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1) General subject: bottom, extreme, final, hindmost, last, last (по времени), late, latest, latter (из двух названных; противоп. the former), lattermost, new (о моде), rearmost, recent, supreme, terminal, ultima, ultimate, worst3) Naval: heliacal setting4) American: senior5) French: dernier7) Mathematics: last-mentioned, the latest8) Railway term: novel9) Information technology: last-minute, newest10) Sakhalin energy glossary: most recent12) Taboo: ass-end -
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1) General subject: last -
23 σκεδάννυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to scatter, to spring, to drive apart', midd. `to disperse, to burst, to go apart, to spread' (Young Att.).Other forms: σκίδναμαι, - νημι (mostly ep. poet. Il.), σκεδάω? (s. below), fut. σκεδάσω (Thgn.), σκεδῶ (Att.), aor. σκεδάσαι, - σθῆναι (Il.), perf. pass. ἐσκέδασμαι (IA.); also without σ- (metr. cond or metr. used; s. Debrunner IF 45, 183ff., 57, 149 w. lit., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 110) κεδάσσαι, - σθῆναι (poet. Il.), late pres. forms κεδάννυμι (AP), κεδόωνται (A. R.), ptc. κεδάων (Nic. Al. 283, better than σκεδάων), κεδαίομαι, - αίω (hell. epic).Derivatives: σκέδ-ασις f. `the scattering' (α 116 = υ 225, Hp. a. o.; Krarup Class. et Med. 10, 5, Porzig Satzinhalte 196), - ασμός m. (hell. a. late), ( δια-)-αστής m. `destroyer' (Ph.), ( δια-) - αστικός `scattering' (Dsc., Lyd.), - αστός `dissolvable' (Pl., Plu.).Etymology: The system σκεδάννυμι: σκίδνημι: σκεδάσαι was formed after wellknown examples like πετάννυμι, κεράννυμι a. o. (s. vv. and Schwyzer 697) from an unknown starting point (the aorist?). The other languages present nothing that could be compared directly with the Greek forms. Closest comes (after Jokl IF 30, 196) Alb. tshanj, tshaj `split, tear up, plough' from *sked-n̥-i̯ō. To this with nasal infix Av. sčandayeiti `break, destroy', to which may belong Skt. skhadate `split' (gramm.), if from IE *skh₂n̥d-; the last-mentioned forms can however also be explained from a d-enlarged nasal root * sk(h₂)en-d-. Without anlaut. s- the polyinterpretable Toch. AB kät- `strew (out)', pres. (B) katnau, katnaṃ with nā-suffix and unclear vowel (after v. Windekens Orbis 12, 464f. = Gr. κιδ-). To be mentioned still several verbal nouns, esp. with r-suffix, and verbs built to these: Arm. šert `chip, piece of wood', if from * sk(h₂)ed-ri- (anlaut uncertain), Lith. skedervà f. `splinter', Latv. skadrs `easy to split', Germ., e.g. MEngl. scateren, NEngl. scatter `scatter', MIr. scaindrim `split in two' etc., s. WP. 2, 558 f., 563f., Pok. 918f., 929f., W.-Hofmann s. scandula, Fraenkel s. kedė̃, Vasmer s. ščedryj w. further forms and rich lit. -- Cf. σχίζω. On κέδματα s. v.Page in Frisk: 2,721Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκεδάννυμι
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24 sidstnævnte
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25 sistnevnte
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26 शेष
ṡesham. n. (fr. 2. ṡish) remainder, that which remains orﾠ is left, leavings, residue (pl. « all the others»),
surplus, balance, the rest ( ṡeshe loc. « for the rest», « in all other cases» ;
ṡesherātrau, « during the rest of the night» ;
mamaṡeshamasti, « there remains something to happen to me»);
that which has to be supplied (e.g.. any word orﾠ words which have been omitted in a sentence;
itiṡeshaḥ, « so it was left to be supplied», a phrase commonly used by Comm. in supplying any words necessary to elucidate the text);
that which is saved orﾠ spared orﾠ allowed to escape (nom. with as, orﾠ bhū, to be spared;
ṡeshaṉ-kṛi, to spare, allow to escape;
ṡeshamavâ̱p to escape) Mn. MBh. R. etc.;
remaining (used as an adj. at the end of adj. comp. <f. ā>, cf. kathā-ṡ-, kṛitya-ṡ-) AitBr. etc. etc.;
remaining out of orﾠ from, left from (with abl. orﾠ loc. e.g.. prayātebhyoyeṡeshāḥ, « the persons left out of those who had departed» ;
but mostly ifc. after a pp. in comp. e.g.. bhukta-ṡesha, « remaining from a meal», « remnant of food» ;
hata-ṡeshāḥ, « those left out of the slain», « the survivors» etc.) Mn. MBh. etc.;
end, issue, conclusion, finish, result RV. 77, 15 ;
last, last-mentioned Rājat. ;
a supplement, appendix Nir. III, 13 ;
a keepsake, token of remembrance Daṡ. ;
secondary matter, accident KātyṠr. Sch. ;
death, destruction W. ;
m. N. of a celebrated mythological thousand-headed serpent regarded as the emblem of eternity (whence he is alsoﾠ called An-anta, « the infinite» ;
in the Vishṇu-Purāṇa he andﾠ the serpents Vāsuki andﾠ Takshaka are described as sons of Kadru, but in one place Ṡesha alone is called king of the Nāgas orﾠ snakes inhabiting Pātāla, while elsewhere Vāsuki alsoﾠ is described as king of the Nagas andﾠ Takshaka of the serpents;
the thousand headed Ṡesha is sometimes represented as forming the couch andﾠ canopy of Vishṇu whilst sleeping during the intervals of creation, sometimes as supporting the seven Pātālas with the seven regions above them andﾠ therefore the entire world;
he is said to have taught astronomy to Garga;
according to some legends he became incarnate in Bala-rāma q.v.) MBh. Hariv. Pur. etc.. (RTL. 105; 112; 232 n. r) ;
N. of one of the Prajā-patis R. VP. ;
of a Muni MW. ;
( alsoﾠ with ācārya, dīkshita, ṡāstrin etc.) of various authors (cf. below);
of one of the mythical elephants that support the earth L. ;
a kind of metre L. ;
(ā) f. pl. the remains of flowers orﾠ other offerings made to an idol andﾠ afterwards distributed amongst the worshippers andﾠ attendants (sg. « a garden made of the remains of flowers») MBh. R. etc.;
(ī) f. N. of a woman Cat. ;
n. seeﾠ above
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27 laatstgenoemd
adj. last named, last mentioned -
28 letztgenannt
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29 D
D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).II.As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.III.The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—1. 2.An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—3.An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—4.An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —5. IV.In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).2.D final was also anciently found—a.In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —b.In the imperative mood;c.as estod,
Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).V.As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.► The Romans denoted the number 500 by D; but the character was then regarded, not as a letter, but as half of the original Tuscan numeral (or CI[C ]) for 1000. -
30 d
D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).II.As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.III.The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—1. 2.An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—3.An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—4.An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —5. IV.In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).2.D final was also anciently found—a.In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —b.In the imperative mood;c.as estod,
Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).V.As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.► The Romans denoted the number 500 by D; but the character was then regarded, not as a letter, but as half of the original Tuscan numeral (or CI[C ]) for 1000. -
31 letztgenannt
1. last-mentioned2. last-named adj -
32 उत्तरज
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33 последний из упомянутых
Последний из упомянутых-- The work presented here applies the last mentioned method to a centrifugal impeller.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > последний из упомянутых
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34 вышеупомянутый
above- / afore- / last-mentioned -
35 X
X, x, a character probably derived from the Greek X (this form of that letter being found in some few Greek inscriptions). Though not introduced instead of the characters for the two separate sounds till after the adoption of the alphabet, the letter x is certainly older than the Latin inscriptions known to us; for we find in the Columna rostr., EXEMET MAXIMOS, EXFOCIONT; in the fifth Epitaph of the Scipios, SAXSVM; and in the S. C. de Bacch., EXDEICENDVM, EXDEICATIS. EXTRAD, etc.The sound of X was like that of the Greek x, i. e. ks, although etymologically it represented not only cs (as in lux, from luc-s, and dixi, from dic-si), but also gs (as in lex, from leg-s; rexi, from reg-si); hs (as in traxi, from trah-si; vexi, from vehsi); and chs (as in the word onyx, from onych-s, borrowed from the Greek). The hardening of a softer final ( g, h, ch) before s into the c -sound, which occurs in the last-mentioned cases, is found also in several roots ending in v and u: nix for niv-s, vixi for viv-si, connixi for conniv-si, fluxi for fluv-si, from fluo (root FLUV; cf. fluvius), struxi for stru-si. Less frequently x has arisen from the combinations ps and ts: proximus for prop-simus (from prope), nixus for nit-sus (from nitor), the latter being used along with the collateral form nisus, as also connivi with connixi, and mistus (from misceo) with mixtus. An exchange of the sounds ss, or s and x, took place in axis for assis, laxus for lassus; cf. also Ulixes, from the Sicilian Oulixês, Etruscan Uluxe for Odusseus; so, too. Sextius, Exquiliae = Sestius, Esquiliae; cf. also Ajax = Aias. In the later language of the vulgar, the guttural sound in x disappeared, and s or ss was often written for it; as vis for vix. vixit for visit. unsit for unxit, conflississet for conflixisset, in late Inscrr. (v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 297 sq.); hence regularly in Italian, and frequently in the other Romance tongues, the Lat. x is represented by s or ss. Respecting the nature of x in composition, v. ex.By a mere graphic variation, one of the constituent sounds of x is often expressed in inscriptions (but not the earliest, v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 296) by an additional c or s; as SACXO or SAXSO for saxo; VCXOR or VXSOR for uxor; CONIVNCX or CONIVNXS for conjux; even both sounds are sometimes thus expressed, VICXSIT for vixit.As an abbreviation X stands for decem, ten; it was stamped upon the silver denarius, so called because it was valued at ten asses. -
36 x
X, x, a character probably derived from the Greek X (this form of that letter being found in some few Greek inscriptions). Though not introduced instead of the characters for the two separate sounds till after the adoption of the alphabet, the letter x is certainly older than the Latin inscriptions known to us; for we find in the Columna rostr., EXEMET MAXIMOS, EXFOCIONT; in the fifth Epitaph of the Scipios, SAXSVM; and in the S. C. de Bacch., EXDEICENDVM, EXDEICATIS. EXTRAD, etc.The sound of X was like that of the Greek x, i. e. ks, although etymologically it represented not only cs (as in lux, from luc-s, and dixi, from dic-si), but also gs (as in lex, from leg-s; rexi, from reg-si); hs (as in traxi, from trah-si; vexi, from vehsi); and chs (as in the word onyx, from onych-s, borrowed from the Greek). The hardening of a softer final ( g, h, ch) before s into the c -sound, which occurs in the last-mentioned cases, is found also in several roots ending in v and u: nix for niv-s, vixi for viv-si, connixi for conniv-si, fluxi for fluv-si, from fluo (root FLUV; cf. fluvius), struxi for stru-si. Less frequently x has arisen from the combinations ps and ts: proximus for prop-simus (from prope), nixus for nit-sus (from nitor), the latter being used along with the collateral form nisus, as also connivi with connixi, and mistus (from misceo) with mixtus. An exchange of the sounds ss, or s and x, took place in axis for assis, laxus for lassus; cf. also Ulixes, from the Sicilian Oulixês, Etruscan Uluxe for Odusseus; so, too. Sextius, Exquiliae = Sestius, Esquiliae; cf. also Ajax = Aias. In the later language of the vulgar, the guttural sound in x disappeared, and s or ss was often written for it; as vis for vix. vixit for visit. unsit for unxit, conflississet for conflixisset, in late Inscrr. (v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 297 sq.); hence regularly in Italian, and frequently in the other Romance tongues, the Lat. x is represented by s or ss. Respecting the nature of x in composition, v. ex.By a mere graphic variation, one of the constituent sounds of x is often expressed in inscriptions (but not the earliest, v. Corss. Ausspr. I. p. 296) by an additional c or s; as SACXO or SAXSO for saxo; VCXOR or VXSOR for uxor; CONIVNCX or CONIVNXS for conjux; even both sounds are sometimes thus expressed, VICXSIT for vixit.As an abbreviation X stands for decem, ten; it was stamped upon the silver denarius, so called because it was valued at ten asses. -
37 к слову сказать
сказать, который час — to tell the time
сказать то, что надо — to say the right thing
этот последний сказал … — the last-mentioned said …
-
38 скажем
1. let sayберу на себя смелость сказать … — I feel emboldened to say …
мне нужно тебе кое-что сказать — I have smth. to say to you
скажем, например, к примеру сказать, примерно — let us say
в заключение я должен сказать … — finally, I have to say …
я бы сказал, что он прав — I should say that he was right
2. let us sayя бы сказал, что он прав — I should say that he is right
он не постеснялся сказать … — he did not scruple to say …
сказать себе, думать про себя — to say to oneself
сказать «спасибо», благодарить — to say thank you
сказать «до свидания», прощаться — to say goodbye
3. quoth4. saidон сказал, что он занят — he said he was busy
легче сказать, чем сделать — easier said than done
этот последний сказал … — the last-mentioned said …
5. speak outсказать сердито, грубо — to snap out
вы что-то сказали, сэр? — did you speak, sir?
сказать резко и неожиданно; выкрикнуть — whip out
так сказать; если можно так выразиться — so to speak
6. speak upподумайте над тем, что я вам сказал — reflect upon what I have said to you
7. tellскажите, пожалуйста — please tell me
сказать, который час — to tell the time
скажите мне, откуда вы — tell me whence you come
скажите, куда мне сесть — tell me what seat to take
8. say; have an effect (refl.)равносильно тому; что сказать — as much as to say
Синонимический ряд:1. например (глаг.) в частности; к примеру; к примеру сказать; например; так2. произнесем (глаг.) взговорим; выговорим; вымолвим; молвим; провещаем; проговорим; произнесем; промолвим; пророним3. сообщим (глаг.) выскажем; заявим; изречем; сообщим -
39 sidstnævnte
latter [last-mentioned] -
40 ἕλμις
Grammatical information: f.Other forms: (Arist.), gen. ἕλμινθος (with new nom. ἕλμινς Hp.), also ἕλμιγγος etc.; also acc. ἕλμιθα (epid.); nom. pl. ἕλμεις (Dsc.). Difficult λίμινθες ἕλμινθες. Πάφιοι H.Compounds: As 1. member in ἑλμινθο-βότανον `herb used against worms' (medic.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: If the dental- and velar enlargements are removed (Schwyzer 510 and 498, Chantr. Form. 366 and 400) we get a word, that agrees in its ending with two other names for `worm'. (One is found in Indo-Iranian (e. g. Skt. kŕ̥mi-), in Albanian ( krimp), Baltic (e. g. Lith. kirmìs), Slavic (e. g. OCS črъmьnъ `red' \< * črъmь, slov. čr̂m `fingerworm, carbuncle'), Celtic (e. g. OIr. cruim). The other is limited to Latin ( vermis) and Germanic (e. g. Goth. waurms), but has relatives in Balto-Slavic (e. g. OPr. vormyan `red', ORuss. vermie `ἀκρίδες') and Greek (Boeot. PN Ϝάρμιχος; cf. also, with different formation, ῥόμος σκώληξ ἐν ξύλοις H.). Of these IE *kʷr̥mi- seems to be the oldest, both for its wide distribution, especially in frontier areas, as because it is etymologically isolated (cf. Porzig Gliederung 208f.). The riming *u̯r̥mi- may have been adapted to the verb *u̯er- `turn, bend' (cf. ῥόμος and ῥατάναν). A further innovation would be found in Greek because it connected the verb u̯el- `turn, wind' (s. 2. εἰλέω), which gave two further forms for `worm', εὑλή and Ϝάλη (written ὑάλη). (From Tocharian A one adds walyi pl. `worms'.) - The last mentioned (three) forms (with -l-) are clearly unrelated. The IE forms have -r-, but our word has -l- (so the word is not IE, as Furnée 290 holds). Though DELG does not think it necessary to take the - νθ- as a sign of Pre-Greek, I don't see why. Note that the form ἔλμιγγος also shows the typical Pre-Greek prenasalization (cf. acc. ἔλμιθα IG IV 12, 122,10 Epidauros). The form λίμινθες also rather suggests a Pre-Greek variant. Was it *lymi(n)t-? (with proothetic vowel a- which became e- before the palatal l?). Note that the NGr. forms λεβίθα, - ίδες confirm the vowel right of the l (see DELG).Page in Frisk: 1,501Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕλμις
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