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101 Maiman, Theodore Harold
[br]b. 11 July 1927 Los Angeles, California, USA[br]American physicist who developed the laser.[br]The son of an electrical engineer, Theodore H. Maiman graduated with the degree of BS in engineering physics from the University of Colorado in 1949. He then went on to do postgraduate work at Stanford University, where he gained an MS in electrical engineering in 1951 and a PhD in physics in 1955 for work on spectroscopy using microwave-optical techniques. He then joined the Hughes Research Laboratories, where he worked on the stimulated emission of microwave energy. In this field Charles H. Townes had developed the maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) and in a paper in 1958 with Arthur L. Schawlow he had suggested the possibility of a further development into optical frequencies, or, of an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Maiman was the first to achieve this when in May 1960 he operated a ruby laser and coherent light was produced for the first time. In 1962 he founded his own company, Korad Corporation, for research, development and manufacture of high-power lasers. He founded Maiman Associates in 1968, acting as consultant on lasers and optics. He was a co-founder of the Laser Video Corporation in 1972, and in 1976 he became Vice-President for advanced technology at TRW Electronics.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFranklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1962. American Electrical Society/American Astronautical Society Award 1965. American Physical Society Oliver E.Buckley Solid State Physics Prize 1966. Fannie and John Hertz Foundation Award for Applied Physical Science 1966. American Optical Society R.W.Wood Prize 1976.Bibliography1980, entry in McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Part 2, New York, pp. 271–2 (autobiographical).RTSBiographical history of technology > Maiman, Theodore Harold
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102 Root, Elisha King
[br]b. 10 May 1808 Ludlow, Massachusetts, USAd. 31 August 1865 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]After an elementary education, Elisha K.Root was apprenticed as a machinist and worked in that occupation at Ware and Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts. In 1832 he went to Collinsville, Connecticut, to join the Collins Company, manufacturers of axes. He started as a lathe hand but soon became Foreman and, in 1845, Superintendent. While with the company, he devised and patented special-purpose machinery for forming axes which transformed the establishment from a primitive workshop to a modern factory.In 1849 Root was offered positions by four different manufacturers and accepted the post of Superintendent of the armoury then being planned at Hartford, Connecticut, by Samuel Colt for the manufacture of his revolver pistol, which he had invented in 1835. Initial acceptance of the revolver was slow, but by the mid1840s Colt had received sufficient orders to justify the establishment of a new factory and Root was engaged to design and install the machinery. The principle of interchangeable manufacture was adopted, and Root devised special machines for boring, rifling, making cartridges, etc., and a system of jigs, fixtures, tools and gauges. One of these special machines was a drop hammer that he invented and patented in 1853 and which established the art of die-forging on a modern basis. He was also associated with F.A. Pratt in the design of the "Lincoln" milling machine in 1855.When Colt died in 1862, Root became President of the company and continued in that capacity until his own death. It was said that he was one of the ablest and most highly paid mechanics from New England and that he was largely responsible for the success of both the Collins and the Colt companies.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (describes Root's work at the Colt Armory).Paul Uselding, 1974, "Elisha K.Root, Forging, and the “American System”", "Elisha K.Root, forging, and the “American System”", Technology and Culture 15:543–68 (provides further biographical details, his work with the Collins Company and a list of his patents).RTS -
103 Sullivan, Louis Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 3 September 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, USAd. 14 April 1924 Chicago, Illinois, USA[br]American architect whose work came to be known as the "Chicago School of Architecture" and who created a new style of architecture suited specifically to steel-frame, high-rise structures.[br]Sullivan, a Bostonian, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon he joined his parents, who had moved to Chicago, and worked for a while in the office of William Le Baron Jenney, the pioneer of steel-frame construction. After spending some time studying at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, in 1875 Sullivan returned to Chicago, where he later met and worked for the Danish architect Dankmar Adler, who was practising there. In 1881 the two architects became partners, and during the succeeding fifteen years they produced their finest work and the buildings for which Sullivan is especially known.During the early 1880s in Chicago, load-bearing, metal-framework structures that made lofty skyscrapers possible had been developed (see Jenney and Holabird). Louis H.Sullivan initiated building design to stress and complement the metal structure rather than hide it. Moving onwards from H.H.Richardson's treatment of his Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago, Sullivan took the concept several stages further. His first outstanding work, built with Adler in 1886–9, was the Auditorium Building in Chicago. The exterior, in particular, was derived largely from Richardson's Field Store, and the building—now restored—is of bold but simple design, massively built in granite and stone, its form stressing the structure beneath. The architects' reputation was established with this building.The firm of Sullivan \& Adler established itself during the early 1890s, when they built their most famous skyscrapers. Adler was largely responsible for the structure, the acoustics and function, while Sullivan was responsible for the architectural design, concerning himself particularly with the limitation and careful handling of ornament. In 1892 he published his ideas in Ornament in Architecture, where he preached restraint in its quality and disposition. He established himself as a master of design in the building itself, producing a rhythmic simplicity of form, closely related to the structural shape beneath. The two great examples of this successful approach were the Wainwright Building in St Louis, Missouri (1890–1) and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1894–5). The Wainwright Building was a ten-storeyed structure built in stone and brick and decorated with terracotta. The vertical line was stressed throughout but especially at the corners, where pilasters were wider. These rose unbroken to an Art Nouveau type of decorative frieze and a deeply projecting cornice above. The thirteen-storeyed Guaranty Building is Sullivan's masterpiece, a simple, bold, finely proportioned and essentially modern structure. The pilaster verticals are even more boldly stressed and decoration is at a minimum. In the twentieth century the almost free-standing supporting pillars on the ground floor have come to be called pilotis. As late as the 1920s, particularly in New York, the architectural style and decoration of skyscrapers remained traditionally eclectic, based chiefly upon Gothic or classical forms; in view of this, Sullivan's Guaranty Building was far ahead of its time.[br]BibliographyArticle by Louis H.Sullivan. Address delivered to architectural students June 1899, published in Canadian Architecture Vol. 18(7):52–3.Further ReadingHugh Morrison, 1962, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture.Willard Connely, 1961, Louis Sullivan as He Lived, New York: Horizon Press.DY -
104 Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma
[br]b. 30 July 1889 Mourum (near Moscow), Russiad. 29 July 1982 New York City, New York, USA[br]Russian (naturalized American 1924) television pioneer who invented the iconoscope and kinescope television camera and display tubes.[br]Zworykin studied engineering at the Institute of Technology in St Petersburg under Boris Rosing, assisting the latter with his early experiments with television. After graduating in 1912, he spent a time doing X-ray research at the Collège de France in Paris before returning to join the Russian Marconi Company, initially in St Petersburg and then in Moscow. On the outbreak of war in 1917, he joined the Russian Army Signal Corps, but when the war ended in the chaos of the Revolution he set off on his travels, ending up in the USA, where he joined the Westinghouse Corporation. There, in 1923, he filed the first of many patents for a complete system of electronic television, including one for an all-electronic scanning pick-up tube that he called the iconoscope. In 1924 he became a US citizen and invented the kinescope, a hard-vacuum cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display of television pictures, and the following year he patented a camera tube with a mosaic of photoelectric elements and gave a demonstration of still-picture TV. In 1926 he was awarded a PhD by the University of Pittsburgh and in 1928 he was granted a patent for a colour TV system.In 1929 he embarked on a tour of Europe to study TV developments; on his return he joined the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) as Director of the Electronics Research Group, first at Camden and then Princeton, New Jersey. Securing a budget to develop an improved CRT picture tube, he soon produced a kinescope with a hard vacuum, an indirectly heated cathode, a signal-modulation grid and electrostatic focusing. In 1933 an improved iconoscope camera tube was produced, and under his direction RCA went on to produce other improved types of camera tube, including the image iconoscope, the orthicon and image orthicon and the vidicon. The secondary-emission effect used in many of these tubes was also used in a scintillation radiation counter. In 1941 he was responsible for the development of the first industrial electron microscope, but for most of the Second World War he directed work concerned with radar, aircraft fire-control and TV-guided missiles.After the war he worked for a time on high-speed memories and medical electronics, becoming Vice-President and Technical Consultant in 1947. He "retired" from RCA and was made an honorary vice-president in 1954, but he retained an office and continued to work there almost up until his death; he also served as Director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research from 1954 until 1962.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsZworykin received some twenty-seven awards and honours for his contributions to television engineering and medical electronics, including the Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1965; US Medal of Science 1966; and the US National Hall of Fame 1977.Bibliography29 December 1923, US patent no. 2,141, 059 (the original iconoscope patent; finally granted in December 1938!).13 July 1925, US patent no. 1,691, 324 (colour television system).1930, with D.E.Wilson, Photocells and Their Applications, New York: Wiley. 1934, "The iconoscope. A modern version of the electric eye". Proceedings of theInstitute of Radio Engineers 22:16.1946, Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope.1940, with G.A.Morton, Television; revised 1954.1949, with E.G.Ramberg, Photoelectricity and Its Applications. 1958, Television in Science and Industry.Further ReadingJ.H.Udelson, 1982, The Great Television Race: History of the Television Industry 1925– 41: University of Alabama Press.KFBiographical history of technology > Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma
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105 тормозящий развитие науки
наука в своём развитии, прогресс науки — science on the move
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > тормозящий развитие науки
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106 доктор юридических наук
наука в своём развитии, прогресс науки — science on the move
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > доктор юридических наук
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107 правовая наука
наука в своём развитии, прогресс науки — science on the move
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > правовая наука
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108 оптимизация
оптимизация
Процесс отыскания варианта, соответствующего критерию оптимальности
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]
оптимизация
1. Процесс нахождения экстремума функции, т.е. выбор наилучшего варианта из множества возможных, процесс выработки оптимальных решений; 2. Процесс приведения системы в наилучшее (оптимальное) состояние. Иначе говоря, первое определение трактует термин «О.» как факт выработки и принятия оптимального решения (в широком смысле этих слов); мы выясняем, какое состояние изучаемой системы будет наилучшим с точки зрения предъявляемых к ней требований (критерия оптимальности) и рассматриваем такое состояние как цель. В этом смысле применяется также термин «субоптимизация» в случаях, когда отыскивается оптимум по какому-либо одному критерию из нескольких в векторной задаче оптимизации (см. Оптимальность по Парето, Векторная оптимизация). Второе определение имеет в виду процесс выполнения этого решения: т.е. перевод системы от существующего к искомому оптимальному состоянию. В зависимости от вида используемых критериев оптимальности (целевых функций или функционалов) и ограничений модели (множества допустимых решений) различают скалярную О., векторную О., мно¬гокритериальную О., стохастическую О (см. Стохастическое программирование), гладкую и негладкую (см. Гладкая функция), дискретную и непрерывную (см. Дискретность, Непрерывность), выпуклую и вогнутую (см. Выпуклость, вогнутость) и др. Численные методы О., т.е. методы построения алгоритмов нахождения оп¬тимальных значений целевых функций и соответствующих точек области допустимых значений — развитой отдел современной вычислительной математики. См. Оптимальная задача.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент
The quest for the optimumВопрос оптимизацииThroughout the history of industry, there has been one factor that has spurred on progress more than any other. That factor is productivity. From the invention of the first pump to advanced computer-based optimization methods, the key to the success of new ideas was that they permitted more to be achieved with less. This meant that consumers could, over time and measured in real terms, afford to buy more with less money. Luxuries restricted to a tiny minority not much more than a generation ago are now available to almost everybody in developed countries, with many developing countries rapidly catching up.На протяжении всей истории промышленности существует один фактор, подстегивающий ее развитие сильнее всего. Он называется «производительность». Начиная с изобретения первого насоса и заканчивая передовыми методами компьютерной оптимизации, успех новых идей зависел от того, позволяют ли они добиться большего результата меньшими усилиями. На языке потребителей это значит, что они всегда хотят купить больше, а заплатить меньше. Меньше чем поколение назад, многие предметы считались роскошью и были доступны лишь немногим. Сейчас в развитых странах, число которых быстро увеличивается, подобное может позволить себе почти каждый.With industry and consumers expecting the trend towards higher productivity to continue, engineering companies are faced with the challenge of identifying and realizing further optimization potential. The solution often lies in taking a step back and looking at the bigger picture. Rather than optimizing every step individually, many modern optimization techniques look at a process as a whole, and sometimes even beyond it. They can, for example, take into account factors such as the volatility of fuel quality and price, the performance of maintenance and service practices or even improved data tracking and handling. All this would not be possible without the advanced processing capability of modern computer and control systems, able to handle numerous variables over large domains, and so solve optimization problems that would otherwise remain intractable.На фоне общей заинтересованности в дальнейшем росте производительности, машиностроительные и проектировочные компании сталкиваются с необходимостью определения и реализации возможностей по оптимизации своей деятельности. Для того чтобы найти решение, часто нужно сделать шаг назад, поскольку большое видится на расстоянии. И поэтому вместо того, чтобы оптимизировать каждый этап производства по отдельности, многие современные решения охватывают процесс целиком, а иногда и выходят за его пределы. Например, они могут учитывать такие факторы, как изменение качества и цены топлива, результативность ремонта и обслуживания, и даже возможности по сбору и обработке данных. Все это невозможно без использования мощных современных компьютеров и систем управления, способных оперировать множеством переменных, связанных с крупномасштабными объектами, и решать проблемы оптимизации, которые другим способом решить нереально.Whether through a stunning example of how to improve the rolling of metal, or in a more general overview of progress in optimization algorithms, this edition of ABB Review brings you closer to the challenges and successes of real world computer-based optimization tasks. But it is not in optimization and solving alone that information technology is making a difference: Who would have thought 10 years ago, that a technician would today be able to diagnose equipment and advise on maintenance without even visiting the factory? ABB’s Remote Service makes this possible. In another article, ABB Review shows how the company is reducing paperwork while at the same time leveraging quality control through the computer-based tracking of production. And if you believed that so-called “Internet communities” were just about fun, you will be surprised to read how a spin-off of this idea is already leveraging production efficiency in real terms. Devices are able to form “social networks” and so facilitate maintenance.Рассказывая об ошеломляющем примере того, как был усовершенствован процесс прокатки металла, или давая общий обзор развития алгоритмов оптимизации, этот выпуск АББ Ревю знакомит вас с практическими задачами и достигнутыми успехами оптимизации на основе компьютерных технологий. Но информационные технологии способны не только оптимизировать процесс производства. Кто бы мог представить 10 лет назад, что сервисный специалист может диагностировать производственное оборудование и давать рекомендации по его обслуживанию, не выходя из офиса? Это стало возможно с пакетом Remote Service от АББ. В другой статье этого номера АББ Ревю рассказывается о том, как компания смогла уменьшить бумажный документооборот и одновременно повысить качество управления с помощью компьютерного контроля производства. Если вы считаете, что так называемые «интернет-сообщества» служат только для развлечения,то очень удивитесь, узнав, что на основе этой идеи можно реально повысить производительность. Формирование «социальной сети» из автоматов значительно облегчает их обслуживание.This edition of ABB Review also features several stories of service and consulting successes, demonstrating how ABB’s expertise has helped customers achieve higher levels of productivity. In a more fundamental look at the question of what reliability is really about, a thought-provoking analysis sets out to find the definition of that term that makes the greatest difference to overall production.В этом номере АББ Ревю есть несколько статей, рассказывающих об успешных решениях по организации дистанционного сервиса и консультирования. Из них видно, как опыт АББ помогает нашим заказчикам повысить производительность своих предприятий. Углубленные размышления о самой природе термина «надежность» приводят к парадоксальным выводам, способным в корне изменить представления об оптимизации производства.Robots have often been called “the extended arm of man.” They are continuously advancing productivity by meeting ever-tightening demands on precision and efficiency. This edition of ABB Review dedicates two articles to robots.Робот – это могучее «продолжение» человеческой руки. Применение роботов способствует постоянному повышению производительности, поскольку они отвечают самым строгим требованиям точности и эффективности. Две статьи в этом номере АББ Ревю посвящены роботам.Further technological breakthroughs discussed in this issue look at how ABB is keeping water clean or enabling gas to be shipped more efficiently.Говоря о других технологических достижениях, обсуждаемых на страницах журнала, следует упомянуть о том, как компания АББ обеспечивает чистоту воды, а также более эффективную перевозку сжиженного газа морским транспортом.The publication of this edition of ABB Review is timed to coincide with ABB Automation and Power World 2009, one of the company’s greatest customer events. Readers visiting this event will doubtlessly recognize many technologies and products that have been covered in this and recent editions of the journal. Among the new products ABB is launching at the event is a caliper permitting the flatness of paper to be measured optically. We are proud to carry a report on this product on the very day of its launch.Публикация этого номера АББ Ревю совпала по времени с крупнейшей конференцией для наших заказчиков «ABB Automation and Power World 2009». Читатели, посетившие ее, смогли воочию увидеть многие технологии и изделия, описанные в этом и предыдущих выпусках журнала. Среди новинок, представленных АББ на этой конференции, был датчик, позволяющий измерять толщину бумаги оптическим способом. Мы рады сообщить, что сегодня он готов к выпуску.Тематики
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > оптимизация
109 Отраслевое конструкторско-технологическое бюро по разработке современных технологий и производств
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Отраслевое конструкторско-технологическое бюро по разработке современных технологий и производств
110 асинхронный модем
Information technology: asynchronous modern111 занимать
1) General subject: absorb, adopt (позицию), amuse by doing (кого-л., чем-л.), beguile, beset (дорогу), book up, book up pass, borrow, borrow from (что-л., у кого-л.), borrow of (что-л., у кого-л.), busy, busy (чем-л.), cheat (чем-либо), cover, dominate, employ (чьё-либо время и т. п.), engage, engross, entertain, fill (свободное время), give entertainment, hold (должность и т. п.; to hold a rank - иметь звание, чин), hold in play (работой, развлечениями), immerse, interest, invade, occupy, preoccupy, recreate, reserve, secure, take, take up (место), take up (определенную позицию), to be housed in (напр.: "...modern deluxe hotel is housed in a 17th century building..." - современный отель класса люкс занимает здание постройки 17-го века...)3) Colloquial: touch for6) Mathematics: be present in, borrow (при вычитании), enter into, fill in, fill out, fill up10) Diplomatic term: engross (время, внимание и т.п.), hold (пост и т.п.), occupy (пост), take in13) Advertising: afford entertainment14) Patents: take up16) Makarov: dominate (внимание и и т.п.), immerse (мысли, внимание и т.п.), immerse (напр. внимание), occupy (напр. место, внимание), populate, take up (напр. время), take up (напр., время), fill in (свободное время), entertain by (чем-л.), entertain with (чем-л.)17) Taboo: busi18) Gold mining: penetrate112 модернизация
1) General subject: aggiornamento, development on modern lines, modernization, remodelling (предприятия), upgrading2) Computers: upgrade3) Naval: modernizing, refit4) Military: back fitting5) Engineering: amendment, betterment, conversion, enhancement, improvement, modernization up-dating, rebuilding, recapitalisation, reconditioning, reconstruction, redesign, reequipment (производства), refreshment, remodeling, retrofitting, update, updating, face-lift6) Construction: tenant improvements7) Metallurgy: revamping8) Oil: technical upgrade, retrofit9) Astronautics: rationalisation10) Business: renovation, replacement, revision11) Oil&Gas technology remanufacturing12) EBRD: makeover, modernisation, rehabilitation13) Automation: overhaul, reengineering (конструкции), refinement, refurbishing, refurbishment, renewal, renewment, renewment job, restoration, revamp, revitalization14) Arms production: customize15) Makarov: large revamp, rejuvenation (здания), retrofit work16) oil&gas: re-equipment113 оборудование
1) General subject: accessories, appointments, bioinstrumentation, fall protection / prevention equipment (защита от падения с высоты/ предупреждение), fit-out, fitting, fixing, furnishings, furnishment, furniture (корабля и т. п.), graith, (промышленное) hard goods, hardware (аппаратное), instrumentation, inventory, outfit (приборов, инструментов), plant, stock in trade, stock-in-trade, tackle, facility (обыкн. pl), rig, gadgetry2) Aviation: fitting out4) American: lay-out5) Sports: installations6) Military: devices, equipment, fitting-out, gear, organization (местности)7) Engineering: environment, equipping, facilities, firmware, fitments, fixings, implement, implements, installation, machinery, outfit installation, outfitting, tool8) Agriculture: water conveyance and delivery efficiency9) Construction: appurtenance, attachment (особенно навесное), components, rigging, set-up10) Mathematics: arrangement, circuit11) Railway term: work equipment12) Economy: fitment, plant stock13) Accounting: fittings (статья в счётах), tooling (включая станочное)16) Metallurgy: contrivance17) Music: gear18) Telecommunications: cluster (пункта связи), product19) Information technology: environment (КОБОЛ), hardware (аппаратное), plug-compatible hardware20) Oil: apparatus, hookup, iron (см. также treating iron - в описании цементировочного агрегата см. http://www.proz.com/kudoz/english_to_russian/petroleum_eng_sci/2477014-iron_%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5.html), setup, pumping facilities21) Astronautics: HW, furnishing, hardware, machineries22) Geophysics: instrument23) Mechanics: rigging up24) Advertising: fixtures25) Patents: techniques26) Drilling: appliance, layout, manufacture27) Sakhalin energy glossary: equip28) Microelectronics: station29) EBRD: plant and machinery30) Programming: technologies31) Automation: (машинное) machinery32) Quality control: (аппаратное) hardware, materiel33) Sakhalin R: run34) Cables: facility (facilities)35) Makarov: appointment, fitting (процесс), hard goods, machinery (см.тж. equipment), mechanical facilities, system36) Electrochemistry: plant (гальванических цехов)37) SAP.fin. plant and equipment38) Drugs: modern law techniques39) oil&gas: equipment40) Logistics: equippage, manufacturing equipment114 современная информационно-поисковая технология
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > современная информационно-поисковая технология
115 усовершенствованный
2) Computers: updated3) Aviation: follow-on4) Military: product-improved5) Engineering: improved production, upgraded6) Construction: developed7) Automobile industry: advanced (зажигания или впрыска)8) Diplomatic term: elaborate (о механизме и т.п.)9) Metallurgy: elaborated11) Network technologies: streamlined12) Programming: tuned13) Makarov: adjusted, amended, sophisticatedУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > усовершенствованный
116 новый
new, modern, recent, latest, fresh• Безусловно, нет ничего нового в использовании... - There is, of course, nothing new in the use of...• Открытие Смита породило новое поколение... - Smith's discovery spawned a new generation of,..• С открытием Смита стал возможен новый метод... - Smith's discovery made possible a new method of...• Эта технология является новой. - This technology is young.• Эти вопросы новые, так как... - These questions are new because...117 Entwicklung
Entwicklung f 1. COMP development; 2. GEN advancement; evolution (Ertrag); 3. IND development; 4. V&M development (eines Produkts); 5. WIWI development* * *f 1. < Comp> development; 2. < Geschäft> advancement, Ertrag evolution; 3. < Ind> development; 4. <V&M> eines Produkts development; 5. <Vw> development* * *Entwicklung
development, progress, growth, devolution, (Tendenz) trend, tendency;
• noch in der Entwicklung in the shell, in its infancy;
• lang anhaltende Entwicklung secular trend;
• berufliche Entwicklung professional growth, career development;
• betriebliche Entwicklung organization development;
• binnenwirtschaftliche Entwicklung trends in the domestic economy;
• defizitäre Entwicklung trend towards a deficit;
• ungünstige demographische Entwicklung unfavo(u)rable demographic trend;
• exportbedingte Entwicklung export-led growth;
• fortschrittliche Entwicklung march of progress;
• industrielle Entwicklung industry trend;
• kassenmäßige Entwicklung cash position;
• konjunkturelle Entwicklung cyclical (economic) trend, development of business tendencies;
• kundenspezifische Entwicklung custom-made development;
• langfristige Entwicklung long-term development;
• marktbestimmende Entwicklungen governing market trends;
• nachhaltige Entwicklung sustainable development;
• rückläufige Entwicklung recession, (Börse) downward trend;
• schrittweise Entwicklung step-by-step development;
• soziale Entwicklung sozial evolution;
• städtebauliche Entwicklung urban development, town (city, US) planning;
• technische Entwicklung engineering development;
• technologische Entwicklung technological progress, development in technology;
• umweltgerechte Entwicklung environmental development;
• volkswirtschaftliche Entwicklung economic process;
• wirtschaftliche Entwicklung commercial (economic) development, economic growth;
• zollpolitische Entwicklung tariff development;
• zukünftige Entwicklung future trend;
• Entwicklung des Arbeitskräftepotenzials development of human resources;
• Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes development of the job market;
• Entwicklung einer aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik development of an active labo(u)r market policy;
• Entwicklungen des Bankwesens trends in banking;
• sprunghafte Entwicklung auf dem Börsenmarkt erratic development on the stock market;
• Entwicklung einer freien Bürgergesellschaft development of a free society;
• Entwicklung des Einkommens growth in income;
• Entwicklung der Einlagen development of deposits;
• Entwicklung eines Fonds devolution of a fund;
• unkontrollierte Entwicklung des Fremdenverkehrs uncontrolled tourism development;
• Entwicklung des Geldmarktes tendency of the money market;
• Entwicklung eines Geschäfts growth of a business;
• Entwicklung der Infrastruktur infrastructure development;
• Entwicklung des Internet-Handels development of Internet business;
• ungesunde Entwicklung der Konjunktur unsound trend of the market;
• Entwicklung der Löhne wage development;
• Entwicklung der Preispolitik pricing policy formation;
• Entwicklung eines Produkts im Markt product history;
• rückläufige Entwicklung der Produktivitätsgewinne slowing in productivity gains;
• Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums rural development;
• Entwicklung der europäischen Sozialpolitik development of European social policy;
• industrielle Entwicklung einer Stadt urban economics;
• rapide Entwicklung einer Stadt boom of a town;
• Entwicklung eines Unternehmens company progress;
• Entwicklung von Verarbeitungs- und Vermarktungsstrukturen development of processing and marketing structures;
• Entwicklung neuer Verkaufsmöglichkeiten development selling;
• Entwicklung der Volkswirtschaft economic growth (performance);
• Entwicklung zur Wohngegend residential development;
• Entwicklung des Wohnungsbaus housing development;
• rückwärtige Entwicklung der Zinsgefälle downturn in interest rates;
• Entwicklung der Ereignisse abwarten to wait for the cat to jump;
• sich auf die neue Entwicklung einstellen to adjust to new developments;
• mit der modernen Entwicklung Schritt halten to keep pace with modern invention;
• mit der allgemeinen Entwicklung der Volkswirtschaft nicht Schritt halten to be out of phase with the national economy;
• Entwicklung der öffentlichen Meinung erkennen lassen to mark the trend of public opinion;
• Entwicklung von Anwendungen unterstützen (Computer) to support the development of applications;
• die inflationelle Entwicklung vorantreiben to make inflation worse;
• zukünftige Entwicklungen voraussagen to predict future developments;
• Entwicklung des Wohnungsmarktes vorherbestimmen to take the measure of the housing market.118 hoch
hoch I adj GEN high (Preis, Schätzung, Steuer); exacting (Anspruch, Standard) • auf hohem Niveau stehend GEN sophisticated • einen hohen finanziellen Verlust erleiden FIN (infrml) take a cleaning • einen zu hohen Preis fordern FIN overprice • etw. auf die hohe Kante legen GEN (infrml) save for a rainy day, put sth aside for a rainy day • hohen Schadensersatz zusprechen RECHT adjudge heavy damages • in hohem Maße 1. GEN substantially, to a large extent, heavily; 2. STEUER heavily • mit hohen Ansprüchen an handwerkliches Geschick PERS skill-intensive (Aufgabe, Arbeit) hoch II adv GEN highly, heavily • hoch automatisiert BANK highly automated • hoch belastet BANK, GRUND, RW heavily mortgaged • hoch besteuert STEUER high-duty • hoch bezahlt PERS high-paid, highly paid • hoch differenziert GEN sophisticated • hoch entwickelt 1. GEN advanced, sophisticated; 2. IND high-stream • hoch profiliert V&M high-profile • hoch qualifiziert PERS highly qualified, highly skilled • hoch technisiert COMP, IND sophisticated • hoch verschuldet BANK heavily in debt* * *adj < Geschäft> Preis, Schätzung, Steuer high, Anspruch, Standard exacting ■ auf hohem Niveau stehend < Geschäft> sophisticated ■ einen hohen finanziellen Verlust erleiden < Finanz> take a cleaning infrml ■ einen zu hohen Preis fordern < Finanz> overprice ■ etw. auf die hohe Kante legen infrml < Geschäft> save for a rainy day, put sth aside for a rainy day ■ hohen Schadensersatz zusprechen < Recht> adjudge heavy damages ■ in hohem Maße 1. < Geschäft> substantially, to a large extent, heavily; 2. < Steuer> heavily ■ mit hohen Ansprüchen an handwerkliches Geschick < Person> Aufgabe, Arbeit skill-intensiveadv < Geschäft> highly, heavily ■ hoch automatisiert < Bank> highly automated ■ hoch begabt < Person> highly gifted, highly talented ■ hoch belastet <Bank, Grund, Rechnung> heavily mortgaged ■ hoch besteuert < Steuer> high-duty ■ hoch bezahlt < Person> high-paid, highly paid ■ hoch differenziert < Geschäft> sophisticated ■ hoch entwickelt 1. < Geschäft> advanced, sophisticated; 2. < Ind> high-stream ■ hoch gestellt < Geschäft> Persönlichkeit top-ranking ■ hoch profiliert <V&M> high-profile ■ hoch qualifiziert < Person> highly skilled ■ hoch technisiert <Comp, Ind> sophisticated ■ hoch verschuldet < Bank> heavily in debt* * *hoch
(im Preis) high, hard;
• übermäßig hoch (Preise) stiff;
• unbestimmt hoch open-end;
• effektiv zu hoch definitely too high;
• hoch angesehen of high repute (standing), highly respected;
• hoch besteuert heavily taxed, heavy-duty;
• hoch bezahlt highly paid;
• hoch empfindlich (Foto) rapid;
• hoch entwickelt highly developed, advanced;
• hoch gelegen high-lying;
• hoch gestellt of high rank;
• hoch industrialisiert highly industrial;
• hoch komfortabel luxurious, with all modern conveniences;
• hoch im Kurs (Wertpapiere) up;
• hoch liquide highly liquid, cash-rich;
• hoch im Preis dear, high[-priced], hard, steep, expensive;
• hoch qualifiziert highly qualified, high-calibre (Br.) (-level, -potential);
• hoch rentierlich high-coupon;
• hoch stehend distinguished, high-ranking, (Papiere) high-priced, (Preis) high;
• gesellschaftlich hoch stehend of high social standing, great;
• hoch technisiert high-technological;
• hoch technologisch high-tech;
• hoch verschuldet greatly indebted;
• zu hoch bemessen to overassess, to overrate;
• sich dauernd hoch halten (Kurse) to continue high;
• hoch zu stehen kommen to cost dear;
• ziemlich hoch sein (Preise, Kurse) to be on the high side;
• hoch besteuert sein to be highly rated (heavily taxed);
• hoch im Kurse stehen to rule high;
• hoch gewertet werden to take a high rank;
• hoch bezahlter Beamter highly-paid executive (US);
• hoch stehender Beamter high official;
• hoch qualifizierte Erzeugnisse high-class goods;
• hoch technologisches Fachwissen high-tech know-how;
• hoch geschraubte Forderungen exaggerated demands;
• technisch hoch entwickelte Industriezweige high-technology industries;
• hoch industrialisierte Länder fully industrialized countries;
• hoch technologische Neuerungen high-tech innovations;
• hoch gestellte Persönlichkeit high-up (coll.), very important person (VIP);
• hoch stehende Persönlichkeiten top drawer (sl.);
• hoch rentierliche Staatsobligationen high-yield government bonds;
• hoch dotierte Stellung highly paid job;
• hoch qualifizierte Verkaufstechnik high-pressure salesmanship.119 pointe
c black pointe [pwɛ̃t]1. feminine nouna. [de grillage] spike ; [de côte] headland ; [d'aiguille, épée] point ; [de flèche, lance] head ; [de couteau, crayon, clocher, clou] tipc. ( = allusion ironique) pointed remark ; ( = trait d'esprit) witticismd. ( = petite quantité) une pointe d'ail/d'ironie a hint of garlic/of ironye. ( = maximum) peak• pousser une pointe de vitesse [athlète, cycliste, automobiliste] to put on a burst of speed• heure de pointe (gaz, électricité, téléphone) peak period ; (circulation) rush hour ; (magasin) busy periodc black2. compounds* * *pwɛ̃t
1.
1) ( extrémité) (de couteau, crayon) point; ( de chaussure) toe; ( des cheveux) end; ( de grille) spike; (de lance, flèche) tip, point2) figde pointe — [technologie] advanced, state-of-the-art; [secteur, industrie] high-tech; [entreprise] leading
3) ( maximum) highvitesse de pointe — maximum ou top speed
4) ( petite quantité) (d'ail, de cannelle) touch; (d'accent, ironie) hint5) ( clou) nail6) ( outil) ( pour tailler) cutter; ( pour graver) metal point7) ( de chausson de danse) blocked shoe; ( extrémité du chausson) point8) ( allusion désagréable) pointed ou barbed remark
2.
pointes nom féminin pluriel1) Sport2) ( en danse)•Phrasal Verbs:••tailler les oreilles en pointe (colloq) à quelqu'un — to give somebody a thick ear
* * *pwɛ̃t1. nf1) (= extrémité) point2) [côte] headland3) (= allusion) dig4) (petite quantité) touchune pointe d'ail — a touch of garlic, a hint of garlic
5)avec des pointes à... — up to a maximum of...
de pointe (technique) — advanced, state-of-the-art
Ce pays est en pointe dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables. — This country is a leader in the field of renewable energy.
2. pointes nfpl* * *A nf1 ( bout piquant) point; se piquer le doigt sur la pointe d'un couteau to cut one's finger on the point of a knife;2 ( extrémité qui s'amenuise) (de col, clocher, crayon, sein) point; ( de chaussure) toe; ( des cheveux) end; en pointe pointed; une barbe en pointe a pointed beard; tailler un buisson en pointe to shape a bush into a point;3 ( objet pointu) ( de grille) spike; (de lance, flèche) tip, point; un casque à pointe a helmet with a spike;4 ( niveau très avancé) de pointe [technologie, technique] advanced, state-of-the-art; [domaine, secteur, industrie] high-tech; [formation, idées] advanced; [entreprise, spécialiste] leading; un système électronique à la pointe du progrès a state-of-the-art electronic system; être à la pointe de la mode [personne] to be up with the latest fashion; une entreprise à la pointe de la modernité an extremely modern company;5 ( niveau supérieur à la moyenne) high; une pointe de 20% sur la courbe du chômage a 20% high on the unemployment curve; une activité qui connaît de fortes pointes saisonnières an activity with seasonal highs; un enfant qui a des pointes de température de 40° a child whose temperature shoots up to 40°C; une vitesse de pointe de 200 km/h a maximum ou top speed of 200 km/h; il a poussé une pointe de 180 km/h he touched a top speed of 180 km/h; aux heures de pointe at peak time; le métro est bondé parce que c'est l'heure de pointe the metro is packed because it's the rush hour; évitez les heures de pointe avoid peak times;6 ( petite quantité) touch; ajoutez une pointe d'ail/de cannelle add a touch of garlic/of cinnamon; une pointe d'ironie a hint of irony; une pointe d'accent italien a hint of an ou a slight Italian accent;7 ( clou) nail;8 ( allusion désagréable) pointed ou barbed remark; lancer des pointes à qn to level cutting remarks at sb;10 ( foulard) (triangular) scarf;11 ( couche) (triangular) nappy;15 Hérald base.B pointes nfpl2 Danse faire des pointes to dance on points.pointe d'asperge asparagus tip; pointe de diamant diamond cutter; pointe de feu Méd ignipuncture; pointe du jour daybreak; pointe du pied toes (pl), tiptoe; tendre la pointe du pied to point one's toes; marcher sur la pointe des pieds to walk on tiptoe; elle est entrée sur la pointe des pieds she tiptoed in; aborder une question sur la pointe des pieds fig to broach a matter carefully; pointe sèche Art metal point.tailler or couper les oreilles en pointe à qn to give sb a thick ear.[pwɛ̃t] nom fémininmets-toi sur la pointe des pieds stand on tiptoe ou on the tips of your toeselle traversa la pièce/monta l'escalier sur la pointe des pieds she tiptoed across the room/up the stairs4. MILITAIRE [avancée] advanced party[mot d'esprit] witticism8. ACOUSTIQUE9. ART10. INDUSTRIE [d'un tour] (lathe) centre[d'une machine-outil] cone————————pointes nom féminin plurielà la pointe de locution prépositionnelleà la pointe du jour locution adverbiale————————de pointe locution adjectivale1. [puissance, période] peak (avant nom)vitesse de pointe maximum ou top speed————————en pointe locution adjectivale[menton] pointed[décolleté] plunging————————en pointe locution adverbiale1. [en forme de pointe] to a pointa. [barbe] to shape to a pointb. [diamant] to cut to a point2. [à grande vitesse] at top speed120 novecento
1. adj nine hundred2. m: il Novecento the twentieth century* * *novecento agg.1 num.card. nine hundred2 ( del secolo ventesimo) twentieth-century (attr.); ( moderno) modern, contemporary: un mobile primi novecento, an early twentieth-century piece of furniture; stile novecento, twentieth-century style◆ s.m. nine hundred // il Novecento, the twentieth-century: il Novecento ha visto il progresso della tecnica, the twentieth century has seen the advance of technology.* * *[nove'tʃɛnto]1. agg inv2. sm invil Novecento — the twentieth century* * *[nove'tʃɛnto] 1.aggettivo invariabile nine hundred2.sostantivo maschile invariabile nine hundred3.sostantivo maschile Novecento twentieth century* * *novecento/nove't∫εnto/ ⇒ 26nine hundredII m.inv.nine hundredIII Novecento sostantivo m.twentieth century.СтраницыСм. также в других словарях:
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