lever

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* * *

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* * *

ansa, ae, f. [cf. chandanô, and pre-hendo, pre-hensum, and labê from labein], that by which something is taken hold of, a handle, haft; of a vessel, pitcher, vase, and the like.

Lit., Cato, R. R. 113; Verg. E. 3, 45; 6, 17; Ov. M. 8, 653; id. H. 16, 252; Mart. 14, 106 al.—Of other things, e. g. of an iron handle of a door:

ansa ostii,

Petr. 96.—Of the loop on the edge of a sandal, through which the shoetie was drawn, Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 12; so Tib. 1, 8, 14.—Of the handle of the rudder, the tiller, Vitr. 10, 8.—Of the cheeks of a balance in which the lever moves, Vitr. 10, 8.— In architecture, the cramp-iron or brace which holds several stones together, Vitr. 2, 8; Prop. 5, 1, 142.—

Trop., as also the Gr. labê, handle, occasion, opportunity (rare, and in the class. per. only in Cic.):

illum quaerere ansam, infectum ut faciat?

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 119:

reprehensionis ansa,

Cic. Planc. 34:

controversiarum,

id. Caecin. 6 fin.:

ansas sermonis dare,

id. Sest. 10:

sibi tamquam ansas ad reprehendendum dare,

id. Am. 16, 59:

alicui lucrandi ansam offerre,

Amm. 28, 1.

arbor ( arbŏs, Lucr. 1, 774; 6, 786 Lachm.; Ov. M. 2, 212; id. F. 1, 153 (but Merk. arbor, in both places); Verg. E. 3, 56; id. G. 2, 57; 2, 81; id. A. 3, 27; 6, 206 Rib. al.: acc. arbosem, Paul. ex Fest. p. 15 Müll.), ŏris, f. (m., INTER DVOS ARBORES, Inscr. Lyon, I. 27) [v. arduus].

In gen.: arbores serere, to plant, Caecil. Stat. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31; Cic. Sen. 17, 59:

poni,

Verg. G. 2, 278:

arbos se sustulit,

id. ib. 2, 57:

arbores putare,

Cato, R. R. 32, 1: arbores frondescere, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 28, 69:

arboribus frondes redeunt,

Ov. F. 3, 237:

arbos silvestris,

Verg. E. 3, 70:

ramosa,

Lucr. 5 [1096]:

umbrosa,

Verg. G. 2, 66; so Ov. P. 4, 5, 41:

ingens,

Verg. G. 2, 81:

alta,

Ov. M. 15, 404:

summa,

Verg. G. 4, 557; so Ov. M. 12, 15:

patula,

id. ib. 1, 106:

fertilis,

Verg. G. 4, 142:

in quibus (arboribus) non truncus, non rami, non folia sunt,

Cic. de Or. 3, 46, 178:

sub ramis arboris altae,

Lucr. 2, 30, and Verg. A. 7, 108:

arborum rami,

Vulg. Sap. 17, 17:

arbor nuda sine frondibus,

Ov. M. 13, 690; Vulg. Marc. 11, 8:

arborum cortices,

Vulg. Job, 30, 4:

arbores ab radicibus subruere,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27; Plin. 16, 31, 56, § 130; Vulg. Matt. 3, 10:

quarum (arborum) baca,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31:

jacent sua quāque sub arbore poma,

Verg. E. 7, 54; Vulg. Lev. 26, 20:

fructus arborum,

Quint. 8, 5, 26; Vulg. Sap. 10, 7.—

Spec. with gen. of species: alni, the alder-tree, Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 7:

fici,

the fig-tree, Cic. Fl. 17, 41; Vulg. Matt. 21, 19:

arbores ficorum,

Col. 11, 2, 59: arbor ficus (nom.), Vulg. Jud. 9, 10:

abietis arbores,

fir trees, Liv. 24, 3:

arbor palmae,

the palm-tree, Suet. Aug. 94:

cupressūs,

the cypress, id. Vesp. 5:

arbor sycomorus,

a sycamore, Vulg. Luc. 19, 4; so,

arbor morus,

ib. ib. 17, 6:

arbores olivarum,

olive trees, ib. Exod. 27, 20.— Poet.:

Jovis,

the oak-tree, Ov. M. 1, 106:

Phoebi,

the laurel-tree, id. F. 3, 139 (cf. id. ib. 6, 91:

Apollinea laurus): Palladis,

the olive-tree, id. A. A. 2, 518:

arbor Herculea,

the poplar, Verg. G. 2, 66 (cf.:

Arborum genera numinibus suis dicata perpetuo servantur, ut Jovi aesculus, Apollini laurus, Minervae olea, Veneri myrtus, Herculi populus,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 3; Phaedr. 3, 17) al.—

Meton.

Things made of wood (cf.: Mille sunt usus earum (arborum), sine quīs vita degi non possit. Arbore sulcamus, maria terrasque admovemus; arbore exaedificamus tecta;

arborea et simulacra numinum fuere etc.,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 5).

With mali:

adversique infigitur arbore mali,

Verg. A. 5, 504.—

Without mali, Luc. 9, 332; Sil. 3, 129; Paul. Sent. 1. 2, t. 3.—

The lever or bar of a press, press-beam, Cato, R. R. 18, 4; 18, 12; Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317.—

An oar:

centenāque arbore fluctum Verberat adsurgens,

Verg. A. 10, 207.—

A ship:

Phrixeam petiit Pelias arbor ovem,

the ship Argo, Ov. H. 12, 8.—

The shaft of a javelin, a javelin, Stat. Th. 12, 769.—

Euphemist.: arbor infelix, a gallows, gibbet:

caput obnubito, arbori infelici suspendito,

Cic. Rab. 4 fin.; Liv. 1, 26, 7; cf. Plin. 16, 26, 45, § 108 (Niebuhr, Röm. Gesch. I. § 365, compares the words of the Fries. law: am argen vordern Baum henken; cf. in Engl. to hang on the accursed tree).—

The fabulous polypus, which was fancied to have arms like the branches of a tree:

In Gaditano Oceano arbor in tantum vastis dispansa armis, ut fretum numquam intrāsse credatur,

Plin. 9, 4, 3, § 8.

Arbor infelix, a town and castle in Rhœtia, now Arbon, Tab. Peut.

arbor ( arbŏs, Lucr. 1, 774; 6, 786 Lachm.; Ov. M. 2, 212; id. F. 1, 153 (but Merk. arbor, in both places); Verg. E. 3, 56; id. G. 2, 57; 2, 81; id. A. 3, 27; 6, 206 Rib. al.: acc. arbosem, Paul. ex Fest. p. 15 Müll.), ŏris, f. (m., INTER DVOS ARBORES, Inscr. Lyon, I. 27) [v. arduus].

In gen.: arbores serere, to plant, Caecil. Stat. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31; Cic. Sen. 17, 59:

poni,

Verg. G. 2, 278:

arbos se sustulit,

id. ib. 2, 57:

arbores putare,

Cato, R. R. 32, 1: arbores frondescere, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 28, 69:

arboribus frondes redeunt,

Ov. F. 3, 237:

arbos silvestris,

Verg. E. 3, 70:

ramosa,

Lucr. 5 [1096]:

umbrosa,

Verg. G. 2, 66; so Ov. P. 4, 5, 41:

ingens,

Verg. G. 2, 81:

alta,

Ov. M. 15, 404:

summa,

Verg. G. 4, 557; so Ov. M. 12, 15:

patula,

id. ib. 1, 106:

fertilis,

Verg. G. 4, 142:

in quibus (arboribus) non truncus, non rami, non folia sunt,

Cic. de Or. 3, 46, 178:

sub ramis arboris altae,

Lucr. 2, 30, and Verg. A. 7, 108:

arborum rami,

Vulg. Sap. 17, 17:

arbor nuda sine frondibus,

Ov. M. 13, 690; Vulg. Marc. 11, 8:

arborum cortices,

Vulg. Job, 30, 4:

arbores ab radicibus subruere,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27; Plin. 16, 31, 56, § 130; Vulg. Matt. 3, 10:

quarum (arborum) baca,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 14, 31:

jacent sua quāque sub arbore poma,

Verg. E. 7, 54; Vulg. Lev. 26, 20:

fructus arborum,

Quint. 8, 5, 26; Vulg. Sap. 10, 7.—

Spec. with gen. of species: alni, the alder-tree, Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 7:

fici,

the fig-tree, Cic. Fl. 17, 41; Vulg. Matt. 21, 19:

arbores ficorum,

Col. 11, 2, 59: arbor ficus (nom.), Vulg. Jud. 9, 10:

abietis arbores,

fir trees, Liv. 24, 3:

arbor palmae,

the palm-tree, Suet. Aug. 94:

cupressūs,

the cypress, id. Vesp. 5:

arbor sycomorus,

a sycamore, Vulg. Luc. 19, 4; so,

arbor morus,

ib. ib. 17, 6:

arbores olivarum,

olive trees, ib. Exod. 27, 20.— Poet.:

Jovis,

the oak-tree, Ov. M. 1, 106:

Phoebi,

the laurel-tree, id. F. 3, 139 (cf. id. ib. 6, 91:

Apollinea laurus): Palladis,

the olive-tree, id. A. A. 2, 518:

arbor Herculea,

the poplar, Verg. G. 2, 66 (cf.:

Arborum genera numinibus suis dicata perpetuo servantur, ut Jovi aesculus, Apollini laurus, Minervae olea, Veneri myrtus, Herculi populus,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 3; Phaedr. 3, 17) al.—

Meton.

Things made of wood (cf.: Mille sunt usus earum (arborum), sine quīs vita degi non possit. Arbore sulcamus, maria terrasque admovemus; arbore exaedificamus tecta;

arborea et simulacra numinum fuere etc.,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 5).

With mali:

adversique infigitur arbore mali,

Verg. A. 5, 504.—

Without mali, Luc. 9, 332; Sil. 3, 129; Paul. Sent. 1. 2, t. 3.—

The lever or bar of a press, press-beam, Cato, R. R. 18, 4; 18, 12; Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 317.—

An oar:

centenāque arbore fluctum Verberat adsurgens,

Verg. A. 10, 207.—

A ship:

Phrixeam petiit Pelias arbor ovem,

the ship Argo, Ov. H. 12, 8.—

The shaft of a javelin, a javelin, Stat. Th. 12, 769.—

Euphemist.: arbor infelix, a gallows, gibbet:

caput obnubito, arbori infelici suspendito,

Cic. Rab. 4 fin.; Liv. 1, 26, 7; cf. Plin. 16, 26, 45, § 108 (Niebuhr, Röm. Gesch. I. § 365, compares the words of the Fries. law: am argen vordern Baum henken; cf. in Engl. to hang on the accursed tree).—

The fabulous polypus, which was fancied to have arms like the branches of a tree:

In Gaditano Oceano arbor in tantum vastis dispansa armis, ut fretum numquam intrāsse credatur,

Plin. 9, 4, 3, § 8.

Arbor infelix, a town and castle in Rhœtia, now Arbon, Tab. Peut.

clāva, ae, f. [root cel- of percello; cf. Gr. klaô and clades].

A knotty branch or stick, a staff, cudgel, club:

adfer duas clavas... probas,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 20; Lucr. 5, 968:

sternentes agmina clavā,

Verg. A. 10, 318; Curt. 9, 4, 3; Ov. F. 1, 575; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 94; Plin. 19, 1, 3, § 18; a bar, lever, Cato, R. R. 13, 1.—As a weapon for exercising, used by young men, and esp. by soldiers, a foil, Cic. Sen. 16, 58; Veg. Mil. 1, 11.—As a badge of Hercules, Prop. 4 (5) 9, 39; Ov. H. 9, 117; id. M. 9, 114; 9, 236; * Suet. Ner. 53; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 62 Müll.—Hence, prov., clavam Herculi extorquere, for an impossible undertaking, Macr. S. 5, 3; Don. Vit. Verg.— Also Clava Herculis, a plant, otherwise called nymphea, Marc. Emp. 33.—

In the lang. of economy, a graft, scion, Pall. Mart. 10, 12 and 13; cf. clavula.

lĭgŭla and lingŭla (v. infra), ae, f. dim. [from lingua:

quamvis me ligulam dicant Equitesque Patresque, Dicor ab indoctis lingula grammaticis,

Mart. 14, 120 ], a little tongue; hence, transf.

A tongue of land:

oppida posita in extremis lingulis promontoriisque,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12.—

The tongue of a shoe, a shoe-strap, shoe-latchet: lingula per diminutionem linguae dicta; alias a similitudine linguae exsertae, ut in calceis, alias insertae, id est intra dentes coërcitae, ut in tibiis, Paul. ex Fest. p. 116 Müll.:

habet Trebius, propter quod rumpere somnum debeat et ligulas dimittere,

Juv. 5, 20; Mart. 2, 29, 7.—As a term of reproach:

ligula, i in malam crucem,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 5, 30.—

A spoon or ladle for skimming a pot, a skimmer:

isque (musteus fructus) saepius ligula purgandus est,

Col. 9, 5 fin. —For taking out and dropping aromatic essences:

inde lingulis eligunt florem,

Plin. 21, 14, 49, § 84.—For preserves, Cato, R. R. 84.—

As a measure, a spoonful:

duarum aut trium lingularum mensura,

Plin. 20, 5, 18, § 36.—

A small sword, Naev. ap. Gell. 10, 25, 3; ct. Varr. L. L. 7, § 107 Müll.—

The tongue or reed of a flute, Plin. 16, 36, 66, § 171; cf. under II. the passage cited from Paul. ex Fest. p. 116 Müll.—

The pointed end of a post or stake, which was inserted into something, a tongue, tenon:

lingulae edolatae,

Col. 8, 11, 4.—

The short arm of a lever, which is placed under the weight to be raised:

si sub onus vectis lingula subjecta fuerit,

Vitr. 10, 8.—

The tongueshaped extremity of a water-pipe, by which it is fitted into another, Vitr. 8, 7.—

The tongue of a scale-beam: examen est ligula et lignum, quod mediam hastam ad pondera adaequanda tenet, Schol. ad Pers. 1, 6.—

A tongue-shaped member of the cuttle-fish:

loliginum ligulas,

App. Mag. p. 297, 5.

lingua (ante-class. form dingua, like dagrima for lacrima, Mar. Victorin. p. 2457 and 2470 P.; cf. the letter D), ae, f. [Sanscr. jihvā; original Lat. form. dingua; A. -S. tunga; Germ. Zunge; Engl. tongue. Not from the root lih, lich, v. lingo], the tongue.

Lit.:

fac proserpentem bestiam me duplicem ut habeam linguam (of a kiss in which the tongues touched each other),

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 105:

lingua haeret metu,

Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 7:

in ore sita lingua est, finita dentibus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149:

linguā haesitantes,

id. de Or. 1, 25, 115:

linguā properanti legere,

Ov. P. 3, 5, 9:

linguā titubante loqui,

id. Tr. 3, 1, 21:

quo facilius verba ore libero exprimeret, calculos lingua volvens dicere domi solebat (Demosthenes),

Quint. 11, 3, 54: linguam exserere, to thrust out the tongue, in token of derision or contempt, Liv. 7, 10: so,

lingua ejecta,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266:

lingua minor,

the epiglottis, Plin. 11, 37, 66, § 175.—Comically, as mock term of endearment:

hujus voluptas, te opsecro, hujus mel, hujus cor, hujus labellum, hujus lingua,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 178; cf. v. 175.—In mal. part.: homo malae linguae, a fellow with a bad tongue, i. q. fellator, Mart. 3, 80, 2; Min. Fel. Oct. 28.—

Transf.

Since the tongue is an organ of speech, a tongue, utterance, speech, language:

largus opum, lingua melior,

Verg. A. 11, 338:

facilem benevolumque lingua tua jam tibi me reddidit,

Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 35:

non tu tibi istam praetruncari linguam largiloquam jubes?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 47:

Latium beare divite linguā,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 120:

lingua quasi flabello seditionis contionem ventilare,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54:

linguam continere,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 13:

tenere,

Ov. F. 2, 602:

moderari,

Sall. J. 84:

linguae solutio,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 114:

linguam solvere ad jurgia,

Ov. M. 3, 261:

quidam operarii linguā celeri et exercitatā,

Cic. de Or. 1, 18, 83:

ut vitemus linguas hominum,

id. Fam. 9, 2, 2:

Aetolorum linguas retundere,

to check their tongues, bring them to silence, Liv. 33, 3; cf.:

claudente noxarum conscientiā linguam,

Amm. 16, 12, 61:

si mihi lingua foret,

Ov. H. 21, 205:

ne vati noceat mala lingua futuro,

Verg. E. 7, 28: favete linguis, i. e. give attention, " be silent that you may hear," Hor. C. 3, 1, 2; Ov. F. 1, 71:

linguis animisque faventes,

Juv. 12, 83:

nam lingua mali pars pessima servi,

id. 9, 121:

mercedem imponere linguae,

i. e. to speak for pay, id. 7, 149:

usum linguae reciperare,

Amm. 17, 12, 10:

linguā debili esse,

to stammer, Gell. 1, 12, 2.—Comically: os habeat, linguam, perfidiam, tongue, i. e. readiness in speech, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 33. —

The tongue or language of a people:

lingua Latina, Graeca,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:

Graeca et Latina lingua,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 6:

(Massilia) tam procul a Graecorum regionibus, disciplinis linguāque divisa,

Cic. Fl. 26, 63:

quod quidem Latina lingua sic observat, ut, etc.,

id. Or. 44, 150:

Gallicae linguae scientiam habere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 47:

qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli, appellantur,

id. ib. 1, 1:

dissimili linguā,

Sall. C. 6, 2:

linguā utrāque,

i. e. Greek and Latin, Hor. S. 1, 10, 23; so, auctores utriusque linguae, Quint. prooem. 1;

1, 1, 14: Mithridates, cui duas et viginti linguas notas fuisse,

id. 11, 2, 50:

haud rudis Graecae linguae,

Curt. 5, 11, 4; 5, 4, 4; Nep. Milt. 3, 2:

Syrus in Tiberim Orontes et linguam et mores vexit,

Juv. 3, 63.—

Dialect, idiom, mode of speech (post-Aug.): illis non verborum modo, sed. linguarum etiam se inter differentium copia est. Quint. 12, 10, 34:

Crassus quinque Graeci sermonis differentias sic tenuit, ut, qua quisque apud eum linguā postulasset, eadem jus sibi redditum ferret,

id. 11, 2, 50:

utar enim historicā linguā,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 13, 3:

si philosophorum linguā uti voluissem,

id. ib. 2, 2, 4.—

Poet. of animals. the voice, note, song, bark, etc.:

linguae volucrum,

Verg. A. 3, 361; 10, 177:

linguam praecludere (canis),

Phaedr. 1, 22, 5.—

An utterance, expression:

lingua secretior,

a dark saying, Quint. 1, 1, 35.—

Of tongue-shaped things.

A plant, also called lingulaca, Plin. 24, 19, 108, § 170.—

Lingua bubula, a plant, oxtongue, bugloss, Cato, R. R. 40; Plin. 17, 14, 24, § 112.—

Lingua canina, Cels. 5, 27, 18 init.;

and lingua canis,

App. Herb. 96, the plant hound's-tongue, also called cynoglossos; q. v.—

A tongue of land: id promontorium, Cujus lingua in altum proicit, Pac. ap. Gell. 4, 17 fin.:

lingua in altum mille passuum excurrens,

Liv. 37, 31, 9; Weissenb. ad Liv. 25, 15, 12:

eminet in altum lingua, in qua urbs sita est,

Liv. 44, 11:

tenuem producit in aequora linguam,

Luc. 2, 614; cf.: lingua dicitur promontorii genus non excellentis sed molliter in planum devexi, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.—

A spoonful, as a measure, Plin. 26, 11, 73, § 119 (al. lingulis).—

The tongue or reed of a flute, Plin. 10, 29, 43, § 84.—

The short arm of a lever:

vectis lingua sub onus subdita,

Vitr. 10, 8 (cf. ligula, VII.).

pressĭo, ōnis, f. [premo].

Lit., a pressing, pressing down, pressure (only in Vitruvius):

pressio cacuminis,

Vitr. 10, 8. —

Transf., the prop or fulcrum under a lever while the burden is raised, Caes. B. C. 2, 9, 6: pressio, quod Graeci hupomochlion appellant, Vitr. 10, 8.

vectis, is (acc. vectim, Varr. L. L. 5, 32, 153; abl. vecti, Prisc. p. 766; Serv. ad Verg. A. 9, 469), m. [vectigal], a strong pole or bar; esp.,

A lever:

saxa quam maxima possunt vectibus promovent,

Caes. B. C. 2, 11; 3, 40; Cic. N. D. 1, 8, 19.—In a trial of strength:

(Pompeius) cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis vecte certabat,

Sall. H. 2, 11 dub. Dietsch N. cr. —

For moving machines, a handspike, Vitr. 6, 9.—

For carrying, a carryingpole, Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 571.—

For breaking up or tearing down any thing, a crow, crow-bar:

demoliri signum ac vectibus labefactare conantur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 94; Caes. B. C. 2, 11:

cum vecti,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 4; Hor. C. 3, 26, 7:

vecte in pectus adacto,

Ov. M. 12, 452.—

For fastening a door, a bar, bolt:

cum ad eum (conjectorem) retulisset quasi ostentum, quod anguis domi vectem circumjectus fuisset: tum esset, inquit, ostentum, si anguem vectis circumplicavisset,

Cic. Div. 2, 28, 62; Verg. A. 7, 609; Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 125.

Vectis, is, f., an island south of Britain, now the Isle of Wight, Plin. 4, 16, 30, § 130; Suet. Vesp. 4.—Also called Vec-ta, f., Eutr 7, 19.

vectis, is (acc. vectim, Varr. L. L. 5, 32, 153; abl. vecti, Prisc. p. 766; Serv. ad Verg. A. 9, 469), m. [vectigal], a strong pole or bar; esp.,

A lever:

saxa quam maxima possunt vectibus promovent,

Caes. B. C. 2, 11; 3, 40; Cic. N. D. 1, 8, 19.—In a trial of strength:

(Pompeius) cum alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis vecte certabat,

Sall. H. 2, 11 dub. Dietsch N. cr. —

For moving machines, a handspike, Vitr. 6, 9.—

For carrying, a carryingpole, Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 571.—

For breaking up or tearing down any thing, a crow, crow-bar:

demoliri signum ac vectibus labefactare conantur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 94; Caes. B. C. 2, 11:

cum vecti,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 4; Hor. C. 3, 26, 7:

vecte in pectus adacto,

Ov. M. 12, 452.—

For fastening a door, a bar, bolt:

cum ad eum (conjectorem) retulisset quasi ostentum, quod anguis domi vectem circumjectus fuisset: tum esset, inquit, ostentum, si anguem vectis circumplicavisset,

Cic. Div. 2, 28, 62; Verg. A. 7, 609; Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 125.

Vectis, is, f., an island south of Britain, now the Isle of Wight, Plin. 4, 16, 30, § 130; Suet. Vesp. 4.—Also called Vec-ta, f., Eutr 7, 19.