life-support+equipment

set

A n

1 ( collection) (of keys, spanners, screwdrivers) jeu m ; (of golf clubs, stamps, coins, chairs) série f ; ( of cutlery) service m ; ( of encyclopedias) collection f ; fig (of data, rules, instructions, tests) série f ; a set of china un service de table ; a new/clean set of clothes des vêtements neufs/propres ; they're sold in sets of 10 ils sont vendus par lots de 10 ; a set of bills Comm, Fin un jeu de connaissements ; a set of fingerprints des empreintes fpl digitales ; a set of stairs un escalier ; a set of traffic lights des feux mpl (de signalisation) ;

2 (kit, game) a backgammon/chess set un jeu de jacquet/d'échecs ; a magic set une mallette de magie ;

3 ( pair) a set of sheets une paire de draps ; a set of footprints l'empreinte des deux pieds ; a set of false teeth un dentier ; my top/bottom set ( of false teeth) la partie supérieure/inférieure de mon dentier ; one set of grandparents lives in Canada deux de mes grands-parents habitent au Canada ; both sets of parents agreed with us ses parents comme les miens étaient d'accord avec nous ;

4 Sport ( in tennis) set m ; ‘set to Miss Wilson’ ‘set Mademoiselle Wilson’ ;

5 ( television) poste m ; TV set, television set poste de télévision ;

6 ( group) ( social) monde m ; ( sporting) milieu m ; aristocratic/literary set monde aristocratique/littéraire ; the racing/yachting set le milieu des courses/du yachting ; the smart ou fashionable set les gens à la mode ; he's not part of our set il ne fait pas partie de notre groupe ;

7 ( scenery) Theat décor m ; Cin, TV plateau m ; on the set Cin, TV sur le plateau ;

8 Math ensemble m ;

9 GB Sch (class, group) groupe m ; to be in the top set for maths être dans le groupe des meilleurs en maths ;

10 ( hair-do) mise f en plis ; to have a shampoo and set se faire faire un shampooing et une mise en plis ;

11 Mus concert m ;

12 ( position) ( of sails) réglage m ; you could tell by the set of his jaw that he was stubborn ça se voyait à sa tête qu'il était têtu ;

13 ( direction) sens m ; the set of the tide/wind le sens de la marée/du vent ;

14 ( of badger) terrier m ;

15 Hort plante f à repiquer ;

16 Hunt ( of hound) arrêt m.

B adj

1 ( fixed) ( épith) [pattern, procedure, rule, task] bien déterminé ; [time, price] fixe ; [menu] à prix fixe ; [formula] toute faite ; [idea] arrêté ; I had no set purpose in arranging the meeting je n'avais pas d'objectif précis quand j'ai organisé cette réunion ; set phrase, set expression expression f consacrée, locution f figée ; to be set in one's ideas ou opinions avoir des idées bien arrêtées ; to be set in one's ways avoir ses habitudes ; the weather is set fair le temps est au beau fixe ;

2 ( stiff) [expression, smile] figé ;

3 Sch, Univ ( prescribed) [book, text] au programme ; there are five set topics on the history syllabus il y a cinq sujets au programme d'histoire ;

4 ( ready) ( jamais épith) prêt (for pour) ; to be (all) set to leave/start être prêt à partir/commencer ; they're set to win/lose tout laisse à croire qu'ils vont gagner/perdre ;

5 ( determined) to be (dead) set against sth/doing être tout à fait contre qch/l'idée de faire ; he's really set against my resigning/marrying il est tout à fait contre ma démission/mon mariage ; to be set on sth/on doing tenir absolument à qch/à faire ;

6 ( firm) [jam, jelly, honey] épais/épaisse, consistant ; [cement] dur ; [yoghurt] ferme.

C vtr ( p prés - tt- ; prét, pp set)

1 (place, position) placer [chair, ornament] (on sur) ; poster [guard, sentry] ; monter, sertir [gem] (in dans) ; to set sth against a wall mettre qch contre un mur [bike, ladder] ; to set sth before sb lit placer qch devant qn [food, plate] ; fig présenter qch à qn [proposals, findings] ; to set sth in the ground enfoncer qch dans le sol [stake] ; to set sth into sth encastrer qch dans qch ; to set sth straight lit ( align) remettre qch droit [painting] ; fig ( tidy) remettre de l'ordre dans qch [papers, room] ; to set sth upright redresser qch ; a house set among the trees une maison située au milieu des arbres ; to set matters ou the record straight fig mettre les choses au point ; a necklace set with rubies un collier incrusté de rubis ; his eyes are set very close together ses yeux sont très rapprochés ;

2 ( prepare) mettre [table] ; tendre [trap] ; set three places mets trois couverts ; to set the stage ou scene for sth fig préparer le lieu de qch [encounter, match] ; the stage is set for the final tout est prêt pour la finale ; to set one's mark ou stamp on sth laisser sa marque sur qch ;

3 (affix, establish) fixer [date, deadline, place, price, target] ; lancer [fashion, trend] ; donner [tone] ; établir [precedent, record] ; to set a good/bad example to sb montrer le bon/mauvais exemple à qn ; to set one's sights on viser [championship, job] ;

4 ( adjust) mettre [qch] à l'heure [clock] ; mettre [alarm clock, burglar alarm] ; programmer [timer, video] ; to set the oven to 180° mettre le four sur 180° ; to set the controls to manual passer au mode manuel ; to set the video to record the film programmer le magnétoscope pour enregistrer le film ; to set the alarm for 7 am mettre le réveil pour 7 heures ; set your watch by mine règle ta montre sur la mienne ; I set the heating to come on at 6 am j'ai réglé le chauffage pour qu'il se mette en route à six heures ; to set the counter back to zero remettre le compteur à zéro ;

5 ( start) to set sth going mettre qch en marche [machine, motor] ; to set sb laughing/thinking faire rire/réfléchir qn ; to set sb to work doing charger qn de faire ; the noise set the dogs barking le bruit a fait aboyer les chiens ;

6 (impose, prescribe) [teacher] donner [homework, essay] ; poser [problem] ; créer [crossword puzzle] ; to set an exam préparer les sujets d'examen ; to set a book/subject for study mettre un texte/un sujet au programme ; to set sb the task of doing charger qn de faire ;

7 Cin, Literat, Theat, TV situer ; to set a book in 1960/New York situer un roman en 1960/à New York ; the film/novel is set in Munich/in the 1950's le film/roman se passe à Munich/dans les années 50 ;

8 Mus to set sth to music mettre qch en musique [libretto, lyrics] ;

9 Print composer [text, type] (in en) ;

10 Med immobiliser, éclisser spec [bone, broken leg] ;

11 ( style) to set sb's hair faire une mise en plis à qn ; to have one' s hair set se faire faire une mise en plis ;

12 ( cause to harden) faire prendre [jam, concrete] ;

13 ( esteem) to set sb above/below sb placer qn au-dessus/en dessous de qn ;

14 GB Sch grouper [qn] par niveau [pupils].

D vi ( p prés - tt- ; prét, pp set)

1 [sun] se coucher ;

2 ( harden) [jam, concrete] prendre ; [glue] sécher ;

3 Med [fracture, bone] se ressouder.

E v refl ( p prés - tt- ; prét, pp set) to set oneself sth se fixer qch [goal, target].

to be well set-up ○ ( financially) avoir les moyens ○ ; ( physically) [woman] être bien balancé ○ ; to make a (dead) set at sb ○ GB se lancer à la tête de qn ○.

■ set about:

▶ set about [sth] se mettre à [work, duties] ; to set about doing commencer à faire ; to set about the job ou task ou business of doing commencer à faire ; I know what I want to do but I don't know how to set about it je sais ce que je veux faire mais je ne sais pas comment m'y prendre ;

▶ set about [sb] ○ attaquer qn (with avec) ;

▶ set [sth] about faire courir [rumour, story] ; to set it about that… faire courir le bruit que…

■ set against:

▶ set [sb] against monter qn contre [person] ; to set oneself against sth s'opposer à qch ;

▶ set sth against sth ( compare) confronter qch à qch ; you have to set his evidence against what you already know vous devez examiner son témoignage à la lumière de ce que vous savez déjà ; the benefits seem small, set against the risks par rapport aux risques les bénéfices semblent maigres.

■ set apart:

▶ set [sb/sth] apart distinguer [person, book, film] (from de).

■ set aside:

▶ set [sth] aside, set aside [sth]

1 ( put down) poser [qch] de côté [book, knitting] ;

2 ( reserve) réserver [area, room, time] (for pour) ; mettre [qch] de côté [money, stock] ;

3 ( disregard) mettre [qch] de côté [differences, prejudices] ;

4 Admin, Jur ( reject) rejeter [decision, request, verdict] ; casser [judgment, ruling].

■ set back:

▶ set [sth] back

1 ( position towards the rear) reculer [chair, table] ; the house is set back from the road la maison est située un peu en retrait de la route ;

2 ( adjust) retarder [clock, watch] ;

▶ set back [sth], set [sth] back ( delay) retarder [production, recovery, work] ;

▶ set [sb] back ○ coûter les yeux de la tête à ○ ; that car must have set you back a bit cette voiture a dû te coûter les yeux de la tête ; it set me back 2,000 dollars ça m'a coûté 2 000 dollars.

■ set by:

▶ set [sth] by, set by [sth] mettre [qch] de côté.

■ set down:

▶ set [sb/sth] down déposer [passenger] ; poser [suitcases, vase] ;

▶ set down [sth], set [sth] down

1 ( establish) fixer [code of practice, conditions, criteria] ;

2 ( record) enregistrer [event, fact] ; to set down one' s thoughts (on paper) consigner ses pensées par écrit ;

3 ( land) poser [helicopter].

■ set forth:

▶ set forth ( leave) se mettre en route ;

▶ set forth [sth] exposer [findings, facts] ; présenter [argument].

■ set in:

▶ set in [infection, gangrene] se déclarer ; [complications] survenir ; [winter] arriver ; [depression, resentment] s'installer ; the rain has set in for the afternoon la pluie va durer toute l'après-midi ;

▶ set [sth] in Sewing rapporter [sleeve].

■ set off:

▶ set off partir (for pour) ; to set off on a journey/an expedition partir en voyage/expédition ; to set off to do partir faire ; he set off on a long description/story il s'est lancé dans une longue description/histoire ;

▶ set [off] sth, set [sth] off

1 ( trigger) déclencher [alarm] ; faire partir [firework] ; faire exploser [bomb] ; déclencher [riot, row, panic] ;

2 ( enhance) mettre [qch] en valeur [colour, dress, tan] ;

3 Fin to set sth off against profits/debts déduire qch des bénéfices/des dettes ;

▶ set [sb] off faire pleurer [baby] ; she laughed and that set me off elle a ri et ça m'a fait rire à mon tour ; don't mention politics, you know it always sets him off ne parle pas de politique tu sais bien que quand il est parti on ne peut plus l'arrêter.

■ set on:

▶ set on [sb] attaquer qn ;

▶ set [sth] on sb lâcher [qch] contre qn [dog] ; to set sb onto sb ou sb's track mettre qn sur la piste de qn.

■ set out:

▶ set out ( leave) se mettre en route (for pour ; to do pour faire) ; we set out from Paris/the house at 9 am nous avons quitté Paris/la maison à 9 heures ; to set out on a journey/an expedition partir en voyage/expédition ; to set out to do ( intend) [book, report, speech] avoir pour but de faire ; [person] chercher à faire ; ( start) commencer à faire ;

▶ set [sth] out, set out [sth]

1 ( spread out) disposer [goods] ; disposer [food] ; étaler [books, papers] ; disposer [chairs] ; préparer [board game] ; disposer [chessmen] ; organiser [information] ;

2 (state, explain) présenter [conclusions, ideas, proposals] ; formuler [objections, terms].

■ set to s'y mettre.

■ set up:

▶ set up ( establish oneself) [business person, trader] s'établir ; to set up on one's own s'établir à son compte ; to set up (shop) as a decorator/caterer s'établir en tant que décorateur/traiteur ; to set up in business monter une affaire ;

▶ set [sth] up, set up [sth]

1 ( erect) monter [stand, stall] ; assembler [equipment, easel] ; déplier [deckchair] ; ériger [roadblock] ; dresser [statue] ; to set up home ou house s'installer ; to set up camp installer un campement ;

2 ( prepare) préparer [experiment] ; Sport préparer [goal, try] ;

3 (found, establish) créer [business, company] ; implanter [factory] ; former [support group, charity] ; constituer [committee, commission] ; ouvrir [fund] ; lancer [initiative, scheme] ;

4 ( start) provoquer [vibration] ; susciter [reaction] ;

5 ( organize) organiser [conference, meeting] ; mettre [qch] en place [procedures] ;

6 Print composer [page] ;

▶ set [sb] up

1 ( establish in business) she set her son up (in business) as a gardener elle a aidé son fils à s'installer comme jardinier ;

2 (improve one's health, fortune) remettre [qn] sur pied ; there's nothing like a good vacation to set you up rien de tel que de bonnes vacances pour vous remettre sur pied ; that deal has set her up for life grâce à ce contrat elle n'aura plus à se soucier de rien ;

3 ○ GB ( trap) [police] tendre un piège à [criminal] ; [colleague, friend] monter un coup contre [person] ;

4 Comput installer, configurer ;

▶ set [oneself] up

1 Comm she set herself up as a financial advisor elle s'est mise à son compte comme conseiller financier ; to set oneself up in business se mettre à son compte ;

2 ( claim) I don't set myself up to be an expert je ne prétends pas être expert ; she sets herself up as an authority on French art elle prétend faire autorité en matière d'art français.

■ set upon:

▶ set upon [sb] attaquer qn.

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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His early life was spent in the Ukraine and he then studied at Tupolev's aeroplane institute in Moscow. In the mid-1930s, just before his thirtieth birthday, he joined the GIRD (Group Studying Rocket Propulsion) under Frederick Zander, a Latvian engineer, while earning a living designing aircraft in Tupolev's bureau. In 1934 he visited Konstantin Tsiolovsky. Soon after this, under the Soviet Armaments Minister, Mikhail N.Tukhachevsky, who was in favour of rocket weapons, financial support was available for the GIRD and Korolov was appointed General-Engineer (1-star) in the Soviet Army. In June 1937 the Armaments Minister and his whole staff were arrested under Stalin, but Korolov was saved by Tupolev and sent to a sharaska, or prison, near Moscow where he worked for four years on rocket-and jet-propelled aircraft, among other things. In 1946 he went with his superior, Valentin Glushko, to Germany where he watched the British test-firing of possibly three V-2s at Altenwaide, near Cuxhaven, in "Operation Backfire". They were not allowed within the wire enclosure. He remained in Germany to supervise the shipment of V-2 equipment and staff to Russia (it is possible that he underwent a second term of imprisonment from 1948), the Germans having been arrested in October 1946. He kept working in Russia until 1950 or the following year. He supervised the first Russian ballistic missile, R-1, in late 1947. Stalin died in 1953 and Korolov was rehabilitated, but freedom under Nikita Kruschev was almost as restrictive as imprisonment under Stalin. Kruschev would only refer to him as "the Chief Designer", never naming him, and would not let him go abroad or correspond with other rocket experts in the USA or Germany. Anything he published could only be under the name "Sergeyev". He continued to work on his R-7 without the approval that he sought for a satellite project. This was known as semyorka, or "old number seven". In January 1959 he added a booster stage to semyorka. He may have suffered confinement in the infamous Kolyma Gulag around this time. He designed all the Sputnik, Vostok and some of the Voshkod units and worked on the Proton space booster. In 1966 he underwent surgery performed by Dr Boris Petrovsky, then Soviet Minister of Health, for the removal, it is said, of tumours of the colon. In spite of the assistance of Dr Aleksandr Vishaevsky he bled to death on the operating table. The first moon landing (by robot) took place three weeks after his death and the first flight of the new Soyuz spacecraft a little later.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology

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Monro's whole family background is engineering, an interest he did not share. Instead, he preferred biology, an enthusiasm aroused by reading the celebrated Science of Life by H.G. and G.P.Wells and Julian Huxley. Educated at a London comprehensive school, Monro found it necessary to attend evening classes while at school to take his advanced level science examinations. Lacking parental support, he could not pursue a degree course until he was 21 years old, and so he gained valuable practical experience as a research technician. He resumed his studies and took a zoology degree at Portsmouth Polytechnic. He then worked in a range of zoology and medical laboratories, culminating after twelve years as a Senior Experimental Officer at Southampton Medical School. In 1989 he relinquished his post to devote himself fall time to developing his inventions as Managing Director of Hampshire Advisory and Technical Services Ltd (HATS). Also in 1988 he obtained his PhD from Southampton University, in the field of embryology.

Monro had meanwhile been demonstrating a talent for invention, mainly in microscopy. His most important invention, however, is of a water-purification system. The idea for it came from Michael Wilson of the Institute of Dental Surgery in London, who evolved a technique for osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions, of particular use in treating infants suffering from diarrhoea in third-world countries. Monro broadened the original concept to include dried food, intravenous solutions and even dried blood. The process uses simple equipment and no external power and works as follows: a dry sugar/salts mixture is sealed in one compartment of a double bag, the common wall of which is a semipermeable membrane. Impure water is placed in the empty compartment and the water transfers across the membrane by the osmotic force of the sugar/salts. As the pores in the membrane exclude all viruses, bacteria and their toxins, a sterile solution is produced.

With the help of a research fellowship granted for humanitarian reasons at King Alfred College, Winchester, the invention was developed to functional prototype stage in 1993, with worldwide patent protection. Commercial production was expected to follow, if sufficient financial backing were forthcoming. The process is not intended to replace large installations, but will revolutionize the small-scale production of sterile water in scattered third-world communities and in disaster areas where normal services have been disrupted.

HATS was awarded First Prize in the small business category and was overall prize winner in the Toshiba Year of Invention, received a NatWest/BP award for technology and a Prince of Wales Award for Innovation.

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