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21 language
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22 language element
в естественном языке - это звуки, буквы, слоги, которые встречаются (употребляются) с частотой, типичной для данного языка, будь то русский, английский или майя; в искусственном языке, например, языке программирования, это операторы, предложения и другие элементы, определяемые синтаксисом конкретного языкаАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > language element
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23 construct
kənˈstrʌkt гл.
1) а) строить, сооружать;
воздвигать;
конструировать (from/of/out of) The hut was constructed from trees that grew in the nearby forest. ≈ Дом построили из деревьев, срубленных в близлежащем лесу. Syn: build б) грам. составлять (предложение)
2) создавать;
сочинять;
придумывать( from) The writer constructed the story from memories of her childhood. ≈ В основу сюжета автор положил свои детские воспоминания. (книжное) конструкция, особ мысленная;
концепция - great * великий замысел - great * великий замысел - theoretical * теоретическое построение( книжное) обобщенный образ( чего-л.) - a false * of the self ложное представление о собственной личности (книжное) (математика) (геометрическое) построение строить, сооружать, конструировать - to * a house построить дом - to * a geometrical figure начертить геометрическую фигуру создавать, сочинять - to * a theory создать теорию - to * the plot of a play придумать фабулу пьесы (грамматика) составлять (предложение) construct конструировать ~ создавать;
сочинять;
придумывать;
to construct the plot of a novel придумать сюжет романа ~ создавать ~ сооружать ~ грам. составлять (предложение) ~ строить, сооружать;
воздвигать;
конструировать ~ строить ~ создавать;
сочинять;
придумывать;
to construct the plot of a novel придумать сюжет романа control ~ вчт. управляющая структура language ~ вчт. языковая конструкцияБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > construct
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24 control construct
Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > control construct
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25 SDLC
1) Компьютерная техника: System Data And Language Construct, Systems Development Language Control2) Военный термин: Synchronous Data Link Control, Systems Development Life Cycle4) Математика: протокол передачи данных5) Телекоммуникации: Serial Data Link Control6) Университет: Student Diversity Leadership Conference7) Вычислительная техника: Synchronous Data Link Control (IBM), Synchronous Data Link Control (IBM, SNA)8) Сетевые технологии: протокол SDLC, протокол управления синхронной передачей данных, протокол управления синхронным каналом передачи данных, синхронная система управления линиями передачи данных, синхронное управление передачей данных, System Development Life Cycle9) Интернет: Протокол передачи битовых потоков, подобный HDLC10) Расширение файла: Synchronous Data Link Control (protocol)11) Программное обеспечение: Software Development Life Cycle12) Базы данных: System Development Logic Control -
26 anonymous method
A practical language construct that allows programmers to create code blocks that can be encapsulated in a delegate and executed at a later time. They are based on a language concept called a lambda function and are similar to those found in Lisp and Python. -
27 expression
1) запись на языке программирования выполнения некоторых действий над данными, выраженная математической формулой и/или отношением. Может состоять из переменных, констант, ссылок, вызовов функций (все они называются операндами), объединённых знаками операций (операторами) и заключаемых в круглые скобки, если необходимо изменить порядок выполнения этих операций. Операции бывают унарными - с одним операндом, и бинарными - с двумя операндами. Существуют арифметические (arithmetic expression), логические (logical expression, conditional expression), выражения отношения (relational expression), символьные выражения, строковые (character expression, string expression), а также календарные выражения (date expression). В ряде ЯВУ, например в Ada, выражения, которые можно вычислить на стадии компиляции программы, называют статическими, а вычисляемые при исполнении программы - динамическимисм. тж. absolute expression, algebraic expression, compound expression, constant expression, expression folding, infix expression, initialization expression, language construct, mathematical expression, operator, operator precedence, postfix expression, range expression, regular expression, S-expression, subexpression, symbolic expression2) вычисление, порождающее значение или переменную. Если порождается переменная, такое выражение называется десигнатор (designator)Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > expression
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28 Intelligence
There is no mystery about it: the child who is familiar with books, ideas, conversation-the ways and means of the intellectual life-before he begins school, indeed, before he begins consciously to think, has a marked advantage. He is at home in the House of intellect just as the stableboy is at home among horses, or the child of actors on the stage. (Barzun, 1959, p. 142)It is... no exaggeration to say that sensory-motor intelligence is limited to desiring success or practical adaptation, whereas the function of verbal or conceptual thought is to know and state truth. (Piaget, 1954, p. 359)ntelligence has two parts, which we shall call the epistemological and the heuristic. The epistemological part is the representation of the world in such a form that the solution of problems follows from the facts expressed in the representation. The heuristic part is the mechanism that on the basis of the information solves the problem and decides what to do. (McCarthy & Hayes, 1969, p. 466)Many scientists implicitly assume that, among all animals, the behavior and intelligence of nonhuman primates are most like our own. Nonhuman primates have relatively larger brains and proportionally more neocortex than other species... and it now seems likely that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas shared a common ancestor as recently as 5 to 7 million years ago.... This assumption about the unique status of primate intelligence is, however, just that: an assumption. The relations between intelligence and measures of brain size is poorly understood, and evolutionary affinity does not always ensure behavioral similarity. Moreover, the view that nonhuman primates are the animals most like ourselves coexists uneasily in our minds with the equally pervasive view that primates differ fundamentally from us because they lack language; lacking language, they also lack many of the capacities necessary for reasoning and abstract thought. (Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990, p. 4)Few constructs are asked to serve as many functions in psychology as is the construct of human intelligence.... Consider four of the main functions addressed in theory and research on intelligence, and how they differ from one another.1. Biological. This type of account looks at biological processes. To qualify as a useful biological construct, intelligence should be a biochemical or biophysical process or at least somehow a resultant of biochemical or biophysical processes.2. Cognitive approaches. This type of account looks at molar cognitive representations and processes. To qualify as a useful mental construct, intelligence should be specifiable as a set of mental representations and processes that are identifiable through experimental, mathematical, or computational means.3. Contextual approaches. To qualify as a useful contextual construct, intelligence should be a source of individual differences in accomplishments in "real-world" performances. It is not enough just to account for performance in the laboratory. On [sic] the contextual view, what a person does in the lab may not even remotely resemble what the person would do outside it. Moreover, different cultures may have different conceptions of intelligence, which affect what would count as intelligent in one cultural context versus another.4. Systems approaches. Systems approaches attempt to understand intelligence through the interaction of cognition with context. They attempt to establish a link between the two levels of analysis, and to analyze what forms this link takes. (Sternberg, 1994, pp. 263-264)High but not the highest intelligence, combined with the greatest degrees of persistence, will achieve greater eminence than the highest degree of intelligence with somewhat less persistence. (Cox, 1926, p. 187)There are no definitive criteria of intelligence, just as there are none for chairness; it is a fuzzy-edged concept to which many features are relevant. Two people may both be quite intelligent and yet have very few traits in common-they resemble the prototype along different dimensions.... [Intelligence] is a resemblance between two individuals, one real and the other prototypical. (Neisser, 1979, p. 185)Given the complementary strengths and weaknesses of the differential and information-processing approaches, it should be possible, at least in theory, to synthesise an approach that would capitalise upon the strength of each approach, and thereby share the weakness of neither. (Sternberg, 1977, p. 65)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Intelligence
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29 Theory
Neurath has likened science to a boat which, if we are to rebuild it, we must rebuild plank by plank while staying afloat in it. The philosopher and the scientist are in the same boat....Analyze theory-building how we will, we all must start in the middle. Our conceptual firsts are middle-sized, middle-distanced objects, and our introduction to them and to everything comes midway in the cultural evolution of the race. In assimilating this cultural fare we are little more aware of a distinction between report and invention, substance and style, cues and conceptualization, than we are of a distinction between the proteins and the carbohydrates of our material intake. Retrospectively we may distinguish the components of theory-building, as we distinguish the proteins and carbohydrates while subsisting on them. (Quine, 1960, pp. 4-6)Theories are usually introduced when previous study of a class of phenomena has revealed a system of uniformities.... Theories then seek to explain those regularities and, generally, to afford a deeper and more accurate understanding of the phenomena in question. To this end, a theory construes those phenomena as manifestations of entities and processes that lie behind or beneath them, as it were. (Hempel, 1966, p. 70)A strong approach [to construct validation] looks on construct validation as tough-minded testing of specific hypotheses:heoretical concepts are defined conceptually or implicitly by their role in a network of nomological or statistical "laws." The meaning is partially given by the theoretical network, however tentative and as yet impoverished that network may be. Crudely put, you know what you mean by an entity to the extent that statements about it in the theoretical language are linked to statements in the observational language. These statements are about where it's found, what it does, what it's made of. Only a few of those properties are directly tied to observables [p. 136]. In [an early] theory sketch, based upon some experience and data, everything said is conjectural. We have tentative notions about some indicators of the construct with unknown validities [p. 144]. [When we check up empirically on predictions from the model] we are testing the crude theory sketch, we are tightening the network psychometrically, and we are validating the indicators. All of these are done simultaneously [p. 149]. [Extracted with elisions and some paraphrase from Meehl & Golden, 1982.] (Cronbach, 1990, p. 183)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Theory
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30 build
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31 Brazil
Former Portuguese colony (ca. 1500-1822), once described on old maps as "Portuguese America." Until 1822, the colony of Brazil was Portugal's largest, richest, and most populous colonial territory, and it held the greatest number of overseas Portuguese. Indeed, until 1974, long after Brazil had ceased being a Portuguese colony, the largest number of overseas Portuguese continued to reside in Brazil.Discovered in 1500 by Pedro Álvares Cabral, Brazil experienced significant coastal colonization by Portugal only after 1550. As Portugal's world power and colonial position in North Africa and Asia entered a decline, Brazil began to receive the lion's share of her imperial attention and soon dominated the empire. While Portuguese colonization and civilization had an essential impact on the complex making of Brazil, this fact must be put into perspective. In addition to other European (Italian, German, etc.) and Asian (Japanese) immigrants, two other civilizations or groups of civilizations helped to construct Brazil: the Amerindians who inhabited the land before 1500 and black Africans who were shipped to Brazil's coast as slaves during more than three centuries, mainly from west and central Africa. There is a long history of Portuguese military operations to defend Brazil against internal rebellions as well as other colonial intruders. The French, for example, attacked Brazil several times. But it was the Dutch who proved the greatest threat, when they held northeast Brazil from 1624 to 1654, until they were expelled by Portuguese and colonial forces.Until the 17th century, Portuguese colonization was largely coastal. By the 18th century, Portuguese groups began to penetrate deep into the hinterland, including an area rich in minerals, the Minas Gerais ("General Mines"). Lisbon extracted the greatest wealth from Brazil during the "golden age" of mining of gold and diamonds from 1670 to 1750. But hefty profits for the king also came from Brazilian sugar, tobacco, cotton, woods, and coffee. By the time of Brazil's independence, declared in 1822, Portuguese America had become far more powerful and rich than the mother country. Only a few years before the break, Brazil had been declared a kingdom, in theory on a par with Portugal. A major factor behind the Brazilian independence movement was the impact of the residence of the Portuguese royal family and court in Brazil from 1808 to 1821.What is the Portuguese legacy to Brazil after more than 300 years of colonization? Of the many facets that could be cited, perhaps three are worthy of mention here: the Portuguese language (Brazil is the only Latin American country that has Portuguese as the official language); Portuguese political and administrative customs; and a large community, mostly in coastal Brazil, of overseas Portuguese. -
32 violent
adj1) несамовитий, шалений, нестямний; лютий; відчайдушний2) сильний, різкий, гострий, інтенсивнийviolent colours — різкі (крикливі) кольори
violent pain — гострий (нестерпний) біль
3) насильний; насильницький4) невитриманий; нестриманий; запальний, гарячий; палкий5) буйний6) перекручений, неправильний; довільний* * *a1) шалений, лютий, запеклий; violent passіons шалені пристрасті; violent rage невтримна лють; violent controversy запекла суперечка; іn a violent temper у люті2) сильний, гострий, різкий; violent storm [wіnd, earthquake] сильний шторм [вітер, землетрус]; violent galaxy астр. бурхлива / що вибухає/ галактика; violent revulsіon нездоланна відраза; violent paіn гострий біль; violent cough сильний кашель; violent colours різкі /кричущі/ кольори; violent exercіse вправи, що вимагають великого фізичного напруження; іn violent contrast у волаючому протиріччі3) насильницький; violent death насильницька смерть; to resort to violent means удатися до насильства; to lay violent hands (on) захопити силоміць4) гарячий, жагучий: violent speech гаряча /жагуча/ мова; apt to form violent attachments (жагуче) захопливий; улюбливий; нестриманий, невитриманий; запальний; violent man запальна /нестримана/ людина; violent language нестриманість у висловах; violent scene бурхлива сцена; буйний ( про психічно хворого); violent delіrіum мед. буйне марення; he became violent він почав буйствувати (про п’яного); він став буйним ( про хворого)5) перекручений, неправильний; довільний; а violent constructіon of the text довільне тлумачення тексту; перекручення змісту тексту -
33 violent
a1) шалений, лютий, запеклий; violent passіons шалені пристрасті; violent rage невтримна лють; violent controversy запекла суперечка; іn a violent temper у люті2) сильний, гострий, різкий; violent storm [wіnd, earthquake] сильний шторм [вітер, землетрус]; violent galaxy астр. бурхлива / що вибухає/ галактика; violent revulsіon нездоланна відраза; violent paіn гострий біль; violent cough сильний кашель; violent colours різкі /кричущі/ кольори; violent exercіse вправи, що вимагають великого фізичного напруження; іn violent contrast у волаючому протиріччі3) насильницький; violent death насильницька смерть; to resort to violent means удатися до насильства; to lay violent hands (on) захопити силоміць4) гарячий, жагучий: violent speech гаряча /жагуча/ мова; apt to form violent attachments (жагуче) захопливий; улюбливий; нестриманий, невитриманий; запальний; violent man запальна /нестримана/ людина; violent language нестриманість у висловах; violent scene бурхлива сцена; буйний ( про психічно хворого); violent delіrіum мед. буйне марення; he became violent він почав буйствувати (про п’яного); він став буйним ( про хворого)5) перекручений, неправильний; довільний; а violent constructіon of the text довільне тлумачення тексту; перекручення змісту тексту -
34 knowledge
знания, сведения, представление знаний
– knowledge accumulation
– knowledge acquisition
– knowledge base
– knowledge compilation
– knowledge domain
– knowledge elicitation
– knowledge engineer
– knowledge engineering
– knowledge frame
– knowledge information
– knowledge language
– knowledge management
– knowledge refinement
– knowledge representation/reasoning system
– knowledge schema
– knowledge synthesis
– knowledge system
– knowledge-based
– knowledge-based processing
– knowledge-based robot
– knowledge-based system
– knowledge-bearing construct
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35 Mathematics
The world of mathematics, which you contemn, is really a beautiful world; it has nothing to do with life and death and human sordidness, but is eternal, cold and passionless. To me pure mathematics is one of the highest forms of art; it has a sublimity quite special to itself, and an immense dignity derived from the fact that its world is exempt from change and time. I am quite serious in this....athematics is the only thing we know of that is capable of perfection; in thinking about it we become Gods. (Russell [to Helen Thomas, 30 December 1901], 1992, Letter No. 98, p. 224)One of the deepest problems of nature is the success of mathematics as a language for describing and discovering features of physical reality. In short, why does mathematics work?...We humans have stripped back the clouds that cloak our understanding of our cosmic beginning and our current persistence to the stage that exposes the mathematical structure of the world more clearly than it has ever been observed before.... Furthermore, the attention of seriously equipped thinkers, those thinkers we call scientists, is at last beginning to turn to that other great conundrum of being: consciousness.... If we can understand why that supreme construct of the human intellect, that archdisembodiment of intellect, mathematics, works as a description of the world, then maybe we shall have an insight into cognition....The name deep structuralism is intended to convey the idea that the physical world has the same logical structure as mathematics. By implication, the reason why mathematics works as a description of physical reality is that they share the same logical structure.... By weak deep structuralism I shall mean that mathematics and physical reality merely share the same logical structure and mathematics is a mirror that can be held up to nature. By strong deep structuralism I shall mean that mathematics and physical reality do not merely share the same logical structure but are actually the same. In other words, according to the hypothesis of strong deep structuralism, physical reality is mathematics and mathematics is physical reality.... The reason why we may be conscious of the world, including the inner, introspective world of emotion and intellect, may be that our brains are material portrayals of the same deep structure. That may also be the reason why brains can generate the mathematics that we need to comprehend the world. (Atkins, 1992, pp. 99-101, 109-111)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mathematics
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36 Mind
It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)[Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive AnalysesRecent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind
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37 assembly
- узел оборудования
- сборочная единица
- сборка (монтаж)
- сборка
- подузел
- НКУ распределения и управления
- конструкция
- клеевое соединение
- ассемблирование
ассемблирование
Компиляция программ с языка ассемблера.
[ ГОСТ 19781-90]Тематики
- обеспеч. систем обраб. информ. программное
EN
клеевое соединение
Ндп. клеенное соединение
Соединение частей изделия склеиванием.
[ ГОСТ 28780-90]Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
Тематики
EN
конструкция
Устройство, взаимное расположение частей и состав машины, механизма или сооружения.
[ http://sl3d.ru/o-slovare.html]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
The new valve profile is design to ensure smooth and precise control at low capacities for improved part load performances.
[Lennox]Вентиль новой конструкции обеспечивает плавное и точное регулирование при низкой производительности холодильного контура, что увеличивает его эффективность при неполной нагрузке.
[Интент]
Тематики
EN
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]EN
power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]
switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]
switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]
switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]
switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]FR
ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]
appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]
appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]
A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)
[American electricians’ handbook]
The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.
Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.
The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.
It specifies in particular:
> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;
> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.
All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.
Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.
A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.
Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.
What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.
[Schneider Electric]НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.
Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.
Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).
В частности, он определяет:
> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;
> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.
В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.
Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.
Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.
Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.
Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.
[Перевод Интент]LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.
The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.
In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.
Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.
The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.
[ABB]Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.
Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам
Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.
Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются
Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
EN
- assembly
- electrical switchboard
- low voltage controlgear and assembly
- low voltage switchboard
- low voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
- low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
- LV switchgear and controlgear assembly
- LV switchgear assembly
- panel
- power switchgear and controlgear assembly
- PSC-assembly
- switchboard
- switchgear and controlgear
- switchgear/controlgear
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
подузел
узел
сборная деталь
собранный узел
блок
агрегат
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
сборка
Процесс соединения и закрепления элементов и деталей в готовые узлы, монтажные блоки, конструкции или изделия
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]
сборка
Образование соединений составных частей изделия.
Примечания:
1. Примером видов сборки является клепка, сварка заготовок и т.д.
2. Соединение может быть разъемным или неразъемным
[ГОСТ 3.1109-82]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
узел оборудования
компоновочный узел
компоновка
ассемблирование
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
3.2.10 сборочная единица (assembly): Изделие, которое разлагаемо на множество комплектующих или других сборочных единиц с точки зрения конкретного приложения предметной области;
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 10303-1-99: Системы автоматизации производства и их интеграция. Представление данных об изделии и обмен этими данными. Часть 1. Общие представления и основополагающие принципы оригинал документа
3.3.1 конструкция (assembly) предназначена для того, чтобы:
а) удерживать каскетку на голове;
б) поглощать кинетическую энергию, возникающую при ударе, и распределять усилие по поверхности головы.
Примечание - Внутренняя оснастка может состоять из элементов, указанных в 3.3.2 - 3.3.5.
Источник: ГОСТ Р 12.4.245-2007: Система стандартов безопасности труда. Каскетки защитные. Общие технические требования. Методы испытаний оригинал документа
52. Ассемблирование
Assembly
Компиляция программ с языка ассемблера
Источник: ГОСТ 19781-90: Обеспечение систем обработки информации программное. Термины и определения оригинал документа
39. Сборка
D. Fügen
E. Assembly
F. Assemblage
Источник: ГОСТ 3.1109-82: Единая система технологической документации. Термины и определения основных понятий оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > assembly
- 1
- 2
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