jăcĭo

jăcĭo, jēci, jactum, 3, v. a. [cf. diôkô, to pursue; Germ. jagen], to make go, cause to go, send; hence, to throw, cast, fling, hurl.

Lit.: genu ad aliquem, to hit or push one with the knee, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 17:

lapides,

Cic. Mil. 15:

fulmen in medium mare,

id. Div. 2, 19:

in quem scyphum de manu jacere conatus,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 10:

aridam materiam de muro in aggerem,

Caes. B. G. 7, 24:

se in profundum,

Cic. Sest. 20:

saxeam pilam ponto,

Verg. A. 9, 712:

ensem fluctibus mediis,

id. ib. 10, 683:

balearica plumbum Funda jacit, Ov M. 2, 728: libellos in faciem ejus,

Suet. Claud. 15 fin. —Freq. of dice-throwing:

talos,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 35; 5, 2, 54; Cic. Fin. 3, 16, 54:

Venerem,

id. Div. 2, 59, 121; Suet. Aug. 71.—

Transf.

To lay, set, establish, build, found, construct, erect:

urbi fundamenta,

Liv. 1, 12:

vallum,

id. 30, 10:

aggere jacto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 12:

molem,

id. B. C. 1, 25:

muros,

Verg. A. 5, 631; 9, 712:

moles,

Cic. Att. 9, 14, 1:

novae domus fundamenta,

Suet. Calig. 22; Ov. F. 4, 835:

molem in mare,

Dig. 43, 8, 2, § 8.—

To send forth, emit; to bring forth, produce:

de corpore odorem,

Lucr. 2, 846:

igniculos,

Cic. Att. 15, 26, 2:

jacturas poma myricas,

that will bear, Ov. A. A. 1, 747.—

To throw away:

scuta jacere, fugereque hostes, more habent licentiam,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 27:

vestem procul,

Ov. M. 4, 357:

is sua jecit humi arma,

id. ib. 3, 127:

pavidas pharetras,

Val. Fl. 5, 427.—Esp., to throw overboard, Dig. 41, 2, 21, § 2; 14, 2, 2, § 7; to cast, shed:

cornua,

Ov. A. A. 3, 78.—

To throw, scatter, sow:

volucres semina jacta legunt,

Ov. M. 5, 485; id. H. 12, 17:

jacto semine,

Verg. G. 1, 104:

seminibus jactis,

id. ib. 2, 57; 6, 11; id. F. 1, 662:

flores,

id. A. 5, 79:

lapides,

id. E. 6, 41.—

To project as a shadow:

nullam umbram,

Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183 sq. —

Trop.

To throw, cast:

contumeliam in aliquem,

Cic. Sull. 7, 23:

injuriam in aliquem,

id. Par. 4, 1:

adulteria,

to lay to one's charge, id. Planc. 12, 30:

ridiculum,

id. Or. 26, 87:

id, quod proponendum fuit, permotis animis jacit ad extremum,

id. Part. 13, 46:

jecit quidam casus caput meum, in mediam contentionem,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 13:

probra in feminas illustres,

Tac. A. 11, 13.—

To lay, set, establish:

causae fundamenta,

Cic. Fl. 2, 4:

fundamenta pacis,

id. Phil. 1, 1, 1:

gradum atque aditum ad rem,

id. Agr. 2, 15:

odia in longum jacere,

to strew, sow, Tac. A. 1, 69:

fundamenta reipublicae,

Suet. Aug. 28.—

To throw out in speaking, to let fall, intimate, utter, mention, declare:

assiduas querelas, Cic. poët. Div 1, 8, 14: illud, quod jacis obscure,

id. Att. 2, 7, 4:

suspicionem,

id. Fl. 3, 6:

de lacu Albano,

Liv. 5, 15:

vera an vana,

id. 6, 14:

multo plura praesens audivit, quam in absentem jacta erant,

id. 43, 8:

Jugurtha inter alias jacit oportere, etc.,

Sall. J. 11:

quaedam de habitu cultuque et institutis ejus,

Tac. A 1, 11:

fortuitos sermones,

id. ib. 4, 68:

ali quid per vaniloquentiam ac minas, id. ib 6, 31: multasque nec dubias significationes saepe jecit,

Suet. Ner. 37:

crimina non haec sunt nostro sine jacta dolore,

Tib. 4, 14, 3.

jack

* * *

jack

jacio

1 jack

jacio

2 jack

jacio

3 jack

jacio

1 jack

jacio

2 jack

jacio

1 jack

jacio

2 jack

jacio

1 jack

jacio

2 jack

jacio

1 jack

jacio

2 jack

jacio

1 jack

jacio

2 jack

jacio

1 jack

jacio

2 jack

jacio

1 jack

jacio

2 jack

jacio

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

inter-jăcĭo and inter-jĭcĭo, jēci, jectum (in tmesi:

inter enim jecta est,

Lucr. 3, 859), 3, v. a. [jacio], to throw or cast between; to set, place, or put between; to join or add to, to intermix (class., most freq. in the part. pass.):

legionarias cohortes,

Caes. B. C. 1, 73:

pleraque sermone Latino,

Tac. A. 2, 10:

id interjecit inter individuum, atque id, quod, etc.,

Cic. Univ. 7:

preces ct minas,

Tac. A. 1, 23:

moram,

id. H. 3, 81. — Hence, interjectus, a, um, Part., thrown or placed between; interposed, interspersed, intervening, intermingled, intermediate; constr. with dat. or inter.

With dat.:

nasus oculis interjectus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57.—

With inter:

interjecti inter philosophos, et eos qui, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 26, 92:

aer inter mare et caelum,

id. N. D. 2, 26:

inter has personas me interjectum amici moleste ferunt,

id. Phil. 12, 7, 18.—

Absol.:

quasi longo intervallo interjecto,

as it were a great way off, id. Off. 1, 9:

anno interjecto,

after a year, id. Prov. Cons. 8:

paucis interjectis diebus,

after a few days, Liv. 1, 58.—

With Gr. acc.: erat interjecta comas, with loose, dishevelled hair, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Celer. 28 dub.— Subst.: in-terjecta, ōrum, n. plur., places lying between, interjacent places:

interjecta inter Romam et Arpos,

Liv. 9, 13.

inter-jăcĭo and inter-jĭcĭo, jēci, jectum (in tmesi:

inter enim jecta est,

Lucr. 3, 859), 3, v. a. [jacio], to throw or cast between; to set, place, or put between; to join or add to, to intermix (class., most freq. in the part. pass.):

legionarias cohortes,

Caes. B. C. 1, 73:

pleraque sermone Latino,

Tac. A. 2, 10:

id interjecit inter individuum, atque id, quod, etc.,

Cic. Univ. 7:

preces ct minas,

Tac. A. 1, 23:

moram,

id. H. 3, 81. — Hence, interjectus, a, um, Part., thrown or placed between; interposed, interspersed, intervening, intermingled, intermediate; constr. with dat. or inter.

With dat.:

nasus oculis interjectus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57.—

With inter:

interjecti inter philosophos, et eos qui, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 26, 92:

aer inter mare et caelum,

id. N. D. 2, 26:

inter has personas me interjectum amici moleste ferunt,

id. Phil. 12, 7, 18.—

Absol.:

quasi longo intervallo interjecto,

as it were a great way off, id. Off. 1, 9:

anno interjecto,

after a year, id. Prov. Cons. 8:

paucis interjectis diebus,

after a few days, Liv. 1, 58.—

With Gr. acc.: erat interjecta comas, with loose, dishevelled hair, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Celer. 28 dub.— Subst.: in-terjecta, ōrum, n. plur., places lying between, interjacent places:

interjecta inter Romam et Arpos,

Liv. 9, 13.

jactus, a, um, Part., from jacio.

jactus, ūs, m. [jacio], a throwing, casting, hurling; a throw, cast.

Lit.

In gen.:

jactus fulminum,

Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 18; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 104:

haec certamina tanta Pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescunt,

Verg. G. 4, 87:

glebarum et testarum,

Quint. 8, 2, 5:

intra jactum teli progressus,

Verg. A. 11, 608:

teli jactu abesse,

to be a spear's-throw distant, Liv. 8, 7 init.:

usque ad jactum tali,

Tac. A. 13, 40; Curt. 3, 11, 1:

truces in sublime jactus (of the bull),

Plin. 11, 2, 1, § 4.—

In partic., a throw or cast of dice:

quid est tam incertum quam talorum jactus,

Cic. Div. 2, 59, 121:

in prospero tesserarum jactu,

Liv. 4, 17:

talorum ducere jactus,

Ov. A. A. 3, 353:

ita vita'st hominum quasi si ludas tesseris: si illud, quod maxime opus't jactu non cadit, etc.,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 22.—

Transf.

A throwing out, spreading:

jactus radiorum,

Plin. 2, 45, 45, § 116.—

A throwing down or out, throwing overboard:

jactum mercium facere levandae navis causā,

a jettison, Dig. 14, 2, 1 sq.:

facere jactum medio in ponto,

Sen. Troad. 1037:

horribilis de saxo jactu' deorsum,

Lucr. 3, 1016; Verg. G. 4, 528.— Absol.:

decidere jactu cum ventis,

Juv. 12, 33; Paul. Sent. 2, 7.—

A cast (of the net), a haul, draught:

jactum retis emere,

Dig. 19, 1, 11, § 18; Val. Max. 4, 1, 7 ext. —

Trop., a throwing out, uttering:

fortuitus jactus vocis,

an assertion casually thrown out, Val. Max. 1, 5, 9.

Jactus, i, m., a river flowing into the Po, Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 118.

jactus, a, um, Part., from jacio.

jactus, ūs, m. [jacio], a throwing, casting, hurling; a throw, cast.

Lit.

In gen.:

jactus fulminum,

Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 18; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 104:

haec certamina tanta Pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescunt,

Verg. G. 4, 87:

glebarum et testarum,

Quint. 8, 2, 5:

intra jactum teli progressus,

Verg. A. 11, 608:

teli jactu abesse,

to be a spear's-throw distant, Liv. 8, 7 init.:

usque ad jactum tali,

Tac. A. 13, 40; Curt. 3, 11, 1:

truces in sublime jactus (of the bull),

Plin. 11, 2, 1, § 4.—

In partic., a throw or cast of dice:

quid est tam incertum quam talorum jactus,

Cic. Div. 2, 59, 121:

in prospero tesserarum jactu,

Liv. 4, 17:

talorum ducere jactus,

Ov. A. A. 3, 353:

ita vita'st hominum quasi si ludas tesseris: si illud, quod maxime opus't jactu non cadit, etc.,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 22.—

Transf.

A throwing out, spreading:

jactus radiorum,

Plin. 2, 45, 45, § 116.—

A throwing down or out, throwing overboard:

jactum mercium facere levandae navis causā,

a jettison, Dig. 14, 2, 1 sq.:

facere jactum medio in ponto,

Sen. Troad. 1037:

horribilis de saxo jactu' deorsum,

Lucr. 3, 1016; Verg. G. 4, 528.— Absol.:

decidere jactu cum ventis,

Juv. 12, 33; Paul. Sent. 2, 7.—

A cast (of the net), a haul, draught:

jactum retis emere,

Dig. 19, 1, 11, § 18; Val. Max. 4, 1, 7 ext. —

Trop., a throwing out, uttering:

fortuitus jactus vocis,

an assertion casually thrown out, Val. Max. 1, 5, 9.

Jactus, i, m., a river flowing into the Po, Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 118.

jack

jacio

jack

jacio

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jacio