get mad рассердиться; выйти из себя; don't be mad at me не сердитесь на меня mad бешеный (о животном) mad буйно веселый; we had a mad time мы очень веселились; like mad как безумный mad обезумевший, рассвирепевший (with - от чего-л.) mad разг. рассерженный, раздосадованный (at, about - чем-л.); to get mad рассердиться; выйти из себя; don't be mad at me не сердитесь на меня mad редк. сводить с ума mad страстно любящий (что-л.); помешанный (after, for, on, about - на чем-л.); to run mad (after smth.) быть без ума (от чего-л.), увлекаться (чем-л.) mad сумасбродный, безрассудный; a mad venture безрассудное предприятие mad сумасшедший, безумный; to send (smb.) mad свести с ума (кого-л.) mad редк. сходить с ума; вести себя как безумный MAD: Moroccan dirham марокканский дирхам as mad as a wet hen взбешенный; mad as a hatter, mad as a March hare = совсем сумасшедший, спятивший as mad as a wet hen взбешенный; mad as a hatter, mad as a March hare = совсем сумасшедший, спятивший mad сумасбродный, безрассудный; a mad venture безрассудное предприятие MAD: Moroccan dirham марокканский дирхам mad страстно любящий (что-л.); помешанный (after, for, on, about - на чем-л.); to run mad (after smth.) быть без ума (от чего-л.), увлекаться (чем-л.) run: mad употр. как глагол-связка: to run cold похолодеть; холодеть; to run dry высыхать; иссякать; to run mad сходить с ума mad сумасшедший, безумный; to send (smb.) mad свести с ума (кого-л.) mad буйно веселый; we had a mad time мы очень веселились; like mad как безумный -
89 марокканский
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > марокканский
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90 centime
сущ.мн. centimes эк. сантим, сентима) (разменная монета Швейцарии, Лихтенштейна, Демократической республики Конго, Гвинеи, Джибути, Коморских Островов, Руанды и ряда других стран; до введения евро в 2002 г. также являлся разменной монетой Франции, Бельгии, Люксембурга и Монако; одна сотая франка)See:б) (разменная монета Алжира; одна сотая динара)See:в) (разменная монета Гаити; одна сотая гурда)See:г) (разменная монета Марокко; одна сотая дирхама)See:д) (разменная монета Вануату; одна сотая вату)See: -
91 dirham
сущ.эк. дирхам, дирхема) (денежная единица Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов (1 дирхам = 100 филсов) и Марокко (1 дирхам = 100 сантимов))See:б) (разменная монета Ливии; одна тысячная динара)See:в) (разменная монета Катара; одна сотая рияла)See: -
92 MAD
эк. (по ISO 4217: международный стандартный код марокканского дирхама)See: -
93 Morocco
сущ.общ. Марокко (королевство; столица — Рабат; государственные языки арабский и французский; национальная валюта — марокканский дирхам)See:Moroccan dirham, Western Sahara, Arab Monetary Fund, Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, Arab Maghreb Union, Maghreb, League of Arab States, Bank Al-Maghrib, developing countries, less developed countries, lower middle-income countries, less indebted, conventional peg, Brady Plan* * * -
94 recognize
гл.1)а) псих. осознавать, отдавать себе отчет (в чем-л.)б) рекл. узнавать (узнавать марку, товар, компанию или рекламу)2)а) эк. (официально) признавать (право, факт и т. д.)б) пол. (официально) признавать (правительство, независимость страны и т. п.)Britain does not recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara. — Великобритания не признает суверенитет Марокко над Западной Сахарой.
в) эк. тр. признавать (соглашаться с правом профсоюза на представление интересов определенной группы работников)г) соц. признавать (признавать соответствие чьего-л. поведения каким-л. нормам или признавать чей-л. общественный статус)д) юр. признавать (устанавливать соответствие какого-л. поведения законодательным нормам)See:3) учет признавать (регистрировать какие-л. активы, пассивы, затраты или доходы в учетной документации) -
95 seller
сущ.1) продавец, торговеца) эк (лицо, продающее что-л.)ATTRIBUTES: aggressive 3), conditional 1), criminal 1. 1), industrial 1. 1), n1а, institutional 1), б, intermediate 2. 2), knowledgeable, outside 2. 3)
sovereign seller — суверенный [независимый\] продавец
COMBS:
trustworthy seller — надежный [заслуживающий доверия\] продавец
Syn:See:aggressive seller, bear seller, conditional seller, criminal seller, hard seller, industrial seller, instalment seller, institutional seller, intermediate seller, knowledgeable seller, list seller, on-line seller, option seller, outside seller, reseller, short seller, soft seller, tough seller, undisclosed seller, seller financing, seller's market, sellers' market, sellers market, seller's auction, sellers' competition, sellers' cooperative, sellers' inflation, seller's mortgage, seller's option, seller's price, !, COMBS: at the seller's optionб) торг. (работник магазина, отпускающий товар покупателям)seller for multinational firm — продавец в мультинациональной фирме, продавец мультинациональной фирмы
Syn:в) юр., амер. (согласно определению Единообразного торгового кодекса США: лицо, которое продает товары или вступает в договор о продаже товаров)See:unpaid seller, duties of the seller, exclusion of seller's liability, ordinary course of the seller's business, person in position of seller, seller in possession, seller's damages for non-acceptance or repudiation, seller's incidental damages, Uniform Commercial Code, buyer, sales contract2) торг. ходовой товарSee:
* * *
продавец (товара, финансового инструмента, опциона). -
96 Western Sahara
общ. Западная Сахара (находится под влиянием Марокко; столица — Эль-Аюн; государственный язык арабский; национальная валюта — марокканский дирхам)Syn:See: -
97 COMOROCLANT
Военный термин: Commander, Moroccan Subarea, Atlantic -
98 MOMO
Музыка: Music Of Moroccan Origin -
99 MRM
1) Компьютерная техника: Multiple Read Mode2) Военный термин: maintenance reporting and management, medium-range missile, military representatives memorandum, mobilization reserve material4) Религия: Mormonism Research Ministry5) Сокращение: Marine Royale Marocaine (Moroccan Navy), Meter Reply Mail (CRM with meter indicia)6) Вычислительная техника: Multi Resolution Meshes (Intel, 3D)7) Иммунология: Magnetic Resonance Microscopy8) Онкология: Modified Radical Mastectomy9) Биотехнология: Multiple reaction monitoring10) Пищевая промышленность: mechanically recovered meat11) Расширение файла: Most Recently-Used Master12) Космический летательный аппарат: МИМ, малый исследовательский модуль, MIM \<русск.\>, mini research module, small research module13) Майкрософт: управление записями сообщений14) Должность: Managing Risk Manager, Medical Risk Manager15) НАСА: Mission Readiness Manager -
100 Mrm
1) Компьютерная техника: Multiple Read Mode2) Военный термин: maintenance reporting and management, medium-range missile, military representatives memorandum, mobilization reserve material4) Религия: Mormonism Research Ministry5) Сокращение: Marine Royale Marocaine (Moroccan Navy), Meter Reply Mail (CRM with meter indicia)6) Вычислительная техника: Multi Resolution Meshes (Intel, 3D)7) Иммунология: Magnetic Resonance Microscopy8) Онкология: Modified Radical Mastectomy9) Биотехнология: Multiple reaction monitoring10) Пищевая промышленность: mechanically recovered meat11) Расширение файла: Most Recently-Used Master12) Космический летательный аппарат: МИМ, малый исследовательский модуль, MIM \<русск.\>, mini research module, small research module13) Майкрософт: управление записями сообщений14) Должность: Managing Risk Manager, Medical Risk Manager15) НАСА: Mission Readiness Manager
См. также в других словарях:
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