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21 Logic
My initial step... was to attempt to reduce the concept of ordering in a sequence to that of logical consequence, so as to proceed from there to the concept of number. To prevent anything intuitive from penetrating here unnoticed, I had to bend every effort to keep the chain of inference free of gaps. In attempting to comply with this requirement in the strictest possible way, I found the inadequacy of language to be an obstacle. (Frege, 1972, p. 104)I believe I can make the relation of my 'conceptual notation' to ordinary language clearest if I compare it to the relation of the microscope to the eye. The latter, because of the range of its applicability and because of the ease with which it can adapt itself to the most varied circumstances, has a great superiority over the microscope. Of course, viewed as an optical instrument it reveals many imperfections, which usually remain unnoticed only because of its intimate connection with mental life. But as soon as scientific purposes place strong requirements upon sharpness of resolution, the eye proves to be inadequate.... Similarly, this 'conceptual notation' is devised for particular scientific purposes; and therefore one may not condemn it because it is useless for other purposes. (Frege, 1972, pp. 104-105)To sum up briefly, it is the business of the logician to conduct an unceasing struggle against psychology and those parts of language and grammar which fail to give untrammeled expression to what is logical. He does not have to answer the question: How does thinking normally take place in human beings? What course does it naturally follow in the human mind? What is natural to one person may well be unnatural to another. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)We are very dependent on external aids in our thinking, and there is no doubt that the language of everyday life-so far, at least, as a certain area of discourse is concerned-had first to be replaced by a more sophisticated instrument, before certain distinctions could be noticed. But so far the academic world has, for the most part, disdained to master this instrument. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)There is no reproach the logician need fear less than the reproach that his way of formulating things is unnatural.... If we were to heed those who object that logic is unnatural, we would run the risk of becoming embroiled in interminable disputes about what is natural, disputes which are quite incapable of being resolved within the province of logic. (Frege, 1979, p. 128)[L]inguists will be forced, internally as it were, to come to grips with the results of modern logic. Indeed, this is apparently already happening to some extent. By "logic" is not meant here recursive function-theory, California model-theory, constructive proof-theory, or even axiomatic settheory. Such areas may or may not be useful for linguistics. Rather under "logic" are included our good old friends, the homely locutions "and," "or," "if-then," "if and only if," "not," "for all x," "for some x," and "is identical with," plus the calculus of individuals, event-logic, syntax, denotational semantics, and... various parts of pragmatics.... It is to these that the linguist can most profitably turn for help. These are his tools. And they are "clean tools," to borrow a phrase of the late J. L. Austin in another context, in fact, the only really clean ones we have, so that we might as well use them as much as we can. But they constitute only what may be called "baby logic." Baby logic is to the linguist what "baby mathematics" (in the phrase of Murray Gell-Mann) is to the theoretical physicist-very elementary but indispensable domains of theory in both cases. (Martin, 1969, pp. 261-262)There appears to be no branch of deductive inference that requires us to assume the existence of a mental logic in order to do justice to the psychological phenomena. To be logical, an individual requires, not formal rules of inference, but a tacit knowledge of the fundamental semantic principle governing any inference; a deduction is valid provided that there is no way of interpreting the premises correctly that is inconsistent with the conclusion. Logic provides a systematic method for searching for such counter-examples. The empirical evidence suggests that ordinary individuals possess no such methods. (Johnson-Laird, quoted in Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 130)The fundamental paradox of logic [that "there is no class (as a totality) of those classes which, each taken as a totality, do not belong to themselves" (Russell to Frege, 16 June 1902, in van Heijenoort, 1967, p. 125)] is with us still, bequeathed by Russell-by way of philosophy, mathematics, and even computer science-to the whole of twentieth-century thought. Twentieth-century philosophy would begin not with a foundation for logic, as Russell had hoped in 1900, but with the discovery in 1901 that no such foundation can be laid. (Everdell, 1997, p. 184)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Logic
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1. логика2. логическая схема3. логический блокlogic synthesis — синтез логических схем; логический синтез
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логика; логическая схемаair data logicangle-of-attack logicautopilot logicbypass logiccommand logiccontrol logicdecision-making logicdesign logicflap saturation logicflight control system logicguidance logicinterconnect logiclimit logicoptimizing logicspin mode logicspin prevention logicstability-augmentation logicswitching logic -
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nounLogik, die* * *['lo‹ik]- academic.ru/43594/logical">logical- logically* * *log·ic[ˈlɒʤɪk, AM ˈlɑ:ʤ-]n no plhe cannot refuse to acknowledge the force of \logic er kann sich der zwingenden Logik nicht widersetzenthat's just \logic das ist einfach logischdeductive \logic logische Schlussfolgerungflawed \logic unlogischer Gedankenganginternal \logic innere Logikto defy \logic gegen jede Logik verstoßento follow sb's \logic jds Logik [o Gedankengang] folgenformal \logic die formale Logikthere's no \logic in the decision die Entscheidung ist wider alle Vernunft* * *['lɒdZɪk]nLogik f* * *2. Logik f:female logic weibliche Logik;chop logic Haarspalterei treibenb) Notwendigkeit f, Folgerichtigkeit f (einer Entwicklung etc)3. Überzeugungskraft f (von Fakten etc)* * *nounLogik, die* * *adj.logisch adj. n.Folgerichtigkeit f.Logik nur sing. f. -
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логика, логическая часть, логический узел, логическая схема, логические схемы, логическая процедура, алгоритм
– logic capabilities
– logic card
– logic chart
– logic comparator
– logic diagram
– logic element
– logic family
– logic function
– logic polarity
– logic theory
– logic transition
– logic variable
– logic-gate redundancy
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1. n логика, логичность; разумность; закономерность2. n вчт. логическая схема3. n вчт. алгоритм4. n вчт. разг. здравый смыслthere is no logic in spending money on useless things — нет никакого смысла тратить деньги на ерунду
Синонимический ряд:1. rationalism (noun) common sense; discernment; intellect; intelligence; judgement; rationalism; understanding2. sense (noun) judgment; rationale; rationality; reason; sense; wisdom3. sound reasoning (noun) argumentation; course of thought; deduction; dialectic; doctrine of inference; induction; inference; reasoning; sound reasoning; syllogismАнтонимический ряд:emotion; illogic -
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ˈlɔdʒɪk сущ. логика to apply, use logic ≈ применять логику There is no logic in their policy. ≈ Их политика нелогична. clear logic ≈ четкая логика cold logic ≈ беспристрастная логика irrefutable logic ≈ неопровержимая логика deductive logic ≈ дедуктивная логика formal logic ≈ формальная логика inductive logic ≈ индуктивная логика simple logic ≈ простая логика symbolic logic ≈ символическая логика логика (наука) логика, логичность( аргументации и т. п.) ;
разумность;
закономерность - to argue with * рассуждать логично логика, неизбежный вывод;
неизбежность какого-л. поведения - the * of events логика событий (компьютерное) логическая схема алгоритм( разговорное) здравый смысл - there is no * in spending money on useless things нет никакого смысла /глупо/ тратить деньги на ерунду > to chop * спорить, препираться;
приводить противоречивые доводы belief ~ логика веры binary ~ вчт. двузначная логика byte-alignment ~ вчт. логика перегруппировки байтов command ~ вчт. логика команд common-sense ~ логика здравого смысла constructive ~ конструктивная логика control ~ вчт. управляющая логика default ~ вчт. логика рассуждений по умолчанию distributed ~ вчт. распределенное управление dynamic ~ вчт. динамическая логика first order ~ логика первого порядка formal ~ формальная логика fuzzy ~ нечеткая логика inductive ~ индуктивная логика intuitionistic ~ интуиционистская логика ladder ~ вчт. многозвенная логическая схема logic логика ~ логическая схема ~ логичность monotonic ~ монотонная логика multivalued ~ многозначная логика non-monotonic ~ немонотонная логика operational ~ логика действий presumed ~ предопределенная логика probabilitic ~ вероятностная логика probablistic ~ вероятностная логика propositional ~ пропозициональная логика pseudophysical ~ псевдофизическая логика relevance ~ логика определения релевантности second order ~ логика второго порядка spatial ~ пространственная логика stored ~ вчт. зашитый алгоритм system ~ вчт. системная логика temporal ~ вчт. временная логика ternary ~ вчт. трехзначная логика threshold ~ пороговая логика two-line ~ вчт. двухпроводная логическая схема wasted ~ вчт. лишняя логическая схема -
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['lɔʤɪk]сущ.- deductive logic
- inductive logic
- symbolical logic
- symbolic logic2) логика, логичность, закономерность, разумностьto apply / use logic — применять логику
There is no logic in their policy. — В их политике отсутствует логичность.
3) информ. логическая схема, логический узел ( в компьютере) -
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['lɒdʒɪk]nome logica f. (anche filos. inform.)* * *['lo‹ik]((the study and art of) reasoning correctly.) logica- logical- logically* * *logic /ˈlɒdʒɪk/A n. [u]1 (filos.) logica ( anche fig.): the logic of facts, la logica dei fatti; ( di un argomento, ecc.) to defy logic, essere del tutto illogico; fare a pugni con la logica2 (mat.) operazioni logiche; logica: computer logic, le operazioni logiche di un elaboratore; logica di macchinaB a. attr.logico: a logic element, un elemento logico● (comput.) logic bomb, bomba logica □ (comput.) logic file, file logico □ (comput.) logic gate, porta logica.* * *['lɒdʒɪk]nome logica f. (anche filos. inform.) -
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log·ic [ʼlɒʤɪk, Am ʼlɑ:ʤ-] nhe cannot refuse to acknowledge the force of \logic er kann sich der zwingenden Logik nicht widersetzen;that's just \logic das ist einfach logisch;deductive \logic logische Schlussfolgerung;flawed \logic unlogischer Gedankengang;internal \logic innere Logik;to defy \logic gegen jede Logik verstoßen;to follow sb's \logic jds Logik f [o Gedankengang m] folgenformal \logic die formale Logikthere's no \logic in the decision die Entscheidung ist wider alle Vernunft4) comput, elec Logik f -
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логика; логическая схема- diode-capacitor-transistor logic
- diode-transistor logic
- emitter-coupled logic
- RCT logic
- Schottky transistor-transistor logic
- Schottky-diode FET logic
- transistor-transistor logic
- tristate logicEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > logic
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1) логика2) логические схемы (устройства) -
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'lo‹ik((the study and art of) reasoning correctly.) lógica- logical- logically
logic n lógicatr['lɒʤɪk]1 lógicalogic ['lɑʤɪk] n: lógica f♦ logical ['lɑʤɪkəl] adj♦ logically [-kli] advn.• lógica s.f.• lógico s.m.'lɑːdʒɪk, 'lɒdʒɪk ['lɒdʒɪk]1.N lógica f2.CPDlogic circuit N — (Comput) circuito m lógico
* * *['lɑːdʒɪk, 'lɒdʒɪk] -
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логика; логический -
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логика; логические схемы -
37 logic
[ʹlɒdʒık] n1. 1) логика ( наука)2) логика, логичность (аргументации и т. п.); разумность; закономерность3) логика, неизбежный вывод; неизбежность какого-л. поведенияthe logic of events [of facts] - логика событий [фактов]
2. вчт.1) логическая схема2) алгоритм3. разг. здравый смыслthere is no logic in spending money on useless things - нет никакого смысла /глупо/ тратить деньги на ерунду
♢
to chop logic - спорить, препираться; приводить противоречивые доводы -
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n1. логика (наука); логичность; неизбежный вывод; неизбежность определенного поведения;2. логическая схема; алгоритм;3. здравый смысл.* * *сущ.1) логика (наука); логичность; неизбежный вывод; неизбежность определенного поведения;2) логическая схема; алгоритм;3) здравый смысл. -
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N1. तर्क-शास्त्रHe is studying logic.2. गणितीय तर्कMathematical logic.3. तर्कYour logic does not convince me.4. गणक तर्कThe logic of a computer program. -
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1) логика2) логическая схема3) логический блок (ЭВМ)Англо-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > logic
См. также в других словарях:
Logic — logic … Philosophy dictionary
Logic — • A historical survey from Indian and Pre Aristotelian philosophy to the Logic of John Stuart Mill Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Logic Logic … Catholic encyclopedia
Logic — Pro Entwickler: Apple Inc. Aktuelle Version: 8.0.2 (20. Mai 2008) Betriebssystem: Mac OS X Kategorie … Deutsch Wikipedia
LOGIC — (Heb. חָכְמַת הַדִּבּוּר or מְלֶאכֶת הַהִגַּיוֹן), the study of the principles governing correct reasoning and demonstration. The term logic, according to Maimonides, is used in three senses: to refer to the rational faculty, the intelligible in… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
logic — LÓGIC, Ă, logici, ce s.f., adj. I. s.f. 1. Ştiinţă a demonstraţiei, al cărei obiect este stabilirea condiţiilor corectitudinii gândirii, a formelor şi a legilor generale ale raţionării corecte. ♢ Logică generală = logică clasică, de tradiţie… … Dicționar Român
logic — lo‧gic [ˈlɒdʒɪk ǁ ˈlɑː ] noun [uncountable] 1. COMMERCE commercial/economic/industrial logic a way of thinking and making good judgements that is connected to a particular area of business, the economy etc: • Their takeover bid appears to have… … Financial and business terms
Logic — Log ic, n. [OE. logike, F. logique, L. logica, logice, Gr. logikh (sc. te chnh), fr. logiko s belonging to speaking or reason, fr. lo gos speech, reason, le gein to say, speak. See {Legend}.] 1. The science or art of exact reasoning, or of pure… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
logic — Logic is the study of the correct way of reasoning. It is a prescriptive discipline rather than a merely descriptive one (psychology describes how we actually do reason). The two main methods for describing how we should think are the… … Christian Philosophy
logic — [läj′ik] n. [ME logike < OFr logique < L logica < Gr logikē ( technē), logical (art) < logikos, of speaking or reasoning < logos, a word, reckoning, thought < legein, to speak, choose, read < IE base * leg̑ , to gather > L … English World dictionary
Logic — es una herramienta multiuso desarrollada bajo licencia pública de Mozilla Frontal. Logic de … Wikipedia Español
logic — ► NOUN 1) reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity. 2) the ability to reason correctly. 3) (the logic of) the course of action following as a necessary consequence of. 4) a system or set of principles underlying… … English terms dictionary