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81 normé
norme [nɔʀm]feminine nounnorm ; [de production] standard• hors normes [personnage] unconventional* * *nɔʀm1) ( règle) norm2) Commerce, Technologie standardhors norme — lit nonstandard; fig extraordinary
3) Mathématique norm* * *nɔʀm nf1) (sociale) (= modèle) norm2) TECHNIQUE standard* * *norme nf1 ( règle) norm; s'écarter de la norme to deviate from the norm; rester dans la norme to remain within the norm; revenir à la norme to return to normal; avoir valeur de norme to be the norm;2 Tech Ind Comm standard; être conforme à la norme européenne to comply with European (Community) standard; normes de sécurité safety standards; hors norme lit nonstandard; une œuvre/un réalisateur hors norme fig an extraordinary work/film director;3 Math norm. -
82 titre
titre [titʀ(ə)]masculine nouna. [d'œuvre] title ; ( = manchette de journal) headlineb. (honorifique, de fonction, sportif) title ; ( = formule de politesse) form of addressc. ( = document) titlee. ( = preuve de capacité, diplôme) qualificationf. [d'or, argent] fineness ; [de solution] titre• titre d'alcool or alcoolique alcohol content• à quel titre ? on what grounds?• à titre privé/personnel in a private/personal capacity• à titre permanent/provisoire on a permanent/temporary basis• à titre gratuit or gracieux free of charge* * *titʀnom masculin1) ( d'œuvre) title; ( de chapitre) heading; ( dans un journal) headline2) ( rang) titletitre nobiliaire or de noblesse — title
en titre — [professeur, directeur] titular; [fournisseur] appointed; [maîtresse, rival] official
titres universitaires — ( diplômes) university qualifications
3) (motif, qualité)à titre gracieux or gratuit — free
5) ( en Bourse) security6) Économie item7) ( de solution) titre [BrE]; ( de vins et spiritueux) strength; ( de métal précieux) fineness•Phrasal Verbs:* * *titʀ nm1) [œuvre, film] title2) (dans un journal) headline3) (= diplôme) qualification4) FINANCE security5) CHIMIE titre6) [fonction] titleIl portait le titre de directeur adjoint. — His title was assistant manager.
7) [champion] titleà juste titre — with just cause, rightly
au titre de; Il y est allé au titre de la coopération. — He went there on a development mission.
Cette somme est prélevée au titre de... — This amount is deducted for...
à titre de (= en tant que) — as
Il en bénéficie à titre d'ancien directeur. — He is entitled to it as a former managing director.
à titre d'exemple — as an example, by way of an example
à titre d'information — for information, for your information
* * *1 (de film, livre, chanson, d'article) title; ( de chapitre) heading; page de titre title page; un autre titre pour un article another title for an article; donner un titre à to give [sth] a title [livre, article, film]; au titre évocateur/de circonstance [film, ouvrage] with an evocative/appropriate title; avoir pour titre to be entitled; sous le titre (de) entitled; ⇒ faux, rôle, sous;2 Presse headline; les titres de l'actualité the headlines; lire les gros titres to read the headlines;3 ( rang) title; titre honorifique honorary title; titre mondial world title; titre nobiliaire or de noblesse title; pr étendre au titre de… to aspire to the title of…; le titre de comte/ministre/docteur/champion du monde the title of count/minister/doctor/world champion; défendre son titre [sportif] to defend one's title; donner à qn le titre de to address sb as; elle a le titre de docteur en linguistique she's got a doctorate in linguistics; le titre d'ingénieur the status of qualified engineer; en titre [professeur, directeur] titular; [fournisseur] appointed; [maîtresse, rival] official; [chef d'orchestre] resident; [acteur, danseur] regular; champion du monde en titre world title holder; titres universitaires ( diplômes) university qualifications; promotion sur titre promotion on the basis of one's qualifications; ils n'ont pas droit au titre de réfugié(s) they have no right to refugee status; revendiquer le titre de résistant to claim the status of a resistance fighter;4 ( motif) à juste titre quite rightly; à plus d'un titre in many respects; à titre d'exemple/de précaution as an example/a precaution; à titre expérimental/de comparaison by way of experiment/of comparison; à titre définitif/provisoire on a permanent/temporary basis; à titre privé in a private capacity; à titre gracieux or gratuit free; à titre onéreux for a fee; participer à qch à titre officiel/personnel to take part in sth in an official/a private capacity; à titre indicatif as a rough guide; ce prix n'est donné qu'à titre indicatif or d'indication this price is only a guideline; à quel titre a-t-il été invité? why was he invited?; au même titre que vous in the same capacity as yourself; elle a, à ce titre, rencontré le président she met the president in that capacity; à double titre on two counts; au titre de l'aide économique in economic aid; somme déduite au titre de frais de représentation sum deducted as representing entertainment expenses; perçu au titre de droits d'auteur received as royalties;6 Fin ( valeur) security; titre au porteur bearer security; titre nominatif registered security; titre de placement investment security;7 Écon item; titre budgétaire budgetary item;8 Chimie titreGB;9 Vin ( de vins et spiritueux) strength;10 ( de métal précieux) fineness.titre courant Édition running title; titre de créance proof of debt; titre ecclésiastique ecclesiastical title; titre de gloire claim to fame; titre participatif non-voting share (in public sector companies); titre de participation equity share; titre de propriété title deed; titre de saisie distraining order; titre de transport ticket; titre universel de paiement, TUP universal payment order.[titr] nom masculinA.1. [d'un roman, d'un poème] title2. IMPRIMERIEfaire les gros titres des quotidiens to hit ou to make the front page of the daily newspapersB.1. [désignation d'un rang, d'une dignité] titleporter un titre to have a title, to be titledun titre de noblesse ou nobiliaire a title2. [nom de charge, de grade] qualificationconférer le titre de docteur à quelqu'un to confer the title of doctor on ou upon somebodyC.1. [certificat] credentialsvoici les titres à présenter à l'appui de votre demande the following documents must accompany your applicationdécliner ses titres universitaires to list one's academic ou university qualifications2. (figuré)son titre de gloire est d'avoir introduit l'informatique dans l'entreprise his proudest achievement is to have computerized the companyavance sur titres advance on ou against securities4. BOURSE [certificat] certificate[valeur] securityles titres securities, bondsa. [action] bearer shareb. [obligation] floater ou bearer securitytitre de propriété title deed, document of title6. FINANCEtitre budgétaire ≃ budget item (one of the seven categories into which public spending is divided in the French budget)D.le titre des monnaies d'or et d'argent est fixé par la loi the precious metal content of gold and silver coins is determined by lawE. [locutions]à titre privé/professionnel in a private/professional capacityà titre gracieux free of charge, without chargeà titre onéreux for a fee ou considerationa. [en vertu de quel droit] in what capacity?b. [pour quelle raison] on what grounds?a. [généralement] in what capacity are you looking after his affairs?b. [avec irritation] who told you you could ou who gave you permission to look after his affairs?————————à aucun titre locution adverbiale————————à ce titre locution adverbialel'accord est signé et à ce titre je suis satisfait the agreement has been signed and for this reason I am satisfied————————à de nombreux titres locution adverbiale,à divers titres locution adverbialeje me félicite à plus d'un titre du résultat de ces négociations I have more than one reason to be pleased with the outcome of these negotiationsà juste titre locution adverbialeelle s'est emportée, (et) à juste titre she lost her temper and understandably ou rightly so→ link=àà de nombreux titres————————au même titre locution adverbialeelle a obtenu une prime, j'en réclame une au même titre she got a bonus, I think I should have one too for the same reasons————————au même titre que locution conjonctive————————en titre locution adjectivalele fournisseur en titre de la cour de Hollande the official ou appointed supplier to the Dutch Court -
83 titré
titre [titʀ(ə)]masculine nouna. [d'œuvre] title ; ( = manchette de journal) headlineb. (honorifique, de fonction, sportif) title ; ( = formule de politesse) form of addressc. ( = document) titlee. ( = preuve de capacité, diplôme) qualificationf. [d'or, argent] fineness ; [de solution] titre• titre d'alcool or alcoolique alcohol content• à quel titre ? on what grounds?• à titre privé/personnel in a private/personal capacity• à titre permanent/provisoire on a permanent/temporary basis• à titre gratuit or gracieux free of charge* * *titʀnom masculin1) ( d'œuvre) title; ( de chapitre) heading; ( dans un journal) headline2) ( rang) titletitre nobiliaire or de noblesse — title
en titre — [professeur, directeur] titular; [fournisseur] appointed; [maîtresse, rival] official
titres universitaires — ( diplômes) university qualifications
3) (motif, qualité)à titre gracieux or gratuit — free
5) ( en Bourse) security6) Économie item7) ( de solution) titre [BrE]; ( de vins et spiritueux) strength; ( de métal précieux) fineness•Phrasal Verbs:* * *titʀ nm1) [œuvre, film] title2) (dans un journal) headline3) (= diplôme) qualification4) FINANCE security5) CHIMIE titre6) [fonction] titleIl portait le titre de directeur adjoint. — His title was assistant manager.
7) [champion] titleà juste titre — with just cause, rightly
au titre de; Il y est allé au titre de la coopération. — He went there on a development mission.
Cette somme est prélevée au titre de... — This amount is deducted for...
à titre de (= en tant que) — as
Il en bénéficie à titre d'ancien directeur. — He is entitled to it as a former managing director.
à titre d'exemple — as an example, by way of an example
à titre d'information — for information, for your information
* * *1 (de film, livre, chanson, d'article) title; ( de chapitre) heading; page de titre title page; un autre titre pour un article another title for an article; donner un titre à to give [sth] a title [livre, article, film]; au titre évocateur/de circonstance [film, ouvrage] with an evocative/appropriate title; avoir pour titre to be entitled; sous le titre (de) entitled; ⇒ faux, rôle, sous;2 Presse headline; les titres de l'actualité the headlines; lire les gros titres to read the headlines;3 ( rang) title; titre honorifique honorary title; titre mondial world title; titre nobiliaire or de noblesse title; pr étendre au titre de… to aspire to the title of…; le titre de comte/ministre/docteur/champion du monde the title of count/minister/doctor/world champion; défendre son titre [sportif] to defend one's title; donner à qn le titre de to address sb as; elle a le titre de docteur en linguistique she's got a doctorate in linguistics; le titre d'ingénieur the status of qualified engineer; en titre [professeur, directeur] titular; [fournisseur] appointed; [maîtresse, rival] official; [chef d'orchestre] resident; [acteur, danseur] regular; champion du monde en titre world title holder; titres universitaires ( diplômes) university qualifications; promotion sur titre promotion on the basis of one's qualifications; ils n'ont pas droit au titre de réfugié(s) they have no right to refugee status; revendiquer le titre de résistant to claim the status of a resistance fighter;4 ( motif) à juste titre quite rightly; à plus d'un titre in many respects; à titre d'exemple/de précaution as an example/a precaution; à titre expérimental/de comparaison by way of experiment/of comparison; à titre définitif/provisoire on a permanent/temporary basis; à titre privé in a private capacity; à titre gracieux or gratuit free; à titre onéreux for a fee; participer à qch à titre officiel/personnel to take part in sth in an official/a private capacity; à titre indicatif as a rough guide; ce prix n'est donné qu'à titre indicatif or d'indication this price is only a guideline; à quel titre a-t-il été invité? why was he invited?; au même titre que vous in the same capacity as yourself; elle a, à ce titre, rencontré le président she met the president in that capacity; à double titre on two counts; au titre de l'aide économique in economic aid; somme déduite au titre de frais de représentation sum deducted as representing entertainment expenses; perçu au titre de droits d'auteur received as royalties;6 Fin ( valeur) security; titre au porteur bearer security; titre nominatif registered security; titre de placement investment security;7 Écon item; titre budgétaire budgetary item;8 Chimie titreGB;9 Vin ( de vins et spiritueux) strength;10 ( de métal précieux) fineness.titre courant Édition running title; titre de créance proof of debt; titre ecclésiastique ecclesiastical title; titre de gloire claim to fame; titre participatif non-voting share (in public sector companies); titre de participation equity share; titre de propriété title deed; titre de saisie distraining order; titre de transport ticket; titre universel de paiement, TUP universal payment order.1. [anobli] titled -
84 ufficio
m (pl -ci) officeufficio cambi bureau de changeufficio oggetti smarriti lost propertyufficio postale post officeufficio stampa press officeufficio di collocamento Jobcentreufficio turistico tourist information office* * *ufficio s.m.1 ( struttura burocratica, posto di lavoro) office; ( reparto) department; ( edificio, locali) (office) premises (pl.): domani sarò in ufficio alle otto, I'll be in the office tomorrow at eight; l'ufficio chiude a mezzogiorno, the office closes at noon; hanno un ufficio in affitto vicino alla stazione, they rent premises near the station; mobili per ufficio, office furniture; orario d'ufficio, office hours // (amm.): ufficio centrale, central office; ufficio distaccato, di zona, branch (o field) office; ufficio contabile, accounting office; ufficio governativo, government office (o bureau); uffici doganali, customs house; ufficio imposte, tax office; ufficio legale, legal office (o department); ufficio tecnico, technical department, ( di impresa) production engineering department; ufficio turistico, viaggi, tourist, travel office; ufficio acquisti, purchase department; ufficio commerciale, vendite, sales office (o department); ufficio cassa, cashier's office; ufficio del personale, personnel department; ufficio di rappresentanza, representative office; ufficio pubblicità, advertising office (o department)2 ( carica, funzione) office, task, function, job, post, position: l'ufficio di direttore, di ministro, the office of director, of minister; accettare, rifiutare un ufficio, to accept, to refuse an office; conferire un ufficio, to appoint to an office; sospendere qlcu. dall'ufficio, to suspend s.o. from his post // d'ufficio, officially: doveri d'ufficio, office (o official) duties; ragioni d'ufficio, official reasons; segreto d'ufficio, official secret; omissione d'atti d'ufficio, failure to perform official duties; mettersi in contatto con qlcu. d'ufficio, to get in touch with s.o. officially // (dir.): reato perseguibile d'ufficio, indictable offence; nominato d'ufficio, appointed by the court; difensore d'ufficio, consel appointed by the court (o public defender); procedimento ( penale) d'ufficio, prosecution ex officio3 ( dovere) duty: adempiere al proprio ufficio, to do one's duty; fuori ufficio, off duty; è ufficio del giudice essere imparziale, it is the duty of a judge to be impartial4 ( intervento): interporre i propri uffici a favore di qlcu., to intercede on s.o.'s. behalf; buoni uffici, good offices; per merito dei suoi buoni uffici ottenni questo posto, thanks to his good offices I got this post5 (eccl.) → uffizio.* * *1) (locale di lavoro) office, bureau*; (settore di una compagnia) department, sectionufficio acquisti, (del) personale — purchasing department, personnel (department)
lavoro d'ufficio — clerical work, deskwork (anche spreg.)
orario di ufficio — office o business hours
2) (incarico, carica) officesospendere qcn. da un ufficio — to suspend sb. from his post
3) (autorità)d'ufficio — [pensionamento, licenziamento] compulsory
abuso d'ufficio — abuse of authority, misfeasance
avvocato d'ufficio — duty solicitor BE, public defender AE
4) form. (favore, intervento)5) relig. office, service•* * *ufficiopl. -ci /uf'fit∫o, t∫i/sostantivo m.1 (locale di lavoro) office, bureau*; (settore di una compagnia) department, section; ufficio acquisti, (del) personale purchasing department, personnel (department); lavoro d'ufficio clerical work, deskwork (anche spreg.); orario di ufficio office o business hours2 (incarico, carica) office; ufficio pubblico public office; ufficio di giudice justiceship; sospendere qcn. da un ufficio to suspend sb. from his post3 (autorità) d'ufficio [pensionamento, licenziamento] compulsory; abuso d'ufficio abuse of authority, misfeasance; avvocato d'ufficio duty solicitor BE, public defender AE5 relig. office, service; l'ufficio funebre the office for the deadufficio del catasto land office; ufficio di collocamento employment exchange; ufficio informazioni information bureau; ufficio postale post office; ufficio stampa press office; ufficio del turismo tourist (information) office. -
85 manage
1. transitive verb2) (conduct, organize) durchführen [Operation, Unternehmen]; erledigen [Angelegenheit]; verwalten [Geld, Grundstück]; leiten [Geschäft, Büro]; führen [Haushalt]4) (cope with) schaffenI couldn't manage another apple — (coll.) noch einen Apfel schaffe ich nicht
we can manage another person in the car — einer hat noch Platz im Wagen
5) (succeed in achieving) zustandebringen [Lächeln]6) (contrive)manage to do something — (also iron.) es fertig bringen, etwas zu tun
2. intransitive verbhe managed to do it — es gelang ihm, es zu tun
can you manage? — geht's?; geht es?
* * *['mæni‹]1) (to be in control or charge of: My lawyer manages all my legal affairs / money.) verwalten2) (to be manager of: James manages the local football team.) leiten3) (to deal with, or control: She's good at managing people.) umgehen mit4) (to be able to do something; to succeed or cope: Will you manage to repair your bicycle?; Can you manage (to eat) some more meat?) zustande bringen•- academic.ru/44922/manageable">manageable- manageability
- management
- manager* * *man·age[ˈmænɪʤ]I. vt1. (run)▪ to \manage sb jdn führena director needs to be good at managing people als Direktor sollte man über gute Personalführungskenntnisse verfügen2.some people think television \manages the news instead of just reporting it manche Leute glauben, dass das Fernsehen die Nachrichten manipuliert, anstatt nur zu berichtento \manage a currency eine Währung steuernto \manage money Geld verwaltento \manage property Immobilienbesitz verwaltento \manage one's time/resources sich dat seine Zeit/Ressourcen richtig einteilen3. (promote)▪ to \manage sb jdn managento \manage a pop group/team eine Popgruppe/Mannschaft managen4.don't worry, we'll \manage it somehow mach dir keine Sorgen, das schaffen wir schon irgendwiecan you \manage 8 o'clock? ginge es um 8 Uhr?somehow he finally \managed to calm down irgendwie gelang es ihm dann doch noch, sich zu beruhigenonly he could \manage to be so dumb! so dumm kann wirklich nur er sein!you \managed it very well das hast du sehr gut gemachtto \manage sth with ease/difficulty etw mit Leichtigkeit/Schwierigkeiten bewältigento \manage a distance/task eine Entfernung/eine Aufgabe bewältigenhow can you expect the children to \manage a six mile walk? wie bitte sollen die Kinder einen zehn Kilometer Marsch bewältigen?to \manage a smile ein Lächeln zustande bringento \manage [to eat] sth etw bewältigen [o schaffen]I couldn't \manage [to eat] such a big portion eine derart große Portion kann ich unmöglich bewältigen [o schaffe ich unmöglich]can you \manage another piece of lasagne? schaffst du noch ein Stück Lasagne?to \manage [to pay] sth etw aufbringen könnenshe can't \manage more than $350 per month rent sie kann sich nicht mehr als 350 Dollar Miete pro Monat leisten5. (cope with)6. (wield)II. vican you \manage? — thank you, I can \manage geht's? — danke, es geht schonI can't \manage on my own ich schaffe es nicht alleinwe'll \manage! wir schaffen das schon!how can you \manage without a car? wie kommst du ohne Auto zurecht?I just about \manage with my salary ich komme mit meinem Gehalt gerade mal so zurecht2. (get by)if you give up your job, we'll have to \manage on my salary wenn du deinen Job aufgibst, müssen wir mit meinem Gehalt auskommen* * *['mnɪdZ]1. vt1) company, organization, economy leiten; property verwalten; affairs in Ordnung halten, regeln; time, money, resources einteilen; football team, pop group managenhe managed the election — er war Wahlleiter
2) (= handle, control) person, child, animal zurechtkommen mit, fertig werden mit; car, ship zurechtkommen mit, handhabenthe car is too big for her to manage — sie kommt mit dem großen Auto nicht zurecht
I can manage him — mit dem werde ich schon fertig
3) task bewältigen, zurechtkommen mit; another portion bewältigen, schaffen£50/two hours is the most I can manage — ich kann mir höchstens £ 50 leisten/zwei Stunden erlauben
I'll do that as soon as I can manage it — ich mache das, sobald ich kann or sobald ich es schaffe
he should take some exercise as soon as he can manage it — er sollte sich so bald wie möglich Bewegung verschaffen
thanks, I can manage them — danke, das geht schon
can you manage 8 o'clock? — 8 Uhr, ginge or geht das?
could you manage (to be ready by) 8 o'clock? — kannst du um 8 Uhr fertig sein?
can you manage another cup? —
I think I could manage another piece of cake — ich glaube, ich könnte noch ein Stück Kuchen vertragen
4)to manage to do sth — es schaffen, etw zu tun
we have managed to reduce our costs — es ist uns gelungen, die Kosten zu senken
do you think you'll manage to do it? — meinen Sie, Sie können or schaffen das?
I hope you'll manage to come —
how did you manage to get a salary increase? — wie hast du es geschafft or angestellt, eine Gehaltserhöhung zu bekommen?
he managed to control himself — es gelang ihm, sich zu beherrschen
he managed not to get his feet wet — es ist ihm gelungen, keine nassen Füße zu bekommen
could you possibly manage to close the door? (iro) — wäre es vielleicht möglich, die Tür zuzumachen?
2. vizurechtkommen, es schaffenthanks, I can manage — danke, es geht schon or ich komme schon zurecht
I thought I could cope with things, but I can't manage — ich dachte, ich käme zurecht, aber ich schaffe es nicht or ich bringe es nicht fertig
to manage without sth — ohne etw auskommen, sich (dat) ohne etw behelfen
we'll just have to manage without — dann müssen wir uns (dat) eben so behelfen, dann müssen wir eben so auskommen
how do you manage on £20 a week? — wie kommen Sie mit £ 20 pro Woche aus?
* * *manage [ˈmænıdʒ]A v/t1. eine Sache führen, verwalten:manage one’s own affairs seine eigenen Angelegenheiten erledigen2. einen Betrieb etc leiten, führen, vorstehen (dat)3. ein Gut etc bewirtschaften4. einen Künstler, Sportler etc managen5. etwas zustande bringen, bewerkstelligen:they could only manage a 0-0 draw SPORT sie kamen über ein 0:0 nicht hinaus6. es fertigbringen ( to do zu tun):he managed to see the general himself es gelang ihm, den General selbst zu sprechen7. deichseln, einfädeln, managen (alle umg):manage matters die Sache deichseln8. umga) eine Arbeit, auch ein Essen etc bewältigen, schaffen:I couldn’t manage another thing ich bringe nichts mehr runter9. umgehen (können) mit:a) ein Werkzeug etc handhaben, eine Maschine etc bedienenc) mit jemandem, etwas fertig werden:I can manage him ich werde schon mit ihm fertig;can you manage the heavy bag? kommst du mit der schweren Tasche zurecht?10. ein Fahrzeug etc lenken (auch fig)11. ein Pferd dressieren, zureiten12. Land bearbeiten13. umg (durch Schwierigkeiten) (hin)durchbringen, -lavieren14. obs haushalten mitB v/i1. wirtschaften3. auskommen, sich behelfen ( beide:with mit;without ohne):I think I can manage without him ich glaube, ich kann auf ihn verzichten;can you manage without your dictionary for an hour? kannst du dein Wörterbuch eine Stunde entbehren?;they manage on very little money sie kommen mit sehr wenig Geld aus4. umga) es schaffen, durchkommen, zurechtkommen, zu Rande kommenb) es einrichten oder ermöglichen: can you come this evening? I’m afraid, I can’t manage es geht leider nicht oder es ist mir leider nicht möglichC s obs1. Reitschule f, Manege f2. a) Dressur f (von Pferden)b) Dressurübungen pl* * *1. transitive verb1) (handle, wield) handhaben [Werkzeug, Segel, Boot]; bedienen [Schaltbrett]2) (conduct, organize) durchführen [Operation, Unternehmen]; erledigen [Angelegenheit]; verwalten [Geld, Grundstück]; leiten [Geschäft, Büro]; führen [Haushalt]3) (Sport etc.): (be manager of) managen, betreuen [Team, Mannschaft]4) (cope with) schaffenI couldn't manage another apple — (coll.) noch einen Apfel schaffe ich nicht
5) (succeed in achieving) zustandebringen [Lächeln]6) (contrive)manage to do something — (also iron.) es fertig bringen, etwas zu tun
2. intransitive verbhe managed to do it — es gelang ihm, es zu tun
can you manage? — geht's?; geht es?
* * *v.besorgen v.bewerkstelligen v.erledigen v.handhaben v.leiten v.verwalten v. -
86 fee
[fi:] ndirector's \fees Verwaltungsratsbezüge pl;member \fee Mitgliedsbeitrag m;school \fees Schulgeld nt;tuition \fees Studiengebühren fpl;estate in \fee [simple] unbeschränkt vererbbarer Grundbesitz -
87 officer
офицер; должностное лицо; сотрудник; укомплектовывать офицерским составом; командоватьAir officer, Administration, Strike Command — Бр. начальник административного управления командования ВВС в Великобритании
Air officer, Engineering, Strike Command — Бр. начальник инженерно-технического управления командования ВВС в Великобритании
Air officer, Maintenance, RAF Support Command — Бр. начальник управления технического обслуживания командования тыла ВВС
Air officer, Training, RAF Support Command — начальник управления подготовки ЛС командования тыла ВВС
assistant G3 plans officer — помощник начальника оперативного отдела [отделения] по планированию
Flag officer, Germany — командующий ВМС ФРГ
Flag officer, Naval Air Command — Бр. командующий авиацией ВМС
Flag officer, Submarines — Бр. командующий подводными силами ВМС
float an officer (through personnel channels) — направлять личное дело офицера (в различные кадровые инстанции);
General officer Commanding, Royal Marines — Бр. командующий МП
General officer Commanding, the Artillery Division — командир артиллерийской дивизии (БРА)
landing zone (aircraft) control officer — офицер по управлению авиацией в районе десантирования (ВДВ)
officer, responsible for the exercise — офицер, ответственный за учение (ВМС)
Principal Medical officer, Strike Command — Бр. начальник медицинской службы командования ВВС в Великобритании
Senior Air Staff officer, Strike Command — Бр. НШ командования ВВС в Великобритании
senior officer, commando assault unit — Бр. командир штурмового отряда «коммандос»
senior officer, naval assault unit — Бр. командир военно-морского штурмового отряда
senior officer, naval build-up unit — Бр. командир военно-морского отряда наращивания сил десанта
senior officer, present — старший из присутствующих начальников
senior officer, Royal Artillery — Бр. старший начальник артиллерии
senior officer, Royal Engineers — Бр. старший начальник инженерных войск
short service term (commissioned) officer — Бр. офицер, призываемый на кратковременную службу; офицер, проходящий службу по краткосрочному контракту
tactical air officer (afloat) — офицер по управлению ТА поддержки (морского) десанта (на корабле управления)
The Dental officer, US Marine Corps — начальник зубоврачебной службы МП США
The Medical officer, US Marine Corps — начальник медицинской службы МП США
— burial supervising officer— company grade officer— education services officer— field services officer— fire prevention officer— general duty officer— information activities officer— logistics readiness officer— regular commissioned officer— security control officer— supply management officer— transportation officer— water supply officer* * * -
88 fee
n1) гонорар; вознаграждение; комиссия, плата за услуги2) взнос3) сбор, пошлина4) земельная собственность или недвижимость, которые могут продаваться или передаваться по наследству
- additional fee
- administration fee
- administrative fee
- admission fee
- advance fee
- agency fee
- agent's fee
- annual fee
- application fee
- appraisal fee
- arbitration fee
- arbitrator's fee
- arrangement fee
- assignment fee
- auction fee
- booking fee
- broker's fee
- business filing fees
- busines registration fee
- cargo fee
- chartering fee
- clearing fee
- C.O.D.
- collection fee
- commission fee
- commitment fee
- consular fee
- consultancy fee
- consultant fee
- consultation fee
- contractor fee
- counsel fees
- court fees
- current fees
- customs fees
- director's fees
- discharging fee
- doctor's fee
- entrance fee
- exchange commission fee
- exit fee
- extra fee
- facility fee
- factoring fee
- filing fee
- finder's fee
- fixed fee
- flat fee
- franchise fee
- front end fees
- guarantee fees
- handling fee
- import fee
- incentive fee
- initial fee
- installation fee
- insurance fee
- insurance survey fee
- issue fee
- landing fee
- late payment fee
- legal fee
- licence fee
- listing fee
- litigation fee
- management fee
- membership fee
- nonrefundable fee
- notarial fee
- official's fee
- oil import fees
- origination fee
- packaging fee
- packing fee
- parcel fee
- parcel registration fee
- participation fee
- passport fee
- patent fee
- pick-up fee
- pilot fee
- pilotage fee
- port fees
- procuration fee
- professional fee
- protest fee
- public accounting fees
- publication fee
- quarantine fee
- reasonable fee
- registration fee
- remittance fee
- renewal fee
- rental fee
- revival fee
- safe custody fee
- sanitary fee
- school fees
- service fee
- stand fee
- standard fee
- storage fee
- submission fee
- subscription fee
- survey fees
- tax return preparation fees
- transfer fee
- tuition fee
- unloading fee
- warehouse fee
- weighing fee
- fees for arbitration services
- fees for consultancy services
- fee for a design
- fee for granting an import licence
- fee for a patent
- fee for paying a cheque
- fee for the return of deposit
- fee for a trademark
- fee for the use
- fees in a case
- fee of an average adjuster
- fee on a loan
- fee per article
- at a nominal fee
- for a fee
- fees paid to practise a profession
- fees payable to the bank
- fees receivable
- apportion fees
- be liable to a fee
- be remunerated with a fee
- charge a fee
- collect fees
- estimate a fee
- pay fees -
89 fee
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90 право
I с1) совокупность общественных норм и наука о них law; право притязать юр claimизбира́тельное пра́во — vote, suffrage, franchise
гражда́нское пра́во — civil law
междунаро́дное пра́во — international law
уголо́вное пра́во — criminal law
крепостно́е пра́во ист — serfdom
изуча́ть пра́во — to study law
он не име́ет зако́нного пра́ва на э́тот дом — he has no legal claim to this house
2) свобода делать что-л rightпра́во го́лоса — right to vote, electoral right, franchise
пра́ва́ челове́ка — human rights
пра́во ве́то — the right of veto
по пра́ву — by right, rightfully
на пра́ва́х дру́га — as a friend
на пра́ва́х дире́ктора он мо́жет... — in the capacity of/as director he can...
име́ть пра́во на что-л — to have the right to sth, to be entitled to sth
иметь пра́во сде́лать что-л — to have the right/the power/the authority to do sth
он не име́ет пра́ва помыка́ть на́ми — he has no right to order us about
3) мнводи́тельские пра́ва́ — driving licence/AE license sg
II вводн сл разглиши́ть кого-л води́тельских прав на время — to suspend/ совсем to withdraw/to cancel sb's driving licence
really, truly, believe meя, пра́во, не зна́ю — I really don't know
пра́во, лу́чше бы вам в э́то де́ло не вме́шиваться — you'd better keep out of it, believe me
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91 Bradbury, Robert North
1886-1949El prolifico Bradbury consiguio notoriedad mucho tiempo despues de realizar sus peliculas, cuando se recordo que el era, en lo esencial, el director de la famosa serie “Lone Star”, protagonizada por la futura estrella John Wayne. Ademas de eso, dirigio profusamente a su propio hijo, Bob Steele, uno de los grandes interpretes del western modesto y seriado de los anos 30. Por lo demas, sus argumentos son sencillos, con la intriga y la emocion justas, y una direccion, por lo general, rutinaria.Dugan of the Badlands. 1931. 66 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bill Cody, Blanche Mehaffey, Andy Shuford.Son of the Plains. 1931. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Syndicate. Bob Custer, Doris Philips.Law of the West (La ley del mas fuerte). 1932. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. World Wide. Bob Steele, Nancy Drexel.Riders of the Desert (Jinetes del desierto). 1932. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. World Wide. Bob Steele, Gertrude Messinger.Man from Hell’s Edges (El lobo). 1932. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. World Wide. Bob Steele, Nancy Drexel.Son of Oklahoma (Oro en el desierto). 1932. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. World Wide. Bob Steele, Carmen LaRoux.Hidden Valley. 1932. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bob Steele, Gertrude Messinger.Texas Buddies (Venganza tejana). 1932. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. World Wide. Bob Steele, Nancy Drexel.Breed of the Border. 1933. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bob Steele, Marion Byron.The Gallant Fool. 1933. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bob Steele, Arletta Duncan.Galloping Romeo. 1933. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bob Steele, Doris Hill.Ranger’s Code. 1933. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Bob Steele, Doris Hill.Riders of Destiny (Raza de domadores/Jinetes del destino). 1933. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Cecilia Parker.The Lucky Texan. 1934. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Barbara Sheldon.West of the Divide. 1934. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Virginia Brown Faire.Blue Steel. 1934. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Eleanor Hunt.The Man from Utah. 1934. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Polly Ann Young.The Star Packer (El vengador legal). 1934. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Verna Hillie.The Trail Beyond. 1934. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Verna Hillie.The Lawless Frontier. 1934. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Sheila Terry.Big Calibre (Balas vengadoras). 1935. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Peggy Campbell.Western Justice. 1935. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Renee Borden.Kid Courageous (El camino de la muerte/El deporte salvador). 1934. 62 min. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Renee Borden, Arthur Loft.No Man’s Range. 1935. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Roberta Gale.Texas Terror. 1935. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Lucille Browne.Rainbow Valley. 1935. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Lucille Browne.Smokey Smith (Alias Humareda). 1935. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Mary Kornman.Tombstone Terror. 1935. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Kay McCoy.The Dawn Rider. 1935. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram/Lone Star. John Wayne, Marion Burns.Westward Ho. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Wayne, Sheila Mannors.Rider of the Law (El paladin de la ley). 1935. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Gertrude Messinger.Between Men. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Johnny Mack Brown, Beth Marion.Lawless Range. 1935. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. John Wayne, Sheila Mannors.Alias John Law. 1935. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Roberta Gale.Courageous Avenger. 1935. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Johnny Mack Brown, Helen Erickson.Trail of Terror (Huellas de terror). 1935. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Beth Marion.Valley of the Lawless (El valle siniestro). 1936. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Johnny Mack Brown, Joyce Compton.The Kid Ranger. 1936. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Joan Barclay.Sundown Saunders. 1936. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Catherine Cotter (Marie Burton).Last of the Warrens. 1936. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Margaret Marquis, Charles King.The Law Rides. 1936. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Harley Wood, Charles King.Brand of the Outlaws. 1936. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Bob Steele, Margaret Marquis.Cavalry. 1936. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Frances Grant.Headin’ for the Rio Grande. 1936. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Grand National. Tex Ritter, Eleanor Stewart.The Gun Ranger. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Eleanor Stewart.Trouble in Texas (El heroe de Texas). 1937. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Grand National. Tex Ritter, Rita Hayworth.Hittin’ the Trail. 1937. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Grand National. Tex Ritter, Jerry Bergh.The Trusted Outlaw. 1937. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Lois January.Sing, Cowboy, Sing. 1937. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Grand National. Tex Ritter, Louise Stanley.Riders of the Rockies. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Grand National. Tex Ritter, Louise Stanley.Riders of the Dawn. 1937. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Jack Randall, Peggy Keyes.God’s Country and the Man. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Tom Keene, Betty Compton.Stars Over Arizona. 1937. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Jack Randall, Kathleen Elliott.Where Trails Divide. 1937. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Tom Keene, Eleanor Stewart.Danger Valley. 1937. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Jack Randall, Lois Wilde, Charles King.Romance of the Rockies. 1937. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Tom Keene, Beryl Wallace, Bill Cody, Jr.Forbidden Trails. 1941. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Buck Jones, Tim McCoy, Christine McIntyre, Raymond Hatton.English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Bradbury, Robert North
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92 Sale, Richard
1911-1993Neoyorquino, Richard Sale es, sobre todo, escritor y guionista, y, ocasionalmente, director. Escritor desde muy joven, trabaja como corresponsal del “Saturday Evening Post” durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En 1946 escribe su primer guion y en 1947 dirige su primera pelicula, hasta un total de doce. En este cometido no destaca especialmente, pero el azar lo ha convertido en un personaje cuyo nombre aparece con frecuencia en la bibliografia cinematografica, ya que realizo dos de las primeras peliculas en las que intervino Marilyn Monroe cuando todavia era una aspirante a estrella. Pre cisamente una de ellas es el western que aparece aqui. La otra, Let’s Make It Legal (1954)A Ticket to Tomahawk. 1950. 90 minutos. Technicolor. Fox. Dan Dailey, Ann Baxter, Rory Calhoun, Walter Brennan. -
93 bring up
1. phr v воспитывать, растить2. phr v поднимать; выносить или ставить на обсуждениеbring away — вынести; составить
bring over — убедить; заставить изменить мнение
3. phr v поднимать, увеличивать; доводить до4. phr v внезапно и резко остановить5. phr v мор. поставить или стать на якорь6. phr v арестовывать7. phr v обвинять, привлекать к суду8. phr v подать9. phr v вырвать, стошнитьподтягивать ; подвозить
10. phr v ругать11. phr v столкнуться с трудностямиСинонимический ряд:1. attribute (verb) accredit; advance; ascribe; assign; attribute; impute; offer; pinpoint2. mention (verb) advert; allude; mention; point out; refer; touch on3. raise (verb) broach; introduce; moot; put forth; raise; rear; ventilate4. stop (verb) draw up; fetch up; halt; haul up; pull up; stop5. vomit (verb) barf; disgorge; shoot; sick up; spew; spit up; throw up; upchuck; vomit -
94 Cinema
Portuguese cinema had its debut in June 1896 at the Royal Coliseum, Lisbon, only six months after the pioneering French cinema-makers, the brothers Lumiere, introduced the earliest motion pictures to Paris audiences. Cinema pioneers in Portugal included photographer Manuel Maria da Costa Veiga and an early enthusiast, Aurelio da Paz dos Reis. The first movie theater opened in Lisbon in 1904, and most popular were early silent shorts, including documentaries and scenes of King Carlos I swimming at Cascais beach. Beginning with the Invicta Film company in 1912 and its efforts to produce films, Portuguese cinema-makers sought technical assistance in Paris. In 1918, French film technicians from Pathé Studios of Paris came to Portugal to produce cinema. The Portuguese writer of children's books, Virginia de Castro e Almeida, hired French film and legal personnel in the 1920s under the banner of "Fortuna Film" and produced several silent films based on her compositions.In the 1930s, Portuguese cinema underwent an important advance with the work of Portuguese director-producers, including AntônioLopes Ribeiro, Manoel de Oliveira, Leitao de Barros, and Artur Duarte. They were strongly influenced by contemporary French, German, and Russian cinema, and they recruited their cinema actors from the Portuguese Theater, especially from the popular Theater of Review ( teatro de revista) of Lisbon. They included comedy radio and review stars such as Vasco Santana, Antônio Silva, Maria Matos, and Ribeirinho. As the Estado Novo regime appreciated the important potential role of film as a mode of propaganda, greater government controls and regulation followed. The first Portuguese sound film, A Severa (1928), based on a Julio Dantas book, was directed by Leitão de Barros.The next period of Portuguese cinema, the 1930s, 1940s, and much of the 1950s, has been labeled, Comédia a portuguesa, or Portuguese Comedy, as it was dominated by comedic actors from Lisbon's Theatre of Review and by such classic comedies as 1933's A Cancáo de Lisboa and similar genre such as O Pai Tirano, O Pátio das Cantigas, and A Costa do Castelo. The Portuguese film industry was extremely small and financially constrained and, until after 1970, only several films were made each year. A new era followed, the so-called "New Cinema," or Novo Cinema (ca. 1963-74), when the dictatorship collapsed. Directors of this era, influenced by France's New Wave cinema movement, were led by Fernando Lopes, Paulo Rocha, and others.After the 1974-75 Revolution, filmmakers, encouraged by new political and social freedoms, explored new themes: realism, legend, politics, and ethnography and, in the 1980s, other themes, including docufiction. Even after political liberty arrived, leaders of the cinema industry confronted familiar challenges of filmmakers everywhere: finding funds for production and audiences to purchase tickets. As the new Portugal gained more prosperity, garnered more capital, and took advantage of membership in the burgeoning European Union, Portuguese cinema benefited. Some American producers, directors, and actors, such as John Malkovich, grew enamored of residence and work in Portugal. Malkovich starred in Manoel de Oliveira's film, O Convento (The Convent), shot in Portugal, and this film gained international acclaim, if not universal critical approval. While most films viewed in the country continued to be foreign imports, especially from France, the United States, and Great Britain, recent domestic film production is larger than ever before in Portugal's cinema history: in 2005, 13 Portuguese feature films were released. One of them was coproduced with Spain, Midsummer Dream, an animated feature. That year's most acclaimed film was O Crime de Padre Amaro, based on the Eça de Queirós' novel, a film that earned a record box office return. In 2006, some 22 feature films were released. With more films made in Portugal than ever before, Portugal's cinema had entered a new era. -
95 Sousa, Marcelo Rebelo de
(1949-)Political leader and administrator, law professor, editor, and writer. A son of Baltazar Rebelo de Sousa, important administrator, governor-general of Mozambique, and cabinet minister during the Estado Novo, Rebelo de Sousa took a law degree at the University of Lisbon Law Faculty. Near the end of the Estado Novo, he was a founding editor of the influential, independent weekly paper Expresso, and years later became director or chief editor. As a member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Rebelo de Sousa held a variety of positions from deputy to the Constituent Assembly, which wrote the 1976 Constitution, to ministerial posts. He moved up in the PSD after the retirement of Aníbal Cavaco Silva in 1995 to become leader of that party, the most important political grouping next to the Socialist Party (PS). Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was an unsuccessful candidate for prime minister in the 1999 elections for the Assembly of the Republic. A noted legal authority and a law academic who publishes frequently, he remained a professor of law at University of Lisbon's Law Faculty and the Catholic University, and was the author of law texts. He has also held various municipal posts from Cascais to Celorico de Basto.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Sousa, Marcelo Rebelo de
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96 take
take [teɪk]prendre ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b), 1B (a), 1B (c)-(e), 1C (b), 1D (a), 1D (b), 1E (a), 1F (a), 1G (a), 1G (b), 1G (d), 1H (a), 1H (b), 1I (a), 1I (c), 1I (d), 1I (f), 1I (g), 2 (a)-(c) porter ⇒ 1B (a) mener ⇒ 1B (b) conduire ⇒ 1C (a) recevoir ⇒ 1D (c) croire ⇒ 1F (b) supporter ⇒ 1F (d) supposer ⇒ 1G (c) contenir ⇒ 1I (e) passer ⇒ 1I (i)A.∎ let me take your coat donnez-moi votre manteau;∎ she took the book from him elle lui a pris le livre;∎ to take sb's hand prendre qn par la main;∎ she took his arm elle lui a pris le bras;∎ Peter took her in his arms Peter l'a prise dans ses bras;∎ the wolf took its prey by the throat le loup a saisi sa proie à la gorge(b) (get control of, capture → person) prendre, capturer; (→ fish, game) prendre, attraper; Military prendre, s'emparer de;∎ they took the town that night ils prirent ou s'emparèrent de la ville cette nuit-là;∎ to take sb prisoner faire qn prisonnier;∎ to take sb alive prendre ou capturer qn vivant;∎ I took his queen with my rook j'ai pris sa reine avec ma tour;∎ to take control of a situation prendre une situation en main;∎ we took our courage in both hands nous avons pris notre courage à deux mains;∎ you're taking your life in your hands doing that c'est ta vie que tu risques en faisant cela;∎ to take the lead in sth (in competition) prendre la tête de qch; (set example) être le premier à faire qchB.(a) (carry from one place to another) porter, apporter; (carry along, have in one's possession) prendre, emporter;∎ she took her mother a cup of tea elle a apporté une tasse de thé à sa mère;∎ he took the map with him il a emporté la carte;∎ she took some towels up(stairs)/down(stairs) elle a monté/descendu des serviettes;∎ don't forget to take your camera n'oubliez pas (de prendre) votre appareil photo;∎ figurative the committee wanted to take the matter further le comité voulait mener l'affaire plus loin;∎ the devil take it! que le diable l'emporte!;∎ you can't take it with you (money when you die) tu ne l'emporteras pas avec toi dans la tombe∎ her father takes her to school son père l'emmène à l'école;∎ could you take me home? pourriez-vous me ramener ou me raccompagner?;∎ to take sb across the road faire traverser la rue à qn;∎ may I take you to dinner? puis-je vous inviter à dîner ou vous emmener dîner?;∎ he offered to take them to work in the car il leur a proposé de les emmener au bureau en voiture ou de les conduire au bureau;∎ to take oneself to bed aller se coucher;∎ please take me with you emmène-moi, s'il te plaît;∎ humorous I can't take you anywhere tu n'es pas sortable;∎ the estate agent took them over the house l'agent immobilier leur a fait visiter la maison;∎ he took her round the museum il lui a fait visiter le musée;∎ she used to take me along to meetings (avant,) elle m'emmenait aux réunions;∎ this road will take you to the station cette route vous mènera ou vous conduira à la gare;∎ I don't want to take you out of your way je ne veux pas vous faire faire un détour;∎ her job took her all over Africa son travail l'a fait voyager dans toute l'Afrique;∎ that's what first took me to Portugal c'est ce qui m'a amené au Portugal;∎ whatever took him there? qu'allait-il faire là-bas?;∎ the record took her to number one in the charts le disque lui a permis d'être première au hit-parade∎ she took a handkerchief from her pocket elle a sorti un mouchoir de sa poche;∎ I took a chocolate from the box j'ai pris un chocolat dans la boîte;∎ take a book from the shelf prenez un livre sur l'étagère;∎ take your feet off the table enlève tes pieds de la table;∎ he took the saucepan off the heat il a ôté ou retiré la casserole du feu(d) (appropriate, steal) prendre, voler;∎ to take sth from sb prendre qch à qn;∎ someone's taken my wallet on a pris mon portefeuille;∎ his article is taken directly from my book le texte de son article est tiré directement de mon livre(e) (draw, derive) prendre, tirer;∎ a passage taken from a book un passage extrait d'un livre;∎ a phrase taken from Latin une expression empruntée au latin;∎ the title is taken from the Bible le titre vient de la Bible;∎ to take a print from a negative tirer une épreuve d'un négatifC.(a) (of bus, car, train etc) conduire, transporter;∎ the ambulance took him to hospital l'ambulance l'a transporté à l'hôpital;∎ this bus will take you to the theatre ce bus vous conduira au théâtre;∎ will this train take me to Cambridge? est-ce que ce train va à ou passe par Cambridge?∎ American take a right prenez à droiteD.∎ she took a quick look at him elle a jeté un rapide coup d'œil sur lui;∎ he took a flying leap il a bondi;∎ to take a photo or a picture prendre une photo;∎ she took his picture or a picture of him elle l'a pris en photo;∎ we had our picture taken nous nous sommes fait photographier ou prendre en photo;∎ familiar he takes a good photo (is photogenic) il est photogénique□(c) (receive, get) recevoir; (earn, win → prize) remporter, obtenir; (→ degree, diploma) obtenir, avoir;∎ he took the blow on his arm il a pris le coup sur le bras;∎ you can take the call in my office vous pouvez prendre l'appel dans mon bureau;∎ the bookstore takes about $3,000 a day la librairie fait à peu près 3000 dollars (de recette) par jour;∎ how much does he take home a month? quel est son salaire mensuel net?;∎ Cards we took all the tricks nous avons fait toutes les levées;∎ their team took the match leur équipe a gagné ou remporté le matchE.(a) (assume, undertake) prendre;∎ to take the blame for sth prendre la responsabilité de qch;∎ you'll have to take the consequences c'est vous qui en subirez les conséquences;∎ she takes all the credit for our success elle s'attribue tout le mérite de notre réussite;∎ I take responsibility for their safety je me charge de leur sécurité;∎ to take the part of Hamlet jouer (le rôle d')Hamlet∎ he took my side in the argument il a pris parti pour moi dans la dispute;∎ the boy took an oath or a vow to avenge his family le garçon a fait serment ou a juré de venger sa famille;∎ American to take the Fifth (Amendment) invoquer le Cinquième Amendement (pour refuser de répondre)∎ may I take the liberty of inviting you to dinner? puis-je me permettre de vous inviter à dîner?;∎ he took the opportunity to thank them or of thanking them il a profité de l'occasion pour les remercierF.∎ the doctor only takes private patients le docteur ne prend pas les patients du service public;∎ the owner won't take less than $100 for it le propriétaire en veut au moins 100 dollars;∎ does this machine take pound coins? cette machine accepte-t-elle les pièces d'une livre?;∎ to take a bribe se laisser acheter ou corrompre;∎ you'll have to take me as I am il faut me prendre comme je suis;∎ take things as they come prenez les choses comme elles viennent;∎ I won't take "no" for an answer pas question de refuser;∎ it's my last offer, (you can) take it or leave it c'est ma dernière offre, c'est à prendre ou à laisser;∎ I'll take it from here je prends la suite;∎ I'll take it from there je verrai à ce moment-là(b) (accept as valid) croire;∎ to take sb's advice suivre les conseils de qn;∎ take it from me, he's a crook croyez-moi, c'est un escroc∎ let's take things one at a time prenons les choses une par une;∎ the mayor took their questions calmly le maire a entendu leurs questions avec calme;∎ how did she take the questioning? comment a-t-elle réagi à ou pris l'interrogatoire?;∎ they took the news well or in their stride ils ont plutôt bien pris la nouvelle;∎ to take sth badly prendre mal qch;∎ familiar to take things easy or it easy se la couler douce;∎ familiar take it easy! (don't get angry) du calme!□∎ don't take any nonsense! ne te laisse pas faire!;∎ your father won't take any nonsense ton père ne plaisante pas avec ce genre de choses;∎ she can take it elle tiendra le coup;∎ esp American I'm not taking any! je ne marche pas!;∎ we couldn't take any more on n'en pouvait plus;∎ I can't take much more of this je commence à en avoir assez, je ne vais pas supporter cela bien longtemps;∎ I find his constant sarcasm rather hard to take je trouve ses sarcasmes perpétuels difficiles à supporter;∎ don't expect me to take this lying down ne comptez pas sur moi pour accepter ça sans rien dire;∎ those shoes have taken a lot of punishment ces chaussures en ont vu de toutes les couleurs;∎ to take heavy loads (crane, engine etc) supporter de lourdes charges;∎ it won't take your weight ça ne supportera pas ton poids(e) (experience, feel)∎ to take fright prendre peur;∎ to take an interest in sb/sth s'intéresser à qn/qch;∎ don't take offence ne vous vexez pas, ne vous offensez pas;∎ no offence taken il n'y a pas de mal;∎ we take pleasure in travelling nous prenons plaisir à voyager;∎ she takes pride in her work elle est fière de ce qu'elle fait;∎ to take pride in one's appearance prendre soin de sa personneG.(a) (consider, look at) prendre, considérer;∎ take Einstein (for example) prenons (l'exemple d')Einstein;∎ take the case of Colombia prenons le cas de la Colombie;∎ taking everything into consideration tout bien considéré;∎ to take sb/sth seriously prendre qn/qch au sérieux∎ do you take me for an idiot? vous me prenez pour un idiot?;∎ what do you take me for? pour qui me prenez-vous?;∎ I took you for an Englishman je vous croyais anglais;∎ he took me for somebody else il m'a pris pour quelqu'un d'autre;∎ to take the news as or to be true tenir la nouvelle pour vraie;∎ how old do you take her to be? quel âge est-ce que tu lui donnes?(c) (suppose, presume) supposer, présumer;∎ he's never been to Madrid, I take it si je comprends bien, il n'a jamais été à Madrid;∎ I take it you're his mother je suppose que vous êtes sa mère(d) (interpret, understand) prendre, comprendre;∎ we never know how to take his jokes on ne sait jamais comment prendre ses plaisanteries;∎ don't take that literally ne le prenez pas au pied de la lettre;∎ he was slow to take my meaning il lui a fallu un moment avant de comprendre ce que je voulais direH.∎ how long will it take to get there? combien de temps faudra-t-il pour y aller?;∎ the flight takes three hours le vol dure trois heures;∎ it will take you ten minutes vous en avez pour dix minutes;∎ it took him a minute to understand il a mis une minute avant de comprendre;∎ it took us longer than I expected cela nous a pris plus de temps que je ne pensais;∎ it takes time to learn a language il faut du temps pour apprendre une langue;∎ what kind of batteries does it take? quelle sorte de piles faut-il?;∎ my car takes unleaded ma voiture roule au sans-plomb;∎ he took a bit of coaxing before he accepted il a fallu le pousser un peu pour qu'il accepte;∎ it took four people to stop the brawl ils ont dû se mettre à quatre pour arrêter la bagarre;∎ it takes a clever man to do that bien malin ou habile qui peut le faire;∎ it takes courage to admit one's mistakes il faut du courage pour admettre ses erreurs;∎ it takes patience to work with children il faut de la patience ou il faut être patient pour travailler avec les enfants;∎ one glance was all it took un regard a suffi;∎ the job took some doing la tâche n'a pas été facile;∎ that will take some explaining voilà qui va demander des explications;∎ her story takes some believing son histoire n'est pas facile à croire;∎ to have what it takes to do/to be sth avoir les qualités nécessaires pour faire/être qch;∎ we need someone with leadership qualities - she has what it takes il nous faut quelqu'un qui ait des qualités de dirigeant - ce n'est pas ce qui lui manque;∎ familiar he's so lazy - it takes one to know one! il est vraiment paresseux - tu peux parler!∎ "falloir" takes the subjunctive "falloir" est suivi du subjonctif;∎ noun that takes an "s" in the plural nom qui prend un "s" au plurielI.(a) (food, drink etc) prendre;∎ do you take milk in your coffee? prenez-vous du lait dans votre café?;∎ how do you take your coffee? qu'est-ce que tu prends dans ton café?;∎ I invited him to take tea je l'ai invité à prendre le thé;∎ she refused to take any food elle a refusé de manger (quoi que ce soit);∎ to take drugs se droguer;∎ how many pills has he taken? combien de comprimés a-t-il pris ou absorbé?;∎ not to be taken internally (on packaging) (à) usage externe;∎ to be taken twice a day (on packaging) à prendre deux fois par jour;∎ to take the air prendre l'air∎ she takes a size 10 elle prend du 38;∎ what size shoe do you take? quelle est votre pointure?∎ I'll take it je le prends;∎ what newspaper do you take? quel journal prenez-vous?;∎ take your partners (at dance) invitez vos partenaires(d) (occupy → chair, seat) prendre, s'asseoir sur;∎ take a seat asseyez-vous;∎ take your seats! prenez vos places!;∎ is this seat taken? cette place est-elle occupée ou prise?(e) (hold → of container, building etc) contenir, avoir une capacité de;∎ this bus takes fifty passengers c'est un car de cinquante places(f) (ascertain, find out) prendre;∎ to take sb's pulse/temperature prendre le pouls/la température de qn;∎ to take a reading from a meter lire ou relever un compteur(g) (write down → notes, letter) prendre;∎ he took a note of her address il a noté son adresse(h) (subtract) soustraire, déduire;∎ they took 10 percent off the price ils ont baissé le prix de 10 pour cent;∎ take 4 from 9 and you have 5 ôtez 4 de 9, il reste 5∎ I took Latin and Greek at A level ≃ j'ai pris latin et grec au bac;∎ she took her degree last year elle a obtenu son diplôme l'an dernier;∎ she takes us for maths on l'a en maths∎ to take a service célébrer un office;∎ the assistant director took the rehearsals l'assistant réalisateur s'est occupé des répétitions(k) (contract, develop)∎ to take a chill, to take cold prendre froid;∎ to take sick, to be taken ill tomber malade;∎ I was taken with a fit of the giggles j'ai été pris d'un fou rire;∎ she took an instant dislike to him elle l'a tout de suite pris en aversion(l) (direct, aim)∎ she took a swipe at him elle a voulu le gifler;∎ Football to take a penalty tirer un penalty∎ she takes all her problems to her sister elle raconte tous ses problèmes à sa sœur;∎ he took the matter to his boss il a soumis la question à son patron;∎ Law they intend to take the case to the High Court ils ont l'intention d'en appeler à la Cour suprême∎ he took an axe to the door il a donné des coups de hache dans la porte;∎ take the scissors to it vas-y avec les ciseaux;∎ his father took a stick to him son père lui a donné des coups de bâton;∎ Law they took legal proceedings against him ils lui ont intenté un procès(o) (catch unawares) prendre, surprendre;∎ to take sb by surprise or off guard surprendre qn, prendre qn au dépourvu;∎ his death took us by surprise sa mort nous a surpris∎ they took him for every penny (he was worth) ils lui ont pris jusqu'à son dernier sou(a) (work, have desired effect) prendre;∎ did the dye take? est-ce que la teinture a pris?;∎ it was too cold for the seeds to take il faisait trop froid pour que les graines germent(b) (become popular) prendre, avoir du succès3 noun(b) Cinema, Photography & Television prise f de vue; Radio enregistrement m, prise f de son; (of record etc) enregistrement m∎ what's your take on her attitude? comment est-ce que tu interprètes son attitude?∎ to be on the take toucher des pots-de-vin□, palper(astonish) étonner, ébahir; (disconcert) déconcerter;∎ her question took him aback sa question l'a déconcerté;∎ I was taken aback by the news la nouvelle m'a beaucoup surprisressembler à, tenir de;∎ she takes after her mother in looks physiquement, elle tient de sa mère(a) (dismantle) démonter;∎ figurative they took the room apart looking for evidence ils ont mis la pièce sens dessus dessous pour trouver des preuves(b) (criticize) critiquerprendre à part, emmener à l'écart;∎ the boss took her aside for a chat le patron l'a prise à part pour discuter∎ take that knife away from him enlevez-lui ce couteau;∎ they took away his pension ils lui ont retiré sa pension;∎ they took their daughter away from the club ils ont retiré leur fille du club;∎ his work took him away from his family for long periods son travail le tenait éloigné de sa famille pendant de longues périodes;∎ euphemism the police took his father away son père a été arrêté par la police;∎ it takes away the fun ça gâche tout∎ not to be taken away (in library) à consulter sur place(c) Mathematics soustraire, retrancher;∎ nine take away six is three neuf moins six font trois∎ that doesn't take away from his achievements as an athlete ça n'enlève rien à ses exploits d'athlète;∎ to take away from the pleasure/value of sth diminuer le plaisir/la valeur de qch(a) (after absence, departure) reprendre;∎ she took her husband back elle a accepté que son mari revienne vivre avec elle;∎ the factory took back the workers l'usine a repris les ouvriers(b) (gift, unsold goods, sale item etc) reprendre∎ take it back to the shop rapporte-le au magasin;∎ he took her back home il l'a raccompagnée ou ramenée chez elle(d) (retract, withdraw) retirer, reprendre;∎ I take back everything I said je retire tout ce que j'ai dit;∎ all right, I take it back! d'accord, je n'ai rien dit!∎ that takes me back to my childhood ça me rappelle mon enfance;∎ that song takes me back forty years cette chanson me ramène quarante ans en arrière;∎ it takes you back a bit, doesn't it? ça ne nous rajeunit pas tout ça, hein?(f) Typography transférer à la ligne précédente∎ the lift took us down to the 4th floor l'ascenseur nous a amenés au 4ème étage∎ she took the book down from the shelf elle a pris le livre sur l'étagère;∎ can you help me take the curtains down? peux-tu m'aider à décrocher les rideaux?;∎ she took his picture down from the wall elle a enlevé sa photo du mur;∎ he took his trousers down il a baissé son pantalon∎ he took down the registration number il a relevé le numéro d'immatriculation;∎ to take down a letter in shorthand prendre une lettre en sténo(d) (dismantle → scaffolding, circus tent) démonterse démonter(b) (bring into one's home → person) héberger; (→ boarder) prendre; (→ orphan, stray animal) recueillir;∎ she takes in ironing elle fait du repassage à domicile∎ the police took him in la police l'a mis ou placé en garde à vue(d) (air, water, food etc)∎ she can only take in food intravenously on ne peut la nourrir que par intraveineuse;∎ whales take in air through their blowhole les baleines respirent par l'évent(e) (understand, perceive) saisir, comprendre;∎ he was sitting taking it all in il était là, assis, écoutant tout ce qui se disait;∎ he didn't take in the real implications of her announcement il n'a pas saisi les véritables implications de sa déclaration;∎ I can't take in the fact that I've won je n'arrive pas à croire que j'ai gagné;∎ she took in the situation at a glance elle a compris la situation en un clin d'œil∎ you'd better take in the slack on the rope tu ferais bien de tendre ou retendre la corde;∎ Nautical to take in a sail carguer ou serrer une voile∎ the tour takes in all the important towns l'excursion passe par toutes les villes importantes(h) (attend, go to) aller à;∎ to take in a show aller au théâtre;∎ she took in the castle while in Blois elle a visité le château pendant qu'elle était à Blois;∎ they took in the sights in Rome ils ont fait le tour des sites touristiques à Rome∎ don't be taken in by him ne vous laissez pas rouler par lui;∎ I'm not going to be taken in by your lies je ne suis pas dupe de tes mensonges□ ;∎ he was completely taken in il marchait complètement➲ take off(a) (remove → clothing, lid, make-up, tag) enlever;∎ the boy took his clothes off le garçon a enlevé ses vêtements ou s'est déshabillé;∎ she took her glasses off elle a enlevé ses lunettes;∎ he often takes the phone off the hook il laisse souvent le téléphone décroché;∎ to take sb off a list rayer qn d'une liste;∎ the surgeon had to take her leg off le chirurgien a dû l'amputer de la jambe;∎ Cars to take off the brake desserrer le frein (à main);∎ figurative he didn't take his eyes off her all night il ne l'a pas quittée des yeux de la soirée;∎ I tried to take her mind off her troubles j'ai essayé de lui changer les idées ou de la distraire de ses ennuis;∎ familiar his retirement has taken ten years off him sa retraite l'a rajeuni de dix ans□ ;∎ to take sth off sb's hands débarrasser qn de qch;∎ I'll take the baby off your hands for a few hours je vais garder le bébé pendant quelques heures, ça te libérera∎ the teacher took one point off her grade le professeur lui a retiré un point;∎ the manager took 10 percent off the price le directeur a baissé le prix de 10 pour cent(c) (lead away) emmener;∎ she was taken off to hospital on l'a transportée à l'hôpital;∎ the murderer was taken off to jail on a emmené l'assassin en prison;∎ her friend took her off to dinner son ami l'a emmenée dîner;∎ she took herself off to Italy elle est partie en Italie;∎ to take the passengers off (by boat from a ship) débarquer les passagers;∎ the injured man was taken off the ship by helicopter le blessé a été évacué du bateau par hélicoptère∎ to take some time off prendre un congé;∎ take a few days off prenez quelques jours de vacances ou de congé;∎ she takes Thursdays off elle ne travaille pas le jeudi(a) (aeroplane) décoller;∎ they took off for or to Heathrow ils se sont envolés pour Heathrow∎ he took off without telling us il est parti sans nous avertir➲ take on(a) (accept, undertake) prendre, accepter;∎ to take on the responsibility for sth se charger de qch;∎ don't take on more than you can handle ne vous surchargez pas;∎ she took it on herself to tell him elle a pris sur elle de le lui dire;∎ to take on a bet accepter un pari∎ the unions took on the government les syndicats se sont attaqués ou s'en sont pris au gouvernement;∎ I shouldn't like to take him on je n'aimerais pas avoir affaire à lui;∎ he took us on at poker il nous a défiés au poker(c) (acquire, assume) prendre, revêtir;∎ her face took on a worried look elle a pris un air inquiet;∎ the word takes on another meaning le mot prend une autre significationfamiliar (fret, carry on) s'en faire;∎ don't take on so! ne t'en fais pas!∎ take the cheese out of the refrigerator sors le fromage du réfrigérateur;∎ he took the knife out of his pocket il a sorti le couteau de sa poche;∎ take your hands out of your pockets enlève les mains de tes poches;∎ they took their children out of school ils ont retiré leurs enfants de l'école;∎ Medicine to take out sb's appendix/tonsils enlever l'appendice/les amygdales à qn;∎ figurative to take the food out of sb's mouth retirer le pain de la bouche de qn∎ to take sb out to dinner/to the movies emmener qn dîner/au cinéma;∎ I took her out for a bike ride je l'ai emmenée faire un tour à vélo;∎ would you take the dog out? tu veux bien sortir le chien ou aller promener le chien?(d) (obtain → subscription) prendre; (→ insurance policy) souscrire à, prendre; (→ licence) se procurer; (→ patent) prendre;∎ to take out a mortgage faire un emprunt immobilier∎ to take sb out (kill) buter qn, zigouiller qn, refroidir qn;∎ the planes took the factory out by bombing les avions ont détruit l'usine (en la bombardant)∎ to take out one's partner changer la couleur annoncée par son partenaire∎ to take sb out of himself/herself changer les idées à qn;∎ familiar working as an interpreter takes a lot out of you le travail d'interprète est épuisant□ ;∎ familiar the operation really took it out of him l'opération l'a mis à plat;∎ familiar it takes the fun out of it ça gâche tout□ ;∎ familiar to take it out on sb s'en prendre à qn□ ;∎ familiar he took his anger out on his wife il a passé sa colère sur sa femme□ ;∎ familiar don't take it out on me! ne t'en prends pas à moi!□(a) (assume responsibility of) reprendre;∎ he wants his daughter to take over the business il veut que sa fille reprenne l'affaire;∎ she took over my classes elle a pris la suite de mes cours;∎ will you be taking over his job? est-ce que vous allez le remplacer (dans ses fonctions)?(b) (gain control of, invade) s'emparer de;∎ the military took over the country l'armée a pris le pouvoir;∎ she takes the place over (by being bossy etc) elle joue les despotes;∎ fast-food restaurants have taken over Paris les fast-foods ou French Canadian restaurants-minute ont envahi Paris∎ they were taken over by a Japanese firm ils ont été rachetés par une entreprise japonaise∎ I'll take you over by car je vais vous y conduire en voiture;∎ the boat took us over to Seattle le bateau nous a emmenés jusqu'à Seattle(e) Typography transférer à la ligne suivante∎ who will take over now that the mayor has stepped down? qui va prendre la relève maintenant que le maire a donné sa démission?;∎ I'll take over when he leaves je le remplacerai quand il partira;∎ will he allow her to take over? va-t-il lui céder la place?;∎ compact discs have taken over from records le (disque) compact a remplacé le (disque) vinyle(b) (army, dictator) prendre le pouvoir(a) (have a liking for → person) se prendre d'amitié ou de sympathie pour, prendre en amitié; (→ activity, game) prendre goût à;∎ I think he took to you je crois que vous lui avez plu;∎ we took to one another at once nous avons tout de suite sympathisé;∎ she didn't take to him il ne lui a pas plu;∎ we've really taken to golf nous avons vraiment pris goût au golf(b) (acquire as a habit) se mettre à;∎ to take to drink or to the bottle se mettre à boire;∎ to take to doing sth se mettre à faire qch;∎ she took to wearing black elle s'est mise à s'habiller en noir(c) (make for, head for)∎ he's taken to his bed with the flu il est alité avec la grippe;∎ the rebels took to the hills les insurgés se sont réfugiés dans les collines;∎ they took to the woods ils se sont enfuis dans les bois;∎ to take to the road prendre la route;∎ to take to the boats monter dans les canots de sauvetage➲ take up∎ the lift took us up to the 25th floor l'ascenseur nous a amenés au 25ème étage(b) (pick up → object) ramasser, prendre; (→ passenger) prendre; (→ paving stones, railway tracks) enlever;∎ she took up the notes from the table elle a ramassé ou pris les notes sur la table;∎ they're taking up the street la rue est en travaux;∎ we finally took up the carpet nous avons enfin enlevé la moquette∎ you'd better take up the slack in that rope tu ferais mieux de retendre ou tendre cette corde∎ this table takes up too much room cette table prend trop de place ou est trop encombrante;∎ moving house took up the whole day le déménagement a pris toute la journée;∎ her work takes up all her attention son travail l'absorbe complètement(f) (begin, become interested in → activity, hobby) se mettre à; (→ job) prendre; (→ career) commencer, embrasser;∎ when did you take up Greek? quand est-ce que tu t'es mis au grec?;∎ I've taken up gardening je me suis mis au jardinage(g) (continue, resume) reprendre, continuer;∎ I took up the tale where Susan had left off j'ai repris l'histoire là où Susan l'avait laissée;∎ she took up her knitting again elle a repris son tricot(h) (adopt → attitude) prendre, adopter; (→ method) adopter; (→ place, position) prendre; (→ idea) adopter;∎ they took up residence in town ils se sont installés en ville;∎ to take up one's duties entrer en fonctions∎ take it up with the boss parlez-en au patron(k) (shares, stock) souscrire àreprendre, continuer∎ he took it upon himself to organize the meeting il s'est chargé d'organiser la réunion(a) (accept offer, advice of)∎ his daughter took him up on his advice sa fille a suivi ses conseils;∎ he might take you up on that someday! il risque de vous prendre au mot un jour!;∎ she took him up on his promise elle a mis sa parole à l'épreuve∎ I'd like to take you up on that point j'aimerais revenir sur ce point avec vous∎ to take up with sb se lier d'amitié avec qn, prendre qn en amitié;∎ she took up with a bad crowd elle s'est mise à fréquenter des vauriens∎ to be taken up with doing sth être occupé à faire qch;∎ she's very taken up with him elle ne pense qu'à lui;∎ she's taken up with her business elle est très prise par ses affaires;∎ meetings were taken up with talk about the economy on passait les réunions à parler de l'économieⓘ Take me to your leader Il s'agit de la formule prononcée par les extra-terrestres fraîchement débarqués sur terre dans les vieux films de science-fiction et adressée au premier terrien rencontré. On emploie cette phrase ("menez-moi jusqu'à votre chef") de façon humoristique lorsque, dans une situation donnée, on désire parler au responsable. -
97 approach
приближение, подход; сближение; заход на посадку; приближение к срыву [к сваливанию]; метод ( исследования) ; подходить, приближать(ся); заходить на посадку180-degree overhead — заход на посадку над ВПП с разворотом на 180° перед приземлением
360-degree overhead approach — заход на посадку с разворотом на 360° над ВПП (со снижением по спирали)
6-degree final approach — заход на посадку по глиссаде с углом 6° к горизонту
approach on the deck — разг. выход на цель на минимальной высоте
approach to the throat of a nozzle — суживающаяся [докритическая] часть сопла
automatic direction finder approach — заход на посадку с использованием автоматического радиокомпаса
fully coupled automatic approach — автоматический заход на посадку по сигналам курсоглиссадной системы
simulated engine-out missed approach — имитация ухода на второй круг с одним неработающим двигателем
very high-frequency omnirange approach — заход на посадку по системе ВОР [с использованием маяков системы ВОР]
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98 officer of a company
Finan individual who acts in an official capacity in a company, for example, the company secretary, a director, or a manager. Officers share legal liability for the actions of their company. -
99 Cousteau, Jacques-Yves
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 11 June 1910 Saint-André-de-Cubzac, France[br]French marine explorer who invented the aqualung.[br]He was the son of a country lawyer who became legal advisor and travelling companion to certain rich Americans. At an early age Cousteau acquired a love of travel, of the sea and of cinematography: he made his first film at the age of 13. After an interrupted education he nevertheless passed the difficult entrance examination to the Ecole Navale in Brest, but his naval career was cut short in 1936 by injuries received in a serious motor accident. For his long recuperation he was drafted to Toulon. There he met Philippe Tailliez, a fellow naval officer, and Frédéric Dumas, a champion spearfisher, with whom he formed a long association and began to develop his underwater swimming and photography. He apparently took little part in the Second World War, but under cover he applied his photographic skills to espionage, for which he was awarded the Légion d'honneur after the war.Cousteau sought greater freedom of movement underwater and, with Emile Gagnan, who worked in the laboratory of Air Liquide, he began experimenting to improve portable underwater breathing apparatus. As a result, in 1943 they invented the aqualung. Its simple design and robust construction provided a reliable and low-cost unit and revolutionized scientific and recreational diving. Gagnan shunned publicity, but Cousteau revelled in the new freedom to explore and photograph underwater and exploited the publicity potential to the full.The Undersea Research Group was set up by the French Navy in 1944 and, based in Toulon, it provided Cousteau with the Opportunity to develop underwater exploration and filming techniques and equipment. Its first aims were minesweeping and exploration, but in 1948 Cousteau pioneered an extension to marine archaeology. In 1950 he raised the funds to acquire a surplus US-built minesweeper, which he fitted out to further his quest for exploration and adventure and named Calypso. Cousteau also sought and achieved public acclaim with the publication in 1953 of The Silent World, an account of his submarine observations, illustrated by his own brilliant photography. The book was an immediate success and was translated into twenty-two languages. In 1955 Calypso sailed through the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean, and the outcome was a film bearing the same title as the book: it won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes film festival. This was his favoured medium for the expression of his ideas and observations, and a stream of films on the same theme kept his name before the public.Cousteau's fame earned him appointment by Prince Rainier as Director of the Oceanographie Institute in Monaco in 1957, a post he held until 1988. With its museum and research centre, it offered Cousteau a useful base for his worldwide activities.In the 1980s Cousteau turned again to technological development. Like others before him, he was concerned to reduce ships' fuel consumption by harnessing wind power. True to form, he raised grants from various sources to fund research and enlisted technical help, namely Lucien Malavard, Professor of Aerodynamics at the Sorbonne. Malavard designed a 44 ft (13.4 m) high non-rotating cylinder, which was fitted onto a catamaran hull, christened Moulin à vent. It was intended that its maiden Atlantic crossing in 1983 should herald a new age in ship propulsion, with large royalties to Cousteau. Unfortunately the vessel was damaged in a storm and limped to the USA under diesel power. A more robust vessel, the Alcyone, was fitted with two "Turbosails" in 1985 and proved successful, with a 40 per cent reduction in fuel consumption. However, oil prices fell, removing the incentive to fit the new device; the lucrative sales did not materialize and Alcyone remained the only vessel with Turbosails, sharing with Calypso Cousteau's voyages of adventure and exploration. In September 1995, Cousteau was among the critics of the decision by the French President Jacques Chirac to resume testing of nuclear explosive devices under the Mururoa atoll in the South Pacific.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLégion d'honneur. Croix de Guerre with Palm. Officier du Mérite Maritime and numerous scientific and artistic awards listed in such directories as Who's Who.Bibliography1953, The Silent World.1972, The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau, 21 vols.Further ReadingR.Munson, 1991, Cousteau, the Captain and His World, London: Robert Hale (published in the USA 1989).LRD -
100 Hjorth, Soren
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 13 October 1801 Vesterbygaard, Denmarkd. 28 August 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark[br]Danish engineer and inventor who first proposed the principle of the self-excited dynamo.[br]After passing a legal examination, Hjorth found employment in the state treasury in Copenhagen and in 1830 advanced to be Clerk of the Exchequer and Secretary. In 1834 he visited England to study the use of steam road and rail vehicles. Hjorth was involved in the formation of the first railway company in Denmark and became Technical Director of Denmark's first railway, a line between Copenhagen and Roskilde that opened in 1847. In 1848 he petitioned the Government for funds to visit England and have built there an electric motor of his own design with oscillating motion. This petition, supported by Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851), was granted. A British patent was obtained for the machine, an example being exhibited at the 1851 Great Exhibition in London. Turning his attention to the generation of electricity, he conceived as early as May 1851 the dynamo electric principle with self-excitation that was incorporated in his patent in 1855. Unfortunately, Hjorth held the firm but mistaken belief that if he could use his dynamo to drive a motor he would obtain more power than was consumed in driving the dynamo. The theory of conservation of energy was being only slowly accepted at that time, and Hjorth, with little scientific training, was to be disappointed at the failure of his schemes. He worked with great perseverance and industry to the end of his life on the design of his electrical machines.[br]Bibliography11 April 1855, British patent no. 806 (Hjorth's self-excited dynamo).11 April 1855, British patent nos. 807 and 808 (reciprocating and rotary electric motors).Further ReadingS.Smith, 1912, Soren Hjorth, Copenhagen (the most detailed biography).1907, "Soren Hjorth, discoverer of the dynamo-electric principle", Electrical Engineering 1: 957–8 (a short biography).Catalogue of the 1851 Exhibition, 1851, London, pp. 1, 359–60 (for a description of Hjorth's electromagnetic engine with oscillating motion.GW
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