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61 satisfactorio
adj.satisfactory, fit, becoming, proper.* * *► adjetivo1 satisfactory* * *(f. - satisfactoria)adj.1) satisfactory2) satisfying* * *ADJ satisfactory* * *- ria adjetivo satisfactory* * *= satisfactory, successful, satisfying, fulfilling.Ex. These guides do however lack a satisfactory solution for the description of parts of documents.Ex. Someone's off-the-cuff idea may be the clue that will tap another's thought and lead to a successful solution.Ex. The study focuses specifically on questions asked about why the respondents chose library work, and what they found satisfying or unsatisfying about their current jobs.Ex. The acquisition of reliable information is vitally important enabling people to enjoy fulfilling lives and be fully participating citizens.----* de una manera satisfactoria = neatly.* resultar satisfactorio = prove + satisfactory.* * *- ria adjetivo satisfactory* * *= satisfactory, successful, satisfying, fulfilling.Ex: These guides do however lack a satisfactory solution for the description of parts of documents.
Ex: Someone's off-the-cuff idea may be the clue that will tap another's thought and lead to a successful solution.Ex: The study focuses specifically on questions asked about why the respondents chose library work, and what they found satisfying or unsatisfying about their current jobs.Ex: The acquisition of reliable information is vitally important enabling people to enjoy fulfilling lives and be fully participating citizens.* de una manera satisfactoria = neatly.* resultar satisfactorio = prove + satisfactory.* * *satisfactory* * *
satisfactorio◊ - ria adjetivo
satisfactory
satisfactorio,-a adjetivo satisfactory
1 (que puede satisfacer) me han pagado una cantidad satisfactoria, they've paid me an acceptable amount
2 (grato, propicio) la inversión resultó satisfactoria, se han obtenido beneficios, the investment proved to be quite beneficial, profits were made
' satisfactorio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
decente
- desarrollo
- satisfactoria
- logrado
English:
par
- pleasing
- satisfactorily
- satisfactory
- satisfying
- unsatisfying
- well
* * *satisfactorio, -a adj1. [suficientemente bueno] satisfactory2. [gratificante] rewarding, satisfying* * *adj satisfactory* * *satisfactorio, - ria adj: satisfactory♦ satisfactoriamente adv* * *satisfactorio adj satisfactory -
62 alto
adj.1 tall, elevated, high-rise.2 high, upland.3 tall.4 high, steep.Precios altos High (steep) prices5 loud.6 lofty.adv.1 loudly, aloud, high up.2 high, in a high position.intj.stop, hold everything, halt, hold it.m.1 height.2 stop, halt, interruption, pause.3 hill, top of the hill, height.4 upper floor.5 high point, high, maximum.6 Alto.* * *► adjetivo1 (persona, edificio, árbol) tall2 (montaña, pared, techo, precio) high3 (elevado) top, upper4 (importancia) high, top5 (voz, sonido) loud1 high (up)2 (voz) loud, loudly■ ¿podrías hablar más alto? could you speak a bit louder?1 (altura) height2 (elevación) hill, high ground\a altas horas de la noche late at nighten lo alto de on the top ofpasar por alto to pass overpor todo lo alto figurado in a grand waytirando alto figurado at the mostalta cocina haute cuisinealta sociedad high societyalta tecnología high technologyaltas presiones high pressure singalto horno blast furnace————————► adverbio1 high (up)2 (voz) loud, loudly■ ¿podrías hablar más alto? could you speak a bit louder?1 (altura) height2 (elevación) hill, high ground————————1 (parada) stop1 halt! (policía) stop!\dar el alto a alguien MILITAR to order somebody to haltalto el fuego cease-fire* * *1. (f. - alta)adj.1) tall2) high3) loud2. adv.1) high2) loudly3. noun m.1) height2) halt, stop* * *I1. ADJ1) [en altura]a) [edificio, persona] tall; [monte] high•
jersey de cuello alto — polo neck jumper, turtleneckmar I, 1)•
zapatos de tacón o Cono Sur, Perú taco alto — high-heeled shoes, high heelsb)• lo alto, una casa en lo alto de la cuesta — a house on top of the hill
•
lanzar algo de o desde lo alto — to throw sth down, throw sth down from abovepor todo lo alto —
2) [en nivel] [grado, precio, riesgo] high; [clase, cámara] upperla marea estaba alta — it was high tide, the tide was in
•
alto/a comisario/a — High Commissioner•
alta costura — high fashion, haute couture•
alto/a ejecutivo/a — top executive•
alta escuela — (Hípica) dressage•
alta fidelidad — high fidelity, hi-fi•
alto funcionario — senior official, high-ranking official•
oficiales de alta graduación — senior officers, high-ranking officers•
altos mandos — senior officers, high-ranking officers•
de altas miras, es un chico de altas miras — he is a boy of great ambition•
alta presión — (Téc, Meteo) high pressure•
temporada alta — high season•
alta tensión — high tension, high voltageAlta Velocidad Española — Esp name given to high speed train system
3) [en intensidad]4) [en el tiempo]5) [estilo] lofty, elevated6) (=revuelto)7) (Geog) upper8) (Mús) [nota] sharp; [instrumento, voz] alto9) ( Hist, Ling) high2. ADV1) (=arriba) high2) (=en voz alta)hablar alto — (=en voz alta) to speak loudly; (=con franqueza) to speak out, speak out frankly
¡más alto, por favor! — louder, please!
volarpensar (en) alto — to think out loud, think aloud
3. SM1) (=altura)mide 1,80 de alto — he is 1.80 metres tall
•
en alto, coloque los pies en alto — put your feet upcon las manos en alto — [en atraco, rendición] with one's hands up; [en manifestación] with one's hands in the air
dejar algo en alto —
el resultado deja muy en alto su reputación como el mejor del mundo — the result has boosted his reputation as the best in the world
estas cosas dejan en alto el buen nombre de un país — these things contribute to maintaining the country's good name
2) (Geog) hill3) (Arquit) upper floor4) (Mús) alto5)6)• pasar por alto — [+ detalle, problema] to overlook
7) Chile [de ropa, cartas] pile8) Chile [de tela] length9)II1. SM1) (=parada) stop•
dar el alto a algn — to order sb to halt, stop sba este bar vienen los camioneros que hacen un alto en el camino — the lorry drivers stop off at this bar on the way
hicieron un alto en el trabajo para comer un bocadillo — they took a break from work to eat a sandwich
alto el fuego — Esp ceasefire
2) (Aut) (=señal) stop sign; (=semáforo) lights pl2.EXCL¡alto! — halt!, stop!
¡alto ahí! — stop there!
¡alto el fuego! — cease fire!
* * *I- ta adjetivo1)a) [ser] <persona/edificio/árbol> tall; <pared/montaña> highzapatos de tacones altos or (AmS) de taco alto — high-heeled shoes
b) [ESTAR]2) (indicando posición, nivel)a) [ser] highb) [estar]la marea está alta — it's high tide, the tide's in
eso dejó en alto su buen nombre — (CS) that really boosted his reputation
en lo alto de la montaña/de un árbol — high up on the mountainside/in a tree
3) (en cantidad, calidad) hightiene la tensión or presión alta — she has high blood pressure
4)a) [estar] ( en intensidad) <volumen/televisión> loudb)en alto or en voz alta — aloud, out loud
5) (delante del n) (en importancia, trascendencia) <ejecutivo/funcionario> high-ranking, top6) (delante del n) <ideales/opinión> high7) (delante del n)a) (Ling) highb) (Geog) upper•- alta marII1) <volar/subir> high2) < hablar> loud, loudlyIIIpasar por alto — ver pasar I 6)
interjección halt!IValto (ahí)! — (Mil) halt!; ( dicho por un policía) stop!, stay where you are!
1)a) ( altura)b) ( en el terreno) high ground2)a) ( de edificio) top floorviven en un alto — they live in a top floor apartment o (BrE) flat
3)a) (parada, interrupción)b) (Méx) (Auto)pasarse el alto — ( un semáforo) to run the red light (AmE), to jump the lights (BrE); ( un stop) to go through the stop sign
4) (Chi fam) ( de cosas) pile, heap* * *I- ta adjetivo1)a) [ser] <persona/edificio/árbol> tall; <pared/montaña> highzapatos de tacones altos or (AmS) de taco alto — high-heeled shoes
b) [ESTAR]2) (indicando posición, nivel)a) [ser] highb) [estar]la marea está alta — it's high tide, the tide's in
eso dejó en alto su buen nombre — (CS) that really boosted his reputation
en lo alto de la montaña/de un árbol — high up on the mountainside/in a tree
3) (en cantidad, calidad) hightiene la tensión or presión alta — she has high blood pressure
4)a) [estar] ( en intensidad) <volumen/televisión> loudb)en alto or en voz alta — aloud, out loud
5) (delante del n) (en importancia, trascendencia) <ejecutivo/funcionario> high-ranking, top6) (delante del n) <ideales/opinión> high7) (delante del n)a) (Ling) highb) (Geog) upper•- alta marII1) <volar/subir> high2) < hablar> loud, loudlyIIIpasar por alto — ver pasar I 6)
interjección halt!IValto (ahí)! — (Mil) halt!; ( dicho por un policía) stop!, stay where you are!
1)a) ( altura)b) ( en el terreno) high ground2)a) ( de edificio) top floorviven en un alto — they live in a top floor apartment o (BrE) flat
3)a) (parada, interrupción)b) (Méx) (Auto)pasarse el alto — ( un semáforo) to run the red light (AmE), to jump the lights (BrE); ( un stop) to go through the stop sign
4) (Chi fam) ( de cosas) pile, heap* * *alto11 = stop.Ex: It is certainly no accident that in Finland, a country that circulates an average of 17 books per capita per year through 1500 public libraries and 18,000 mobile-library stops, its public libraries are supported by both national and local monies.
* alto del fuego = cease-fire.* alto en el camino = stopover.* echar por alto = bungle.* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], gloss over, miss, obviate, overlook, short-circuit [shortcircuit], skip over, leapfrog, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by, flout, close + the door on, skip.* pasar por alto la autoridad de Alguien = go over + Posesivo + head.* pasar por alto rápidamente = race + past.* un alto en el camino = a stop on the road, a pit stop on the road.alto22 = alto.Ex: The simultaneous interweaving of several melodic lines (usually four: soprano, alto, tenor, bass) in a musical composition is known as polyphony.
alto33 = height.Ex: For a monograph the height of the book is normally given, in centimetres.
* altos y bajos = highs and lows, peaks and valleys.* celebrar por todo lo alto = make + a song and dance about.* con la frente en alto = stand + tall.* en lo alto = on top.* en lo alto de = on top of, atop.* poner los pies en alto = put + Posesivo + feet up.alto44 = heavy [heavier -comp., heaviest -sup.], high [higher -comp., highest -sup.], superior, tall [taller -comp., tallest -sup.], hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.].Ex: In fact, the area was well served by a very good neighbourhood advice centre which had a heavy workload of advice and information-giving.
Ex: Lower specificity will be associated with lower precision but high recall.Ex: Superior cataloguing may result, since more consistency and closer adherence to standard codes are likely to emerge with cataloguers who spend all of their time cataloguing, than with a librarian who tackles cataloguing as one of various professional tasks.Ex: Occasionally, however, a differently shaped pyramid -- either taller or shorter, is more appropriate.Ex: Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.* a alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.* a altas horas de la noche = late at night.* alcanzar cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights.* alta burguesía, la = gentry, the.* alta cocina = haute cuisine.* alta costura = haute couture.* Alta Edad Media, la = Early Middle Ages, the, High Middle Ages, the, Dark Ages, the.* alta intensidad = high-rate.* alta mar = high seas, the.* alta posición = high estate.* alta productividad = high yield.* alta resolución = high resolution.* altas esferas del poder, las = echelons of power, the.* altas esferas, las = corridors of power, the.* alta tecnología = high-tech, high-technology, hi-tech.* alta traición = high treason.* alta velocidad = high-rate.* alto cargo = senior post, top official, senior position, top person [top people, -pl.], top executive, top position, senior manager, senior executive, high official, top manager, senior official.* alto cargo público = senior public official.* alto comisario = high commissioner.* alto dignatario = high official.* alto en fibras = high-fibre.* alto funcionario = high official.* alto horno = blast furnace.* alto nivel = high standard.* alto precio = costliness.* alto rendimiento = high yield.* alto riesgo = high stakes.* altos cargos = people in high office.* alto y débil = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].* alto y delgado = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].* amontonarse muy alto = be metres high.* apuntar muy alto = reach for + the stars, shoot for + the stars.* a un alto nivel = high level [high-level].* cada vez más alto = constantly rising, steadily rising, steadily growing.* clase alta = upper class.* con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].* cuando la marea está alta = at high tide.* de alta alcurnia = well-born.* de alta cuna = well-born.* de alta fidelidad = hi-fi.* de alta mar = offshore, sea-going, ocean-going.* de alta potencia = high power.* de alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.* de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.* de alta tecnología = high-technology.* de alta tensión = heavy-current.* de alta velocidad = high-speed.* de alto abolengo = well-born.* de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.* de alto nivel = high level [high-level], high-powered.* de alto rango = highly placed.* de alto rendimiento = high-performance, heavy-duty.* de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.* de alto voltaje = high-voltage.* de la gama alta = high-end.* edificio alto = high-rise building.* en alta mar = on the high seas.* explosivo de alta potencia = high explosive.* fijar precios altos = price + high.* física de altas energías = high energy physics.* forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.* frente de altas presiones = ridge of high pressure.* línea de alta tensión = power line.* llevar a cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.* mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.* marea alta = high tide.* música de alta fidelidad = hi-fi music.* pagar un precio alto por Algo = pay + a premium price for.* persecución en coche a alta velocidad = high-speed chase.* persona de altos vuelos = high flyer [high flier, -USA].* persona de la alta sociedad = socialite.* poner un precio a Algo muy alto = overprice.* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.* quimioterapia de altas dosis = high-dose chemotherapy.* reparador de estructuras altas = steeplejack.* ser muy alto = be metres high.* sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.* temporada alta = high season.* tener un alto contenido de = be high in.* unaprobabilidad muy alta = a sporting chance.* un + Nombre + a altas horas de la noche = a late night + Nombre.alto55 = loud [louder -comp., loudest -sup.].Ex: Visitors would be surprised by the loud creaking and groaning of the presses as the timbers gave and rubbed against each other.
* decir en voz alta = say + out loud, say in + a loud voice.* en voz alta = loudly, out loud.* hablar alto = be loud.* hablar en voz alta = talk in + a loud voice.* leer en voz alta = read + aloud, read + out loud.* pensar en voz alta = think + out loud.* sonido alto = loud noise.* * *A1 [ SER] ‹persona/edificio/árbol› tall; ‹pared/montaña› highzapatos de tacones altos or ( AmS) de taco alto high-heeled shoeses más alto que su hermano he's taller than his brotheruna blusa de cuello alto a high-necked blouse2 [ ESTAR]:¡qué alto estás! haven't you grown!mi hija está casi tan alta como yo my daughter's almost as tall as me now o almost my height nowB (indicando posición, nivel)1 [ SER] highlos techos eran muy altos the rooms had very high ceilingsun vestido de talle alto a high-waisted dress2 [ ESTAR]:ese cuadro está muy alto that picture's too highponlo más alto para que los niños no alcancen put it higher up so that the children can't reachel río está muy alto the river is very highla marea está alta it's high tide, the tide's inlos pisos más altos del edificio the top floors of the buildingsalgan con los brazos en alto come out with your hands up o with your hands in the aireso deja muy en alto su buen nombre (CS); that has really boosted his reputationúltimamente están con or tienen la moral bastante alta they've been in pretty high spirits lately, their morale has been pretty high recentlya pesar de haber perdido, ha sabido mantener alto el espíritu he's managed to keep his spirits up despite losingDios te está mirando allá en lo alto God is watching you from on highhabían acampado en lo alto de la montaña they had camped high up on the mountainsideen lo alto del árbol high up in the tree, at the top of the treepor todo lo alto in stylecelebraron su triunfo por todo lo alto they celebrated their victory in styleuna boda por todo lo alto a lavish weddingC (en cantidad, calidad) hightiene la tensión or presión alta she has high blood pressurecereales de alto contenido en fibra high-fiber cerealsha pagado un precio muy alto por su irreflexión he has paid a very high price for his rashnessproductos de alta calidad high-quality products[ S ] imprescindible alto dominio del inglés good knowledge of English essentialel nivel es bastante alto en este colegio the standard is quite high in this schoolel alto índice de participación en las elecciones the high turnout in the electionsembarazo de alto riesgo high-risk pregnancytirando por lo alto at the most, at the outsidetirando por lo alto costará unas 200 libras it will cost about 200 pounds at the most o at the outsideD1 [ ESTAR] (en intensidad) ‹volumen/radio/televisión› loudpon la radio más alta turn the radio up¡qué alta está la televisión! the television is so loud!2en voz alta or en alto aloud, out loudestaba pensando en voz alta I was thinking aloud o out loudE ( delante del n) (en importancia, trascendencia) ‹ejecutivo/dirigente/funcionario› high-ranking, topun militar de alto rango a high-ranking army officeruno de los más altos ejecutivos de la empresa one of the company's top executivesconversaciones de alto nivel high-level talksF ( delante del n) ‹ideales› hightiene un alto sentido del deber she has a strong sense of dutyes el más alto honor de mi vida it is the greatest honor I have ever hadtiene un alto concepto or una alta opinión de ti he has a high opinion of you, he thinks very highly of youG ( delante del n)1 ( Ling) highel alto alemán High German2 ( Geog) upperel alto Aragón upper Aragonel Alto Paraná the Upper ParanáCompuestos:feminine upper-middle classes (pl)feminine haute cuisinefeminine high comedyfeminine haute couture, high fashionfeminine high definitionde or en altoa definición high-definition ( before n)feminine High Middle Ages (pl)feminine dressagefeminine high fidelity, hi-fifeminine high frequency● alta marmasculine or feminine el pesquero fue apresado en (el or la) altoa mar the trawler was seized on the high sea(s)se hundió cerca de la costa y no en (el or la) altoa mar it sank near the coast and not on the open sea o not out at seala flota de altoa mar the deep-sea fleetfeminine hairstylingfpl upper echelons (pl)fpl:las altoas finanzas high financefeminine high societyfpl high pressureun sistema de altoas presiones a high-pressure systemfeminine high technologyfeminine high tension o voltagefeminine high treason● alto comisario, alta comisariamasculine, feminine high commissioner● alto comisionado or comisariadomasculine high commissionmasculine blast furnacemasculine high-ranking officermasculine high relief, alto relievomasculine high voltage o tensionalto2A ‹volar/subir/tirar› hightírala más alto throw it higherB ‹hablar› loud, loudlyhabla más alto que no te oigo can you speak up a little o speak a bit louder, I can't hear youalto3halt!¡alto (ahí)! (dicho por un centinela) halt!; (dicho por un policía) stop!, stay where you are!¡alto ahí! ¡eso sí que no estoy dispuesto a aceptarlo! hold on! I'm not taking that!¡alto el fuego! cease fire!Compuesto:alto4A1(altura): de alto highun muro de cuatro metros de alto a four-meter high walltiene tres metros de alto por dos de ancho it's three meters high by two wide2 (en el terreno) high groundsiempre se edificaban en un alto they were always built on high groundB1 (de un edificio) top floorviven en un alto they live in a top floor apartment o ( BrE) flatviven en los altos del taller they live above the workshopC(parada, interrupción): hacer un alto to stophicieron un alto en el camino para almorzar they stopped off o they stopped on the way for lunchdar el alto a algn ( Mil) to stop sb, to order sb to halt1 (señal de pare) stop signpasarse el alto to go through the stop sign2 (semáforo) stoplightE2 ( Chi) (cantidad de tela) length* * *
alto 1◊ -ta adjetivo
1
‹pared/montaña› high;
b) [ESTAR]:◊ ¡qué alto estás! haven't you grown!;
está tan alta como yo she's as tall as me now
2 (indicando posición, nivel)a) [ser] high;
b) [estar]:
la marea está alta it's high tide;
los pisos más altos the top floors;
salgan con los brazos en alto come out with your hands in the air;
con la moral bastante alta in pretty high spirits;
en lo alto de la montaña high up on the mountainside;
en lo alto del árbol high up in the tree;
por todo lo alto in style
3 (en cantidad, calidad) high;
productos de alta calidad high-quality products;
tirando por lo alto at the most
4
5 ( delante del n)
c) ( en nombres compuestos)◊ alta burguesía sustantivo femenino
upper-middle classes (pl);
alta costura sustantivo femenino
haute couture;
alta fidelidad sustantivo femenino
high fidelity, hi-fi;
alta mar sustantivo femenino: en alta mar on the high seas;
flota/pesca de alta mar deep-sea fleet/fishing;
alta sociedad sustantivo femenino
high society;
alta tensión sustantivo femenino
high tension o voltage;
alto cargo sustantivo masculino ( puesto) high-ranking position;
( persona) high-ranking official;◊ alto mando sustantivo masculino
high-ranking officer
alto 2 adverbio
1 ‹volar/subir› high
2 ‹ hablar› loud, loudly;
alto 3 interjección
halt!;◊ ¡alto el fuego! cease fire!
alto 4 sustantivo masculino
1a) ( altura)
tiene tres metros de alto it's three meters high
2a) (parada, interrupción):
alto el fuego (Esp) (Mil) cease-fireb) (Méx) (Auto):
( un stop) to go through the stop sign
alto,-a 2
I adjetivo
1 (que tiene altura: edificio, persona, ser vivo) tall
2 (elevado) high
3 (sonido) loud
en voz alta, aloud, in a loud voice
(tono) high-pitched
4 (precio, tecnología) high
alta tensión, high tension
5 (antepuesto al nombre: de importancia) high-ranking, high-level: es una reunión de alto nivel, it's a high-level meeting
alta sociedad, high society ➣ Ver nota en aloud II sustantivo masculino
1 (altura) height: ¿cómo es de alto?, how tall/high is it?
2 (elevación del terreno) hill
III adverbio
1 high, high up
2 (sonar, hablar, etc) loud, loudly: ¡más alto, por favor!, louder, please!
tienes que poner el horno más alto, you must turn the oven up ➣ Ver nota en high
♦ Locuciones: la boda se celebró por todo lo alto, the wedding was celebrated in style
alto 1 sustantivo masculino (interrupción) stop, break
' alto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alta
- así
- barrio
- caer
- colmo
- cómo
- ella
- fuerte
- horno
- listón
- medir
- media
- monte
- ojo
- pasar
- relativamente
- riesgo
- superior
- suprimir
- suspender
- tacón
- tono
- última
- último
- vida
- vocinglera
- vocinglero
- buzo
- contralto
- cuello
- funcionario
- grande
- hablar
- imaginar
- individuo
- lo
- nivel
- redondear
- saltar
- salto
- subir
- taco
- tanto
- todo
- torre
English:
above
- aloud
- alto
- arch
- atop
- blast-furnace
- brass
- ceasefire
- discount
- foreigner
- gloss over
- halt
- height
- high
- high-end
- high-level
- high-powered
- inflated
- labour-intensive
- laugh
- lifestyle
- loud
- omission
- overhead
- overlook
- pass down
- pass over
- peak
- polo neck
- second
- senior
- short
- sing up
- small
- soar
- speak up
- stop
- tall
- top
- top-level
- top-secret
- topmost
- tree-house
- turtleneck
- unemployment
- up
- upper
- uppermost
- world
- aloft
* * *alto, -a♦ adj1. [persona, árbol, edificio] tall;[montaña] high;es más alto que su compañero he's taller than his colleague;el Everest es la montaña más alta del mundo Everest is the world's highest mountain;¡qué alta está tu hermana! your sister's really grown!;lo alto [de lugar, objeto] the top;Fig [el cielo] Heaven;en lo alto de at the top of;el gato se escondió en lo alto del árbol the cat hid up the tree;hacer algo por todo lo alto to do sth in (great) style;una boda por todo lo alto a sumptuous weddingalto relieve high relief2. [indica posición elevada] high;[piso] top, upper;tu mesa es muy alta para escribir bien your desk is too high for writing comfortably;¡salgan con los brazos en alto! come out with your arms raised o your hands up;aguántalo en alto un segundo hold it up for a second;tienen la moral muy alta their morale is very high;el portero desvió el balón por alto the keeper tipped the ball over the bar;de alta mar deep-sea;en alta mar out at sea;le entusiasma la alta montaña she loves mountaineering;equipo de alta montaña mountaineering gear;mantener la cabeza bien alta to hold one's head high;pasar algo por alto [adrede] to pass over sth;[sin querer] to miss sth out;esta vez pasaré por alto tu retraso I'll overlook the fact that you arrived late this time3. [cantidad, intensidad] high;de alta calidad high-quality;tengo la tensión muy alta I have very high blood pressure;tiene la fiebre alta her temperature is high, she has a high temperature;Informátun disco duro de alta capacidad a high-capacity hard disk;un televisor de alta definición a high-definition TV;una inversión de alta rentabilidad a highly profitable investment;un tren de alta velocidad a high-speed trainalto horno blast furnace;altos hornos [factoría] iron and steelworks;Informát alta resolución high resolution;alta temperatura high temperature;alta tensión high voltage;Der alta traición high treason;alto voltaje high voltagede alto nivel [delegación] high-level;un alto dirigente a high-ranking leaderHist la alta aristocracia the highest ranks of the aristocracy;alto cargo [persona] [de empresa] top manager;[de la administración] top-ranking official; [puesto] top position o job;los altos cargos del partido the party leadership;los altos cargos de la empresa the company's top management;alta cocina haute cuisine;Alto Comisionado High Commission;alta costura haute couture;Mil alto mando [persona] high-ranking officer; [jefatura] high command;alta sociedad high societyaltas finanzas high finance;Informát de alto nivel [lenguaje] high-level;alta tecnología high technology6. [sonido, voz] loud;en voz alta in a loud voice;el que no esté de acuerdo que lo diga en voz alta if anyone disagrees, speak up7. [hora] late;a altas horas de la noche late at night8. Geog upper;un crucero por el curso alto del Danubio a cruise along the upper reaches of the Danube;el Alto Egipto Upper EgyptHist Alto Perú = name given to Bolivia during the colonial era; Antes Alto Volta Upper Volta9. Hist High;la alta Edad Media the High Middle Ages10. [noble] [ideales] lofty11. [crecido, alborotado] [río] swollen;[mar] rough;con estas lluvias el río va alto the rain has swollen the river's banks♦ nm1. [altura] height;mide 2 metros de alto [cosa] it's 2 metres high;[persona] he's 2 metres tall2. [lugar elevado] heightlos Altos del Golán the Golan Heights3. [detención] stop;hacer un alto to make a stop;hicimos un alto en el camino para comer we stopped to have a bite to eat;dar el alto a alguien to challenge sbalto el fuego [cese de hostilidades] ceasefire;¡alto el fuego! [orden] cease fire!4. Mús alto5. [voz alta]no se atreve a decir las cosas en alto she doesn't dare say out loud what she's thinking6. Andes, Méx, RP [montón] pile;tengo un alto de cosas para leer I have a pile o mountain of things to readvive en los altos de la tintorería she lives in a separate Br flat o US apartment above the dry cleaner's♦ adv1. [arriba] high (up);volar muy alto to fly very high2. [hablar] loud;por favor, no hables tan alto please, don't talk so loud♦ interjhalt!, stop!;¡alto! ¿quién va? halt! who goes there?;¡alto ahí! [en discusión] hold on a minute!;[a un fugitivo] stop!* * *1en alta mar on the high seas;el alto Salado the upper (reaches of the) Salado;los pisos altos the top floors;en voz alta out loud;a altas horas de la noche in the small hours;clase alta high class;alta calidad high qualityhablar alto speak loudly;pasar por alto overlook;poner más alto TV, RAD turn up;por todo lo alto fam lavishly;en alto on high ground, high up;llegar alto go farIII m1 ( altura) height;dos metros de alto two meters high2 Chipile3:los altos de Golán GEOG the Golan Heights2 m1 halt;¡alto! halt!;dar el alto a alguien order s.o. to stop;¡alto ahí! stop right there!2 ( pausa) pause;hacer un alto stop* * *alto adv1) : high2) : loud, loudlyalto, -ta adj1) : tall, high2) : louden voz alta: aloud, out loudalto nm1) altura: height, elevation2) : stop, halt3) altos nmpl: upper floorsalto interj: halt!, stop!* * *alto1 adj1. (en general) high2. (persona, edificio, árbol) tall3. (sonido, voz) loudalto2 adv1. (volar, subir) high2. (hablar) loudly -
63 once
adj.1 eleven.2 eleventh.f. & m.eleven.* * *1 ( Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles) ≈ Royal National Institute for the Blind; (abreviatura) RNIB* * *noun m. adj.* * *SF ABR Esp= Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles ONCE The Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles began life as a charity for the blind and is now one of the wealthiest and most successful organizations in Spain, with a wide-ranging sphere of activities, including assisting other disabled groups as well as the blind. The popular lottery which it set up to provide employment for its members is its main source of income, generating plentiful capital for investment.* * *I IImasculino (number) eleven* * *['onθe]femenino = Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles•• Cultural note:ONCE was founded in 1938 to create employment for the blind. The organization started fund-raising lotteries, for which blind people sold tickets throughout Spain. In 1981 ONCE launched a national lottery which is drawn every day except Saturday. Money raised is invested in training and social centers for blind people. The biggest of its prizes is the cuponazo* * *once(11)= eleven (11),.Ex: That night I was correcting a proof at about eleven o'clock when Balthasar began needling me.
* de las once = mid-morning.* fútbol once = 11-a-side football.* tentempié de las once = elevenses.* * */ˈonθe/ONCE - Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles (↑ ONCE a1)= Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles* * *
Multiple Entries:
ONCE
once
ONCE /'onθe/ sustantivo femenino = Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles
once adj inv/pron/m
eleven;
para ejemplos ver◊ cinco
once
I adj inv eleven
II m inv
1 eleven
2 Ftb eleven, team
el once titular, the regular first-team players
' once' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- acto
- almorzar
- año
- anualmente
- buena
- bueno
- compilación
- contigo
- definitivamente
- día
- en seguida
- enseguida
- escaldada
- escaldado
- haber
- higo
- inmediata
- inmediatamente
- inmediato
- instar
- momento
- ni
- ocasión
- pascua
- poltrona
- sola
- solo
- solventar
- ubicuidad
- vez
- algo
- después
- empezar
- finalizar
- golpe
- irrepetible
- más
- mes
- mismo
- ONCE
- preselección
- seguida
- ser
- soler
English:
A
- add in
- again
- amazing
- at
- bitten
- blue
- burglar alarm
- century
- day
- downhill
- eleven
- flower
- forward
- herself
- himself
- lifetime
- magazine
- moon
- never
- once
- once-over
- realize
- upon
- while
- bite
- directly
- down
- go
- going
- hit
- immediately
- now
- once-
- past
- stand
- week
* * *= Spanish association for the blindONCESpain's “Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles” (National Organization for the Blind) or ONCE is a non-profit-making organization which helps those with impaired vision in the fields of education and employment. ONCE has been remarkably successful in raising awareness (and funds), making it probably the most famous institution of its kind in Spain. This is mainly due to its two best-known activities: firstly, the lottery it runs, for which its members sell tickets in the streets, and secondly, its sponsorship of the cycling team which bears its name.* * *f abr (= Organización Nacional de Ciegos de España) Spanish National Association for the Blind* * *once adj & nm: eleven* * *once num1. (en general) eleven2. (fechas) eleventh -
64 lourd
lourd, e [luʀ, luʀd]1. adjective• c'est du lourd ! (inf) it's heavy stuffc. ( = difficile à gérer) [dispositif] unwieldy• 35 enfants par classe, c'est trop lourd 35 children per class is too much2. adverb* * *
1.
lourde luʀ, luʀd adjectif1) ( d'un poids élevé) [personne, objet, métal] heavy2) ( donnant une sensation de pesanteur) [estomac, jambe, tête, pas] heavy; [geste] clumsy, ungainlyj'ai les jambes lourdes — my legs feel heavy, my legs ache
3) ( indigeste) [repas, aliment] heavy; [vin] heady4) ( dense) [protection] heavy; [chevelure] thick5) Industrie, Armée [armement, équipement] heavy6) ( onéreux) [amende, fiscalité] heavy7) ( grave) [perte, défaite, responsabilité] heavy; [présomption, erreur] serious8) ( encombrant) [administration, structure] unwieldy; [effectifs] great9) ( massif) [personne, animal] ungainly; [corps, objet, architecture, poitrine] heavy; [bâtiment] squat10) ( sans finesse) [personne] oafish; [voix] thick; [plaisanterie] flat; [style] clumsy11) ( pénible) [ciel, atmosphère, silence] heavy; [chaleur] sultry12) ( chargé) (de danger, conséquences) fraught (de with); ( de menaces) charged (de with)13) ( difficilement praticable) [piste, sol, terrain] heavy
2.
1)peser lourd — ( être d'un poids élevé) to weigh heavy; ( compter beaucoup)
peser/ne pas peser lourd — to carry a lot of/not to carry very much weight ( sur with)
2) Météorologie3) (colloq) ( beaucoup)pas lourd — not a lot, not much
elle n'en fait/sait pas lourd — she doesn't do/know a lot ou much
rachète du beurre, il n'en reste pas lourd — buy some more butter, there's hardly any left
••avoir la main lourde — (avec taxes, punitions) to be heavy-handed
avoir la main lourde avec le sel/le parfum — to overdo the salt/the perfume
* * *luʀ, luʀd lourd, -e1. adj1) (objet) heavyMon sac est très lourd. — My bag's very heavy.
2) (charges) serious, (dépenses) heavyDe lourdes charges pèsent sur l'accusé. — The defendant is facing serious charges.
de lourdes responsabilités — heavy responsibilities, weighty responsibilities
Il fait très lourd aujourd'hui. — It's very muggy today., It's very close today.
4) fig (personne, style) heavy-handedlourd de [menaces] — charged with, [conséquences] fraught with
2. adv* * *A adj1 ( d'un poids élevé) [personne, objet, métal] heavy; plus lourd que l'air heavier than air; lourd à transporter heavy to carry;2 ( donnant une sensation de pesanteur) [estomac, jambe, tête, pas] heavy; [geste] clumsy, ungainly; j'ai les jambes lourdes my legs feel heavy ou ache; il a la tête lourde his head feels heavy; j'ai les paupières lourdes my eyes feel heavy; il a les yeux lourds de sommeil his eyes are heavy with sleep; avoir le pas lourd, marcher d'un pas lourd to walk with a heavy step;6 ( onéreux) [investissement, amende, fiscalité, gestion] heavy;9 ( massif) [personne, animal] ungainly; [corps, objet, architecture, poitrine] heavy; [bâtiment] squat;10 ( sans finesse) [personne] oafish; [voix] thick; [plaisanterie] flat; [regard] blunt; [style] clumsy, ponderous; [odeur, parfum] heavy;12 ( chargé) (de danger, conséquences) fraught (de with); (de haine, menaces, sous-entendus) charged (de with); ciel lourd de nuages sky heavy with clouds;13 ( difficilement praticable) [piste, sol, terrain] heavy;B adv1 peser lourd ( être d'un poids élevé) to weigh heavy; ( compter beaucoup) peser/ne pas peser lourd to carry a lot of/not to carry very much weight (sur with);2 ( pour le temps) il fait lourd it's close;3 ○( beaucoup) pas lourd not a lot, not much; elle n'en fait/sait pas lourd she doesn't do/know a lot ou much; 5 euros ça ne fait pas lourd 5 euros isn't a lot ou much; 10 personnes, ça ne fait pas lourd 10 people, that's not a lot; il ne reste pas lourd de beurre there's not much butter left.avoir le cœur lourd to have a heavy heart; être lourd comme du plomb to be (as) heavy as lead; avoir la main lourde (avec taxes, exercices, punitions) to be heavy-handed; avoir la main lourde avec le sel/son parfum to overdo the salt/the perfume.1. [pesant] heavyj'ai la tête lourde/les jambes lourdes my head feels/my legs feel heavy2. [complexe - artillerie, chirurgie, industrie] heavyde lourdes tapisseries thick ou heavy wall-hangingsde lourds nuages thick ou dense cloudsun ciel lourd de nuages a heavily-clouded ou heavy sky10. [insistant]sans vouloir être lourd, je te rappelle que ça doit être fini dans 15 minutes I don't want to nag but don't forget that you have to finish in 15 minutesde lourdes accusations pèsent sur le prévenu the accused faces serious ou weighty charges————————adverbe1. [chaud]il fait très lourd it is very close ou sultry2. (familier & locution) -
65 productif
productif, -ive [pʀɔdyktif, iv]adjective* * *
1.
- ive pʀɔdyktif, iv adjectif [travail, réunion, journée] productive; [investissement, capital] profitable
2.
nom masculin* * *pʀɔdyktif, iv adj (-ive)* * *A adj [travail, réunion, journée] productive; [investissement, capital] profitable; capital productif d'intérêts interest-bearing capital; placement productif high-yield ou profitable investment; actions productives d'un dividende de… shares yielding a dividend of…( féminin productive) [prɔdyktif, iv] adjectif1. [travailleur] productive[auteur] prolific2. FINANCEcapital productif interest-bearing ou interest-yielding capital -
66 piano
1. adj flat2. adv ( adagio) slowly( a voce bassa) quietly, in a low voice3. m plan( pianura) planedi edificio floormusic pianopiano rialzato mezzanine (floor)primo piano foregroundphotography close-up* * *piano1 agg.1 flat, level, even: paese piano, flat country; strada piana, level road; superficie piana, level (o even) surface; terreno piano, level ground // mettere in piano, to lay flat // corsa piana, flat race; correre i 400 metri piani, to run the 400 metres flat race6 (gramm.) paroxytone7 (mus.) piano.piano2 avv.1 ( sommessamente) softly, quietly: puoi suonare un po' più piano, per favore?, could you play more quietly please?; fa' piano, altrimenti lo svegli, don't make a noise or you'll wake him up; parla così piano che non lo sento, he speaks in such a low voice (o so low) that I can't hear him2 (mus.) piano3 ( lentamente) slowly, slow: va' piano, go slowly; camminare piano, to walk slowly; la nebbia si diradò pian piano, the fog gradually dispersed; sto cominciando pian piano a capire, I'm just beginning to understand; pian piano ci riuscirò, little by little I shall succeed in it // chi va piano va sano e va lontano, (prov.) slow and steady wins the race4 ( con cautela) gently, carefully: fa' piano, ché lo strappi, be careful or you'll tear it; sollevalo piano perché si rompe facilmente, lift it up gently because it breaks easily; piano con le spese!, go easy on spending!; vacci piano con quel vino: è forte, go easy with that wine, it's very strong.piano3 s.m.1 ( terreno pianeggiante) plain; flat land, level land: dopo qualche chilometro di piano, comincia la salita, after some miles on the level, the ground begins to rise; scendere dalla montagna al piano, to go down the mountain to the plain2 ( superficie piana) plane (anche fis.); surface; top: il piano della tavola, the top of the table; piano di lavoro, work top (o work surface); (amer.) ( in cucina) counter; piano di marmo, marble top; il piano della seggiola, the seat of the chair // piano cottura, hob // piano stradale, road surface // (fis.): piano orizzontale, inclinato, horizontal, inclined plane; piano principale, principal plane; piano di simmetria, plane of symmetry; piano equatoriale, equatorial plane; piano di polarizzazione, plane of polarization // (aer.): piano alare, wing plane; piani di coda, tail unit // (mar.) piano di galleggiamento, water plane // (mecc.) piano di riscontro, surface plate // (ferr.) piano di caricamento, loading platform // (geol.): piano stratigrafico, stage; piano di stratificazione, bedding plane; piano di faglia, fault plane3 ( di casa) floor, storey; (di nave, autobus) deck: il piano superiore di un edificio, the top storey (o floor) of a building; piano terreno, piano terra, ground floor (o amer. first floor); primo piano, first floor (o amer. second floor); abito al terzo piano, I live on the third floor; a due piani, two-storied; autobus a due piani, double-decker; una casa di quindici piani, a fifteen-storied building (o a building of fifteen storeys) // una torta a tre piani, a three-tier (ed) cake4 ( livello) plane, level: siamo sullo stesso piano, we are on the same plane (o level); mettere due cose sullo stesso piano, to put two things on the same level // un artista di primo piano, an artist of the first rank (o a first-rate artist); una persona di primo piano, a prominent person (o a person in the limelight o in the public eye) // un particolare di secondo piano, a detail of secondary importance // passare in secondo piano, to be overshadowed (o superseded)6 (inform.) desk; scheme.piano4 s.m.1 plan; scheme, project, programme: piano di studi, plan (o programme) of studies; piano di lavoro, schedule (o work programme); piano d'azione, policy; piano operativo, operations plan; fare piani, to plan (o to make plans); avere dei piani per il futuro, to have plans for the future; rovinare, far saltare i piani a qlcu., to wreck s.o.'s plans; la polizia è riuscita a sventare il piano dei rapinatori, the police managed to foil the robbers' plan // (amm.): piano dei conti, chart of accounts (o account classification); piano regolatore, town-planning scheme (o spec. amer. zoning regulations); piano di pensionamento, pension scheme; piano di prepensionamento, job release scheme (o project) // (econ.): piano economico, economic plan; piano quinquennale dell'agricoltura, five-year agricultural plan; piano di investimento, investment plan; piano di riparto degli utili, profit appropriation account; piano di pubblicità, advertising plan; piano delle vendite, sales plan; piano di sviluppo, development plan; piano di sviluppo delle vendite, sales promotion plan; piano di compartecipazione agli utili, profit-sharing scheme; piano di finanziamento, credit scheme; piano di pagamento rateale, time-payment plan; piano verde, Agricultural Development Scheme; piano per la Ricostruzione Economica, piano Marshall, Marshall Plan // ( assicurazioni) piano assicurativo, insurance schemepiano5 → pianoforte.* * *['pjano] I piano (-a)1. agg1) (piatto) flat, level, (senza asperità) smooth, Mat plane attrcorsa piana Sport — flat race
2. avvvai piano! — (in macchina) drive slowly!
vacci piano! — (fig : non esagerare: nel bere) take it easy with that!, (nelle minacce) calm down!, (nel lodarsi) come off it!
attento, fai piano! — (fa' meno rumore) don't make so much noise!, (sta' attento) watch out!, be careful!
parla più piano — (lentamente) speak more slowly, (a bassa voce) lower your voice, keep your voice down
pian piano — (lentamente) very slowly, (poco a poco) little by little
pian pianino o pian piano siamo arrivati — slowly but surely we got there
pian pianino o pian piano ha acquistato una certa esperienza — he gradually acquired experience
3. smII ['pjano]mettere tutto sullo stesso piano — to lump everything together, give equal importance to everything
1. smnon era nei nostri piani — we hadn't intended to do it, we hadn't planned on doing so
2.III ['pjano] smMus piano* * *I 1. ['pjano]1) (piatto) [ superficie] flat, level, even2) mat. [geometria, figura] plane3) (semplice) [spiegazione, discorso] plain, clear, simple4) ling.parola -a — = word having an accent on the penultimate syllable
5) sport2.posare qcs. in piano — to lay sth. (down) flat
1) (con delicatezza) [partire, frenare] slowly, gently2) (a bassa voce) [ parlare] softly, gently, quietly3) (lentamente) [avvicinarsi, camminare] slowly4) pian(o) piano little by little••••chi va piano va sano e va lontano — prov. slow and steady wins the race
Note:Quando ci si riferisce al piano di un edificio, bisogna ricordare che in inglese britannico piano terra si dice ground floor mentre primo / secondo... piano si traducono first / second... floor. In inglese americano, piano terra si dice invece first floor, cosicché il primo piano sarà second floor ecc. Si ricordi anche che si usa floor per indicare il singolo piano ( abito al quinto piano = I live on the fifth floor) ma storey per indicare il numero dei piani di un edificio ( un grattacielo di 55 piani = a 55-storey skyscraper)II ['pjano]sostantivo maschile1) (superficie piana) flat surface; (di tavolo, mobile) top2) (terreno pianeggiante) plain, flat land3) (livello) levelbalzare in primo piano — [notizia, problema] to come to the fore
passare in secondo piano — [persona, problema] to be pushed (in)to the background, to take second place
di primo piano — [personaggio, ruolo] leading; [opera, evento] major
di secondo piano — [personaggio, ruolo, evento] minor
4) cinem. fot. (inquadratura)in primo piano — in close-up, in the foreground
5) (di edificio) floor, storey BE, story AE; (di autobus, aereo) deckprimo piano — first BE o second AE floor
al piano superiore o di sopra upstairs, on the next floor; al piano inferiore o di sotto — downstairs, on the floor below
•piano americano — cinem. thigh shot
piano sequenza — cinem. sequence shot
III ['pjano]piano stradale — roadway, road surface
sostantivo maschile1) (programma) plan, scheme, programme BE, program AE2) (progetto) plan, layout•piano di battaglia — mil. battle map; fig. plan of action
IV ['pjano]piano pensionistico o di pensionamento pension plan; piano regolatore = urban planning regulations; piano di studi — univ. = list of courses that a university student plans to take in a term
* * *piano1/'pjano/2 mat. [geometria, figura] plane3 (semplice) [spiegazione, discorso] plain, clear, simple4 ling. parola -a = word having an accent on the penultimate syllable5 sport cento metri -i hundred metres sprintII avverbio1 (con delicatezza) [partire, frenare] slowly, gently; piano! piano! easy (does it)! steady! vacci piano con il gin! go easy on the gin!3 (lentamente) [avvicinarsi, camminare] slowly; vai più piano! slow down!4 pian(o) piano little by littlechi va piano va sano e va lontano prov. slow and steady wins the race.————————piano2/'pjano/Quando ci si riferisce al piano di un edificio, bisogna ricordare che in inglese britannico piano terra si dice ground floor mentre primo / secondo... piano si traducono first / second... floor. In inglese americano, piano terra si dice invece first floor, cosicché il primo piano sarà second floor ecc. Si ricordi anche che si usa floor per indicare il singolo piano ( abito al quinto piano = I live on the fifth floor) ma storey per indicare il numero dei piani di un edificio ( un grattacielo di 55 piani = a 55-storey skyscraper).sostantivo m.1 (superficie piana) flat surface; (di tavolo, mobile) top2 (terreno pianeggiante) plain, flat land3 (livello) level; mettere due persone sullo stesso piano to put two people on the same level; balzare in primo piano [notizia, problema] to come to the fore; passare in secondo piano [persona, problema] to be pushed (in)to the background, to take second place; di primo piano [personaggio, ruolo] leading; [opera, evento] major; di secondo piano [personaggio, ruolo, evento] minor4 cinem. fot. (inquadratura) primo piano close-up; in primo piano in close-up, in the foreground; secondo piano middle distance5 (di edificio) floor, storey BE, story AE; (di autobus, aereo) deck; primo piano first BE o second AE floor; al piano superiore o di sopra upstairs, on the next floor; al piano inferiore o di sotto downstairs, on the floor belowpiano americano cinem. thigh shot; piano ammezzato mezzanine; piano di cottura hob; piano interrato basement; piano di lavoro worktop; piano sequenza cinem. sequence shot; piano stradale roadway, road surface.————————piano3/'pjano/sostantivo m.1 (programma) plan, scheme, programme BE, program AE; piano quinquennale five-year plan; fare -i to make plans; tutto è andato secondo i -i everything went according to plan2 (progetto) plan, layoutpiano d'azione plan of action; piano di battaglia mil. battle map; fig. plan of action; piano pensionistico o di pensionamento pension plan; piano regolatore = urban planning regulations; piano di studi univ. = list of courses that a university student plans to take in a term.————————piano4/'pjano/ ⇒ 34→ pianoforte. -
67 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
68 Theater, Portuguese
There are two types of theater in Portugal: classical or "serious" theater and light theater, or the Theater of Review, largely the Revistas de Lisboa (Lisbon Reviews). Modern theater, mostly but not exclusively centered in Lisbon, experienced an unfortunate impact from official censorship during the Estado Novo (1926-74). Following laws passed in 1927, the government decreed that, as a cultural activity, any theatrical presentations that were judged "offensive in law, in morality and in decent customs" were prohibited. One consequence that derived from the risk of prohibition was that directors and playwrights began to practice self-censorship. This discouraged liberal and experimental theatrical work, weakened commercial investment in theater, and made employment in much theater a risky business, with indifferent public support.Despite these political obstacles and the usual risks and difficulties of producing live theater in competition first with emerging cinema and then with television (which began in any case only after 1957), some good theatrical work flourished. Two of the century's greatest repertory actresses, Amélia Rey-Colaço (1898-1990) and Maria Matos (1890-1962), put together talented acting companies and performed well-received classical theater. Two periods witnessed a brief diminution of censorship: following World War II (1945-47) and during Prime Minister Marcello Caetano's government (1968-74). Although Portuguese playwrights also produced comedies and dramas, some of the best productions reached the stage under the authorship of foreign playwrights: Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw, Arthur Miller, and others.A major new phase of Portuguese serious theater began in the 1960s, with the staging of challenging plays by playwrights José Cardoso Pires, Luis Sttau Monteiro, and Bernardo Santareno. Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, more funds for experimental theater have become available, and government censorship ceased. As in so much of Western European theater, however, the general public tended to favor not plays with serious content but techno-hits that featured foreign imports, including musicals, or homegrown musicals on familiar themes. Nevertheless, after 1974, the theater scene was enlivened, not only in Lisbon, but also in Oporto, Coimbra, and other cities.The Theater of Review, or light theater, was introduced to Portugal in the 19th century and was based largely on French models. Adapted to the Portuguese scene, the Lisbon reviews featured pageantry, costume, comic skits, music (including the ever popular fado), dance, and slapstick humor and satire. Despite censorship, its heyday occurred actually during the Estado Novo, before 1968. Of all the performing arts, the Lisbon reviews enjoyed the greatest freedom from official political censorship. Certain periods featured more limited censorship, as cited earlier (1945-47 and 1968-74). The main venue of the Theater of Review was located in central Lisbon's Parque Mayer, an amusement park that featured four review theaters: Maria Vitória, Variedades, Capitólio, and ABC.Many actors and stage designers, as well as some musicians, served their apprenticeship in the Lisbon reviews before they moved into film and television. Noted fado singers, the fadistas, and composers plied their trade in Parque Mayer and built popular followings. The subjects of the reviews, often with provocative titles, varied greatly and followed contemporary social, economic, and even political fashion and trends, but audiences especially liked satire directed against convention and custom. If political satire was not passed by the censor in the press or on television, sometimes the Lisbon reviews, by the use of indirection and allegory, could get by with subtle critiques of some personalities in politics and society. A humorous stereotyping of customs of "the people," usually conceived of as Lisbon street people or naive "country bumpkins," was also popular. To a much greater degree than in classical, serious theater, the Lisbon review audiences steadily supported this form of public presentation. But the zenith of this form of theater had been passed by the late 1960s as audiences dwindled, production expenses rose, and film and television offered competition.The hopes that governance under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano would bring a new season of freedom of expression in the light theater or serious theater were dashed by 1970-71, as censorship again bore down. With revolution in the offing, change was in the air, and could be observed in a change of review show title. A Lisbon review show title on the eve of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, was altered from: 'To See, to Hear... and Be Quiet" to the suggestive, "To See, to Hear... and to Talk." The review theater experienced several difficult years after 1980, and virtually ceased to exist in Parque Mayer. In the late 1990s, nevertheless, this traditional form of entertainment underwent a gradual revival. Audiences again began to troop to renovated theater space in the amusement park to enjoy once again new lively and humorous reviews, cast for a new century and applied to Portugal today. -
69 платёж
1) General subject: defrayal, defrayment, paying, payment2) Naval: discharge3) Law: pay5) Accounting: compensation (напр. за услуги)6) Diplomatic term: compensation (за услуги)7) Jargon: Beecham's (I got my Beecham's from the tax people.)8) Investment: settlement -
70 платеж
1) General subject: defrayal, defrayment, paying, payment2) Naval: discharge3) Law: pay5) Accounting: compensation (напр. за услуги)6) Diplomatic term: compensation (за услуги)7) Jargon: Beecham's (I got my Beecham's from the tax people.)8) Investment: settlement -
71 Finanzlast
Finanzlast
financial burden;
• Finanzleute financial world;
• führende Finanzleute finance leaders;
• führende Finanzleute am Platz top local financial people;
• innovative Finanzlösungen innovative financial solutions;
• Finanzlücke überbrücken to bridge a financing gap;
• Finanzmakler loan agent, loanmonger, money (investment) broker, moneylender;
• führender Finanzmann financial leader;
• Finanzmarkt financial (finance) market, (Schweiz) money market;
• einheitlicher Finanzmarkt single financial market;
• transparente Finanzmärkte transparent financial markets;
• Finanzmarktturbulenzen turbulence on the financial markets;
• Finanzmathematik mathematics of finance;
• Finanzmathematiker financial economist;
• Finanzmiete beweglicher Wirtschaftsgüter finance equipment leasing;
• Finanzminister Minister of Finance, Finance Minister, Chancellor of the Exchequer (Br.), Secretary of the Treasury Department (US), Treasury Secretary (US), Treasurer (Australia), revenue minister (Canada);
• Finanzministerium Finance Ministry, Ministry of Finance, Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (Br.), Board of Exchequer (Br.), Treasury [Department] (US), Treasury Board (Br.);
• Finanzmittel financial means, funds;
• Finanzmonopol financial (fiscal) monopoly;
• Finanzoperationen monetary transactions, financial operations;
• Finanzorganisation financial organization;
• Finanzplan [financial] budget, financial program(me);
• Finanzplanung financial planning, budgetary accounting, budgeting;
• mehrjährige Finanzplanung multi-annual financial program(m)ing;
• mittelfristige Finanzplanung medium-term revenue plan;
• Finanzplatz financial centre (Br.) (center, US);
• Finanzpolitik financial (fiscal) policy;
• antizyklische Finanzpolitik compensatory finance;
• extrem defizitäre Finanzpolitik high-deficit financial policy. -
72 destinado
adj.1 destined, bound, appointed, assigned.2 predestined, fated.past part.past participle of spanish verb: destinar.* * *1→ link=destinar destinar► adjetivo1 destined (a, to), bound (a, for)\estar destinado,-a al fracaso to be doomed to failure* * *ADJ1) (Correos, Transportes)¿a quién va destinada la carta? — who is the letter addressed to?
se perdieron todos los paquetes destinados a Madrid — all the parcels for o bound for Madrid were lost
2) [en un trabajo]está destinado en Córdoba — [empleado] he's based in Córdoba; [militar] he's stationed in Córdoba
3)destinado a o para algo — [dinero, fondos, material] set aside for sth
un camión destinado a o para el reparto — a lorry used for deliveries
4)destinado a algo — (=predestinado) destined for sth
5)destinado a algn/algo — (=pensado para) intended for sb/sth, aimed at sb/sth
un libro destinado a los niños — a book intended for o aimed at children
una nueva ley destinada a proteger al menor — a new law intended to protect minors, a new law aimed at protecting minors
6)ir destinado a — (Náut) to be bound for
* * *- da adjetivo1)a) ( predestinado)b) (dirigido, asignado)destinado a alguien — <carta/paquete> addressed to somebody
destinado a algo: las cajas destinadas a Montevideo the boxes for o bound for Montevideo; los aviones destinados a este fin the planes used for this purpose; una política destinada a estrechar estos lazos — a policy aimed at strengthening these links
2)a) < militar>b) <funcionario/diplomático>* * *----* destinado a = destined to, fated to, bound for.* destinado a ahorrar dinero = money-saving.* destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.* estar destinado a = be intended for/to.* * *- da adjetivo1)a) ( predestinado)b) (dirigido, asignado)destinado a alguien — <carta/paquete> addressed to somebody
destinado a algo: las cajas destinadas a Montevideo the boxes for o bound for Montevideo; los aviones destinados a este fin the planes used for this purpose; una política destinada a estrechar estos lazos — a policy aimed at strengthening these links
2)a) < militar>b) <funcionario/diplomático>* * ** destinado a = destined to, fated to, bound for.* destinado a ahorrar dinero = money-saving.* destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.* estar destinado a = be intended for/to.* * *destinado -daA1 (predestinado) destinado A algo destined FOR sthestaba destinado a la vida religiosa he was destined for religious lifedestinado al fracaso destined to failestaba destinado a tener una muerte violenta he was destined to die a violent deathparece que está destinada a sufrir she seems doomed o destined to suffer2 (dirigido, asignado) destinado A algo:las cajas destinadas a Montevideo the boxes for o bound for o being sent to Montevideodos cajas destinadas a nuestras oficinas en León two boxes consigned to o destined for our offices in Leónlos aviones destinados a este fin the planes used for this purposeuna política destinada a estrechar estos lazos a policy aimed at strengthening these linkscomida destinada a ser distribuida entre los refugiados food destined o intended for distribution among the refugeesB1 ‹militar›destinado en Ceuta stationed in Ceuta2 ‹funcionario/diplomático›ahora está destinado en Lima now he's in Lima, he's been posted o sent o assigned to Lima* * *
Del verbo destinar: ( conjugate destinar)
destinado es:
el participio
Multiple Entries:
destinado
destinar
destinado◊ -da adjetivo
1a) ( predestinado):◊ destinado a triunfar/al fracaso destined to succeed/to failb) (dirigido, asignado): destinado a algn ‹carta/paquete› addressed to sb;
‹ víveres› intended for sb;
‹libro/novela› aimed at sb;
los aviones destinados a este fin the planes used for this purpose
2a) ‹ militar›:
b) ‹funcionario/diplomático›:
destinar ( conjugate destinar) verbo transitivo
1 ‹funcionario/militar› to post, send, assign
2 ( asignar un fin):
destinadoon el dinero a la investigación the money was used for research;
destinadoon parte de los fondos a este fin they earmarked part of the funds for this purpose
destinado,-a adj (señalado por el destino) destined, bound: ese hombre está destinado a perder sus oportunidades, that man is doomed to miss every chance
destinar verbo transitivo
1 (apartar para algún fin) to set aside, assign
2 (dar un lugar donde ejercer un trabajo) to post
(dar una función a un trabajador) to appoint
3 (dirigir un envío a alguien) to address
' destinado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
condenada
- condenado
- destinada
- encaminada
- encaminado
- masculina
- masculino
- llamado
English:
allocate
- bound
- intend
- destined
- living
* * *destinado, -a adj1. [predestinado](estar) destinado a algo/hacer algo (to be) destined for sth/to do sth;es una tradición destinada a morir it is a tradition that is on its way out o dying out;un pueblo destinado a luchar a people destined to fight;estar destinado al éxito/fracaso to be destined to succeed/fail[medidas, programa] aimed at;fondos destinados a la lucha contra el cáncer funds allocated to the fight against cancer;un estadio destinado a albergar los próximos Juegos Olímpicos a stadium intended to host the next Olympic Games;una reforma destinada a fomentar la inversión a reform designed to encourage o aimed at encouraging investment[mercancía] bound for4. [con cierto puesto] [funcionario, embajador, militar]está destinado en Colombia he's been posted o sent to Colombia* * *adj1:destinado en MIL stationed in2:3:estar destinado a hacer algo be destined to do sth* * *destinado, -da adj: destined, bound -
73 importe
m.1 price, cost (price).importe total total cost2 total sum, amount, quantity, sum.pres.subj.1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: importar.* * ** * *SM1) (=valor) [de compra, gastos, cheque] amount¿a cuánto asciende el importe de los gastos? — how much do the expenses amount to o come to?
el importe de la recaudación — (Cine, Teat) box office takings pl ; (Dep) gate receipts pl
un préstamo por importe de 10.000 euros — a loan to the value of 10,000 euros
2) (=coste) cost* * *a) (de factura, letra) amountel importe total — the full o total amount
b) ( costo) costel importe de la matrícula es... — the registration fee is...
* * *= amount, amount due.Ex. Certain processes in a library, such as circulation and reference, are directly related to the amount of personnel.Ex. The minimum amount due is the amount you are required to pay to keep your account in good credit standing.----* devolución del importe = cash refund.* devolver el importe = refund + payment.* importe a pagar = amount payable, amount due.* * *a) (de factura, letra) amountel importe total — the full o total amount
b) ( costo) costel importe de la matrícula es... — the registration fee is...
* * *= amount, amount due.Ex: Certain processes in a library, such as circulation and reference, are directly related to the amount of personnel.
Ex: The minimum amount due is the amount you are required to pay to keep your account in good credit standing.* devolución del importe = cash refund.* devolver el importe = refund + payment.* importe a pagar = amount payable, amount due.* * *1 (monto) amount135.000 pesos, importe a que asciende nuestra factura No. 8723 135,000 pesos, the amount shown on our invoice No. 8723rogamos abonen de inmediato el importe total de estas letras we request immediate payment of the total sum o the total amount corresponding to these billssi no queda satisfecho le devolvemos el importe de su compra if you are not satisfied we will refund the purchase price2 (costo) costel importe de la matrícula es de 4.000 pesos the registration fee is 4,000 pesos* * *
Del verbo importar: ( conjugate importar)
importé es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
importe es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
importar
importe
importar ( conjugate importar) verbo intransitivo
◊ no importa quién lo haga it doesn't matter o it makes no difference who does it;
lo que importa es que te recuperes the important thing is for you to get better;
no me importa lo que piense I don't care what he thinks;
¿a mí qué me importa? what do I care?;
¿a ti qué te importa? what business is it of yours?;
yo no le importo I don't mean a thing to him;
me importa un bledo or un comino or un pepino or un rábano (fam) I couldn't care less, I don't give a damn (colloq);
meterse en lo que no le importa (fam) to poke one's nose into other people's business (colloq);
no te metas en lo que no te importa mind your own business!b) ( molestar):
no me importa que me llame a casa I don't mind him calling me at home
verbo transitivo (Com, Fin) ‹ productos› to import
importe sustantivo masculino
◊ el importe total the full o total amount;
el importe de la compra the purchase price
importar
I verbo intransitivo
1 (tener valor o interés) to be important, matter: eso es lo único que importa, that's all that matters
me importa mucho tu salud, your health really matters to me
no importa, it doesn't matter
2 (incumbir) eso no les importa a los vecinos, that doesn't concern the neighbours
y a ti, ¿qué te importa?, and what business is it of yours?
3 (estorbar, disgustar) to mind: ¿le importaría deletrearlo?, would you mind spelling it?
no le importa cocinar todos los días, he doesn't mind cooking every day
¿te importa si abro la ventana?, do you mind if open the window? ➣ Ver nota en mind
II vtr Fin Inform to import
♦ Locuciones: familiar me importa un bledo/pepino/pimiento/ rábano, I couldn't care less
importe m Com Fin amount, total
' importe' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
parecer
- peaje
- total
English:
amount
- sum
- do
- not
* * *importe nmamount;un cheque por un importe de dos millones a cheque to the amount of two million;ayudas por un importe cercano a los 5.000 millones aid totalling almost 5,000 million;una inversión por un importe máximo de 100 millones a maximum investment of 100 million* * *m2 ( coste) cost* * *importe nm1) : price, cost2) : sum, amount* * *importe n1. (cantidad) amount2. (coste) cost -
74 compañía
f.1 company, enterprise, business, association.2 visitor, visitant.3 companionship, fellowship, company.4 company, small body of troops.* * *1 company\en compañía de in the company ofhacer compañía a alguien to keep somebody companycompañía de seguros insurance companycompañía de teatro theatre (US theater) companymalas compañías bad company sing* * *noun f.* * *SF1) [gen] companyen compañía de — with, accompanied by, in the company of
pasé la tarde en compañía de unos amigos — I spent the afternoon with o frm in the company of some friends
andar en malas compañías, frecuentar malas compañías — to keep bad company
2) (Com, Teat, Rel) company3) (Mil) company* * *1)a) ( acompañamiento) company2) ( empresa) company, firm3) (Mil) company•* * *1)a) ( acompañamiento) company2) ( empresa) company, firm3) (Mil) company•* * *compañía11 = company, ship, outfit.Ex: Among the companies offering 'Mice' are Microsoft, Vision and Apple, but more are anticipated.
Ex: English companionships (or ships as they were usually called) were first described in Stower's manual of 1808.Ex: The author compares the advantages and disadvantages of buying from the larger established companies and smaller outfits.* autorizado por la compañía = company-approved.* compañía aérea = airline, airline carrier.* compañía aérea barata = low-cost airline.* compañía aseguradora = insurer.* compañía aseguradora de vida = life-insurance company.* compañía cibernética = dot-com [dot.com].* compañía cinematográfica = film production company.* compañía comercial = business firm.* compañía con solera = mature company.* compañía de baile = dance company.* compañía de compra por alquiler = hire-purchase company.* compañía de confección de ropa = clothing company.* compañía de correos, teléfonos y telecomunicaciones = PTT (Posts, Telephones and Telecommunications).* compañía de danza = dance company.* compañía dedicada a la información = information company.* compañía de electricidad = power company.* compañía de fusileros = rifle company.* Compañía de Jesús, la = Society of Jesus, the.* compañía de música rock = rock company.* compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].* compañía de radio televisión = broadcaster.* compañía de ropa = clothing company.* compañía de seguros = insurance company, insurer.* compañía de seguros de vida = life-insurance company.* compañía de suministro de energía = energy company.* Compañía de Telecomunicaciones Británica = British Telecom (BT).* Compañía de Telecomunicaciones Británica (BT) = British Telecom (BT).* compañía de teléfonos = telephone company.* compañía de televisión = television company.* compañía de televisión por cable = cable company.* compañía de viajes = travel company.* compañía de vuelos chárter = charter airline.* compañía discográfica = record company, record label, music company.* compañía eléctrica = power company.* compañía embotelladora = bottler.* compañía en Internet = dot-com [dot.com].* compañía farmacéutica = pharmaceutical company.* compañía hipotecaria = mortgage company.* compañía industrial = industrial firm.* compañía inmobiliaria = real estate company.* compañía minera = mining company.* compañía naviera = shipping company.* compañía pretrolera = oil company.* compañía privada = private company.* compañía publicitaria = advertising firm.* compañía suministradora de agua = water authority, water board.* compañía suministradora de agua = water company.* compra de una compañía por otra = corporate takeover.* empleado de la compañía suministradora de agua = water board engineer.* nombre de compañía = company name.* oferta de compra de una compañía por otra = takeover bid.* sistema de compañías = companionship system.compañía22 = companionship.Nota: Asociación de compositores que surgió en el siglo XIX para realizar trabajos de composición en cooperación y dirigida por un 'capataz' (clickler) y cuyos miembros se denominaban 'compañeros' (companions). Véase ship para otras entradas acabadas con este sufijo.Ex: A companionship was a team of piecework compositors, led by one of their number, who co-operated in the setting of a book and submitted a single bill for the work, the proceeds of which were then divided amongst themselves.
* buena compañía = good company.* dos son compañía, tres multitud = two is a company, three is a crowd.* en buena compañía = in good company.* mala compañía = bad apple, rotten apple, damaged goods.* servicio de compañía = escort service.* * *A1 (acompañamiento) companyllegó en compañía de sus abogados he arrived accompanied by his lawyersel gato me hace mucha compañía the cat keeps me company, the cat is good company for meme quedé un rato para hacerle compañía I stayed a while to keep him companyRosario y compañía, esto es un examen ( fam hum); Rosario and co., this is an exam ( colloq hum)(amistades): trata de evitar las malas compañías be careful of the company you keepse dejó llevar por las malas compañías he fell in with the wrong kind of peopleB (empresa) company, firm[ S ] Muñoz y Compañía Muñoz and Co.Compuestos:water companyelectricity company( AmL); front companygas companyregistered companyinsurance companysoftware housefront companyC ( Mil) companyD ( Teatr) companyla actriz formó su propia compañía the actress formed her own companyCompuestos:repertory companytheater* companyE(agrupación): una compañía religiosa a religious societyCompuesto:Society of Jesus* * *
compañía sustantivo femenino
1 ( acompañamiento) company;
hacerle compañía a algn to keep sb company;
andar en malas compañías to keep bad company
2 ( empresa) company, firm;
compañía de teatro theater( conjugate theater) company;
( on signs) Muñoz y Compañía Muñoz and Co.
<s3 num="3"> (Mil) company</s3>
compañía sustantivo femenino
1 company
hacer compañía (a alguien), to keep sb company
2 Mil company
3 (empresa) company
compañía de baile, dance company
' compañía' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
Cía
- con
- corte
- discográfica
- discográfico
- gustar
- itinerante
- lema
- perra
- perro
- petrolera
- petrolero
- primera
- primero
- socia
- socio
- sola
- solitaria
- solitario
- solo
- acompañar
- asegurador
- Cía.
- constituir
- empresa
- filial
- ingreso
- íngrimo
- pérdida
- presidencia
- presidente
- presidir
- ruina
- sede
- trato
English:
ABC
- acquire
- action
- after-care
- answering service
- antiaging
- appropriate
- atomize
- attrition rate
- audit
- bankruptcy
- base
- BBC
- board
- busline
- company
- conception
- directive
- disconnect
- dissolution
- dividend
- drastic
- enjoyable
- entail
- enterprise
- equalize
- exercise
- export
- flourish
- focus
- fold
- forefront
- fourteenth
- freeze
- funnel
- go under
- gofer
- greyhound
- guideline
- insurance company
- keep
- lion
- list
- manufacturer
- market
- misuse
- overseas
- public
- society
- troop
* * *compañía nf1. [cercanía] company;en compañía de accompanied by, in the company of;hacer compañía a alguien to keep sb company2. [acompañante] company;andar en malas compañías to keep bad company;ahora tienen compañía, volveré más tarde they've got company just now, I'll come back later;¿quiénes han sido? – Fernando y compañía, como de costumbre who was it? – Fernando and co., as usual3. [empresa] company;Fernández y Compañía Fernández and Companycompañía aérea airline;compañía discográfica record company;compañía eléctrica electricity company;compañía naviera shipping company;compañía petrolera oil company;compañía de seguros insurance company;compañía telefónica telephone company4. [de teatro, danza] companyCompañía Nacional de Danza National Dance Company;compañía de repertorio repertory company5. [en ejército] company6. la Compañía de Jesús the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits* * *f company;en compañía de with, in the company of;hacer compañía a alguien keep s.o. company;malas compañías pl bad company sg* * *compañía nf1) : companyllegó en compañía de su madre: he arrived with his mother2) empresa, firma: firm, company* * * -
75 empleo
m.1 use (uso).2 employment (trabajo).estar sin empleo to be out of workoficina de empleo ? job centerpleno empleo full employmentempleo compartido job sharingempleo comunitario community serviceempleo juvenil youth employment3 job, employment, occupation, post.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: emplear.* * *1 (trabajo) occupation, job2 PLÍTICA employment3 (uso) use\sin empleo unemployed, out of work, joblessempleo juvenil youth employment* * *noun m.1) employment2) use, usage* * *SM1) (=uso) use; [de tiempo] spending; (Com) investment2) (=trabajo) employment, workoficina de empleo — ≈ employment agency
3) (=puesto) job, postbuscar un empleo — to look for a job, seek employment
* * *1)a) ( trabajo) employmentb) ( puesto) job2) ( uso) use* * *1)a) ( trabajo) employmentb) ( puesto) job2) ( uso) use* * *empleo11 = employment.Ex: Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.
* antes de conseguir empleo = preappointment.* anuncio de empleo = job advertisement.* buscador de empleo = job applicant, job seeker.* buscar empleo = seek + employment.* búsqueda de empleo = job searching, job hunting.* centro de ayuda al empleo = job-help centre.* creación de empleo = job creation.* después de conseguir empleo = postappointment.* empleo atípico = atypical employment.* empleo ilegal = illegal work.* empleo irregular = irregular employment.* empleo precario = precarious employment.* feria del empleo = job fair, career fair.* hacer que Alguien pierda el empleo = put + Nombre + out of work.* oferta de empleo = career opportunity, job vacancy, job opportunities, job placement, career option, employment opportunity.* oficina de empleo = employment centre, employment bureau, job centre, labour exchange.* segregación en el empleo = job segregation, employment segregation.* seguridad en el empleo = employment protection and safety.* sin empleo = jobless.* solicitante de empleo = job applicant.* solicitud de empleo = job application.* tener un segundo empleo = moonlight, work + a second job.empleo2= exercise, employment, use, usage, utilisation [utilization, -USA].Ex: A poorly structured scheme requires the exercise of a good deal of initiative on the part of the indexer in order to overcome or avoid the poor structure.
Ex: Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.Ex: Systematic mnemonics is the use of the same notation for a given topic wherever that topic occurs.Ex: Changes in usage of terms over time can also present problems = Los cambios en el uso de los términos con el transcurso del tiempo también pueden presentar problemas.Ex: On occasions it is necessary to adopt an order or arrangement which leads to the efficient utilisation of space.* * *A1 (trabajo) employmentla creación de empleo the creation of employment o of jobsun crecimiento del empleo an increase in the number of people in employment2 (puesto) jobtiene un buen empleo she has a good jobestá sin empleo she's out of workha sido suspendido de empleo y sueldo he has been suspended without payCompuesto:community workB (uso) use[ S ] modo de empleo instructions for use* * *
Del verbo emplear: ( conjugate emplear)
empleo es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
empleó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
emplear
empleo
emplear ( conjugate emplear) verbo transitivo
1
2 ( usar) ‹energía/imaginación/material› to use
emplearse verbo pronominal (esp AmL) to get a job
empleo sustantivo masculino
1
2 ( uso) use;
( on signs) modo de empleo instructions for use
emplear verbo transitivo
1 (utilizar) to use
(esfuerzo, tiempo) to spend: empleó varias horas en terminar el dibujo, it took him a few hours to finish the picture
2 (a un trabajador) to employ
empleo sustantivo masculino
1 (trabajo asalariado) job
estar sin empleo, to be unemployed
Pol employment
2 (utilización) use
modo de empleo, instructions for use
' empleo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
candidata
- candidato
- colocar
- colocación
- costar
- emplear
- fichar
- función
- incorporarse
- INEM
- informe
- jugarse
- oferta
- oficina
- puesta
- puesto
- rebajar
- recomendación
- regulación
- rumbo
- seguridad
- suspensión
- trabajo
- vacante
- bolsa
- cazar
- cesante
- chamba
- concursante
- conseguir
- futuro
- mierda
- modo
- ocupación
- ofrecer
- pega
- solicitar
- ubicar
- varado
English:
analyst
- antidepressant
- begin
- debate
- direction
- ease
- employment
- engage
- in
- instruction
- instrumental
- job
- job centre
- job hunting
- job seeker
- knowledge
- moonlight
- resign
- risk
- seasonal
- situation
- steady-job
- stop
- try
- use
- work
- employ
- full
* * *empleo nm1. [uso] use;modo de empleo instructions for use2. [trabajo] employment;la precariedad del empleo job insecurityempleo comunitario community service;empleo juvenil youth employment;empleo temporal temporary employment3. [puesto] job;un empleo de oficinista an office job;estar sin empleo to be out of work;estar suspendido de empleo y sueldo to be suspended without pay4. Mil rank* * *m1 employment;crear empleo create employment o jobs;plan de empleo employment plan;pleno empleo full employment2 ( puesto) job3 ( uso) use;modo de empleo instructions for use pl, directions pl* * *empleo nm1) ocupación: employment, occupation, job2) : use, usage* * *empleo n1. (puesto de trabajo) job2. (trabajo) employment3. (uso) use -
76 fuerte
adj.1 strong (persona, viento).un medicamento muy fuerte a very powerful medicine2 heavy (food) (pesado).3 loud (alto) (sonido).está demasiado fuerte it's on too loud4 tight (nudo).5 strong.es una empresa fuerte en el sector the company's strong in this sectoruna moneda fuerte a strong currency6 large, considerable (grande) (cantidad).una fuerte presencia de artistas europeos a large contingent of European artistsadv.1 hard (intensamente).2 a lot (abundantemente) (comer).3 loudly.4 strong.m.1 fort.2 strong point, forte (punto fuerte).su fuerte son las matemáticas mathematics is his forte3 fortress, fort, bastille, fortification.* * *► adjetivo1 (gen) strong2 (en asignatura) strong, good5 (dolor, enfermedad) severe, bad6 (golpe) hard, heavy7 (sonido) loud9 (discusión) heated, violent; (protesta) violent, vigorous; (polémica) bitter; (aplauso) loud, thunderous10 (presión) intense; (influencia) powerful, strong11 (suma de dinero) large12 (comida - pesado) heavy; (- cargado) rich13 (color) intense14 (contraste) marked, sharp; (tendency) strong, marked15 (cosa fija) stiff, tight16 familiar (terrible) awful1 (fortificación) fort2 (punto fuerte) forte, strong point► adverbio1 (mucho) a lot2 (con fuerza) hard3 (volumen) loud\¡abrázame fuerte! hold me tight!estar fuerte en algo to be good at something¡habla más fuerte! speak up!* * *1. adv.1) hard2) loudly2. adj.1) strong2) loud3. noun m.* * *1. ADJ1) [persona]a) [físicamente] [gen] strong; (=robusto) sturdy, powerfully built; euf (=obeso) largeb) [emocionalmente] strong, toughhemos de ser fuertes ante la adversidad — we must be strong o tough in the face of adversity
c)estar fuerte en filosofía/historia — [estudiante] to be strong in philosophy/history
2) (=intenso)a) [sabor, olor, viento] strong; [dolor, calor] intense; [lluvia] heavy; [ejercicio] strenuousb) [explosión, voz, ruido] loud; [golpe] heavy, hard; [acento] strong, thickc) [color] (=no pálido) strong; (=llamativo) brightd) [impresión] strong, powerful; [deseo] strong, deep; [fe, objeción] strong; [discusión] heatede) [abrazo, beso] bigun beso muy fuerte — [en cartas] lots of love
un fuerte abrazo, Carmen — best wishes, Carmen; [más cariñoso] love, Carmen
3) [bebida, medicamento] strong; [comida] (=pesada) heavy; (=indigesta) indigestiblenunca toma cosas fuertes, solo cerveza y vino — he never drinks spirits o the hard stuff *, just beer and wine
4) (=resistente) [cuerda, tela] strong; [economía, moneda, país] strong5) (=importante) [aumento, bajada] sharp; [crisis] serious, severe; [pérdidas] large, substantial6) (=impactante) [escena] shocking, disturbingme dijo cosas muy fuertes que no podría repetir ahora — she said some harsh o nasty * things that I couldn't repeat now
-lo llamó a la oficina y lo despidió en el acto -¡qué fuerte! — * "he called him at the office and fired him there and then" - "that's outrageous o appalling!"
7)hacerse fuerte — (=protegerse) to hole up; (=volverse fuerte) to gain strength
8) [terreno] rough, difficultser o estar fuerte a algo — to stink of sth
2. ADV1) (=con fuerza) [golpear] hard; [abrazar] tight, tightlyla editorial ha apostado fuerte por los nuevos poetas — the publishing house is backing new poets in a big way
jugar fuerte — (lit) to gamble heavily; (fig) to take a gamble
2) (=en voz alta) [hablar, tocar] loud, loudlytoca muy fuerte — she plays very loud o loudly
¡más fuerte! ¡que no se le oye aquí atrás! — speak up! we can't hear at the back
3) (=gran cantidad)3. SM1) (Mil) fort2) (Mús) forte3) (=especialidad) forte, strong pointel canto no es mi fuerte — singing is not my forte o strong point
4) Chile (=bebida) hard liquor, hard stuff ** * *I1) < persona>a) ( físicamente) stronges un hombre fuertísimo or fortísimo — he's an exeptionally strong man
b) ( moralmente) stronghacerse fuerte — to pull oneself together
c) ( en asignatura) strongno estoy muy fuerte en ese tema/en física — I'm not very strong on that topic/in physics (colloq)
2) ( resistente) <tela/cuerda> strong3)un fuerte golpe — a heavy o hard blow
c) <abrazo/beso> big4) < ruido> loud5)a) <olor/sabor> strongb) <licor/medicina> strongc) < comida> heavy6) < acento> strong, thickme dijo que era un inútil - qué fuerte! — (fam) he said I was useless - that's a bit much (AmE) o (BrE) a bit over the top!
8)a) ( poderoso) <nación/empresa/equipo> strongb) < moneda> strongc) ( importante)9) (Ling) < vocal> stressedII1) <golpear/empujar> hard; <agarrar/apretar> tightly; < llover> heavily2) < hablar> loudly3) ( mucho)4) <jugar/apostar> heavilyIII1) (Mil) fort2) ( especialidad) strong point, forte* * *I1) < persona>a) ( físicamente) stronges un hombre fuertísimo or fortísimo — he's an exeptionally strong man
b) ( moralmente) stronghacerse fuerte — to pull oneself together
c) ( en asignatura) strongno estoy muy fuerte en ese tema/en física — I'm not very strong on that topic/in physics (colloq)
2) ( resistente) <tela/cuerda> strong3)un fuerte golpe — a heavy o hard blow
c) <abrazo/beso> big4) < ruido> loud5)a) <olor/sabor> strongb) <licor/medicina> strongc) < comida> heavy6) < acento> strong, thickme dijo que era un inútil - qué fuerte! — (fam) he said I was useless - that's a bit much (AmE) o (BrE) a bit over the top!
8)a) ( poderoso) <nación/empresa/equipo> strongb) < moneda> strongc) ( importante)9) (Ling) < vocal> stressedII1) <golpear/empujar> hard; <agarrar/apretar> tightly; < llover> heavily2) < hablar> loudly3) ( mucho)4) <jugar/apostar> heavilyIII1) (Mil) fort2) ( especialidad) strong point, forte* * *fuerte11 = fort (ft).Ex: Had he consulted an Indian history, he would have found, for instance, that what the Britannica called the Fort Phil Kearney massacre the Indians call the 'Battle of the Hundred Slain'.
* defender el fuerte = hold + the fortress.fuerte22 = robust, strong [stronger -comp., strongest -sup.], sturdy [sturdier -comp., sturdiest -sup.], loud [louder -comp., loudest -sup.], hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.], tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], forte, brawny [brawnier -comp., brawniest -sup.], buoyant, hard-wearing, strong point, nippy [nippier -comp., nippiest -sup.].Ex: Although microcomputers are relatively robust, they do not take kindly to frequent moves from one location to another, particularly on wheeled trollies.
Ex: In fact, the 1979 index figures show a strong contrast between the hardback and paperback turnovers, with the hardback market being down and the paperback market up.Ex: Here came every sort of human ingredient -- sturdy homesteaders, skilled craftsmen, precious scoundrels.Ex: Visitors would be surprised by the loud creaking and groaning of the presses as the timbers gave and rubbed against each other.Ex: This new font had increased contrast and x-height in the lower case and a hefty set of capitals = Este nuevo tipo de letra había aumentado el contraste y el ojo medio de las minúsculas y las mayúsculas eran voluminosas.Ex: The platen was lashed up tight to the toe of the spindle by cords which connected hooks at its four corners to another set of hooks at the four lower corners of the hose.Ex: Statistical analysis has long been a forte of sociological & social research.Ex: This revolutionary syndicalist union consistently supported the most downtrodden & oppressed, & encouraged a cult of the unspoiled, heroic brawny proletarian with raw courage & 'natural' virtues.Ex: The foreign relations of the Community will probably remain a buoyant area.Ex: The manufacturers of this type of artificial turf say that while the grass is soft and springy underfoot it is extremely tough and hard-wearing.Ex: One of the strong points of the DIALOG service is the documentation.Ex: Blend cream cheese with prepared horseradish for a nippy taste.* amarillo fuerte = bright yellow.* andar pisando fuerte = go from + strength to strength, make + a big impact.* apretar fuerte = bear down on.* bebida alcohólica fuerte = hard drink, hard liquor.* caja fuerte = safe, safety deposit box.* combinación de la caja fuerte = safe code, safe combination.* con fuertes aspiraciones profesionales = upward-mobile.* dar fuerte = pack + a wallop.* delgado y fuerte = wiry.* demasiado fuerte = over-strong.* de olor fuerte = strong-smelling.* fuerte como un roble = as strong as an ox.* fuerte como un toro = as strong as an ox.* fuertes lluvias = heavy rain.* fuerte viento = strong wind.* golpear fuerte = wallop, whack.* golpe fuerte = whack.* hacer más fuerte = toughen.* hacerse más fuerte = gain in + strength, grow in + strength.* iluminación fuerte = task lighting.* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.* mar fuerte = heavy sea.* más fuerte que un roble = as strong as an ox.* más fuerte que un toro = as strong as an ox.* naranja fuerte = bright orange.* olor fuerte y penetrante = tang.* pegar fuerte = pack + a wallop.* pisar fuerte = go from + strength to strength, make + a big impact, stomp.* plato fuerte = main dish, strong point, entrée, main entrée.* poner más fuerte = crank up.* punto fuerte = strength.* sabor fuerte y penetrante = tang.* supervivencia del más fuerte = survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.* tener una personalidad muy fuerte = be full of character.* tener un carácter muy fuerte = be full of character.* un fuerte sentimiento de = a strong sense of.* viento fuerte = high wind.fuerte33 = tangy [tangier - comp., tangiest -sup.].Ex: The most boring meal can be pepped up with spicy and tangy herbs.
* * *A ‹persona›1 (físicamente) strongnunca ha sido muy fuerte he has never been very stronges un hombre fuertísimo or fortísimo he's an exceptionally strong mande complexión fuerte well-built2 (moralmente) stronghacerse fuerte to pull oneself together3 (en una asignatura) strongno estoy muy fuerte en ese tema I'm not very strong on o well up on that topic ( colloq)anda muy fuerte en física he's doing very well in physicsB (resistente) ‹tela/cuerda› stronguna caja bien fuerte a good, sturdy o strong boxuna valla alta y fuerte a tall, sturdy o strong fenceC1 ‹viento› strong; ‹terremoto› severe; ‹lluvia/nevada› heavy2 ‹dolor› intense, bad; ‹resfriado› badun fuerte golpe a heavy o hard blowreinaba un fuerte nerviosismo tension was high3 ‹abrazo/beso› bigD ‹ruido› loudla radio está muy fuerte, bájale el volumen the radio's too loud, turn it downE1 ‹olor/sabor› strong2 ‹licor› strong; ‹medicina› strong3 ‹comida› heavyF ‹acento› strong, thickG(violento): tiene escenas muy fuertes it has some very shocking o disturbing scenesme dijo que no valía para nada — ¡qué fuerte! ( fam); he said I was absolutely useless — strong o harsh words!tuvieron una discusión fortísima or fuertísima they had a violent o heated argumentH1 (poderoso) ‹nación/empresa/equipo› stronges algo más fuerte que yo, no puedo dejar de hacerlo it's stronger than I am, I can't stop o give it up2 ‹moneda› strong3(importante): una fuerte suma de dinero a large sum of moneyun fuerte contingente de la policía a strong police contingentun fuerte incremento de precio a sharp price increasele recetó una fuerte dosis de analgésicos she prescribed a heavy dose of painkillersI ( Ling) ‹vocal› stressedJes fuerte de patas his feet stink ( colloq)A ‹golpear/empujar› hard; ‹agarrar/apretar› tightly; ‹llover› heavilyuna canción que está pegando fuerte a song that's a big hit at the momentB ‹hablar› loudlypon la radio más fuerte turn the radio uphable más fuerte speak upC(abundantemente): desayunar fuerte to have a big breakfastD ‹jugar/apostar› heavilyA ( Mil) fortB (especialidad) strong point, forte* * *
fuerte adjetivo
1 ( en general) strong;◊ un equipo/una cuerda fuerte a strong team/rope
2
‹ terremoto› severe;
‹lluvia/nevada› heavy
‹ golpe› heavy;
‹ resfriado› bad;
‹abrazo/beso› big
‹comida/dosis› heavy
3 ( violento) ‹ discusión› violent, heated;
‹película/escena› shocking
■ adverbio
1 ‹golpear/empujar› hard;
‹agarrar/apretar› tightly;
‹ llover› heavily
2 ‹ hablar› loudly;
habla más fuerte speak up
■ sustantivo masculinoa) (Mil) fort
fuerte
I adjetivo
1 strong
2 (intenso) (dolor) severe
(color) intense
3 (excesivo) strong
(comida) heavy: el café es muy fuerte para la niña, coffee is too strong for the child
4 (volumen) loud
5 (impactante) (escenas) violent, grisly
(comentarios) serious
II sustantivo masculino
1 (fortificación) fort
2 (punto fuerte) forte, strong point
III adv (con fuerza, con violencia) hard: el viento sopla fuerte, the wind is blowing hard
(con intensidad, apretadamente) tight: ¡agárrate fuerte!, hold on tight!
(en cantidad) tienes que desayunar fuerte, you have to have a good breakfast
(más alto) louder: ¡habla más fuerte!, speak up!
' fuerte' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- acento
- agarrarse
- animal
- caja
- campeonato
- conmoción
- débil
- diezmar
- dirigir
- espanto
- estirón
- férrea
- férreo
- frágil
- fulminante
- grande
- hacer
- opresión
- pisar
- plato
- relumbrón
- resistente
- reventar
- sacudida
- suave
- sujetar
- tirón
- torta
- tortazo
- trompazo
- viento
- abrazar
- agarrar
- apariencia
- bajón
- caer
- carácter
- codazo
- combinación
- comida
- constitución
- crecida
- dispositivo
- estridente
- fortín
- golpe
- impulso
- indignación
- indignado
English:
A
- agony
- ale
- aloud
- backbone
- bad
- balance
- bang
- bash
- beat down
- best
- blare
- bond
- boo
- break into
- burly
- crack
- dish
- fluid
- forte
- fresh
- fuck
- great
- grip
- hard
- hard currency
- heady
- heavy
- high
- highlight
- hold
- hold on
- hug
- iron
- keen
- liaison
- loud
- lung
- must
- point
- potent
- powerful
- press
- resilient
- robust
- rugged
- safe
- sing up
- slight
- slog
* * *♦ adj1. [persona] [físicamente] strong;estar fuerte como un roble to be as strong as an ox2. [persona] [psicológicamente] strong;tiene un carácter muy fuerte she has a strong character3.Fighacerse fuerte en Mil to make one's stronghold in;el equipo se hizo fuerte en su área the team fell back into their own half4. [material] strong;necesito un tejido fuerte I need a strong material5. [viento] strong;[lluvia] heavy6. [intenso] [frío, dolor, color] intense;[golpe, pelea] hard7. [medicamento] powerful8. [influyente, sólido] strong;es una empresa fuerte en el sector the company's strong in this sector;una moneda fuerte a strong currency;fuertes razones powerful reasons9. [violento, impactante] powerful, shocking;lenguaje fuerte strong language;un chiste fuerte a crude joke;algunas de las escenas son muy fuertes some of the scenes are very shocking10. [grande] large, considerable;una fuerte cantidad de dinero a large o considerable amount of money;una fuerte presencia de artistas caribeños a large contingent of Caribbean artists11. [comida] [pesado] heavy;[picante] hot12. [nudo] tight13. [sílaba] accented, stressed14. [vocal] strong16. [alto] [sonido] loud;la televisión está demasiado fuerte the television is on too loud¡qué fuerte! [fabuloso] wow!, amazing!;[terrible] how awful!, oh no!;…y después me insultó – ¡qué fuerte! …and then he insulted me – that's awful o terrible!♦ adv1. [intensamente] hard;[abrazar, agarrar] tight;está nevando fuerte it's snowing hard o heavily;lo ató bien fuerte she tied it tight;chuta fuerte he has a powerful kick2. [abundantemente] a lot;en España se suele almorzar fuerte in Spain, people usually have a big meal at lunchtime3. [en voz alta] loudly;¿podría hablar más fuerte? could you speak louder?♦ nm1. [fortificación] fort2. [especialidad] strong point, forte;su fuerte son las matemáticas mathematics is his forte* * *I adj1 strong3 aumento sharp4 ruido loud5:estoy fuerte en idiomas I’m good at languages6 fig popincredible fam ;¡qué fuerte!, ¡esto es muy fuerte! fam God, this is awful! famII adv hard;hablar fuerte speak loudly;jugar fuerte bet heavilyhacerse fuerte dig o.s. in* * *fuerte adv1) : strongly, tightly, hard2) : loudly3) : abundantlyfuerte adj1) : strong2) : intenseun fuerte dolor: an intense pain3) : loud4) : extreme, excessivefuerte nm1) : fort, stronghold2) : forte, strong point* * *fuerte1 adj1. (en general) strong2. (dolor) severe3. (voz, ruido) loud4. (golpe) hard6. (imágenes) violent¡qué fuerte! how awful!fuerte2 adv1. (con fuerza) hard2. (hablar) loud / loudly3. (sujetar) tight4. (comer)fuerte3 n1. (fortificación) fort2. (punto sobresaliente) strong point -
77 valor
intj.cheer up.m.1 value.de valor valuablejoyas por valor de… jewels worth…sin valor worthlesstiene valor sentimental it is of sentimental valuesin el sello oficial carece de o no tiene valor it is not valid without the official sealvalor adquisitivo purchasing powervalor comercial commercial valuevalor nominal face o nominal valuevalor nutritivo nutritional value2 value (math & music).3 importance (importancia).su opinión es de enorme valor para nosotros her opinion is of great value o importance to usdar valor a to give o attach importance toquitar valor a algo to take away from something, to diminish the importance of something4 bravery, courage.armarse de valor to pluck up one's courage5 cheek, nerve (desvergüenza).tener el valor de hacer algo to have the cheek o nerve to do something6 asset, security.* * *1 (valía) value, worth, merit2 (precio) price3 (validez) value4 (importancia) importance5 (coraje) courage, valour (US valor)6 (desvergüenza) cheek, nerve7 (talento) talent8 MATEMÁTICAS value1 FINANZAS securities, bonds2 (principios) values\armarse de valor to pluck up couragedar valor a algo to attach importance to somethingde valor valuablepor el valor de to the value of¡qué valor! what a nerve!quitar valor a algo to reduce the value of somethingsin valor / sin ningún valor worthlessvalor adquisitivo purchasing powervalor alimenticio food value, nutritional valuevalor de mercado market valuevalor nominal (de cheque) face valuevalores en cartera investmentsvalores inmuebles real estate sing* * *noun m.1) value, worth2) courage, heart, nerve•- valores* * *SM1) (Com, Econ) value¿cuál es el valor real de ese cuadro? — what's this painting worth in real terms?, what's the real value of this painting?
un documento de gran valor — a very valuable document, a document of great value
•
de valor — [joya, obra] valuable•
objetos de valor — valuables•
por valor de — to the value ofun cheque por valor de 500 euros — a cheque for the sum of o to the value of 500 euros
ha habido pérdidas por valor de diez millones de euros — there have been losses of ten million euros
valor estrella — blue-chip stock, blue-chip share
valor facial — face value, denomination
2) (=importancia) valueeste anillo tiene un gran valor para mí — this ring means a great deal to me, this ring is very valuable to me
•
dar valor a algo, lo que le da valor musical a este trabajo es su originalidad — it is the originality of this work that gives it its musical worth o value•
quitar valor a algo — to minimize the importance of sthvalor alimenticio — nutritional value, food value
3) pl valoresa) (=principios) valuesescala 1), juicio 3)b) (Econ) (=títulos) securities, stocks, bondsvalores fiduciarios — fiduciary issue [sing], banknotes
valores inmuebles — real estate [sing]
4) (=persona famosa) star5) (=validez) validity•
tener valor — to be valid6) (en una escala) levellas temperaturas han alcanzado valores superiores a los normales — temperatures have reached higher than normal levels
se han medido valores de 80 litros por metro cúbico — levels of 80 litres per cubic metre have been recorded
7) (Mat) value8) (Mús) value9) (=coraje) bravery, courageel valor de los soldados — the bravery o courage of the soldiers
•
armarse de valor — to pluck up (the) courage10) * (=descaro) nerve *¿cómo puedes tener el valor de negarlo? — how do you have the nerve to deny it? *
* * *1)a) (Com, Fin) valuelibros por valor de $150 — books to the value of $150
droga por (un) valor de... — drugs worth o with a value of...
b) (importancia, mérito) value¿qué valor tiene si lo copió? — what merit is there in it if he copied it?
c) ( validez) validity2) valores masculino plural (Econ, Fin) securities (pl), stocks (pl), shares (pl)3) ( persona)4) valores masculino plural ( principios morales) values (pl)5) (coraje, valentía) courage6) (fam) (descaro, desvergüenza) nerve (colloq)* * *1)a) (Com, Fin) valuelibros por valor de $150 — books to the value of $150
droga por (un) valor de... — drugs worth o with a value of...
b) (importancia, mérito) value¿qué valor tiene si lo copió? — what merit is there in it if he copied it?
c) ( validez) validity2) valores masculino plural (Econ, Fin) securities (pl), stocks (pl), shares (pl)3) ( persona)4) valores masculino plural ( principios morales) values (pl)5) (coraje, valentía) courage6) (fam) (descaro, desvergüenza) nerve (colloq)* * *valor11 = courage, guts, spunk, bravery.Ex: In this novel the central themes are courage and cowardice and what these are.
Ex: Well, I happened to inherit a full set of Trollope, and I had the guts to throw it out.Ex: In her youth, as in her adult years, she was a person with spunk.Ex: Contributing to the problem are the harsh desert environment, & a society based on patriarchy, in which a code of honor, esprit de corps, & bravery takes precedence over intelligence & culture.* armarse de valor = muster (up) + (the) courage, pluck up + courage, nerve + Reflexivo, gather up + courage.* con valor = valiantly.* demostrar + Posesivo + valor = prove + Posesivo + value, prove + Posesivo + worth, prove + Reflexivo, show + Posesivo + worth, prove + Posesivo + courage.* echar valor = pluck up + courage, muster (up) + (the) courage, gather up + courage.* falta de valor = act of cowardice, lack of courage, lack of backbone.* hacerse de valor = muster (up) + (the) courage.* perder el valor = lose + Posesivo + nerve.* tener el valor = have + the courage.* tener el valor de = have + the guts to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener valor = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.valor22 = attribute value, esteem, value, value, worth, worthiness, goodness.Ex: Others have used possibility distributions for representing fuzzily known or incompletely known attribute values.
Ex: The two cases perhaps indicate the beginning of attitudinal changes in awards administrators which will give parity of esteem to information-driven programmes.Ex: A good initial value for this field will start the system off with a good guess so that claims for missing issues are not unreasonable at the beginning.Ex: This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.Ex: The circulation of large numbers of books regardless of their worth to multitudes of people is no better criterion of mental health than is the profitable sale of quack medicines evidence of bodily health.Ex: Another goal of terrorism is to demonstrate to terrorists their own worthiness and thus to claim a sort of moral victory over their enemies.Ex: Measurement in and of itself is neutral and cannot indicate ' goodness' or 'badness' = La medición en sí misma es neutral y no puede indicar lo bueno o malo que algo es.* adición de valor = value adding.* adquirir un valor añadido = take on + added weight.* asignar valor a = attach + value to.* aumentar de valor = increase in + value.* bolsa de valores = stock exchange, stock market, share market.* Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).* cadena de valores = value chain.* carecer de valor = have + a hollow ring.* carente de valor = worthless.* centrado en los valores = value-driven.* código de valores = code of values.* conflicto de valores = conflict of values.* con juicio de valor = value-loaded.* conjunto de valores = set of values.* contabilidad de valores devengados = accrual accounting.* con valores difusos = fuzzy-valued.* conversión en valor monetario = monetisation [monetization, -USA].* convertido en valor monetario = monetised [monetized, -pl.].* convertir en valor monetario = monetise [monetize, -USA].* dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.* dar valor = imbue with + value.* de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.* de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.* de incalculable valor = priceless.* de poco valor = a dime a dozen.* descomposición por valores simples = singular value decomposition.* de valor = of value.* de valor añadido = value-added, value-adding.* de valor equiparable = of comparable worth.* de valor incalculable = invaluable.* disminuir el valor de = belittle.* edificio de valor histórico = heritage-listed building.* emitir un juicio de valor = exercise + value judgment, pass + value judgement.* enfrentamiento de valores = conflict of values.* escala de valores = graded range, set of values.* establecer valores = establish + values.* falta de valor = worthlessness.* forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.* hacer prevaler las ideas y valores de uno mismo = assert + own ideas and values.* hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.* igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de igual valor = equal pay for equal work.* igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for comparable work.* impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA) = value added tax (VAT).* juicio de valor = value judgement.* mercado de valores = stock market, share market.* método del Valor de Discriminación (DV) = Discrimination Value model (DV).* minar los valores tradicionales = undermine + traditional values.* no tener valor = be valueless.* nuevo valor = newcomer.* objeto de valor = valuable.* objeto de valor cultural = cultural valuable.* objetos de valor = valuables.* perder valor = lose + Posesivo + value.* pérdida de valor = devaluation, loss of value.* pez de valor = game fish.* por valor de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.* quitar el valor = render + valueless.* quitar valor = devalue, deflate.* reducir el valor = reduce + value.* regla del valor literal = face value rule.* ser de poco valor = be of little use, be of little value.* ser de un valor especial = be of particular value.* servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).* sin valor = dummy, worthless, valueless, drossy.* sistema de valores = system of values, value system.* sistema de valores personales = personal value system.* sistema de valores sociales = social value system.* tener poco valor = be of little value.* tener un valor especial = be of particular value.* tener valor = count.* valor afectivo del servicio = affect of service.* valor añadido = added benefit, added value.* valor atípico = outlier.* valor característico = eigenvalue.* valor comercial = marketing value, commercial paper.* valor cultural = cultural value.* valor de la novedad = novelty value.* valor de la propiedad = property value.* valor de ley = force of law.* valor de ordenación = filing value.* valor de pertinencia = estimation of relevance.* valor de predicción = predictive power.* valor de retención = retention value.* valor económico = monetary value, economic value, monetary worth.* valor efectivo = cash value.* valores = assets, ethos, equities, equity shares.* valores agregados = value chain.* valores añadidos = value chain.* valores de la bolsa = stock prices, stock market quotations.* valores familiares = family values.* valor específico = weight, weighting.* valores y normas de comportamiento de los miembros de una instutición = corporate culture.* valor ético = ethical value.* valor fundamental = asset.* valor global = overall value.* valor humano = human value.* valor intrínsico = intrinsic worth.* valor máximo = high-water mark.* valor medicinal = medicinal value.* valor medio = midrange, mean value.* valor mínimo = low-water mark.* valor monetario = monetary value, monetary worth.* valor moral = moral value.* valor numérico = numerical value.* valor numérico exacto = crisp value.* valor nutritivo = nutritional value, nutrient value.* valor político = political value.* valor por omisión = default value.* valor positivo = virtue.* valor representativo = eigenvalue.* valor social = social value.* VAN (red de valor añadido) = VAN (value added network).* * *Adio a conocer el verdadero valor del collar he revealed the true value o worth of the necklaceun alijo de droga por (un) valor de 5.000 euros a consignment of drugs worth o with a value of 5,000 euroslibros por valor de $150 books to the value of $150 o $150 worth of booksel valor de las acciones ha bajado the value of the shares has dropped, the shares have fallen in valueno se llevaron ningún objeto de valor they didn't take any valuables o anything valuableenseres de poco valor material things of little material o real value2 (importancia, mérito) valueno tiene ningún valor artístico it has no artistic value o meritvalor sentimental sentimental valuesu palabra tiene un gran valor para mí I set great store by his wordsus promesas no tienen ningún valor her promises are worthlesssi no lleva la firma no tiene ningún valor it's worthless unless it's signed¿qué valor tiene si lo copió? what merit is there in it if he copied it?¿qué valor tiene que se lo sepa de memoria si no lo entiende? what's the use o good of her knowing it by heart if she doesn't understand it?Compuestos:absolute valuepurchasing powerfood o nutritional valuevalue added, added valuevalue recorded in the land registry ( used for calculating property taxes)exchange valuesurrender valueusage o practical valueface valuepar o nominal valuefood o nutritional value( Inf) default valuerelative valueCompuestos:mpl fixed yield securities (pl)mpl variable yield securities (pl)C1 ( Mat) (de una incógnita) value2 ( Mús) (de una nota) value, lengthD(persona): uno de los jóvenes valores de nuestro tenis one of our young tennis starslos nuevos valores de nuestra música our up-and-coming musiciansescala or jerarquía de valores scale of valuesA (coraje, valentía) courageme faltó valor para decírselo I didn't have the courage to tell himhay que tener valor para hacer algo así you have to be brave o it takes courage to do a thing like thatel capitán ensalzó el valor de los soldados the captain praised the soldiers for their bravery o couragearmarse de valor to pluck up courage¡encima tiene el valor de protestar! and then she has the nerve o cheek to complain!, and then she dares to complain!* * *
valor sustantivo masculino
1a) (Com, Fin) value;◊ libros por valor de $150 books to the value of $150;
objetos de valor valuables;
valor adquisitivo purchasing power
2
armarse de valor to pluck up courage
◊ ¡encima tiene el valor de protestar! and then she has the nerve to complain!
3◊ valores sustantivo masculino plural
valor sustantivo masculino
1 (valentía, arrojo) courage, bravery
2 (mérito, importancia, etc) value, worth
(precio) price: ha invertido en joyas por valor de un millón de pesetas, he has invested in a million pesetas' worth of jewels
no le da ningún valor al dinero, he attaches no importance to money
objetos de valor, valuables
sin valor, worthless
3 (vigencia, validez legal) validity
4 Mat Mús value
5 fam (jeta, caradura) cheek: tuvo el valor de preguntarme por ella, he had the nerve to ask me about her
6 Fin valores securities, bonds
7 (éticos) valores, values
♦ Locuciones: armarse de valor: se armó de valor e hizo frente a la agresión, she gathered up her courage and stood up to the aggression
' valor' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
agalla
- alimento
- antigüedad
- armarse
- aumentar
- bagatela
- bastante
- catastral
- conceder
- determinación
- importar
- impuesta
- impuesto
- infundir
- IVA
- juicio
- mérito
- ni
- nominal
- nula
- nulo
- nutritiva
- nutritivo
- oscilación
- oscilante
- ponderar
- preciosa
- precioso
- relativa
- relativo
- relieve
- representar
- reunir
- sanctasanctórum
- tal
- tan
- tres
- valer
- valorar
- valoración
- agallas
- alguno
- aliento
- alimenticio
- anecdótico
- armar
- asignar
- audacia
- bajar
- carecer
English:
absolute
- appreciate
- appreciation
- assess
- assessment
- asset
- attach
- book
- bravery
- cheap
- courage
- denomination
- detract
- equity
- estimate
- everything
- face value
- gain
- grit
- heart
- intrinsic
- invaluable
- nerve
- par
- pluck
- pluck up
- prowess
- replacement value
- rise
- sink
- steel
- street value
- strength
- summon up
- tax
- trash
- underprice
- valuable
- value
- value added tax
- VAT
- worth
- worthless
- worthlessness
- cheapen
- credit
- doubtful
- face
- fail
- go
* * *valor nm1. [precio, utilidad, mérito] value;ha subido el valor del peso frente al dólar the peso has risen against the dollar;tiene valor sentimental it is of sentimental value;tiene más valor arqueológico que artístico it is of more archaeological than artistic value;de (mucho) valor (very) valuable;no había nada de valor en la casa there was nothing of value in the house;joyas por valor de… jewels worth…;sin valor worthless;tener valor [ser valioso] to be valuable;[ser válido] to be valid;tener mucho/poco valor to be very/not very valuableFin valor de los activos asset value; Fin valor actual neto net present value;valor adquisitivo purchasing power;Am Econ valor agregado added value;valor alimenticio food value;Econ valor añadido added value; Fin valor asegurado insured value;valor biológico biological value;valor calórico [de comida] calorific value;valor catastral = value of a property recorded in the land register, Br ≈ rateable value, US ≈ assessed value;valor comercial commercial value;Fin valor contable book price o value;valor de mercado market value;valor nominal face o nominal value;valor nutritivo nutritional value;Fin valor realizable neto net realizable value; Fin valor de reposición replacement value; Fin valor de rescate surrender value2. Mat value3. Mús value4. [importancia] importance;su opinión es de enorme valor para nosotros her opinion is of great value o importance to us;dar valor a to give o attach importance to;quitar valor a algo to take away from sth, to diminish sth5. [valentía] bravery;se necesita valor para hacer una cosa así you need to be brave o it takes courage to do a thing like that;armarse de valor to pluck up one's courage;le eché valor, y le confesé la verdad I plucked up my courage and told her the truth;¡valor y al toro! go for it!6. [desvergüenza] cheek, nerve;¡hace falta valor para decir eso! what a cheek o nerve saying a thing like that!;tener el valor de hacer algo to have the cheek o nerve to do sth7. [personaje]un joven valor del atletismo/teatro an up-and-coming young athlete/actor8.valores en cartera investment portfolio;valores [principios] valuesvalores de crecimiento growth stock;valores inmuebles real estate;valores negociables negotiable securities;valores de renta fija fixed-interest o fixed-income securities;valores de renta variable variable-interest o variable-income securities, equities* * *m1 value;de gran valor very valuable; fig of great worth ovalue;objetos de valor valuables2:3 ( valentía) courage* * *valor nm1) : value, worth, importance2) coraje: courage, valor3) valores nmpl: values, principles4) valores nmpl: securities, bonds5)sin valor : worthless* * *valor n1. (valía) value2. (precio) price¿cuál es el valor de este terreno? how much is this land worth?3. (valentía) courage -
78 producirse
1 to happen* * *VPR1) (=ocurrir) [cambio, efecto] to take place; [accidente, explosión, terremoto] to occur; [guerra, incendio, revolución] to break outa no ser que se produzca un cambio — unless there is a change, unless a change takes place
se produjo un aumento sensible de la demanda de viviendas — there was a significant increase in the demand for houses
2) (=provocarse)[+ herida, fractura]* * *
■producirse vr (un suceso) to take place, happen
' producirse' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
darse
- efectuarse
- dar
- hacer
- producir
English:
develop
- occur
* * *vpr1. [ocurrir]el accidente se produjo a las nueve de la mañana the accident occurred at nine o'clock in the morning;se produjeron disturbios en varias ciudades there were disturbances in several cities;el accidente se produjo por exceso de velocidad the accident was caused by speeding;se produjeron varios heridos several people were injured;tras su intervención se produjo un gran silencio there was a long silence after her speech, a long silence followed her speechfue sancionado por producirse de manera violenta he was banned for violent conduct* * *v/r happen, occur;se produjo un ruido tremendo there was a tremendous noise* * *vr: to take place, to occur* * *producirse vb to occur [pt. & pp. occurred] -
79 revenu
revenu [ʀəv(ə)ny]masculine noun[de particulier, domaine] income uncount (de from ) ; [de capital, investissement] yield (de from, on)► revenu minimum d'insertion minimum welfare payment given to those who are not entitled to unemployment benefit* * *ʀəv(ə)ny, ʀvənyPhrasal Verbs:* * *ʀ(ə)v(ə)ny revenu, -e1. ppSee:2. nm1) (= rémunération) income, [État] revenue2) [capital] yield3. revenus nmpl(= rémunération) income sg* * *1 Fisc ( de personne) income; ( de l'État) revenue ¢; revenu brut/disponible/imposable/annuel gross/disposable/taxable/annual income; avoir de gros revenus to have a large income; être sans revenus to have no income; tirer un revenu de to get an income from; politique des revenus incomes policy; revenus publics or de l'État public ou state revenue;revenu minimum d'insertion, RMI Prot Soc minimum benefit payment; revenu non salarial unearned income; revenu salarial earned income.ⓘ Revenu minimum d'insertion Introduced in 1988, the RMI is an allowance designed to support the poorest members of society by bringing them above the poverty line, but also giving them rights of access to other allowances and social security benefits.[rəvəny] nom masculin1. [rétribution - d'une personne] income (substantif non comptable)elle a de gros/petits revenus she has a large/small incomerevenu par habitant ou par tête per capita income2. [recettes - de l'État] revenuerevenus publics ou de l'État public revenueun investissement produisant un revenu de 7 % an investment with a 7% rate of return[dividende] yield4. [bénéfice] -
80 destiné
destiné, e1 [dεstine]a. ( = prévu pour) destiné à faire qch intended to do sthb. ( = voué à) destiné à qch destined for sth* * *
1.
2.
1) ( prévu)destiné à faire — intended to do, meant to do
2) ( promis)* * *dɛstine adj destiné, -e1) (= promis)être destiné à qch [sort, carrière, avenir] — to be destined for sth
Il était destiné à une brillante carrière. — He was destined for a brilliant career.
2) (= prévu)être destiné à [usage] — to be intended for, to be meant for
3) (= réservé)être destiné à [sort] — to be in store for, [remarque] to be intended for
* * *A pp ⇒ destiner.B pp adj1 ( prévu) destiné à faire intended to do, meant to do; un dispositif destiné à encourager l'investissement a mechanism intended ou meant to encourage investment;2 ( promis) destiné à une belle carrière destined for a successful career; destiné à la rencontrer destined to meet her.C destinée nf destiny; destinée d'un peuple/d'un projet destiny of a people/a project; présider aux destinées d'une entreprise/d'un club to control a company's/club's destiny; prendre en main les destinées du pays to take control of the country's destiny; promis aux plus hautes destinées destined for great things; unir les destinées de nos enfants liter to unite our children; unir sa destinée à qn to marry sb.
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