metu+ter

ex-igo, ēgī, āctum, ere (ex u. ago), I) heraus-, wegtreiben, herausjagen, A) eig.: 1) leb. Wesen: a) im allg.: cervam e montibus, Liv.: reges ex civitate, Cic.: regibus exactis, Sall. hist. fr.: hostem e campo, Liv.: capellas a grege in campos, Varro: pecus in bucita (= buceta) circum antiquom oppidum, Varro LL.: pastum sues, auf die Weide treiben, Varro: e stratis corpus, emporspringen von usw., Stat.: exactus furiis suis, fortgetrieben von usw., Ov. – b) insbes., α) uxorem (matrimonio), eine Gattin verstoßen, Plaut., Ter. u. Suet.: ebenso virum ab se, Plaut. – β) (wie εκβάλλω) einen Schauspieler (u. somit auch sein Stück) durch Zischen, Pochen usw. von der Bühne treiben, also durchfallen lassen, im Passiv exigi = durchfallen, Ter. Andr. prol. 27 (u. dazu Spengel). Ter. Hec. prol. 12 u. 15. – 2) Lebl.: a) ins Meer ergießen, et sacer admissas exigit Hebrus aquas, Ov. her. 2, 114. – b) vertreiben = verkaufen, agrorum fructus, Liv. 34, 9, 9: merces, Col. poët. 10, 317. – c) (hervor)treiben, radices, Cels.: brevem materiam, durum et latum folium, Col.: duplices uvas, Col. – d) poet., mit etwas ausholen, etwas in Schwung setzen, ensem, Ov. met. 5, 171. – B) übtr.: a) leb. Wesen: hic damnatos cum dedecore et traductione vitā exigit, bringt vom Leben zum Tode, Sen. de ira 1, 6, 4. – b) Lebl., heraustreiben, vertreiben, wegbrin-

————

gen, ubi labore lassitudo est exigunda ex corpore, Plaut.: iam ego ex corpore exigam omnes maculas maerorum tibi, Plaut.: nec potuisse (maculam ex corpore) umquam exigi, Suet.: Liber tenues e corpore curas exiget, Gratt.: ex. morbos, Macr.: otium, verdrängen, Hor.: telis senectam, Ov.

II) ganz hintreiben, A) eig.: tela in alqm, Sen.: manum, einen Hieb anbringen, Quint. – dah. ganz hineinstoßen, ensem per iuvenem, Verg.: ferrum per praecordia, Ov.: ferrum per viscera, Lucan. – prägn., durchbohren, durchstoßen, illum exigit hasta, Val. Flacc. Vgl. Gronov Sen. de cons. ad Marc. 16. – B) übtr., zu etwas zwingen, exigi in poenas, Stat. Theb. 1, 215.

III) etwas hinaustreiben = etwas zurücklegen, A) eig.: Athon, Val. Flacc.: mare, Plin.: mediam dies exegerat horam, Ov.: Phoebe, qui aestivos spatiosius exigis ignes, d.i. lange Sommertage machst, Prop. – B) übtr., zu Ende bringen, vollbringen, vollenden, a) übh.: monumentum aere perennius, Hor.: exactus tenui pumice versus eat, Prop.: commentarii ita sunt exacti, ut etc., Quint.: eandem gracilitatem stilo, zustande bringen, nachbilden, Quint.: opus, Ov. rem. 811; met. 15, 871 (vgl. unten no. IV, A, b): per hiemes aestusque et inaequales autumnos et breve ver spatiis exegit quattuor annum, brachte durch vier Zeiträume zu Ende, vollendete in vier Z., Ov. – b)

————

eine Zeit zurücklegen, α) hin- od. zubringen, verleben, exquirit, qualem diem supremum noctemque exegisset, Tac.: ex. triginta dies in exspectatione mortis, Sen.: exacto per (unter) scelera die, Tac.: ex. sine metu reliquam noctem, Petron.: in Tuscis otium aestatis, Plin. ep.: ex. malam aetatem, Plaut.: totam aetatem in armis, Sen.: vitam in peregrinatione, Sen.: omnibus scortis abiectiorem et obsceniorem vitam, Val. Max.: senectutem Cypri profugus exegit, Val. Max.: ex. vitam taetre, Cato fr.: dispersam et vagam vitam miserabiliter, Val. Max.: cibo agresti vescendo vitam, Vitr.: vitam sine cura, Lucil.: uti boni honestique vitam exigerent, Sall.: quo studio vitam suam te absente exegerit, Ter.: ut sint, qui omne vitae tempus nudi exigant, Val. Max. – β) eine Zeit vollends zubringen, vollenden, exegit annum tribus spatiis, führte zu Ende, Ov. met. 1, 118: erant, de quibus plura dici vellem, nisi iam dies exactus esset (verstrichen wäre), Tac. dial.: iam dies exactus erat, Ov.: exactis mensibus, Verg.: aestas exacta erat, war zu Ende, Caes.: tribus aestatibus exactis, Verg.: exacto iam mense octavo, Iustin.: iam aestatem exactam esse, Sall.: ante exactam hiemem, Caes.: exacto quoque anno, Cels.: iam ad pariendum temporibus exactis, Cic.: exactā pueritiā, Iustin.: exactā aetate, am Ende seiner Tage, im hohen Alter, hochbetagt (zB. mori), Cic.: grandaevi senes, exactā aetate feminae, Tac.:

————

eodem anno Q. Fabius Maximus moritur exactae aetatis, als hochbetagter Greis, Liv. – c) erdulden, alcis causā hanc aerumnam, Plaut. capt. 1009.

IV) auftreiben, beitreiben = einfordern, einkassieren, verlangen, fordern, A) eig.: a) Gelder: pecunias, Cic.: vectigalia, Cic.: m. dopp. Acc., Mesopotamenos non exegit tributum, Spart. Hadr. 21, 12: unum quemque iuxta vires exegit tam argentum quam aurum de populo terrae, Vulg. 4. regg. 23, 35. – Passiv exigor m. Acc. rei, exigor portorium, der Zoll wird von mir verlangt, Caecil. com. 92; sese pecunias maximas exactos esse, Q. Metell. Num. fr. bei Gell. 15, 14, 2 (vgl. unten no. B, a). – b) eine Leistung: ex. opus, beaufsichtigen, leiten, Ov. met. 14, 268. Col. 3, 13, 11 (vgl. no. III, B, a): aedes privatas velut publicum opus, den Bau von Privathäusern wie öffentliche Bauten beaufsichtigen u. betreiben (v. den Zensoren), Liv. 6, 4, 6. – Insbes., α) den Bau (Ausbau) von etw. verlangen, viam, Cic.: sarta tecta sacris publicis, sie in Dach u. Fach, im baulichen Zustande erhalten, Liv.: u. so omnia sarta tecta, Cic. – β) die Stellung von etwas verlangen, etw. requirieren, aufbieten, equitum peditumque certum numerum a civitatibus, Caes.: obsides ab Apolloniatibus, Caes.: custodiae in portis, vigiliae vicatim exactae, Liv.: vehicula (Transportfuhrwerke), Plin. pan. – B) übtr.: a) verlangen, fordern, auf etw. dringen, α)

————

v. Pers.: insiurandum, Liv.: rationem (Rechenschaft), Ggstz. reddere, Val. Max.: Sen. u.a.: u. so ab alqo rationem alienae culpae, Sen. rhet.: veritatem a teste, Cic.: promissum ab alqo, Cic.: duplices ab alqo mercedes, Quint.: disciplinam severissime, Suet.: poenas de alqo oder alci, jmd. strafen (weil Strafen anfangs in Vieh od. einer Summe Geld bestanden), Ov.: so auch supplicium de alqo, Flor.: piacula ab alqo, Liv.; exigerem nostrae qualia damna notae? sollt' ich Rache nehmen für die Schmach, die mich zeichnete? Ov. – Passiv exigor m. Acc. rei (vgl. oben no. A, a), intellegeres, quod minora exigaris ab eo, Vulg. Iob 11, 6: ferus sacrae viae vastator poenas exactus est vastationis suae, Cassiod. hist. eccl. 6, 45: ex. m. folg. ut u. Konj., Ov. fast. 6, 358. Curt. 8, 4 (16), 21. Iuven. 7, 238: ex. m. bl. Konj., Plin. ep. 6, 8, 5: ex. alqm (von jmd.) m. folg. ut u. Konj., Nepot. epit. Val. Max. 9, 20 (wo exigere Simonidem, ut prodiret): ex. ab alqo m. folg. ne u. Konj., Suet. Ner. 49, 4. Iuven. 13, 35: ex. m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Suet. Cal. 43. Paul. dig. 29, 7, 8. § 2: im Passiv m. Nom. u. Infin., ubi exigitur argentarius rationes edere, Ulp. dig. 2, 13, 8. – β) v. Lebl., prout res exigit, es erfordert, nötig macht, Plin.: si quid res exigeret, Suet.: si ita res familiaris (Hausstand) exigat, Tac. dial.: ubi res vigiliam exigeret, wenn sich Wachsamkeit nötig machte, Vell. – b) fragen, facta alcis, Ov. art. am. 2, 130: ab

————

alqo, cur etc., Tac. ann. 2, 85.

V) nach einem Maßstabe, Maße etw. ganz genau abmessen, abwägen, untersuchen, A) eig.: columnas ad perpendiculum, Cic.: materiam ad regulam et libellam, Plin.: pondus margaritarum manu, Plin. – B) übtr.: 1) im allg., nach etwas abmessen, abwägen, beurteilen, prüfen, ad illam summam veritatem legitimum ius, Cic.: ad suas leges atque instituta ea, quae Lacedaemone fiunt, Liv.: opus ad vires suas, Ov.: omnia argumenta ad obrussam, Sen.: illa nonnisi aure exiguntur, quae fiunt per sonos, Quint. – 2) insbes.: a) etw. erwägen, überlegen, über etwas mit sich od. jmd. zu Rate gehen, sich beraten, verhandeln, tempus secum ipsa modumque exigit, Verg.: mecum exigo, Sen.: talia secum, Ov.: – de his rebus ut exigeret cum eo, Planc. in Cic. ep.: quo (die) de his coram exigere possimus, Plin. ep.: haec exigentes (sc. inter se), Liv. – dah. non satis exactum, quid agam, ausgemacht, gewiß, Cic.: nec satis exactum est, corpus an umbra forem, Ov. – b) nach etwas abmessend einrichten, suo equorumque cultu ad luxuriam magis quam ad magnificentiam exacto, Curt.: opus est aliquo, ad quem mores nostri se ipsi exigant, sich bilden, Sen.

offero, obtulī, oblātum, offerre (ob u. fero), entgegentragen, -bringen, darstellen, (vorsätzlich) zeigen, I) eig.: 1) im allg.: a) aktiv: tela ob moenia, Acc. fr.: aciem strictam venientibus, Verg.: os suum non modo ostendere, sed etiam offerre, sich vorsätzlich zeigen, sehen lassen, Cic.: poenam oculis deorum, vor den Augen der Götter vollziehen, Liv.: neque ut quicquam interesset inter intestinum et oblatum, und daß es durchaus gleichgültig ist, ob ein solcher Zustand durch etwas Innerliches oder etwas Äußerliches hervorgerufen ist, Cic. Acad. 2, 48. – b) refl.: α) se alci, entgegentreten, sich zeigen, sich sehen lassen, erscheinen, Cic. – β) einfallen, sich von selbst finden, ipsi occurrent orationi; ipsi se offerent, Cic. – γ) begegnen, stoßen auf, obviam, begegnen, Ter.: se advenientibus, sich zeigen, entgegengehen, Cic.: und feindlich = sich entgegenstellen, feindlich begegnen od. entgegengehen, Liv. – c) Passiv offerri, begegnen, sich zeigen, erscheinen, auxilium eius oblatum est, Cic. – 2) insbes., seine Notdurft verrichten, kacken, Ibidines offerendi et conatus, Marc. Emp. 31: vas, ubi offertur, ibid. – II) übtr.: A) im allg., medial = aufstoßen, oblata religio est, eine religiöse Bedenklichkeit stieß ihm auf, Cic.: metu oblato, Cic. – refl. = sich widersetzen, statim me Antonii sceleri obtuli, Cic. – B) insbes.: 1) entge-

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genstellen, aussetzen, preisgeben, sich weihen, se invidiae periculisque omnibus pro salute alcis, Cic.: se periculis sine causa, Cic.: se ultro morti, Caes.: se acriter morti (v. Gladiator), Cic.: se pro patria ad mortem, Cic.: ultro se proelio, Caes.: se in discrimen, Cic. – 2) gegen jmd. vorbringen, crimina, Cic. – 3) anbieten, antragen, alci operam suam, Liv. – off. se, sich anbieten, sich erbieten, finem feci offerendi mei, Cic.: alii offerunt se, si quo usus operae sit, Liv.: m. dopp. Acc., magistratibus se offere consiliarium (als B.), Suet.: consortem imperii generumque se Vitellio, Suet. – m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Tac. ann. 11, 33 u. 16, 26. – 4) etwas darbringen, erweisen, zufügen, antun, a) übh.: opem et auxilium, Lucil. fr.: beneficium alci, Caes.: optata, Ter.: alci mortem, Cic.: vitium virgini, Ter.: stuprum, Cic.: incendium, Cic.: laetitiam alci, Ter.: errorem, Liv. – b) insbes., Gott schenken, heiligen, weihen, opfern, Eccl. – 5) herbeiführen, mit sich führen, obiciuntur etiam (animo) saepe formae, quae reapse nullae sunt, speciem (eine Täuschung) autem offerunt, Cic. de div. 1, 81. – ⇒ Im afrik. Vulgärlat. Imperat. offers, Apul. met. 10, 16 (cod. F). Itala Matth. 8, 4; Marc. 5, 24; Luc. 5, 14; u. offert, Itala (ev. Palat.) Marc. 1, 44.

af-fĭcĭo (better adf-), affēci (adf-), affectum (adf-), 3, v. a. [facio], to do something to one, i. e. to exert an influence on body or mind, so that it is brought into such or such a state (used by the poets rarely, by Hor. never).

Of the body rarely, and then commonly in a bad sense:

ut aestus, labor, fames, sitisque corpora adficerent,

Liv. 28, 15:

contumeliis adficere corpora sua,

Vulg. Rom. 1, 24:

non simplex Damasichthona vulnus Adficit,

Ov. M. 6, 255:

aconitum cor adficit,

Scrib. Comp. 188:

corpus adficere M. Antonii,

Cic. Phil. 3:

pulmo totus adficitur,

Cels. 4, 7; with abl. of spec.:

stomacho et vesicā adfici,

Scrib. Comp. 186. —In bon. part.:

corpus ita adficiendum est, ut oboedire rationi possit,

Cic. Off. 1, 23.—

More freq. of the mind:

litterae tuae sic me adfecerunt, ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 14, 3, 2:

is terror milites hostesque in diversum adfecit,

Tac. A. 11, 19:

varie sum adfectus tuis litteris,

Cic. Fam. 16, 2:

consules oportere sic adfici, ut, etc.,

Plin. Pan. 90:

adfici a Gratiā aut a Voluptate,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12; id. Mil. 29, 79:

sollicitudo de te duplex nos adficit,

id. Brut. 92, 332:

uti ei qui audirent, sic adficerentur animis, ut eos adfici vellet orator,

id. de Or. 1, 19, 87 B. and K.:

adfici animos in diversum habitum,

Quint. 1, 10, 25.—

With acc. and abl., to affect a person or (rarely) thing with something; in a good sense, to bestow upon, grace with; in a bad sense, to visit with, inflict upon; or the ablative and verb may be rendered by the verb corresponding to the ablative, and if an adjective accompany the ablative, this adjective becomes an adverb.—Of inanimate things (rare): luce locum adficiens, lighting up the place, Varr. ap. Non. p. 250, 2:

adficere medicamine vultum,

Ov. Med. Fac. 67:

factum non eo nomine adficiendum,

designated, Cic. Top. 24, 94:

res honore adficere,

to honor, id. N. D. 1, 15, 38:

non postulo, ut dolorem eisdem verbis adficias, quibus Epicurus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18.—

Very freq. of persons.

In a good sense:

Qui praedā atque agro adoreāque adfecit populares suos,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 38:

quem sepulturā adficit,

buries, Cic. Div. 1, 27, 56:

patres adfecerat gloriā,

id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

admiratione,

id. Off. 2, 10, 37:

voluptate,

id. Fin. 3, 11, 37:

beneficio,

id. Agr. 1, 4, 13:

honore,

id. Rosc. Am. 50, 147:

laude,

id. Off. 2, 13, 47:

nomine regis,

to style, id. Deiot. 5, 14:

bonis nuntiis,

Plaut. Am. prol. 8:

muneribus,

Cic. Fam. 2, 3; Nep. Ages. 3, 3:

praemio,

Cic. Mil. 30, 82:

pretio,

Verg. A. 12, 352:

stipendio,

Cic. Balb. 27, 61.—

In a bad sense: injuriā abs te adficior indignā, pater, am wronged unjustly, Enn. ap. Auct. ad Heren. 2, 24, 38; so Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 3:

Quantā me curā et sollicitudine adficit Gnatus,

id. ib. 2, 4, 1; so Cic. Att. 1, 18:

desiderio,

id. Fam. 2, 12:

timore,

to terrify, id. Quint. 2, 6:

difficultate,

to embarrass, Caes. B. G. 7, 6:

molestiā,

to trouble, Cic. Att. 15, 1:

tantis malis,

Vulg. Num. 11, 15:

maculā,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 39, 113:

ignominiā,

id. ib. 39, 123:

contumeliis,

Vulg. Ezech. 22, 7; ib. Luc. 20, 11:

rerum et verborum acerbitatibus,

Suet. Calig. 2:

verberibus,

Just. 1, 5:

supplicio,

Cic. Brut. 1, 16; so Caes. B. G. 1, 27:

poenā,

Nep. Hann. 8, 2:

exsilio,

to banish, id. Thras. 3:

morte, cruciatu, cruce,

Cic. Verr. 3, 4, 9:

morte,

Vulg. Matt. 10, 21:

cruce,

Suet. Galb. 9:

ultimis cruciatibus,

Liv. 21, 44:

leto,

Nep. Regg. 3, 2.—And often in pass.:

sollicitudine et inopiā consilii,

Cic. Att. 3, 6:

adfici aegritudine,

id. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

doloribus pedum,

id. Fam. 6, 19:

morbo oculorum,

Nep. Hann. 4, 3:

inopiā rei frumentariae,

Caes. B. G. 7, 17:

calamitate et injuriā,

Cic. Att. 11, 2:

magnā poenā, Auct. B. G. 8, 39: vulneribus,

Col. R. R. 4, 11:

torminibus et inflationibus,

Plin. 29, 5, 33, § 103:

servitute,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44.—Hence, affectus ( adf-), a, um, P. a.

In a peculiar sense, that on which we have bestowed labor, that which we are now doing, so that it is nearly at an end; cf.: Adfecta, sicut M. Cicero et [p. 67] veterum elegantissime locuti sunt, ea proprie dicebantur, quae non ad finem ipsum, sed proxime finem progressa deductave erant, Gell. 3, 16:

bellum adfectum videmus et paene confectum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19:

in provinciā (Caesar) commoratur, ut ea. quae per eum adfecta sunt, perfecta rei publicae tradat,

id. ib. 12, 29: cum adfectā prope aestate uvas a sole mitescere tempus, etc., near the end of summer, id. ap. Gell. l. c.:

Jamque hieme adfectā mitescere coeperat annus,

Sil. 15, 502:

in Q. Mucii infirmissimā valetudine adfectāque jam aetate,

Cic. de Or. 1,45,200; id. Verr. 2,4,43, § 95.—

In nearly the same sense as the verb, absol. and with abl.

Of persons laboring under disease, or not yet quite recovered:

Qui cum ita adfectus esset, ut sibi ipse diffideret,

was in such a state, Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 2:

Caesarem Neapoli adfectum graviter videam,

very ill, id. Att. 14, 17; so Sen. Ep. 101:

quem adfectum visuros crediderant,

ill, Liv. 28, 26:

corpus adfectum,

id. 9, 3:

adfectae vires corporis,

reduced strength, weakness, id. 5, 18:

puella,

Prop. 3, 24, 1:

aegra et adfecta mancipia,

Suet. Claud. 25:

jam quidem adfectum, sed tamen spirantem,

id. Tib. 21.—

Of things, weakened, sick, broken, reduced:

partem istam rei publicae male adfectam tueri,

Cic. Fam. 13, 68:

adfecta res publica,

Liv. 5, 57:

Quid est enim non ita adfectum, ut non deletum exstinctumque esse fateare?

Cic. Fam. 5, 13, 3:

sic mihi (Sicilia) adfecta visa est, ut hae terrae solent, in quibus bellum versatum est,

id. Verr. 5, 18, 47:

adfecta res familiaris,

Liv. 5, 10:

opem rebus adfectis orare,

id. 6, 3; so Tac. H. 2, 69:

fides,

id. ib. 3, 65:

spes,

Val. Fl. 4, 60.—

Of persons, in gen. sense, disposed, affected, moved, touched:

Quonam modo, Philumena mea, nunc te offendam adfectam?

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 45:

quomodo sim adfectus, e Leptā poteris cognoscere,

Cic. Fam. 14, 17:

ut eodem modo erga amicum adfecti simus, quo erga nosmetipsos,

id. Lael. 16, 56; id. Fin. 1, 20, 68:

cum ita simus adfecti, ut non possimus plane simul vivere,

id. Att. 13, 23; id. Fin. 5, 9, 24:

oculus conturbatus non est probe adfectus ad suum munus fungendum,

in proper state, id. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

oculi nimis arguti, quem ad modum animo adfecti simus, loquuntur,

id. Leg. 1, 9, 27; id. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Att. 12, 41, 2.—

As rhet. t. t.: affectus ad, related to, resembling:

Tum ex eis rebus, quae quodam modo affectae sunt ad id, de quo quaeritur,

Cic. Top. 2, 8 Forcellini.—

With abl. chiefly of persons, in indifferent sense, in good or bad sense (cf.:

Animi quem ad modum adfecti sint, virtutibus, vitiis, artibus, inertiis, aut quem ad modum commoti, cupiditate, metu, voluptate, molestiā,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 35).

In indifferent sense, furnished with, having:

validos lictores ulmeis affectos lentis virgis,

Plaut. As. 3, 2, 29:

pari filo similique (corpora) adfecta figurā,

Lucr. 2, 341:

Tantāne adfectum quemquam esse hominem audaciā!

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 84:

omnibus virtutibus,

Cic. Planc. 33, 80.—

In bad sense:

aegritudine, morbo adfectus,

Col. R. R. 7, 5, 20:

aerumnis omnibus,

Lucr. 3, 50:

sollicitudine,

Caes. B. G. 7, 40:

difficultatibus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 13:

fatigatione,

Curt. 7, 11:

frigore et penuriā,

id. 7, 3:

adfecta sterilitate terra, Col. R. R. praef. 1, 2: vitiis,

Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

ignominiā,

id. Att. 7, 3:

supplicio,

Tac. A. 15, 54:

verberibus,

Curt. 7, 11:

vulnere corpus adfectum,

Liv. 1, 25:

morbo,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 6:

dolore,

Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201:

febre,

Suet. Vit. 14:

pestilentiā,

Liv. 41, 5:

desperatione,

Cic. Att. 14, 22:

clade,

Curt. 10, 6:

senectute,

Cic. de Or. 3, 18, 68:

aetate,

id. Cat. 2, 20; id. Sen. 14, 47:

morte,

Serv. ad Cic. Fam. 4, 12.— Sup.:

remiges inopiā adfectissimi,

Vell. 2, 84.—

In good sense:

beneficio adfectus,

Cic. Fam. 14, 4:

aliquo honore aut imperio,

id. Off. 1, 41, 149:

valetudine optimā,

id. Tusc. 4, 37, 81:

laetitiā,

id. Mur. 2, 4, and ad Brut. 1, 4:

munere deorum,

id. N. D. 3, 26, 67:

praemiis,

id. Pis. 37, 90.— Adv.: affectē ( adf-), with (a strong) affection, deeply:

oblectamur et contristamur et conterremur in somniis quam adfecte et anxie et passibiliter,

Tert. Anim. 45.

af-fĭcĭo (better adf-), affēci (adf-), affectum (adf-), 3, v. a. [facio], to do something to one, i. e. to exert an influence on body or mind, so that it is brought into such or such a state (used by the poets rarely, by Hor. never).

Of the body rarely, and then commonly in a bad sense:

ut aestus, labor, fames, sitisque corpora adficerent,

Liv. 28, 15:

contumeliis adficere corpora sua,

Vulg. Rom. 1, 24:

non simplex Damasichthona vulnus Adficit,

Ov. M. 6, 255:

aconitum cor adficit,

Scrib. Comp. 188:

corpus adficere M. Antonii,

Cic. Phil. 3:

pulmo totus adficitur,

Cels. 4, 7; with abl. of spec.:

stomacho et vesicā adfici,

Scrib. Comp. 186. —In bon. part.:

corpus ita adficiendum est, ut oboedire rationi possit,

Cic. Off. 1, 23.—

More freq. of the mind:

litterae tuae sic me adfecerunt, ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 14, 3, 2:

is terror milites hostesque in diversum adfecit,

Tac. A. 11, 19:

varie sum adfectus tuis litteris,

Cic. Fam. 16, 2:

consules oportere sic adfici, ut, etc.,

Plin. Pan. 90:

adfici a Gratiā aut a Voluptate,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12; id. Mil. 29, 79:

sollicitudo de te duplex nos adficit,

id. Brut. 92, 332:

uti ei qui audirent, sic adficerentur animis, ut eos adfici vellet orator,

id. de Or. 1, 19, 87 B. and K.:

adfici animos in diversum habitum,

Quint. 1, 10, 25.—

With acc. and abl., to affect a person or (rarely) thing with something; in a good sense, to bestow upon, grace with; in a bad sense, to visit with, inflict upon; or the ablative and verb may be rendered by the verb corresponding to the ablative, and if an adjective accompany the ablative, this adjective becomes an adverb.—Of inanimate things (rare): luce locum adficiens, lighting up the place, Varr. ap. Non. p. 250, 2:

adficere medicamine vultum,

Ov. Med. Fac. 67:

factum non eo nomine adficiendum,

designated, Cic. Top. 24, 94:

res honore adficere,

to honor, id. N. D. 1, 15, 38:

non postulo, ut dolorem eisdem verbis adficias, quibus Epicurus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18.—

Very freq. of persons.

In a good sense:

Qui praedā atque agro adoreāque adfecit populares suos,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 38:

quem sepulturā adficit,

buries, Cic. Div. 1, 27, 56:

patres adfecerat gloriā,

id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

admiratione,

id. Off. 2, 10, 37:

voluptate,

id. Fin. 3, 11, 37:

beneficio,

id. Agr. 1, 4, 13:

honore,

id. Rosc. Am. 50, 147:

laude,

id. Off. 2, 13, 47:

nomine regis,

to style, id. Deiot. 5, 14:

bonis nuntiis,

Plaut. Am. prol. 8:

muneribus,

Cic. Fam. 2, 3; Nep. Ages. 3, 3:

praemio,

Cic. Mil. 30, 82:

pretio,

Verg. A. 12, 352:

stipendio,

Cic. Balb. 27, 61.—

In a bad sense: injuriā abs te adficior indignā, pater, am wronged unjustly, Enn. ap. Auct. ad Heren. 2, 24, 38; so Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 3:

Quantā me curā et sollicitudine adficit Gnatus,

id. ib. 2, 4, 1; so Cic. Att. 1, 18:

desiderio,

id. Fam. 2, 12:

timore,

to terrify, id. Quint. 2, 6:

difficultate,

to embarrass, Caes. B. G. 7, 6:

molestiā,

to trouble, Cic. Att. 15, 1:

tantis malis,

Vulg. Num. 11, 15:

maculā,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 39, 113:

ignominiā,

id. ib. 39, 123:

contumeliis,

Vulg. Ezech. 22, 7; ib. Luc. 20, 11:

rerum et verborum acerbitatibus,

Suet. Calig. 2:

verberibus,

Just. 1, 5:

supplicio,

Cic. Brut. 1, 16; so Caes. B. G. 1, 27:

poenā,

Nep. Hann. 8, 2:

exsilio,

to banish, id. Thras. 3:

morte, cruciatu, cruce,

Cic. Verr. 3, 4, 9:

morte,

Vulg. Matt. 10, 21:

cruce,

Suet. Galb. 9:

ultimis cruciatibus,

Liv. 21, 44:

leto,

Nep. Regg. 3, 2.—And often in pass.:

sollicitudine et inopiā consilii,

Cic. Att. 3, 6:

adfici aegritudine,

id. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

doloribus pedum,

id. Fam. 6, 19:

morbo oculorum,

Nep. Hann. 4, 3:

inopiā rei frumentariae,

Caes. B. G. 7, 17:

calamitate et injuriā,

Cic. Att. 11, 2:

magnā poenā, Auct. B. G. 8, 39: vulneribus,

Col. R. R. 4, 11:

torminibus et inflationibus,

Plin. 29, 5, 33, § 103:

servitute,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44.—Hence, affectus ( adf-), a, um, P. a.

In a peculiar sense, that on which we have bestowed labor, that which we are now doing, so that it is nearly at an end; cf.: Adfecta, sicut M. Cicero et [p. 67] veterum elegantissime locuti sunt, ea proprie dicebantur, quae non ad finem ipsum, sed proxime finem progressa deductave erant, Gell. 3, 16:

bellum adfectum videmus et paene confectum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19:

in provinciā (Caesar) commoratur, ut ea. quae per eum adfecta sunt, perfecta rei publicae tradat,

id. ib. 12, 29: cum adfectā prope aestate uvas a sole mitescere tempus, etc., near the end of summer, id. ap. Gell. l. c.:

Jamque hieme adfectā mitescere coeperat annus,

Sil. 15, 502:

in Q. Mucii infirmissimā valetudine adfectāque jam aetate,

Cic. de Or. 1,45,200; id. Verr. 2,4,43, § 95.—

In nearly the same sense as the verb, absol. and with abl.

Of persons laboring under disease, or not yet quite recovered:

Qui cum ita adfectus esset, ut sibi ipse diffideret,

was in such a state, Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 2:

Caesarem Neapoli adfectum graviter videam,

very ill, id. Att. 14, 17; so Sen. Ep. 101:

quem adfectum visuros crediderant,

ill, Liv. 28, 26:

corpus adfectum,

id. 9, 3:

adfectae vires corporis,

reduced strength, weakness, id. 5, 18:

puella,

Prop. 3, 24, 1:

aegra et adfecta mancipia,

Suet. Claud. 25:

jam quidem adfectum, sed tamen spirantem,

id. Tib. 21.—

Of things, weakened, sick, broken, reduced:

partem istam rei publicae male adfectam tueri,

Cic. Fam. 13, 68:

adfecta res publica,

Liv. 5, 57:

Quid est enim non ita adfectum, ut non deletum exstinctumque esse fateare?

Cic. Fam. 5, 13, 3:

sic mihi (Sicilia) adfecta visa est, ut hae terrae solent, in quibus bellum versatum est,

id. Verr. 5, 18, 47:

adfecta res familiaris,

Liv. 5, 10:

opem rebus adfectis orare,

id. 6, 3; so Tac. H. 2, 69:

fides,

id. ib. 3, 65:

spes,

Val. Fl. 4, 60.—

Of persons, in gen. sense, disposed, affected, moved, touched:

Quonam modo, Philumena mea, nunc te offendam adfectam?

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 45:

quomodo sim adfectus, e Leptā poteris cognoscere,

Cic. Fam. 14, 17:

ut eodem modo erga amicum adfecti simus, quo erga nosmetipsos,

id. Lael. 16, 56; id. Fin. 1, 20, 68:

cum ita simus adfecti, ut non possimus plane simul vivere,

id. Att. 13, 23; id. Fin. 5, 9, 24:

oculus conturbatus non est probe adfectus ad suum munus fungendum,

in proper state, id. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

oculi nimis arguti, quem ad modum animo adfecti simus, loquuntur,

id. Leg. 1, 9, 27; id. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Att. 12, 41, 2.—

As rhet. t. t.: affectus ad, related to, resembling:

Tum ex eis rebus, quae quodam modo affectae sunt ad id, de quo quaeritur,

Cic. Top. 2, 8 Forcellini.—

With abl. chiefly of persons, in indifferent sense, in good or bad sense (cf.:

Animi quem ad modum adfecti sint, virtutibus, vitiis, artibus, inertiis, aut quem ad modum commoti, cupiditate, metu, voluptate, molestiā,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 35).

In indifferent sense, furnished with, having:

validos lictores ulmeis affectos lentis virgis,

Plaut. As. 3, 2, 29:

pari filo similique (corpora) adfecta figurā,

Lucr. 2, 341:

Tantāne adfectum quemquam esse hominem audaciā!

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 84:

omnibus virtutibus,

Cic. Planc. 33, 80.—

In bad sense:

aegritudine, morbo adfectus,

Col. R. R. 7, 5, 20:

aerumnis omnibus,

Lucr. 3, 50:

sollicitudine,

Caes. B. G. 7, 40:

difficultatibus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 13:

fatigatione,

Curt. 7, 11:

frigore et penuriā,

id. 7, 3:

adfecta sterilitate terra, Col. R. R. praef. 1, 2: vitiis,

Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

ignominiā,

id. Att. 7, 3:

supplicio,

Tac. A. 15, 54:

verberibus,

Curt. 7, 11:

vulnere corpus adfectum,

Liv. 1, 25:

morbo,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 6:

dolore,

Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201:

febre,

Suet. Vit. 14:

pestilentiā,

Liv. 41, 5:

desperatione,

Cic. Att. 14, 22:

clade,

Curt. 10, 6:

senectute,

Cic. de Or. 3, 18, 68:

aetate,

id. Cat. 2, 20; id. Sen. 14, 47:

morte,

Serv. ad Cic. Fam. 4, 12.— Sup.:

remiges inopiā adfectissimi,

Vell. 2, 84.—

In good sense:

beneficio adfectus,

Cic. Fam. 14, 4:

aliquo honore aut imperio,

id. Off. 1, 41, 149:

valetudine optimā,

id. Tusc. 4, 37, 81:

laetitiā,

id. Mur. 2, 4, and ad Brut. 1, 4:

munere deorum,

id. N. D. 3, 26, 67:

praemiis,

id. Pis. 37, 90.— Adv.: affectē ( adf-), with (a strong) affection, deeply:

oblectamur et contristamur et conterremur in somniis quam adfecte et anxie et passibiliter,

Tert. Anim. 45.

contĭnŭus, a, um, adj. [contineo, II.], joining, connecting with something, or hanging together, in space or time, uninterrupted, continuous.

Of space (so mostly Aug. and post-Aug.; cf., however, continue); with dat. or absol.

Lit.:

aër continuus terrae est,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 6, 1: Leucada continuam veteres habuere coloni;

nunc freta circuëunt,

joined to the mainland, Ov. M. 15, 289:

ignis proxima quaeque et deinceps continua amplexus,

Liv. 30, 5, 7; 30, 6, 5: montes, * Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 5; Plin. 6, 30, 35, § 189:

agri,

Suet. Caes. 38:

fluere continuo alveo (Euphraten),

Plin. 6, 26, 30, § 124; cf.:

Rhenus uno alveo continuus,

Tac. A. 2, 6:

mare,

id. Agr. 10 fin.:

aliqui vice dentium continuo osse gignuntur,

Plin. 7, 16, 15, § 69:

omnia continua et paria,

Plin. Pan. 51, 4:

serpens,

Stat. Th. 5, 517.—

Subst.: contĭnŭus, i, m., he who is always about one, an attendant:

Cocceius Nerva, continuus principis,

Tac. A. 6, 26 (32) Halm, Draeg. ad loc. (Nipperd. and Ritter, principi).—

Tron., of rhet. matters (most freq. in Quint.): cum fluxerunt plures continuae translationes (the figure derived from an uninterrupted, flowing stream; v. the preced.), Cic. Or. 27, 94:

expositio (opp. partita),

Quint. 7, 10, 11:

loci,

id. 11, 3, 84:

lumina,

id. 12, 10, 46:

ab exordio usque ad ultimam vocem continuus quidam gemitus,

id. 11, 1, 54:

oratio,

id. 6, 1, 46; 6, 4, 1 et saep.:

adfectus,

id. 6, 2, 10:

impetus,

id. 10. 7, 14 et saep.—

Of time and objects relating to it, following one after another, successive, continuous (class. in all periods and species of composition): auferet ex oculis veniens Aurora Boöten;

continuāque die sidus Hyantis erit,

the next day, Ov. F. 5, 734; so,

continuā nocte,

the following night, id. ib. 6, 720:

triduum continuum, dies decem continuos,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 146 sq.:

dies quinque ex eo die,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48:

annos prope quinquaginta,

Cic. Verr. 1, 13, 38:

duabus noctibus,

Suet. Aug. 94:

secutae sunt continuos complures dies tempestates,

Caes. B. G. 4, 34 Oud. N. cr. prioribus diebus, Liv. 42, 58, 3:

aliquot an nos continuos,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 54:

tot dies,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 36, § 94:

triennium,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 61; Suet. Calig. 7:

biennio,

id. Tib. 38:

bella,

Liv. 10, 31, 10; cf.:

cursus proeliorum,

Tac. Agr. 27:

consulatus,

Suet. Caes. 76; Plin. Pan. 58: itinera, Lepid. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1:

regna,

Liv. 1, 47, 6:

duo tri umphi ex Hispaniā acti,

id. 41, 7, 1:

labor,

Quint. 1, 3, 8:

amor,

Prop. 1, 20, 1:

incom moda,

Caes. B. G. 7, 14: messe senescit ager; Ov. A. A. 3, 82:

eos (patricios) ab Atto Clauso continuos duravisse,

Tac. A. 12, 25 fin. et saep.—With abl. resp.:

continuus inde et saevus accusandis reis Suilius,

incessant, Tac. A. 11, 5; cf.:

postulandis reis tam continuus annus fuit,

incessantly occupied, id. ib. 4, 36.—Hence the advv.,

contĭ-nŭē, continuously, without interruption; in space or time (very rare, perh. only anteand post-class. for continenter, assidue):

* flumen quod fluit continue,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 27 Müll.:

protinus jugiter et continue,

Non. p. 376, 26.—

contĭnŭō.

To designate an act that in time immediately follows something, immediately, forthwith, directly, without delay, = statim, autika (very freq. in all periods and kinds of composition).

In gen.

Corresp. with the particles of time: ubi, ut, postquam, cum, etc.; with ubi:

ubi primum terram tetigimus, Continuo, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 49; so id. Cist. 2, 3, 35; Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 51 al.—With ut, etc.:

quae ut aspexi, me continuo contuli, etc.,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 1, 7; so,

iste continuo ut vidit, non dubitavit, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48:

ut quisque insanus... latum demisit pectore clavum, Audit continuo, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 29: nam postquam audivi [p. 451]... cominuo argentum dedi, Ut emeretur, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 37:

cum te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt, mihi continuo maximas gratias agant,

Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 10, 12, 2:

ut vel continuo patuit, cum, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 8, 29:

ne mora sit, si innuerim, quin pugnus continuo in malā haereat,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 17: si quid narrare occepi, continuo dari Tibi verba censes, forthwith you think, etc., id. And. 3, 2, 24; cf. id. Eun. 1, 2, 24; Lucr. 2, 1091; Hor. S. 2, 3, 160:

continuo consilium dimisit (Q. Maximus), simulac me fractum ac debilitatum metu viderit,

Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121.—

Absol.:

continuo, ventis surgentibus, aut freta ponti Incipiunt agitata tumescere, etc.,

Verg. G. 1, 356:

continuo hic ero,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 43: haud mora;

continuo matris praecepta facessit,

Verg. G. 4, 548; so Ov. M. 14, 362; cf. Quint. 12, 3, 3;

corresp. with statim,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 17:

quod lubet, non lubet jam id continuo,

the next moment, immediately, Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 10:

hos prius intro ducam et quae volo Simul inperabo: poste continuo exeo,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 40: hanc mihi in manum dat;

mors continuo ipsam occupat,

id. And. 1, 5, 62:

hercle ego te barbā continuo arripiam, et in ignem coniciam,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 64: egomet continuo mecum;

certe captus est!

I immediately thought within myself, Ter. And. 1, 1, 55:

senatus est continuo convocatus,

Cic. Fam. 10, 12, 3:

hos continuo in itinere adorti,

Caes. B. G. 7, 42 fin.:

subitae necessitates continuo agendi,

on the spot, immediately, Quint. 10, 7, 2 et saep.: perturbationes, amplificatae certe, pestiferae sunt;

igitur etiam susceptae continuo in magnā pestis parte versantur,

even immediately on their inception, Cic. Tusc. 4, 18, 42; cf. id. Fin. 3, 9, 32.—

Of a point of time closely following a time named, speedily, without interval:

deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor,

Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 1:

qui summam spem civium, quam de eo jam puero habuerant, continuo adulescens incredibili virtute superavit,

id. Lael. 3, 11.—

Esp., with the statement of a logical consequence from a fact; only in connection with a negative, or a question implying a negative, not by consequence, not necessarily, not as an immediate consequence, in questions; perhaps then? perhaps therefore? (very freq. in Cic.); with si:

non continuo, si me in gregem sicariorum contuli, sum sicarius,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 33, 94; so id. de Or. 2, 48, 199; Gai Inst. 2, 204.—With cum, Manil. 2, 345. — Absol.:

cum nec omnes, qui curari se passi sunt, continuo etiam convalescant,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 3, 5; so,

ego summum dolorem... non continuo dico esse brevem,

id. ib. 2, 19, 45: aeque enim contingit omnibus fidibus, ut incontentae sint;

illud non continuo, ut aeque incontentae,

id. Fin. 4, 27, 75:

si malo careat, continuone fruitur summo bono?

id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; so,

continuone si? etc.,

Quint. 9, 2, 84.—

In Quint. twice (for the ante- and post-class. continue), in an uninterrupted series, one after another, continuously:

qualis (labor) fuit illius, qui grana ciceris ex spatio distante missa, in acum continuo et sine frustratione inserebat,

Quint. 2, 20, 3; 9, 1, 11.

gĕro, gessi, gestum ( Part. gen. plur. sync. gerentum, Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 13; imper. ger, like dic, duc, fac, fer, Cat. 27, 2), 3, v. a. [root gas-, to come, go; Zend, jah, jahaiti, come; gero (for geso), in caus. sense, to cause to come; cf. Gr. bastazô, from bastos = gestus], to bear about with one, to bear, carry, to wear, have (in the lit. signif. mostly poet., not in Cic., Cæs., Sall., or Quint.; but instead of it ferre, portare, vehere, sustinere, etc.; but in the trop. signif. freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

(vestem ferinam) qui gessit primus,

Lucr. 5, 1420; so,

vestem,

Ov. M. 11, 276 (with induere vestes), Nep. Dat. 3; cf.:

coronam Olympiacam capite,

Suet. Ner. 25:

ornamenta,

id. Caes. 84:

angues immixtos crinibus,

Ov. M. 4, 792:

clipeum (laeva),

id. ib. 4, 782; cf.:

galeam venatoriam in capite, clavam dextra manu, copulam sinistra,

Nep. Dat. 3:

ramum, jaculum,

Ov. M. 12, 442:

spicea serta,

id. ib. 2, 28:

vincla,

id. ib. 4, 681:

venabula corpore fixa,

id. ib. 9, 206; cf.:

tela (in pectore fixus),

id. ib. 6, 228:

Vulcanum (i. e. ignem) in cornu conclusum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 185:

spolia ducis hostium caesi suspensa fabricato ad id apte ferculo gerens,

Liv. 1, 10, 5; cf.:

Horatius trigemina spolia prae se gerens,

id. 1, 26, 2:

onera,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 77 Müll.: uterum or partum gerere, to be pregnant, be with young; so, gerere partum, Plin. 8, 47, 72, § 187:

uterum,

id. 8, 40, 62, § 151:

centum fronte oculos centum cervice gerebat Argus,

Ov. Am. 3, 4, 19:

lumen unum media fronte,

id. M. 13, 773:

cornua fronte,

id. ib. 15, 596:

virginis os habitumque gerens et virginis arma,

Verg. A. 1, 315:

virginis ora,

Ov. M. 5, 553; cf.:

quae modo bracchia gessit, Crura gerit,

id. ib. 5, 455 sq.:

Coae cornua matres Gesserunt tum,

i. e. were turned into cows, id. ib. 7, 364:

principio (morbi) caput incensum fervore gerebant,

Lucr. 6, 1145:

qui umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu,

Verg. A. 6, 772:

tempora tecta pelle lupi,

Ov. M. 12, 380:

(Hector) squalentem barbam et concretos sanguine crines Vulneraque illa gerens, quae, etc.,

Verg. A. 2, 278:

capella gerat distentius uber,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 110.—

Of inanimate things:

semina rerum permixta gerit tellus discretaque tradit,

Lucr. 6, 790; cf.:

(terram) multosque lacus multasque lacunas In gremio gerere et rupes deruptaque saxa,

id. ib. 6, 539; Enn. ap. Non. 66, 26 (Sat. 23, p. 157 Vahl.); and:

quos Oceano propior gerit India lucos,

Verg. G. 2, 122:

speciem ac formam similem gerit ejus imago,

Lucr. 4, 52.—

In partic. (very rare).

With respect to the term. ad quem, to bear, carry, bring to a place:

(feminae puerique) saxa in muros munientibus gerunt,

Liv. 28, 19, 13:

neque eam voraginem conjectu terrae, cum pro se quisque gereret, expleri potuisse,

id. 7, 6, 2; cf. id. 37, 5, 1. — Absol.:

si non habebis unde irriges, gerito inditoque leniter,

Cato, R. R. 151, 4; Liv. 7, 6, 2 Drak.—Prov.:

non pluris refert, quam si imbrem in cribrum geras,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 100.—

With the accessory idea of production, to bear, bring forth, produce:

quae (terra) quod gerit fruges, Ceres (appellata est),

Varr. L. L. 5, § 64 Müll.; cf. Tib. 2, 4, 56:

violam nullo terra serente gerit,

Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 6:

arbores (Oete),

id. M. 9, 230:

malos (platani),

Verg. G. 2, 70: frondes (silva), Ov. M. 11, 615:

terra viros urbesque gerit silvasque ferasque Fluminaque et Nymphas et cetera numina ruris,

Ov. M. 2, 16.

Trop.

In gen., to bear, have, entertain, cherish: vos etenim juvenes animum geritis muliebrem, illa virago viri, Poët. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf.:

fortem animum gerere,

Sall. J. 107, 1:

parem animum,

id. ib. 54, 1 Kritz.:

animum invictum advorsum divitias,

id. ib. 43, 5:

animum super fortunam,

id. ib. 64, 2:

mixtum gaudio ac metu animum,

Liv. 32, 11, 5; cf. also Verg. A. 9, 311; and v. infra B. 3.: aeque inimicitiam atque amicitiam in frontem promptam gero, Enn. ap. Gell. 19, 8, 6 (Trag. v. 8 Vahl.):

personam,

to support a character, play a part, Cic. Off. 1, 32, 115; cf.:

est igitur proprium munus magistratus, intelligere, se gerere personam civitatis debereque ejus dignitatem et decus sustinere,

id. ib. 1, 34, 132; Aug. Doctr. Christ. 4, 29 init.;

id. Civ. Dei, 1, 21 al.: mores, quos ante gerebant, Nunc quoque habent,

Ov. M. 7, 655:

et nos aliquod nomenque decusque Gessimus,

Verg. A. 2, 89:

seu tu querelas sive geris jocos Seu rixam et insanos amores Seu facilem, pia testa (i. e. amphora), somnum,

Hor. C. 3, 21, 2:

in dextris vestris jam libertatem, opem... geritis,

Curt. 4, 14 fin.:

plumbeas iras,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 6, 18:

iras,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 30: M. Catonem illum Sapientem cum multis graves inimicitias gessisse accepimus propter Hispanorum injurias, Cic. Div. ap. Caecil. 20, 66:

veteres inimicitias cum Caesare,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 4:

muliebres inimicitias cum aliqua,

Cic. Cael. 14, 32:

inimicitias hominum more,

id. Deiot. 11, 30: simultatem cum aliquo pro re publica, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13, A, 3; cf. Suet. Vesp. 6; and Verg. A. 12, 48:

de amicitia gerenda praeclarissime scripti libri,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 5:

amicitiam,

Nep. Dat. 10 fin.:

praecipuum in Romanos gerebant odium,

Liv. 28, 22, 2:

cum fortuna mutabilem gerentes fidem,

id. 8, 24, 6:

utrique imperii cupiditatem insatiabilem gerebant,

Just. 17, 1 fin. —Absol.:

ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat, placide respondit,

Sall. J. 72, 1.—

In partic.

Gerere se aliquo modo, to bear, deport, behave, or conduct one's self, to act in any manner:

in maximis rebus quonam modo gererem me adversus Caesarem, usus tuo consilio sum,

Cic. Fam. 11, 27, 5; cf. id. Off. 1, 28, 98:

ut, quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. ib. 1, 26, 90; so,

se liberius (servi),

id. Rep. 1, 43:

se inconsultius,

Liv. 41, 10, 5:

se valde honeste,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 13:

se perdite,

id. ib. 9, 2, A, 2:

se turpissime (illa pars animi),

id. Tusc. 2, 21, 48:

se turpiter in legatione,

Plin. Ep. 2, 12, 4:

sic in provincia nos gerimus, quod ad abstinentiam attinet, ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 5, 17, 2:

sic me in hoc magistratu geram, ut, etc.,

id. Agr. 1, 8, 26; cf.:

nunc ita nos gerimus, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 22, 3:

uti sese victus gereret, exploratum misit,

Sall. J. 54, 2:

se medium gerere,

to remain neutral, Liv. 2, 27, 3.—

In a like sense also post-class.: gerere aliquem, to behave or conduct one's self as any one (like agere aliquem):

nec heredem regni sed regem gerebat,

Just. 32, 3, 1; Plin. Pan. 44, 2:

tu civem patremque geras,

Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 293:

aedilem,

App. M. 1, p. 113:

captivum,

Sen. Troad. 714.—

Gerere se et aliquem, to treat one's self and another in any manner:

interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum cognitis Metelli rebus, ut seque et exercitum more majorum gereret,

Sall. J. 55, 1:

meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram,

id. ib. 85, 47.—

Pro aliquo se gerere, to assume to be:

querentes, quosdam non sui generis pro colonis se gerere,

Liv. 32, 2, 6:

eum, qui sit census, ita se jam tum gessisse pro cive,

Cic. Arch. 5, 11 dub.—

Gerere prae se aliquid (for the usual prae se ferre), to show, exhibit, manifest:

affectionis ratio perspicuam solet prae se gerere conjecturam, ut amor, iracundia, molestia, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 2, 9, 30; cf.:

prae se quandam gerere utilitatem,

id. ib. 2, 52, 157: animum altum et erectum prae se gerebat, Auct. B. Afr. 10 fin.; Aug. de Lib. Arbit. 3, 21, 61 al.;

so gerere alone: ita tum mos erat, in adversis voltum secundae fortunae gerere, moderari animo in secundis,

to assume, Liv. 42, 63, 11.—

With the accessory idea of activity or exertion, to sustain the charge of any undertaking or business, to administer, manage, regulate, rule, govern, conduct, carry on, wage, transact, accomplish, perform (cf.: facio, ago).—In pass. also in gen., to happen, take place, be done (hence, res gesta, a deed, and res gestae, events, occurrences, acts, exploits; v. the foll.): tertium gradum agendi esse dicunt, ubi quid faciant;

in eo propter similitudinem agendi et faciundi et gerundi quidam error his, qui putant esse unum. Potest enim aliquid facere et non agere, ut poëta facit fabulam et non agit: contra actor agit et non facit.... Contra imperator quod dicitur res gerere, in eo neque facit neque agit, sed gerit, id est sustinet, translatum ab his qui onera gerunt, quod hi sustinent,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 77 Müll.:

omnia nostra, quoad eris Romae, ita gerito, regito, gubernato, ut nihil a me exspectes,

Cic. Att. 16, 2, 2:

gerere et administrare rem publicam,

id. Fin. 3, 20, 68; cf. id. Rep. 2, 1 and 12:

rem publicam,

id. ib. 1, 7; 1, 8; id. Fam. 2, 7, 3 et saep.:

magistratum,

id. Sest. 37, 79; cf.

potestatem,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 55, § 138:

consulatum,

id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; id. Sest. 16, 37:

duumviratum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

tutelam alicujus,

Dig. 23, 2, 68; 27, 1, 22 al.: multi suam rem bene gessere et publicam patria procul, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 295 Vahl.); so,

rem, of private affairs,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 34; Cic. de Sen. 7, 22 al.:

aliquid per aes et libram gerere,

to transact by coin and balance, Gai. Inst. 3, 173; cf. Weissenb. ad Liv. 6, 14.—Of war: etsi res bene gesta est, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 168 (Ann. v. 512 Vahl.): vi geritur res, id. ap. Gell. 20, 10 (Ann. v. 272 ib.); cf.:

gladiis geri res coepta est,

Liv. 28, 2, 6:

ubi res ferro geratur,

id. 10, 39, 12: qui rem cum Achivis gesserunt statim, Enn. ap. Non. 393, 14 (Trag. v. 39 Vahl.); cf. Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 84:

Alexander... passurus gestis aequanda pericula rebus,

exploits, Juv. 14, 314:

miranda quidem, sed nuper gesta referemus,

id. 15, 28.—Of public affairs, affairs of government:

magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris summo imperio praeditis, dictatoribus atque consulibus, belli domique gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32 fin.; 2, 24:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit,

id. de Sen. 6, 15; cf. § 17: quid quod homines infima fortuna, nulla spe rerum gerendarum ( public business), opifices denique, delectantur historia? maximeque eos videre possumus res gestas ( public events or occurrences) audire et legere velle, qui a spe gerendi absunt, confecti senectute, id. Fin. 5, 19, 52:

sin per se populus interfecit aut ejecit tyrannum, est moderatior, quoad sentit et sapit et sua re gesta laetatur,

their deed, id. Rep. 1, 42:

ut pleraque senatus auctoritate gererentur,

id. ib. 2, 32; cf. id. ib. 1, 27:

haec dum Romae geruntur,

id. Quint. 6, 28:

ut iis, qui audiunt, tum geri illa fierique videantur,

id. de Or. 2, 59, 241:

susceptum negotium,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 1; cf.:

si ipse negotium meum gererem, nihil gererem, nisi consilio tuo,

id. Att. 13, 3, 1:

negotium bene, male, etc.,

id. Rosc. Com. 11, 32; id. Cat. 2, 10, 21; Caes. B. G. 3, 18, 5 et saep.; cf.:

quid negotii geritur?

Cic. Quint. 13, 42: annos multos bellum gerentes summum summā industriā, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 Vahl.); cf.:

bello illo maximo, quod Athenienses et Lacedaemonii summa inter se contentione gesserunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16; so,

bella,

id. ib. 5, 2: pacem an bellum gerens, v. Andrews and Stoddard's Gram. § 323, 1 (2); Sall. J. 46 fin.:

bella multa felicissime,

Cic. Rep. 2, 9:

bellum cum aliquo,

id. Sest. 2, 4; id. Div. 1, 46, 103; Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 4 et saep.:

bello gesto,

Liv. 5, 43, 1: mea mater de ea re gessit morem morigerae mihi, performed my will, i. e. complied with my wishes, gratified, humored me, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 87; cf.:

geram tibi morem et ea quae vis, ut potero, explicabo,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 17: morem alicui (in aliqua re), Enn. ap. Non. 342, 24 (Trag. v. 241 Vahl.):

sine me in hac re gerere mihi morem,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 74; Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 44; id. Men. 5, 2, 37; id. Mil. 2, 1, 58; Cic. Rep. 3, 5; id. N. D. 2, 1, 3; Ov. Am. 2, 2, 13 et saep.; also without dat., Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 36; Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 77.— Pass.:

ut utrique a me mos gestus esse videatur,

Cic. Att. 2, 16, 3; Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 69; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 108; id. Ad. 2, 2, 6; Nep. Them. 7, 3 al.—With a play upon this meaning and that in II. A.: magna, inquit, [p. 813] bella gessi:

magnis imperiis et provinciis praefui. Gere igitur animum laude dignum,

Cic. Par. 5, 2, 37.— Absol.:

cum superiores alii fuissent in disputationibus perpoliti, quorum res gestae nullae invenirentur, alii in gerendo probabiles, in disserendo rudes,

Cic. Rep. 1, 8; cf.

the passage,

id. Fin. 5, 19, 52 supra:

Armeniam deinde ingressus prima parte introitus prospere gessit,

Vell. 2, 102, 2 (where others unnecessarily insert rem), Liv. 25, 22, 1; cf.

also: sive caesi ab Romanis forent Bastarnae... sive prospere gessissent,

id. 40, 58 fin.:

cum Persis et Philippus qui cogitavit, et Alexander, qui gessit, hanc bellandi causam inferebat, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 3, 9.—

Of time, to pass, spend (mostly post-Aug.; not in Cic.): ut (Tullia) cum aliquo adolescente primario conjuncta aetatem gereret, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; cf.:

pubertatis ac primae adolescentiae tempus,

Suet. Dom. 1:

vitam,

Petr. 63; Val. Fl. 6, 695:

annum gerens aetatis sexagesimum et nonum,

Suet. Vesp. 24.—Hence, gĕrens, entis, P. a. (acc. to II. B. 3.), managing, conducting, etc.; with gen.:

rei male gerentes,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 43:

sui negotii bene gerens,

Cic. Quint. 19, 62.

gĕro, ōnis, m. [1. gero], a carrier; connected per hyphen with foras:

ite, ite hac, simul eri damnigeruli, foras gerones, Bonorum hamaxagogae,

that carry off, ravishers, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 1.

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.

Absol.:

dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

ad scribendi licentiam liber,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

agri immunes ac liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

libera lingua,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

cor liberum,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

Liv. 35, 32, 6:

libera verba animi proferre,

Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

id. Brut. 67, 236:

libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

mandata,

full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

fenus,

unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

locus,

free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

lectulus,

i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

vestis,

id. ib. 3, 777:

libera omnia sibi servare,

to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

liberiores litterae,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

paulo liberior sententia,

Quint. 4, 2, 121:

liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

id. 7, 2, 14:

fusiores liberioresque numeri,

id. 9, 4, 130:

officia liberiora plenioraque,

id. 6, 1, 9:

(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

liberiore frui caelo,

freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

liberrime Lolli,

most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

indignatio,

id. Epod. 4, 10.—

Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

ab observando homine perverso liber,

id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

id. Att. 15, 16, B:

libera a ferro crura,

Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

Sall. C. 4.—

With abl.:

animus omni liber curā et angore,

free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

animus religione,

Liv. 2, 36:

animus cogitationibus aliis,

Quint. 11, 2, 35:

mens omnibus vitiis,

id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

id. 5, 11, 37:

omni liber metu,

Liv. 7, 34:

liber invidia,

Quint. 12, 11, 7:

equus carcere,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—

With gen. ( poet.):

liber laborum,

Hor. A. P. 212:

fati gens Lydia,

Verg. A. 10, 154:

curarum,

Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

liberior campi,

having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—

Liberum est, with subject-clause:

quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

dies eligere certos liberum erat,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

Tac. A. 3, 60.

In partic.

Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

id. Top. 2, 10:

quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—

Free, in a political point of view;

said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

liber populus,

id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

civitates liberae atque immunes,

free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

provinciae civitatesque liberae,

Suet. Vesp. 8:

libera ac foederata oppida,

id. Calig. 3:

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

Juv. 8, 244.—

In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

adulescens imprudens et liber,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

sit adulescentia liberior,

somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

amores soluti et liberi,

id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

consuetudo peccandi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

respirare,

id. Quint. 11, 39:

constanter et libere (me gessi),

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

consilium dare,

id. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

omnia libere fingimus et impune,

Quint. 6, 1, 43:

ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

loqui,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

fortius liberiusque defendere,

Quint. 12, 1, 21:

liberius si Dixero quid,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

maledicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

but also: liberorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

Sing. (post-class. and rare):

si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—

Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).

Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

liberos procreare,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

suscipere liberos,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

per liberos te precor,

Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

dulces,

id. ib. 2, 40:

parvuli,

Quint. 2, 15, 8;

opp. parentes,

id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

Gell. 1, 12, 8:

uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

habitus sis in liberum loco,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—

Esp.

Of sons (opp. daughters):

procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

Hyg. Fab. 9.—

Of children in gen. = pueri:

praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—

Transf., of animals, young:

liberis orbas oves,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

Liber et alma Ceres,

Verg. G. 1, 7:

ex aede Liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

in a pun with 1. liber,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

Romulus et Liber pater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

per vestigia Liberi patris,

Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

Col. 3, 21, 3:

Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—

Meton., wine:

illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

id. S. 1, 4, 89.

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

Lit.

In gen.:

obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

colligatae libris (arundines),

Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

Verg. G. 2, 77:

natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

quam denso fascia libro,

Juv. 6, 263.—

Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,

Transf.

Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—

Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

Demetrii liber de concordia,

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

id. de Sen. 15, 54:

libros pervolutare,

id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

evolvere,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

volvere,

id. Brut. 87, 298:

legere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

edere,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

libri confectio,

id. de Sen. 1, 1:

tempus ad libros vacuum,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cujus (Platonis) in libris,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

in Graecorum libris,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

Juv. 3, 41:

actorum libri,

the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—

In partic.

A division of a work a look:

tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

hi tres libri (de Officiis),

id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

sermo in novem libros distributus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

dictum est in libro superiore,

id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

id. 6, 3, 86:

liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

in T. Livii primo,

Quint. 9, 2, 37:

in tertio de Oratore,

id. 9, 1, 26:

legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—

In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

decemviris adire libros jussis,

i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

ut in libris est Etruscorum,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

caerimoniarum,

rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—

A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—

A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—

A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.

Absol.:

dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

ad scribendi licentiam liber,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

agri immunes ac liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

libera lingua,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

cor liberum,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

Liv. 35, 32, 6:

libera verba animi proferre,

Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

id. Brut. 67, 236:

libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

mandata,

full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

fenus,

unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

locus,

free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

lectulus,

i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

vestis,

id. ib. 3, 777:

libera omnia sibi servare,

to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

liberiores litterae,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

paulo liberior sententia,

Quint. 4, 2, 121:

liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

id. 7, 2, 14:

fusiores liberioresque numeri,

id. 9, 4, 130:

officia liberiora plenioraque,

id. 6, 1, 9:

(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

liberiore frui caelo,

freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

liberrime Lolli,

most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

indignatio,

id. Epod. 4, 10.—

Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

ab observando homine perverso liber,

id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

id. Att. 15, 16, B:

libera a ferro crura,

Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

Sall. C. 4.—

With abl.:

animus omni liber curā et angore,

free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

animus religione,

Liv. 2, 36:

animus cogitationibus aliis,

Quint. 11, 2, 35:

mens omnibus vitiis,

id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

id. 5, 11, 37:

omni liber metu,

Liv. 7, 34:

liber invidia,

Quint. 12, 11, 7:

equus carcere,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—

With gen. ( poet.):

liber laborum,

Hor. A. P. 212:

fati gens Lydia,

Verg. A. 10, 154:

curarum,

Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

liberior campi,

having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—

Liberum est, with subject-clause:

quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

dies eligere certos liberum erat,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

Tac. A. 3, 60.

In partic.

Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

id. Top. 2, 10:

quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—

Free, in a political point of view;

said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

liber populus,

id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

civitates liberae atque immunes,

free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

provinciae civitatesque liberae,

Suet. Vesp. 8:

libera ac foederata oppida,

id. Calig. 3:

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

Juv. 8, 244.—

In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

adulescens imprudens et liber,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

sit adulescentia liberior,

somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

amores soluti et liberi,

id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

consuetudo peccandi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

respirare,

id. Quint. 11, 39:

constanter et libere (me gessi),

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

consilium dare,

id. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

omnia libere fingimus et impune,

Quint. 6, 1, 43:

ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

loqui,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

fortius liberiusque defendere,

Quint. 12, 1, 21:

liberius si Dixero quid,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

maledicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

but also: liberorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

Sing. (post-class. and rare):

si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—

Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).

Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

liberos procreare,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

suscipere liberos,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

per liberos te precor,

Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

dulces,

id. ib. 2, 40:

parvuli,

Quint. 2, 15, 8;

opp. parentes,

id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

Gell. 1, 12, 8:

uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

habitus sis in liberum loco,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—

Esp.

Of sons (opp. daughters):

procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

Hyg. Fab. 9.—

Of children in gen. = pueri:

praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—

Transf., of animals, young:

liberis orbas oves,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

Liber et alma Ceres,

Verg. G. 1, 7:

ex aede Liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

in a pun with 1. liber,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

Romulus et Liber pater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

per vestigia Liberi patris,

Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

Col. 3, 21, 3:

Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—

Meton., wine:

illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

id. S. 1, 4, 89.

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

Lit.

In gen.:

obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

colligatae libris (arundines),

Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

Verg. G. 2, 77:

natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

quam denso fascia libro,

Juv. 6, 263.—

Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,

Transf.

Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—

Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

Demetrii liber de concordia,

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

id. de Sen. 15, 54:

libros pervolutare,

id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

evolvere,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

volvere,

id. Brut. 87, 298:

legere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

edere,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

libri confectio,

id. de Sen. 1, 1:

tempus ad libros vacuum,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cujus (Platonis) in libris,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

in Graecorum libris,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

Juv. 3, 41:

actorum libri,

the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—

In partic.

A division of a work a look:

tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

hi tres libri (de Officiis),

id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

sermo in novem libros distributus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

dictum est in libro superiore,

id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

id. 6, 3, 86:

liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

in T. Livii primo,

Quint. 9, 2, 37:

in tertio de Oratore,

id. 9, 1, 26:

legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—

In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

decemviris adire libros jussis,

i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

ut in libris est Etruscorum,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

caerimoniarum,

rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—

A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—

A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—

A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.