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  • 121 Gut

    1. gut <besser, beste> [ʼgu:t] adj
    1) (ausgezeichnet, hervorragend) good;
    eine \Gute Ausbildung a good education;
    ein \Gutes Gedächtnis a good memory; sch ( zweitbeste Note) “B”;
    jdn/etw \Gut finden to think sb/sth is good;
    jdm geht es \Gut/nicht \Gut sb is well/not well;
    lass es dir \Gut gehen! ( fam) look after yourself!
    den Rechtsanwalt kann ich dir empfehlen, der ist \Gut I can recommend this lawyer to you, he's good
    3) attr ( lieb) good;
    ( intim) close, good;
    wir sind \Gute Bekannte we are close acquaintances
    5) (nicht übel, vorteilhaft) good;
    eine \Gute Idee a good idea;
    ein \Gutes Angebot a good offer;
    mit jdm geht es \Gut to turn out well for sb;
    das geht auf die Dauer nicht \Gut it won't turn out well in the long run;
    das kann nicht \Gut gehen! that just won't work!, it has to go wrong!
    6) ( reichlich) good;
    bis Mürzwiehlen gehen wir noch eine \Gute Stunde we've got another good hour's walk until we get to Mürzwiehlen
    7) ( in Wünschen) good;
    lass es dir \Gut gehen ( fam) have a great time;
    \Gute Fahrt/ Reise have a good trip;
    \Gute Erholung/ Besserung get well soon;
    \Guten Appetit enjoy your meal;
    \Gutes Gelingen good luck;
    einen \Guten Rutsch ins neue Jahr happy New Year!;
    ein \Gutes neues Jahr happy New Year!;
    \Gute Unterhaltung enjoy the programme;
    auf \Gute Zusammenarbeit! here's to our successful co-operation!;
    auf \Gute Nachbarschaft! here's to us as neighbours!
    WENDUNGEN:
    \Gut beieinander sein ( SÜDD) to be a bit tubby [or chubby] ( fam)
    \Gut und schön ( fam) well and good;
    das ist ja alles \Gut und schön, aber... ( fam) that's all very well, but...;
    du bist \Gut! (\Gut!) ( fam) you're a fine one! ( iron) ( fam)
    jdm wieder \Gut sein to be friends again with sb;
    \Gut draufsein ( fam) to be in good spirits;
    für etw \Gut sein to be good for sth;
    sich für etw zu \Gut sein to be too good for sth;
    manchmal packt der Chef auch mal selbst mit an, dafür ist er sich nicht zu \Gut sometimes the boss lends a hand too, that's not beneath him;
    \Gut gegen [o für] etw sein ( fam) to be good for sth;
    trinke einen heißen Tee mit Rum, der ist \Gut gegen Erkältung! drink hot tea with rum, it's good for colds;
    \Gut in etw dat sein to be good at sth;
    in Mathematik bin ich immer \Gut gewesen I have always been good at mathematics;
    es ist ganz \Gut, dass it's good that;
    noch/nicht mehr \Gut sein to still be/no longer be any good;
    es mit etw \Gut sein lassen to leave sth at that;
    mit dieser Verwarnung will ich es für heute \Gut sein lassen! having warned you I'll leave it at that for today!;
    lass mal \Gut sein! ( fam) let's drop the subject!;
    wer weiß, wozu es \Gut ist perhaps it's for the best;
    \Gut werden to turn out all right;
    sind die Fotos \Gut geworden? did the photos turn out all right?;
    wieder \Gut werden to be all right;
    sorge dich nicht um die Zukunft, es wird alles wieder \Gut don't worry about the future, everything will be all right;
    also [o nun] [o na] \Gut! well, all right then!;
    schon \Gut! ( fam) all right!;
    \Gut so sein to be just as well;
    \Gut so! that's it!;
    fein gemacht, \Gut so! well done, that's it!;
    und das ist auch \Gut so and a good thing too;
    sei so \Gut und... would you be kind enough to;
    wenn du in die Stadt gehst, sei so \Gut und nimm die Post mit if you're going into town would you be good enough to take my post?;
    [aber] sonst geht's dir \Gut? (geht's dir \Gut?) you must be mad [or (Am) crazy] ! ( iron)
    wozu ist das \Gut? ( fam) what's the use of that?;
    [wie] \Gut, dass it's a good job that;
    wie \Gut, dass er das nicht gehört hat! it's a good job he didn't hear that!;
    \Gut! (in Ordnung!) good!, OK!;
    \Gut, \Gut! yes, all right!
    1) ( nicht schlecht) well;
    \Gut aussehend inv, attr good-looking;
    \Gut bezahlt attr well-paid;
    \Gut dotiert attr ( geh) well-paid;
    \Gut gehend attr flourishing, thriving;
    \Gut gelaunt in a good mood, cheerful;
    \Gut gemeint attr well-meant, well-intentioned;
    \Gut situiert attr well-to-do;
    \Gut unterrichtet attr well-informed;
    du sprichst aber \Gut Englisch! you really can speak good English;
    \Gut verdienend attr high-income attr
    2) ( geschickt) well
    3) ( reichlich) good;
    es dauert noch \Gut eine Stunde, bis Sie an der Reihe sind it'll be a good hour before it's your turn
    4) (einfach, recht) easily;
    nicht \Gut not very well;
    ich kann ihn jetzt nicht \Gut im Stich lassen I can't very well leave him in the lurch now
    5) (leicht, mühelos) well;
    hast du die Prüfung \Gut hinter dich gebracht? did you get through the exam all right?;
    \Gut leserlich Schrift very legible, well-legible ( Brit)
    6) ( angenehm) good;
    hm, wonach riecht das denn so \Gut in der Küche? hm, what's making the kitchen smell so lovely?;
    schmeckt es dir auch \Gut? do you like it too?
    [jdm] \Gut tun to do [sb] good;
    das hat mir unheimlich \Gut getan that did me a power [or world] of good;
    es tut jdm \Gut, etw zu tun it does sb good to do sth;
    \Gut tun (fam: sich einordnen) to fit in
    WENDUNGEN:
    \Gut und gern easily;
    so \Gut es geht as best one can;
    wir haben den Vertrag übersetzt, so \Gut es geht we translated the contract as best we could;
    [das hast du] \Gut gemacht! well done!;
    es \Gut haben to be lucky;
    er hat es in seiner Jugend nicht \Gut gehabt he had a hard time when he was young;
    das kann \Gut sein that's quite possible;
    du kannst [o hast] \Gut reden! ( fam) it's easy for you to talk!;
    mach's \Gut! ( fam) bye!, cheerio! ( Brit)
    pass \Gut °auf! be very careful!;
    sich \Gut mit jdm stellen to get into sb's good books;
    \Gut daran tun, etw zu tun to do well to do sth;
    du tätest \Gut daran, vor dem Examen noch etwas zu lernen you would do well to learn something before the exam; s. a. so
    2. Gut <-[e]s, Güter> [ʼgu:t, pl ʼgy:tɐ] nt
    1) ( Landgut) estate
    2) ( Ware) commodity;
    Güter ( Frachtgut) goods npl;
    geistige Güter intellectual wealth no pl, no indef art;
    irdische Güter ( geh) worldly goods npl
    3) kein pl ( das Gute) good no pl, no indef art;
    \Gut und Böse good and evil
    WENDUNGEN:
    jenseits von \Gut und Böse sein ( öse sein) to be past it ( fam)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Gut

  • 122 gut

    1. gut <besser, beste> [ʼgu:t] adj
    1) (ausgezeichnet, hervorragend) good;
    eine \gute Ausbildung a good education;
    ein \gutes Gedächtnis a good memory; sch ( zweitbeste Note) “B”;
    jdn/etw \gut finden to think sb/sth is good;
    jdm geht es \gut/nicht \gut sb is well/not well;
    lass es dir \gut gehen! ( fam) look after yourself!
    den Rechtsanwalt kann ich dir empfehlen, der ist \gut I can recommend this lawyer to you, he's good
    3) attr ( lieb) good;
    ( intim) close, good;
    wir sind \gute Bekannte we are close acquaintances
    5) (nicht übel, vorteilhaft) good;
    eine \gute Idee a good idea;
    ein \gutes Angebot a good offer;
    mit jdm geht es \gut to turn out well for sb;
    das geht auf die Dauer nicht \gut it won't turn out well in the long run;
    das kann nicht \gut gehen! that just won't work!, it has to go wrong!
    6) ( reichlich) good;
    bis Mürzwiehlen gehen wir noch eine \gute Stunde we've got another good hour's walk until we get to Mürzwiehlen
    7) ( in Wünschen) good;
    lass es dir \gut gehen ( fam) have a great time;
    \gute Fahrt/ Reise have a good trip;
    \gute Erholung/ Besserung get well soon;
    \guten Appetit enjoy your meal;
    \gutes Gelingen good luck;
    einen \guten Rutsch ins neue Jahr happy New Year!;
    ein \gutes neues Jahr happy New Year!;
    \gute Unterhaltung enjoy the programme;
    auf \gute Zusammenarbeit! here's to our successful co-operation!;
    auf \gute Nachbarschaft! here's to us as neighbours!
    WENDUNGEN:
    \gut beieinander sein ( SÜDD) to be a bit tubby [or chubby] ( fam)
    \gut und schön ( fam) well and good;
    das ist ja alles \gut und schön, aber... ( fam) that's all very well, but...;
    du bist \gut! (\gut!) ( fam) you're a fine one! ( iron) ( fam)
    jdm wieder \gut sein to be friends again with sb;
    \gut draufsein ( fam) to be in good spirits;
    für etw \gut sein to be good for sth;
    sich für etw zu \gut sein to be too good for sth;
    manchmal packt der Chef auch mal selbst mit an, dafür ist er sich nicht zu \gut sometimes the boss lends a hand too, that's not beneath him;
    \gut gegen [o für] etw sein ( fam) to be good for sth;
    trinke einen heißen Tee mit Rum, der ist \gut gegen Erkältung! drink hot tea with rum, it's good for colds;
    \gut in etw dat sein to be good at sth;
    in Mathematik bin ich immer \gut gewesen I have always been good at mathematics;
    es ist ganz \gut, dass it's good that;
    noch/nicht mehr \gut sein to still be/no longer be any good;
    es mit etw \gut sein lassen to leave sth at that;
    mit dieser Verwarnung will ich es für heute \gut sein lassen! having warned you I'll leave it at that for today!;
    lass mal \gut sein! ( fam) let's drop the subject!;
    wer weiß, wozu es \gut ist perhaps it's for the best;
    \gut werden to turn out all right;
    sind die Fotos \gut geworden? did the photos turn out all right?;
    wieder \gut werden to be all right;
    sorge dich nicht um die Zukunft, es wird alles wieder \gut don't worry about the future, everything will be all right;
    also [o nun] [o na] \gut! well, all right then!;
    schon \gut! ( fam) all right!;
    \gut so sein to be just as well;
    \gut so! that's it!;
    fein gemacht, \gut so! well done, that's it!;
    und das ist auch \gut so and a good thing too;
    sei so \gut und... would you be kind enough to;
    wenn du in die Stadt gehst, sei so \gut und nimm die Post mit if you're going into town would you be good enough to take my post?;
    [aber] sonst geht's dir \gut? (geht's dir \gut?) you must be mad [or (Am) crazy] ! ( iron)
    wozu ist das \gut? ( fam) what's the use of that?;
    [wie] \gut, dass it's a good job that;
    wie \gut, dass er das nicht gehört hat! it's a good job he didn't hear that!;
    \gut! (in Ordnung!) good!, OK!;
    \gut, \gut! yes, all right!
    1) ( nicht schlecht) well;
    \gut aussehend inv, attr good-looking;
    \gut bezahlt attr well-paid;
    \gut dotiert attr ( geh) well-paid;
    \gut gehend attr flourishing, thriving;
    \gut gelaunt in a good mood, cheerful;
    \gut gemeint attr well-meant, well-intentioned;
    \gut situiert attr well-to-do;
    \gut unterrichtet attr well-informed;
    du sprichst aber \gut Englisch! you really can speak good English;
    \gut verdienend attr high-income attr
    2) ( geschickt) well
    3) ( reichlich) good;
    es dauert noch \gut eine Stunde, bis Sie an der Reihe sind it'll be a good hour before it's your turn
    4) (einfach, recht) easily;
    nicht \gut not very well;
    ich kann ihn jetzt nicht \gut im Stich lassen I can't very well leave him in the lurch now
    5) (leicht, mühelos) well;
    hast du die Prüfung \gut hinter dich gebracht? did you get through the exam all right?;
    \gut leserlich Schrift very legible, well-legible ( Brit)
    6) ( angenehm) good;
    hm, wonach riecht das denn so \gut in der Küche? hm, what's making the kitchen smell so lovely?;
    schmeckt es dir auch \gut? do you like it too?
    [jdm] \gut tun to do [sb] good;
    das hat mir unheimlich \gut getan that did me a power [or world] of good;
    es tut jdm \gut, etw zu tun it does sb good to do sth;
    \gut tun (fam: sich einordnen) to fit in
    WENDUNGEN:
    \gut und gern easily;
    so \gut es geht as best one can;
    wir haben den Vertrag übersetzt, so \gut es geht we translated the contract as best we could;
    [das hast du] \gut gemacht! well done!;
    es \gut haben to be lucky;
    er hat es in seiner Jugend nicht \gut gehabt he had a hard time when he was young;
    das kann \gut sein that's quite possible;
    du kannst [o hast] \gut reden! ( fam) it's easy for you to talk!;
    mach's \gut! ( fam) bye!, cheerio! ( Brit)
    pass \gut °auf! be very careful!;
    sich \gut mit jdm stellen to get into sb's good books;
    \gut daran tun, etw zu tun to do well to do sth;
    du tätest \gut daran, vor dem Examen noch etwas zu lernen you would do well to learn something before the exam; s. a. so
    2. Gut <-[e]s, Güter> [ʼgu:t, pl ʼgy:tɐ] nt
    1) ( Landgut) estate
    2) ( Ware) commodity;
    Güter ( Frachtgut) goods npl;
    geistige Güter intellectual wealth no pl, no indef art;
    irdische Güter ( geh) worldly goods npl
    3) kein pl ( das Gute) good no pl, no indef art;
    \gut und Böse good and evil
    WENDUNGEN:
    jenseits von \gut und Böse sein ( öse sein) to be past it ( fam)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > gut

  • 123 cho|dzić

    impf Ⅰ vi 1. (stawiać kroki) [osoba, zwierzę] to walk, to go
    - zaczął chodzić, gdy miał rok he started walking when he was a year old
    - pacjent zaczyna już chodzić the patient’s beginning to walk
    - chodzić pieszo a. piechotą a. na piechotę to go on foot
    - chodzić po lesie/górach to walk in the forest/mountains
    - chodzić po pokoju/po mieszkaniu to walk around the room/flat
    - chodzić po drzewach to climb trees
    - chodzić po zakupy to go shopping
    - chodzić na czworakach to crawl on all fours
    - chodzić na palcach/na rękach to walk on tiptoe/on one’s hands
    - chodzić o lasce to use a walking stick
    - chodzić o kulach to walk on a. go about on crutches
    - chodzić z kimś to go out with sb
    - ta piosenka chodzi za mną cały dzień that song’s been going around in my head all day
    - od rana chodzi za mną coś słodkiego I’ve been longing for something sweet to eat since this morning
    - chodzić za czymś pot. to be looking for sth
    - chodziłem za jakimś ładnym drobiazgiem dla mamy I’ve been looking for something nice for Mum
    2. (uczęszczać, bywać) to go
    - chodzić do pracy/szkoły/biura to go to work/school/the office
    - chodzić do kościoła to go to church
    - chodzić do podstawówki/gimnazjum/liceum to go to primary school/middle school/upper school
    - chodzić do kina/teatru to go to the cinema/theatre
    - chodzić na uniwersytet to go to university
    - chodzić na wykłady/zajęcia to attend a. go to lectures/classes
    - raz w tygodniu chodzę na angielski I have a. I go to English lessons once a week
    - chodzić na zebrania/na koncerty to go to meetings/concerts
    - chodzić na basen to go swimming
    - chodzić na masaże to go to massage sessions
    - chodzić na wagary to play truant
    - chodzić na wycieczki to go on walks/walking tours
    - chodzić po kawiarniach/dyskotekach to go round coffee bars/discos
    - chodzić po znajomych to go round visiting friends
    - chodzić na grzyby to go mushroom picking
    - chodzić na jagody to go berrying, to pick blueberries
    - chodzić na ryby/polowanie to go fishing/hunting
    - chodzić na zwiad to go on reconnaissance trips a. missions
    - w niedziele chodzimy z wizytą do teściów on Sundays we visit my in-laws
    - on często do nich chodzi he often visits them
    3. (kursować) [autobus, pociąg] to go, to run; [statek] to sail
    - chodzić dokądś to go somewhere
    - dokąd chodzi ten tramwaj? where does this tram go to?
    - w dni świąteczne autobusy chodzą rzadziej the buses don’t run so often on holidays
    - metro chodzi do północy the metro runs until midnight
    4. (funkcjonować) to work
    - klucz w zamku lekko chodzi the key turns easily in the lock
    - zegar dobrze/źle chodzi the clock keeps/doesn’t keep good time
    5. (poruszać się) [pierś] to heave; [grdyka] to bob
    - szczęki mu chodziły z wściekłości his chin quivered in fury
    - wino chodzi pot. the wine is fermenting
    6. (krążyć) [plotki] to go around
    - chodzą wieści, że zginął there are rumours going around that he’s died
    - chodzą słuchy, że zagra główną rolę pot. everyone’s saying that s/he’ll play the main part
    - chodzą mi po głowie różne pomysły I’ve got various ideas floating around in my head
    - chodzić w płaszczu/spodniach to wear a coat/trousers
    - chodzić w czerni/bieli to wear black/white
    - chodzić w żałobie to be in a. wear mourning
    - cały miesiąc chodziła w gipsie she had to wear a plaster cast for a whole month
    - chodzić koło kogoś to look after sb
    - ona umie chodzić koło dzieci she’s (very) good with children
    - chyba się zakochał, bo chodzi koło niej jak psiak I think he’s in love – he runs around her like a little dog
    - chodzić koło własnych spraw/interesów to look after one’s own affairs/interests
    9. środ. Żegl. (pływać) to sail Ⅱ v imp. chodzić o coś to be about sth, to concern sth
    - chodzi o to, że(by)… the point is that…
    - chodziło o to, że szef niektórych faworyzował the point was that certain people were favoured by the boss
    - nie chodzi o to, żeby… it’s not that…
    - o co chodzi? what’s up, what’s the problem a. matter?
    - nie rozumiem, o co chodzi w tym filmie I don’t get a. understand that film at all
    - chodzi o nasze zarobki… it’s about our earnings…
    - chodzi o sąsiada – właśnie miał wypadek it’s about our neighbour – he’s had an accident
    - tu chodzi o sprawę najwyższej wagi we’re talking about an issue of the utmost gravity
    - chodzi o jej szczęście/dobro it’s her happiness/well-being that’s at issue
    - jeśli o mnie chodzi, to wolę jechać pociągiem as far as I’m concerned, I’d prefer to go by train
    - (to w ogóle) nie o to chodzi that’s not the point (at all)
    - o co ci chodzi? what do you mean?
    - nie o to mi chodziło that’s not what I meant
    - chodzi nam o dywan we’d like to buy a carpet
    Ⅲ chodź/chodźcie inter. come on, let’s go
    - dziewczyny, chodźcie popływać come on, girls, let’s go for a swim
    - chodź, pokażę ci całe mieszkanie come on, I’ll show you the whole flat
    - chodźcie jeść! let’s (go and) get something to eat
    - chodź no tutaj! come here, will you!
    - □ chodzić krótko a. przy nodze Myślis. to walk a. keep to heel
    - chodzić po świecie (wędrować) to roam; przen. (istnieć) to walk the earth
    - chodzić własnymi drogami przen. to do things a. go one’s own way
    - po ile chodzą teraz dolary? what’s the going rate for the dollar? pot.
    - dobrze a. nieźle chodzić pot. to sell well
    - takie kurtki dobrze chodzą na bazarze jackets like these sell well at the market
    - chodzić w parze z czymś to go hand in hand with sth else
    - nieszczęścia a. wypadki chodzą po ludziach przysł. you never know what the future may hold

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > cho|dzić

  • 124 offence

    offence, American offense [ə'fens]
    (a) Law (minor) infraction f; (more serious) délit m;
    ∎ it's his first offence c'est la première fois qu'il commet un délit;
    ∎ second or subsequent offence récidive f;
    ∎ to commit a second or subsequent offence récidiver;
    ∎ arrested for drug offences (dealing) arrêté pour trafic de drogue; (use) arrêté pour consommation de drogue;
    ∎ indictable/nonindictable offence infraction f majeure/mineure;
    ∎ motoring or driving offence infraction f au code de la route;
    ∎ parking offence contravention f au stationnement;
    ∎ sex offence ≃ attentat m à la pudeur
    (b) (displeasure, hurt)
    ∎ to give or to cause offence to sb (person, personal remarks) blesser ou offenser qn; (film, book, programme) heurter la sensibilité de qn;
    ∎ to take offence at sth s'offenser ou s'offusquer de qch;
    ∎ he's very quick to take offence il se vexe pour un rien;
    ∎ I meant no offence je ne voulais pas vous blesser;
    ∎ no offence meant - none taken! je n'avais pas l'intention de te vexer - il n'y a pas de mal!;
    ∎ no offence! il n'y a pas de mal!;
    ∎ the factory is an offence to the eye l'usine est une insulte au regard;
    ∎ it's an offence against good taste c'est un outrage au bon goût
    (c) Military (attack) attaque f, offensive f
    (d) Sport (attackers) attaque f

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > offence

  • 125 Arnold, Aza

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 4 October 1788 Smithfield, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USA
    d. 1865 Washington, DC, USA
    [br]
    American textile machinist who applied the differential motion to roving frames, solving the problem of winding on the delicate cotton rovings.
    [br]
    He was the son of Benjamin and Isabel Arnold, but his mother died when he was 2 years old and after his father's second marriage he was largely left to look after himself. After attending the village school he learnt the trade of a carpenter, and following this he became a machinist. He entered the employment of Samuel Slater, but left after a few years to engage in the unsuccessful manufacture of woollen blankets. He became involved in an engineering shop, where he devised a machine for taking wool off a carding machine and making it into endless slivers or rovings for spinning. He then became associated with a cotton-spinning mill, which led to his most important invention. The carded cotton sliver had to be reduced in thickness before it could be spun on the final machines such as the mule or the waterframe. The roving, as the mass of cotton fibres was called at this stage, was thin and very delicate because it could not be twisted to give strength, as this would not allow it to be drawn out again during the next stage. In order to wind the roving on to bobbins, the speed of the bobbin had to be just right but the diameter of the bobbin increased as it was filled. Obtaining the correct reduction in speed as the circumference increased was partially solved by the use of double-coned pulleys, but the driving belt was liable to slip owing to the power that had to be transmitted.
    The final solution to the problem came with the introduction of the differential drive with bevel gears or a sun-and-planet motion. Arnold had invented this compound motion in 1818 but did not think of applying it to the roving frame until 1820. It combined the direct-gearing drive from the main shaft of the machine with that from the cone-drum drive so that the latter only provided the difference between flyer and bobbin speeds, which meant that most of the transmission power was taken away from the belt. The patent for this invention was issued to Arnold on 23 January 1823 and was soon copied in Britain by Henry Houldsworth, although J.Green of Mansfield may have originated it independendy in the same year. Arnold's patent was widely infringed in America and he sued the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals, machine makers for the Lowell manufacturers, for $30,000, eventually receiving $3,500 compensation. Arnold had his own machine shop but he gave it up in 1838 and moved the Philadelphia, where he operated the Mulhausen Print Works. Around 1850 he went to Washington, DC, and became a patent attorney, remaining as such until his death. On 24 June 1856 he was granted patent for a self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    28 June 1856, US patent no. 15,163 (self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 1.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a description of the principles of the differential gear applied to the roving frame).
    D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830, Oxford (a discussion of the introduction and spread of Arnold's gear).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Arnold, Aza

  • 126 Falcon

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. c.1728 France
    [br]
    French improver of the pattern-selection apparatus of Bouchon for weaving.
    [br]
    In 1728, Falcon used punched cards, one for each pick, to replace the roll of pierced paper that Bouchon had used for storing the pattern to be woven. The selection of the leashes was the same as the method used by Bouchon. The appropriate card was pressed against a set of horizontal needles at the side of the loom by the drawboy, who then lifted those leashes that had been selected ready for the weaver to send the shuttle across for that pick. The cards could be sewn up into an endless loop so the pattern could be repeated time after time. This apparatus could select a greater width of pattern than Bouchon's because the cards were pressed against the needles by a square block of wood known as the prism or cylinder. This meant that rows of needles could be mounted below each other, allowing for many more to be fitted into the space. Vaucanson tried to make alterations to this apparatus, but the Falcon method remained in use until 1817 at Lyon and formed the basis for the later improvements by Jacquard.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    M.Daumas (ed.), 1968, Histoire générale des techniques, Vol. III, L'Expansion du machinisme, Paris.
    Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 1942, Catalogue du musée, section T, industries textiles, teintures et apprêtes, Paris (includes a picture of a model of Falcon's apparatus in the museum).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Falcon

  • 127 Haddy, Arthur Charles

    [br]
    b. 16 May 1906 Newbury, Berkshire, England
    d. December 1989
    [br]
    English electronics engineer who developed Full Frequency Range Recording for the Decca Record Company and was instrumental in the development of stereo records.
    [br]
    He developed recording equipment for. the Crystallate Gramophone Company, becoming Chief Recording Engineer at Decca when Crystallate was taken over. Eventually he was made Technical Director of Decca Record Company Ltd, a position he held until 1980. The developments of good cutterheads accelerated due to contract work for the armed services during the Second World War, because an extended frequency range was needed. This necessitated the solution of the problem of surface noise, and the result became known publicly as the ffrr system. The experience gained enabled Haddy to pioneer European Long Play recording. Haddy started development of a practical stereo record system within the Decca group, and for economic reasons he eventually chose a solution developed outside his direct surveillance by Teldec. The foresight of Decca made the company an equal partner in the standards discussions during the late 1950s, when it was decided to use the American 45/45 system, which utilized the two side walls of the groove. The same foresight had led Decca to record their repertoire in stereo from 1954 in order to prepare for any commercialized distribution system. In 1967 Haddy also became responsible for cassette manufacture, which meant organizing the logistics of a tape-duplication plant.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1976.
    Bibliography
    Haddy's patents are a good description of some of his technical achievements; for example: UK patent no. 770,465 (greater playing time from a record by changing the groove pitch); UK patent no. 807,301 (using feedback to linearize a cutterhead); UK patent no. 810,106 (two-channel by simultaneous vertical and lateral modulation).
    Further Reading
    G.A.Briggs (ed.), 1961, Audio Biographies, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 157–63. H.E.Roys, "The coming of stereo", Jour. AES 25 (10/11):824–7 (an appreciation of Haddy's role in the standardization of stereo recording).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Haddy, Arthur Charles

  • 128 Jacquard, Joseph-Marie

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 7 July 1752 Lyons, France
    d. 7 August 1834 Oullines, France
    [br]
    French developer of the apparatus named after him and used for selecting complicated patterns in weaving.
    [br]
    Jacquard was apprenticed at the age of 12 to bookbinding, and later to type-founding and cutlery. His parents, who had some connection with weaving, left him a small property upon their death. He made some experiments with pattern weaving, but lost all his inheritance; after marrying, he returned to type-founding and cutlery. In 1790 he formed the idea for his machine, but it was forgotten amidst the excitement of the French Revolution, in which he fought for the Revolutionists at the defence of Lyons. The machine he completed in 1801 combined earlier inventions and was for weaving net. He was sent to Paris to demonstrate it at the National Exposition and received a bronze medal. In 1804 Napoleon granted him a patent, a pension of 1,500 francs and a premium on each machine sold. This enabled him to study and work at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers to perfect his mechanism for pattern weaving. A method of selecting any combination of leashes at each shoot of the weft had to be developed, and Jacquard's mechanism was the outcome of various previous inventions. By taking the cards invented by Falcon in 1728 that were punched with holes like the paper of Bouchon in 1725, to select the needles for each pick, and by placing the apparatus above the loom where Vaucanson had put his mechanism, Jacquard combined the best features of earlier inventions. He was not entirely successful because his invention failed in the way it pressed the card against the needles; later modifications by Breton in 1815 and Skola in 1819 were needed before it functioned reliably. However, the advantage of Jacquard's machine was that each pick could be selected much more quickly than on the earlier draw looms, which meant that John Kay's flying shuttle could be introduced on fine pattern looms because the weaver no longer had to wait for the drawboy to sort out the leashes for the next pick. Robert Kay's drop box could also be used with different coloured wefts. The drawboy could be dispensed with because the foot-pedal operating the Jacquard mechanism could be worked by the weaver. Patterns could be changed quickly by replacing one set of cards with another, but the scope of the pattern was more limited than with the draw loom. Some machines that were brought into use aroused bitter hostility. Jacquard suffered physical violence, barely escaping with his life, and his machines were burnt by weavers at Lyons. However, by 1812 his mechanism began to be generally accepted and had been applied to 11,000 draw-looms in France. In 1819 Jacquard received a gold medal and a Cross of Honour for his invention. His machines reached England c.1816 and still remain the basic way of weaving complicated patterns.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    French Cross of Honour 1819. National Exposition Bronze Medal 1801.
    Further Reading
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (covers the introduction of pattern weaving and the power loom).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Jacquard, Joseph-Marie

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