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introduce+a+new+subject

  • 21 introduce

    [intrə'dju:s]
    1) ((often with to) to make (people) known by name to each other: He introduced the guests (to each other); Let me introduce you to my mother; May I introduce myself? I'm John Brown.) supažindinti, pristatyti
    2) ((often with into) to bring in (something new): Grey squirrels were introduced into Britain from Canada; Why did you introduce such a boring subject (into the conversation)?) įvesti, įvežti, pradėti
    3) (to propose or put forward: He introduced a bill in Parliament for the abolition of income tax.) pasiūlyti
    4) ((with to) to cause (a person) to get to know (a subject etc): Children are introduced to algebra at about the age of eleven.) supažindinti
    •
    - introductory

    English-Lithuanian dictionary > introduce

  • 22 introduce

    v. införa, introducera, föra in; inleda, börja på; presentera sig; föra in
    * * *
    [intrə'dju:s]
    1) ((often with to) to make (people) known by name to each other: He introduced the guests (to each other); Let me introduce you to my mother; May I introduce myself? I'm John Brown.) presentera
    2) ((often with into) to bring in (something new): Grey squirrels were introduced into Britain from Canada; Why did you introduce such a boring subject (into the conversation)?) föra in, introducera
    3) (to propose or put forward: He introduced a bill in Parliament for the abolition of income tax.) framlägga, väcka
    4) ((with to) to cause (a person) to get to know (a subject etc): Children are introduced to algebra at about the age of eleven.) [] stifta bekantskap med
    •
    - introductory

    English-Swedish dictionary > introduce

  • 23 introduce

    [intrə'dju:s]
    1) ((often with to) to make (people) known by name to each other: He introduced the guests (to each other); Let me introduce you to my mother; May I introduce myself? I'm John Brown.) představit
    2) ((often with into) to bring in (something new): Grey squirrels were introduced into Britain from Canada; Why did you introduce such a boring subject (into the conversation)?) uvést, zavést
    3) (to propose or put forward: He introduced a bill in Parliament for the abolition of income tax.) předložit
    4) ((with to) to cause (a person) to get to know (a subject etc): Children are introduced to algebra at about the age of eleven.) zasvěcovat (do)
    •
    - introductory
    * * *
    • uvádět
    • uvést
    • představovat
    • představit
    • stavit

    English-Czech dictionary > introduce

  • 24 introduce

    [intrə'dju:s]
    1) ((often with to) to make (people) known by name to each other: He introduced the guests (to each other); Let me introduce you to my mother; May I introduce myself? I'm John Brown.) predstaviť
    2) ((often with into) to bring in (something new): Grey squirrels were introduced into Britain from Canada; Why did you introduce such a boring subject (into the conversation)?) priviezť; zaviesť
    3) (to propose or put forward: He introduced a bill in Parliament for the abolition of income tax.) predložiť
    4) ((with to) to cause (a person) to get to know (a subject etc): Children are introduced to algebra at about the age of eleven.) zasvätiť (do)
    •
    - introductory
    * * *
    • vkladat
    • uviest
    • uvádzat
    • vložit
    • vopchat
    • zaviest
    • zavádzat
    • predložit
    • predstavit
    • predkladat
    • predstavovat
    • dat do obehu

    English-Slovak dictionary > introduce

  • 25 introduce

    [intrə'dju:s]
    1) ((often with to) to make (people) known by name to each other: He introduced the guests (to each other); Let me introduce you to my mother; May I introduce myself? I'm John Brown.) a (se) pre­zenta
    2) ((often with into) to bring in (something new): Grey squirrels were introduced into Britain from Canada; Why did you introduce such a boring subject (into the conversation)?) a aduce
    3) (to propose or put forward: He introduced a bill in Parliament for the abolition of income tax.) a prezenta
    4) ((with to) to cause (a person) to get to know (a subject etc): Children are introduced to algebra at about the age of eleven.) a iniţia
    •
    - introductory

    English-Romanian dictionary > introduce

  • 26 introduce

    [intrə'dju:s]
    1) ((often with to) to make (people) known by name to each other: He introduced the guests (to each other); Let me introduce you to my mother; May I introduce myself? I'm John Brown.) συστήνω
    2) ((often with into) to bring in (something new): Grey squirrels were introduced into Britain from Canada; Why did you introduce such a boring subject (into the conversation)?) εισάγω
    3) (to propose or put forward: He introduced a bill in Parliament for the abolition of income tax.) παρουσιάζω,φέρνω σε συζήτηση
    4) ((with to) to cause (a person) to get to know (a subject etc): Children are introduced to algebra at about the age of eleven.) εισάγω
    •
    - introductory

    English-Greek dictionary > introduce

  • 27 introduce

    [ɪntrəˈdjuːs] verb
    1) ( often with to) to make (people) known by name to each other:

    May I introduce myself? I'm John Brown.

    يُعَرِّف، يُقَدِّم
    2) ( often with into) to bring in (something new):

    Why did you introduce such a boring subject (into the conversation)?

    يُدْخِل
    3) to propose or put forward:

    He introduced a bill in Parliament for the abolition of income tax.

    يُقَدِّم إقْتِراحا أو مشروع قانون

    Children are introduced to algebra at about the age of eleven.

    يُعَرِّف، يُطْلِع

    Arabic-English dictionary > introduce

  • 28 introduce

    [intrə'dju:s]
    1) ((often with to) to make (people) known by name to each other: He introduced the guests (to each other); Let me introduce you to my mother; May I introduce myself? I'm John Brown.) présenter
    2) ((often with into) to bring in (something new): Grey squirrels were introduced into Britain from Canada; Why did you introduce such a boring subject (into the conversation)?) introduire
    3) (to propose or put forward: He introduced a bill in Parliament for the abolition of income tax.) présenter
    4) ((with to) to cause (a person) to get to know (a subject etc): Children are introduced to algebra at about the age of eleven.) initier (à)
    •
    - introductory

    English-French dictionary > introduce

  • 29 introduce

    [intrə'dju:s]
    1) ((often with to) to make (people) known by name to each other: He introduced the guests (to each other); Let me introduce you to my mother; May I introduce myself? I'm John Brown.) apresentar
    2) ((often with into) to bring in (something new): Grey squirrels were introduced into Britain from Canada; Why did you introduce such a boring subject (into the conversation)?) introduzir
    3) (to propose or put forward: He introduced a bill in Parliament for the abolition of income tax.) apresentar
    4) ((with to) to cause (a person) to get to know (a subject etc): Children are introduced to algebra at about the age of eleven.) introduzir
    •
    - introductory

    English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > introduce

  • 30 nunc

    nunc, adv. [Sanscr. nu, nūnam, now; Gr. nu, nun; cf. Lat. num, with demonstr. -ce], now, at present, at this time (prop of that which is present to the speaker or writer).
    A.
    In gen.
    1.
    Contrasted with past time (opp. tum, tunc, antea, quondam, aliquando, olim, etc.):

    longe aliam, inquam, praebes nunc atque olim,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 53; Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 4:

    alium esse censes nunc me atque olim,

    id. And. 3, 3, 13:

    omnia, quae sunt conclusa nunc artibus, dispersa quondam fuerunt,

    Cic. de Or 1, 42, 187:

    sed tu illum animum nunc adhibe, quaeso, quo me tum esse oportere censebas,

    id. Fam. 6, 1, 16; Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 24; Verg. A. 6, 776: sed erat tunc excusatio oppressis;

    nunc nulla est,

    Cic. Phil. 7, 5, 14; Liv. 4, 34, 6; 4, 25, 13:

    arx minus aliquanto nunc munita quam antea,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 13: nunc si videtur, hoc;

    illud alias,

    id. Tusc. 1, 11, 23; Liv. 29, 18, 18; Suet. Tib. 29:

    aut nunc... aut aliquando,

    Cic. Mil. 25, 67:

    ante hoc tempus numquam... sed nunc,

    id. Ac. 1, 1, 3.—
    2.
    Contrasted with future time (opp. postea, mox, olim, etc.):

    Cluentio nisi nunc satisfecero, postea satisfaciendi potestas non erit,

    Cic. Clu. 4, 10; Liv. 39, 19, 6:

    deos nunc testes esse, mox fore ultores,

    id. 3, 2, 4; 3, 25, 8:

    qui olim nominabitur, nunc intellegitur,

    Quint. 10, 1, 104; Verg. A. 4, 627; cf. Liv. 40, 15, 4.—
    3.
    Absol. of present time, without suggestion of contrast, = hodie, nostro tempore:

    nunc tibi pater hic est,

    Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 21:

    Marcellus, qui nunc aedilis curulis est,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57.— With the interrog. ne, in the form nun-cine (for num-ce-ne;

    ante-class.): hem, nuncin demum?

    Ter. And. 4, 1, 59.—
    B.
    Strengthened by demum, denique, primum (v. h. vv.):

    nunc demum intellego,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 62; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 12:

    nunc demum rescribo his litteris,

    Cic. Att. 16, 3, 1:

    tantum accessit, ut mihi nunc denique amare videar, antea dilexisse,

    id. ib. 14, 17, A, 5; id. Fam. 9, 14, 11; Ov. A. A. 3, 121:

    nunc, quam rem oratum huc veni, primum proloquar,

    Plaut. Am. prol. 50; 2, 2, 63; 2, 2, 52:

    nunc primum hoc aures tuae crimen accipiunt?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; 2, 2, 60, § 147:

    hoc quoque propter tuos ternos denarios nunc primum postulatur,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 25, § 63.—
    C.
    In special phrases.
    1.
    Ut nunc est, as things now are, in the present state of affairs, as matters stand: constitui, ut nunc est, cum exercitu proficisci, Poll. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 31, 17:

    quae (causae) si manebunt... et, ut nunc est, mansurae videntur,

    Cic. Att. 12, 29, 1:

    suaviter, ut nunc est, inquam,

    Hor. S. 1, 9, 5.—
    2.
    Qui nunc sunt, the men of this time, those now living, the present age:

    judiciis, qui nunc sunt. hominum,

    Cic. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 15, § 43; Plin. 22, 25, 71, § 147; cf.:

    tace stulta: non tu nunc hominum mores vides?

    of the men of this day, Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 57.—
    3.
    Nunc ipsum, just now, at this very time:

    quin nunc ipsum non dubitabo rem tantam abicere si id erit rectius,

    Cic. Att. 7, 3, 2; 8, 9, 2; 12, 40, 2:

    nunc tamen ipsum,

    id. ib. 12, 16, 11.—Nunc repeated with emphasis:

    nunc, nunc o liceat crudelem abrumpere vitam,

    Verg. A. 8, 579 (al. nunc o nunc);

    5, 189: nunc, nunc adeste, nunc in hostiles domos Iram vertite,

    Hor. Epod. 5, 53.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Of past or future time, conceived as present, now, at that time.
    1.
    Of past time:

    id adeo nos nunc factum invenimus,

    Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 46: item Menandri Phasma nunc nuper dedit (Gr. nun arti), Ter. Eun. prol. 9:

    nunc in causā refrixit,

    Cic. Planc. 23, 55:

    quos ego campos antea nitidissimos vidissem, hos ita vastatos nunc videbam, ut, etc.,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

    nunc reus erat apud Crassum,

    id. Att. 2, 24, 4:

    cum eum antea tui similem in dicendo viderim, tum vero nunc... multo videbam similiorem,

    id. Brut. 71, 250:

    incerto nunc etiam exitu victoriae signa intulerunt,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 62, 6; 6, 40, 6: nunc Saliaribus Ornare pul vinar deorum Tempus erat dapibus, Hor C. 1, 37, 2.—Esp. in orat. obliq., where the nunc of direct narration is retained: dixit, nunc demum se voti esse damnatum, Nep Timol. 5, 3; Liv. 3, 19, 8; 3, 40, 10; 8, 33, 18; 8, 34, 3;

    42, 52, 8: nec nunc adulteria objecturum ait,

    Tac. A. 11, 30; cf. Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 14, 35; Krebs, Antibarb. p. 774. —
    2.
    Of future time (rare):

    quis nunc te adibit? Cui videberis bella? Quem nunc amabis?

    Cat. 8, 16 sq.; Just. 8, 2, 10.—
    B.
    Of the state of affairs, the condition of the argument, etc., now, under these circumstances, in view of this.
    1.
    In gen.:

    nunc quoniam hominem generavit et ornavit deus, perspicuum sit, etc.,

    Cic. Leg. 1, 9, 27; Prop. 4, 9, 73:

    vera igitur illa sunt nunc omnia,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 33, 106:

    non ego nunc vereor, ne sis mihi vilior istis,

    Prop. 1, 2, 25; Ov. F. 1, 333:

    nunc itaque et versus et cetera ludicra pono,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 10:

    quid nunc?

    Plaut. As. 3, 3, 71; id. Aul. 2, 3, 77.—
    2.
    Introducing a fact or conclusion opposed to a previous supposition or thought:

    etiamsi ad vos esset singulos aliquid ex hoc agro perventurum, tamen honestius eum vos universi quam singuli possideretis. Nunc vero cum ad nos nihil pertineat, etc.,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 31, 85; id. Tusc. 3, 1, 2; id. Cat. 2, 7, 16; id. Font. 11, 24: si ecastor nunc habeas quod des, alia verba perhibeas;

    nunc quia nihil habes, maledictis te eam ductare postulas,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 36; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 8; Quint. 8, 6, 48; 10, 5, 7; Liv. 21, 40, 3:

    quodsi Mazaeus supervenisset, ingens clades accipi potuit: nunc, dum ille segnis in eo tumulo sedet, etc.,

    Curt. 4, 12, 15.—
    C.
    Nunc... nunc, now... now; at one time, at another; sometimes... sometimes:

    tribuni plebis nunc fraudem, nunc neglegentiam consulum accusabant,

    Liv. 4, 2:

    nunc hac parte, nunc illā,

    id. 34, 13:

    ut nunc in liminibus starent, nunc errabundi domos suas pervagarentur,

    id. 1, 29:

    nunc hos, nunc illos aditus omnemque pererrat Arte locum,

    Verg. A. 5, 441; 5, 189:

    nunc huc, nunc illuc curro,

    Ov. H. 10, 19.—Also thrice repeated:

    nunc ad prima signa, nunc in medium, nunc in ultimo agmine aderat,

    Curt. 7, 3, 17; Just. 4, 1, 4;

    and even five times,

    Sen. Dial. 5 (Ira), 3, 6.—The first nunc is sometimes poetically omitted: pariterque sinistros, Nunc dextros solvere sinus, Verg. A. [p. 1228] 5, 830.—
    b.
    Nunc... mox, Vell. 2, 63.—
    c.
    Nunc... postremo, Liv. 3, 49.—
    d.
    Nunc... modo, Liv. 8, 32; Ov. M. 13, 922.—
    D.
    In forming a climax, but now, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 8:

    quae quidem multo plura evenirent, si ad quietem integri iremus: nunc onusti cibo et vino perturbata et confusa cernimus,

    Cic. Div. 1, 29, 60:

    si haec non ad cives Romanos, si non ad homines, verum ad bestias conqueri vellem, tamen tantā rerum atrocitate commoverentur. Nunc vero cum loquar apud senatores populi Romani, etc.,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171:

    si... nunc (vero),

    id. Font. 11, 25; id. Cat. 2, 7, 14; id. Fam. 15, 13, 3: cum aliquid videbatur caveri posse, tum id neglegi dolebam;

    nunc vero, eversis omnibus rebus, etc.,

    id. ib. 6, 21, 1: cum... nunc vero, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 19, 1.—
    E.
    In a transition, to introduce a new subject, in that case, now, then: abi nunc, populi fidem implora, Auct. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 3; Sen. Ben. 5, 12, 3 sq.; 6, 35, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 17; cf. Sall. J. 14, 17; for nunciam, v. jam, I. A. 1. b.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > nunc

  • 31 introducir

    v.
    1 to put in, to insert (meter) (llave, carta).
    introduzca su número secreto enter your PIN number
    2 to bring in, to introduce.
    una banda que introduce droga en el país a gang smuggling drugs into the country
    Ella introdujo la madera She introduced=inserted the wood.
    Ella introdujo a la nueva secretaria She introduced the new secretary.
    Ella introdujo la nueva técnica She introduced the new technique.
    Ella introdujo su nuevo producto She introduced her new product.
    Ella introdujo al plomero She introduced=ushered in the plumber.
    3 to enter, to type in.
    El chico introdujo los datos The boy entered=typed in the data.
    4 to slip in.
    5 to be inserted in, to be introduced in.
    Se te introduce una aguja A needle is inserted in you.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ CONDUCIR], like link=conducir conducir
    1 (gen) to introduce; (legislación) to introduce, bring in; (cambios) to make (en, to)
    2 (meter) to put, place; (insertar) insert
    3 (importar) to bring in, import; (clandestinamente) to smuggle in
    1 (entrar) to go in, get in, enter
    \
    introducir modificaciones/novedades/cambios en algo to modify something, make changes to something
    * * *
    verb
    3) input, insert
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=meter)
    a) [+ mano, pie] to put, place (en in(to))
    [+ moneda, llave] to put, insert (en in(to))

    introdujo los pies en el agua — he put o placed his feet in(to) the water

    introduzca la moneda/el disquete en la ranura — insert the coin/the diskette in(to) the slot

    b) [+ enfermedad, mercancías] to bring (en into)
    introduce (en into) [+ contrabando, droga] to bring (en in(to))

    introducir algo en el mercado — to bring sth onto the market, introduce sth into the market

    c)

    introducir a algn en — [+ habitación] to show sb into; [+ situación real] to introduce sb to; [+ situación irreal] to transport sb to

    2) (=empezar) [+ cultivo, ley, método] to introduce

    para introducir el tema, empezaré hablando de política exterior — to introduce the subject, I'll begin by discussing foreign policy

    introducir la ley del divorcio causó muchos problemas — the introduction of the divorce law caused many problems, introducing the divorce law was very problematic

    3) (=realizar) [+ medidas, reformas] to bring in, introduce

    quieren introducir cambios en la legislación — they want to make changes to the current legislation, they want to introduce changes into the current legislation

    las reformas se introducirán gradualmente a lo largo de los próximos tres años — the reforms will be phased in over the next three years, the reforms will be brought in o introduced gradually over the next three years

    4) (Inform) [+ datos] to input, enter
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <llave/moneda> to insert
    2)
    a) <cambios/medidas/ley> to introduce, bring in
    b) <contrabando/drogas> to bring in, smuggle in
    3)
    a) (presentar, iniciar) to introduce
    2.
    introducirse v pron
    a) ( meterse)
    b) persona to gain access to
    c) ( entrar en uso) modato come in
    d) ( hacerse conocido) to become known
    * * *
    = enter, feed, input, insert, introduce, key in, load into, put in, put into, read in, usher in, inaugurate, carry in, slip in between, roll out.
    Ex. Entry of an 'e' for end will bring back the screen shown in Figure 23 where you can make another choice or enter 'e' for end.
    Ex. The computer merely needs to be fed with the source documents and their citation, and with the appropriate software, will generate the indexes.
    Ex. Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.
    Ex. Gaps are left in the apportionment of notation in order to permit new subjects to be inserted.
    Ex. The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.
    Ex. The advantage is that information does not have to be keyed in.
    Ex. Multiple copies of the catalogue or index in the conventional sense are not required, but the data base can be copied and loaded into various computer systems.
    Ex. For those of you who are not familiar with OCLC and the way we work the data base is not a vast receptacle into which we throw any kind of record that anybody wants to put in.
    Ex. If the bibliographic record is found, it can be put into the system catalog immediately.
    Ex. Light pens can be used to read in data from bar codes on borrowers' cards, books, records, audio-visual materials.
    Ex. Optical technology has ushered in a new phase in the storage and retrieval of information.
    Ex. In the beginning staff delivered books to readers in their homes, while in 1972 a mobile library service was inaugurated enabling readers to choose their own materials.
    Ex. The first printing presses had two moving parts: the carriage assembly, which carried the type and paper in and out of the press, and the impression assembly, by means of which the paper was pressed down on to the inked type.
    Ex. At all periods, but uncommonly before the eighteenth century, the lines of type might be 'leaded', thin strips of typemetal, reglet, or card being slipped in between each one.
    Ex. I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.
    ----
    * introducir a golpes = hammer into.
    * introducir Algo/Alguien en = usher + Nombre + into.
    * introducir Algo en = take + Nombre + into.
    * introducir arrastrando = haul in.
    * introducir datos = key + data.
    * introducir datos en el ordenador = input.
    * introducir datos partiendo de cero = enter from + scratch.
    * introducir de contrabando = smuggle in.
    * introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].
    * introducir en = merge into.
    * introducir escalonadamente = spiral.
    * introducir gradualmente = phase in.
    * introducir ilegalmente = smuggle in.
    * introducir información = provide + input.
    * introducir mediante el teclado = keyboard.
    * introducir mejoras = make + improvements.
    * introducir poco a poco a = filter through to.
    * introducir por primera vez = pioneer.
    * introducir progresivamente = spiral.
    * introducirse = creep (up) (in/into), enter into, make + Posesivo + way (into/onto).
    * introducirse completamente en = immerse + Reflexivo + in.
    * introducirse en = insinuate + Posesivo + way through, insinuate + Reflexivo + (into), insinuate into.
    * introducirse poco a poco = ease + Reflexivo + in.
    * introducirse sigilosamente = creep up on.
    * introducir tirando = haul in.
    * introducir un cambio = bring + change.
    * volver a introducir = re-enter [reenter], reintroduce, reinsert.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <llave/moneda> to insert
    2)
    a) <cambios/medidas/ley> to introduce, bring in
    b) <contrabando/drogas> to bring in, smuggle in
    3)
    a) (presentar, iniciar) to introduce
    2.
    introducirse v pron
    a) ( meterse)
    b) persona to gain access to
    c) ( entrar en uso) modato come in
    d) ( hacerse conocido) to become known
    * * *
    = enter, feed, input, insert, introduce, key in, load into, put in, put into, read in, usher in, inaugurate, carry in, slip in between, roll out.

    Ex: Entry of an 'e' for end will bring back the screen shown in Figure 23 where you can make another choice or enter 'e' for end.

    Ex: The computer merely needs to be fed with the source documents and their citation, and with the appropriate software, will generate the indexes.
    Ex: Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.
    Ex: Gaps are left in the apportionment of notation in order to permit new subjects to be inserted.
    Ex: The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.
    Ex: The advantage is that information does not have to be keyed in.
    Ex: Multiple copies of the catalogue or index in the conventional sense are not required, but the data base can be copied and loaded into various computer systems.
    Ex: For those of you who are not familiar with OCLC and the way we work the data base is not a vast receptacle into which we throw any kind of record that anybody wants to put in.
    Ex: If the bibliographic record is found, it can be put into the system catalog immediately.
    Ex: Light pens can be used to read in data from bar codes on borrowers' cards, books, records, audio-visual materials.
    Ex: Optical technology has ushered in a new phase in the storage and retrieval of information.
    Ex: In the beginning staff delivered books to readers in their homes, while in 1972 a mobile library service was inaugurated enabling readers to choose their own materials.
    Ex: The first printing presses had two moving parts: the carriage assembly, which carried the type and paper in and out of the press, and the impression assembly, by means of which the paper was pressed down on to the inked type.
    Ex: At all periods, but uncommonly before the eighteenth century, the lines of type might be 'leaded', thin strips of typemetal, reglet, or card being slipped in between each one.
    Ex: I don't need to tell those of you from higher education institutions how course management systems are starting to really proliferate and roll out in higher education.
    * introducir a golpes = hammer into.
    * introducir Algo/Alguien en = usher + Nombre + into.
    * introducir Algo en = take + Nombre + into.
    * introducir arrastrando = haul in.
    * introducir datos = key + data.
    * introducir datos en el ordenador = input.
    * introducir datos partiendo de cero = enter from + scratch.
    * introducir de contrabando = smuggle in.
    * introducir de nuevo = re-enter [reenter].
    * introducir en = merge into.
    * introducir escalonadamente = spiral.
    * introducir gradualmente = phase in.
    * introducir ilegalmente = smuggle in.
    * introducir información = provide + input.
    * introducir mediante el teclado = keyboard.
    * introducir mejoras = make + improvements.
    * introducir poco a poco a = filter through to.
    * introducir por primera vez = pioneer.
    * introducir progresivamente = spiral.
    * introducirse = creep (up) (in/into), enter into, make + Posesivo + way (into/onto).
    * introducirse completamente en = immerse + Reflexivo + in.
    * introducirse en = insinuate + Posesivo + way through, insinuate + Reflexivo + (into), insinuate into.
    * introducirse poco a poco = ease + Reflexivo + in.
    * introducirse sigilosamente = creep up on.
    * introducir tirando = haul in.
    * introducir un cambio = bring + change.
    * volver a introducir = re-enter [reenter], reintroduce, reinsert.

    * * *
    introducir [I6 ]
    vt
    A (meter) introducir algo EN algo:
    introdujo la papeleta en la urna he put his ballot paper in o into the ballot box, he placed his ballot paper in the ballot box
    introducir la moneda en la ranura insert the coin in the slot
    introdujo la llave en la cerradura he put o inserted the key in o into the lock
    introducir un cuchillo en el centro del pastel insert a knife into the middle of the cake
    B
    1 ‹cambios/medidas/ley› to introduce, bring in, institute ( frml) introducir algo EN algo:
    se introdujo una modificación en el reglamento a change was made in the rules
    fue introducida en Europa en el siglo XVI it was introduced o brought into Europe in the 16th century
    quieren introducir un nuevo producto en el mercado they plan to introduce a new product into o bring a new product onto the market
    2 ‹contrabando/drogas› to bring in, smuggle in
    un solo perro podría introducir la enfermedad en el país a single dog could bring o introduce the disease into the country
    C
    1 (presentar, iniciar) to introduce
    estas tres notas introducen el nuevo tema musical these three notes introduce the new theme
    2 ‹persona› (a una actividad) introducir a algn A algo to introduce sb TO sth
    fue él quien me introdujo a la lectura de los clásicos it was he who introduced me to the classics
    3 (en un ambiente) introducir a algn EN algo:
    su música nos introduce en un mundo mágico his music transports us to a magical world
    el escritor nos introduce en la Francia del siglo pasado the writer takes us back to the France of the last century
    1
    (meterse): el agua se introducía por las ranuras the water was coming in o was seeping through the cracks
    la moneda rodó hasta introducirse por una grieta the coin rolled along and dropped down a crack
    2 «persona» to gain access to
    se introdujeron en el banco por un túnel they gained access to o got into the bank via a tunnel
    3
    «ideas/costumbres/moda»: introducirse EN algo: ideas foráneas que se introdujeron poco a poco en nuestra sociedad foreign ideas which gradually found their way into our society
    su obra se introdujo en México a través de las traducciones de Sanz his works became known in Mexico through Sanz's translations
    * * *

     

    introducir ( conjugate introducir) verbo transitivo
    1 ( en general) to put … in;
    ‹ moneda› to insert;
    introducir algo en algo to put sth into sth;
    ‹ moneda› to insert sth in sth
    2
    a) ‹cambios/medidas/ley› to introduce, bring in;

    ‹ producto› to introduce
    b) ‹contrabando/drogas› to bring in, smuggle in

    3 ( presentar) ‹acto/cantante› to introduce
    introducirse verbo pronominal



    [ costumbre] to be introduced
    c) ( hacerse conocido) [escritor/actor] to become known

    introducir verbo transitivo
    1 to introduce: su padre lo introdujo en la política, his father introduced him to politics
    2 (meter) to insert, put in: introduzca una moneda, por favor, please insert coin
    ' introducir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    deslizar
    - embutir
    - iniciar
    - pasar
    - sonda
    - meter
    English:
    bring in
    - dread
    - feed
    - input
    - insert
    - introduce
    - jam in
    - key in
    - opportunity
    - pack in
    - phase
    - promise
    - put in
    - stick in
    - well
    - work in
    - bring
    - float
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [meter] [llave, carta] to put in, to insert;
    Informát [datos] to input, to enter;
    introdujo la moneda en la ranura she put o inserted the coin in the slot;
    introdujo la carta en el sobre he put the letter in the envelope;
    introduzca su número secreto enter your PIN number
    2. [conducir] [persona] to show in;
    introdujo a los visitantes en la sala de espera she showed the visitors into the waiting room
    3. [en película, novela] to introduce;
    en su última obra el autor introduce a dos nuevos personajes in his latest work the author introduces two new characters
    4. [medidas, ley] to introduce, to bring in;
    introdujeron un plan para combatir el desempleo they introduced o brought in a scheme to combat unemployment;
    piensan introducir cambios en la ley they are planning to make changes to the law
    5. [mercancías] to bring in, to introduce;
    los españoles introdujeron los caballos en América the Spanish introduced horses to America;
    una banda que introduce droga en el país a gang smuggling drugs into the country;
    fue él quien introdujo las ideas revolucionarias en el país it was he who introduced o brought revolutionary ideas to the country
    6. [dar a conocer]
    introducir a alguien en to introduce sb to;
    la introdujo en el mundo de la moda he introduced her to the world of fashion;
    nos introdujo en los principios básicos de la astronomía he introduced us to the basic principles of astronomy
    * * *
    v/t
    1 introduce
    2 ( meter) insert
    3 INFOR input
    * * *
    introducir {61} vt
    1) : to introduce
    2) : to bring in
    3) : to insert
    4) : to input, to enter
    * * *
    1. (meter) to insert / to put in [pt. & pp. put]
    2. (aplicar) to introduce / to bring in [pt. & pp. brought]

    Spanish-English dictionary > introducir

  • 32 εἰσάγω

    εἰσάγω [pron. full] [ᾰ], [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf.
    A

    ἐσάγεσκον Hdt.1.196

    : [tense] pf. - αγήοχα Epist. Philipp. ap. D.18.39: [tense] pf. [voice] Pass.

    ἐσῆγμαι Hdt.2.49

    :— lead in or into, esp. into one's dwelling, introduce, c. dupl.acc.,

    αὐτοὺς εἰσῆγον θεῖον δόμον Od.4.43

    ; Κρήτην εἰσήγαγ' ἑταίρους he led his comrades to Crete, 3.191;

    ἐς. τινὰ ἐς.. Hdt.1.196

    , etc.: c. dat.,

    τινὰ δόμοις E.Alc. 1112

     codd.;

    εἰ. ψυχᾷ χάριν Id.Hipp. 526

    (lyr.); ὅταν σε καιρὸς εἰσάγῃ, = ὅταν καιρὸς ᾖ σὲ εἰσιέναι, S.El.39;

    νὺξ εἰ. πόνον Id.Tr.29

    :—[voice] Med., admit forces into a city, Th.8.16, 108; take in with one, introduce into a league or conspiracy,

    Ὀτάνης ἐσάγεται Ἰνταφρένεα Hdt.3.70

    :— [voice] Pass.,

    τὴν θερμότητα εἰσάγεσθαι εἰς τοὺς πόρους Thphr.Ign.38

    .
    2 ἐσαγαγεῖν or ἐσαγαγέσθαι γυναῖκα to lead a wife into one's house, Hdt. 5.40,6.63.
    3 bring in,

    σῖτον Th.4.26

    ; import,

    οἶνον Ἀθήναζε κατ' ἐμπορίαν D.35.35

    :—[voice] Med.,

    εἰσάγεσθαι καὶ ἐξάγεσθαι X.Ath.2.3

    , cf.D. 18.145;

    εἰ. ὧν ἐνδεεῖς Arist.Pol. 1257a32

    :—[voice] Pass., εἰσαγόμενα καὶ ἐξαγ. imports and exports, Id.Rh. 1359b22, cf. Hdt.3.6, SIG37 (Teos, v B.C.).
    4 εἰ. εἰς τοὺς φράτερας introduce a child to the members of one's φρατρία, Lys.30.2 ([voice] Pass.), Is.3.75, cf. D.57.54;

    εἰς Κήρυκας And.1.127

    ;

    εἰ. τινὰς εἰς τὴν πολιτείαν Arist.Pol. 1308a8

    ; τινὰς ἐς σπονδάς secure their adhesion, Th.5.35; ἰατρὸν εἰσάγειν τινί call in a physician for another, X.Mem.2.4.3, cf. D.47.67:—[voice] Med., of the physician himself when ill,

    εἰσάγεσθαι ἄλλους ἰατρούς Arist.Pol. 1287a41

    .
    6 δούλιον εἰσᾶγον αἶσαν, for δ. ἆγον εἰς αἶσαν, A.Ch.77(lyr.).
    II bring in, bring forward, esp. on the stage,

    χορόν Ar.Ach.

    II;

    Ἥραν ἠλλοιωμένην Pl.R. 381d

    ;

    δράματα Id.Ap. 35b

    , cf. Luc.Hist.Conscr.58; of an orator,

    εἰ. σεαυτὸν ποιόν τινα Arist.Rh. 1417b7

    ; represent in art, Corn.ND28, al. ([voice] Pass.).
    2 εἰ. τινὰ εἰς τὴν βουλήν bring a culprit before the Council, X.HG7.3.5, etc.
    3 aslaw-term, εἰ. δίκην or γραφήν to bring a cause into court, of the prosecutor, A.Eu. 580, 582, cf. D.24.10, PHal.1.125, etc.;

    ὑπόθεσιν OG1669.41

     (Egypt, i A.D.); also of the εἰσαγωγεύς II, Antipho6.42, IG12(7).3.40 ([place name] Arcesine), etc.; οἱ δὲ θεσμοθέται εἰσαγόντων εἰς τὴν Ἡλιαίαν Lexap.D.21.47.
    b εἰ. τινά bring forward the case of an officer at the εὔθυναι (q.v.), D.18.117 : generally, bring a person into court, prosecute, Pl.Ap. 25c,al.; in full, εἰ. εἰς δικαστήριον ib. 29a, Grg. 521c ([voice] Pass.), cf. Lg. 910e,al.
    5 enter, register, POxy.1535.8 ([voice] Pass.), etc.
    III introduce to a subject, instruct:—[voice] Pass., εἰσαγόμενοι, οἱ, beginners, Ph.1.175, Gal.Libr.Propr.Prooem., etc.
    IV intr., enter, Sch.T.Il.6.252.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > εἰσάγω

  • 33 открыть новую эру

    1) General subject: make an epoch, mark an epoch

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > открыть новую эру

  • 34 nam

    nam, conj. [ acc. sing. fem. of pronom. stem na-; cf.: egô-nê, tu-nê; Lat. ne, nae; masc. num; cf.: tum, tam; quom, quam].
    I.
    To introduce a confirmation or explanation, for (always in prose beginning the sentence; cf.: enim, etenim, and v. infra C.).
    A.
    Introducing an explanation or fuller statement of something already said.
    1.
    In gen.:

    is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus. Nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 12, 4:

    quibus rebus auditis... suas quoque copias in tres partes distribuerunt. Nam praesidio e regione castrorum relicto... reliquas copias, etc.,

    id. ib. 7, 61, 5: neque solum colent inter se ac diligent, sed etiam verebuntur. Nam maximum ornamentum amicitiae tollit, qui ex eā tollit verecundiam, Cic. [p. 1185] Lael. 22, 82; id. Part. Or. 11, 38; id. Or. 43, 147; cf.:

    pandite atque aperite propere januam hanc Orci, opsecro. Nam equidem haut aliter esse duco,

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 1, 2. —
    2.
    Esp.
    (α).
    To introduce an explanatory parenthetical clause:

    omni ratione colenda justitia est, tum ipsa per sese (nam aliter justitia non esset), tum, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 2, 12, 42:

    et in insulā quae est in Fibreno —nam hoc, opinor, illi alteri flumini nomen est—sermoni reliquo demus operam sedentes,

    id. Leg. 2, 1, 1:

    tamen is ad id locorum talis vir (nam postea ambitione praeceps datus est), consulatum adpetere non audebat,

    Sall. J. 63, 6; Sen. Ep. 40, 9.—
    (β).
    To resume the course of thought after a parenthetical interruption:

    hic vero simul... atque me mare transisse cognovit (audi, audi, atque attende...), nam simul ac me Dyrrachium attigisse audivit, etc.,

    Cic. Planc. 41, 98:

    duplex inde Hannibali gaudium fuit (neque enim quidquam eorum, quae apud hostes agerentur, eum fallebat): nam et liberam Minucii temeritatem se suo modo capturum, et sollertiae Fabii dimidium virium decessisse,

    Liv. 22, 28, 1.—
    (γ).
    To introduce an example, or several examples, illustrating a general statement, for example, for instance:

    sed vivo Catone minores natu multi uno tempore oratores floruerunt. Nam et A. Albinus... et litteratus et disertus fuit. Nam Q. Metellus... in primis est habitus eloquens,

    Cic. Brut. 21, 81:

    quin etiam easdem causas ut quisque egerit utile erit scire. Nam de domo Ciceronis dixit Calidius, et pro Milone orationem Brutus exercitationis gratiā scripsit,

    Quint. 10, 1, 23; 8, 6, 38; Prop. 3 (4), 1, 23.—
    B.
    Introducing a ground or reason for a fact, command, or principle.
    1.
    In gen.:

    quamobrem, Quirites, celebratote illos dies cum conjugibus ac liberis vestris: nam multi saepe honores dīs immortalibus justi habiti sunt, sed profecto justiores numquam,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 10, 23: vires vitaque corpus meum nunc deserit omne: nam me visus homo pulcher, etc., Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40:

    qui... dilectum habere noluerit. Nam sociorum auxilia aut ita imbecilla sunt, ut non multum nos juvare possint, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 15, 1, 11.—
    2.
    Esp., introducing the speaker's reason for a particular form of statement, etc.:

    Phoenices alias urbes in orā maritumā condidere... nam de Carthagine silere melius puto quam parum dicere,

    Sall. J. 19, 1; cf.

    Mercuri (nam te docilis magistro Movit Amphion lapides canendo), etc.,

    Hor. C. 3, 11, 1;

    so in a question: una domus erat, idem victus isque communis... nam quid ego de studiis dicam cognoscendi semper aliquid, etc.,

    Cic. Lael. 27, 104:

    nam quid ego de cotidiano sermone querimoniāque populi Romani loquar?

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 49, § 129.—
    3.
    Loosely, introducing the speaker's reason for saying what precedes: nam ego ad Menaechmum nunc eo ( I have said this), for, etc., Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 20; id. Trin. 1, 1, 3 Brix ad loc.—So esp. after a general remark, introducing its illustration in the case in hand, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 58 Spengel ad loc.; id. Most. 5, 1, 3; id. Mil. 2, 1, 17.—
    4.
    In a still looser connection, introducing a particular fact or argument in support of what precedes, but, now, certainly:

    L. Sisennae omnis facultas ex historiā ipsius perspici potest, quae cum facile vincat superiores, tum indicat quantum absit a summo... Nam Q. Hortensii admodum adulescentis ingenium simul aspectum et probatum est,

    Cic. Brut. 64, 228; 43, 161; id. Div. 2, 31, 66; 2, 32, 68:

    at prooemium aliquando et narrationem dicit malus homo et argumenta sic, ut nihil sit in his requirendum. Nam et latro pugnabit acriter, virtus tamen erit fortitudo,

    Quint. 2, 20, 10.—
    5.
    Ellipt., in reply to a question or remark, where the answer is implied, and nam introduces the reason for it; for assuredly, certainly:

    nos hunc Heracliensem, multis civitatibus expetitum... de nostrā civitate eiciemus? Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat,

    Cic. Arch. 10, 22 sq.:

    numquid ergo hic Lysimachus, felicitate quādam dentibus leonis elapsus, ob hoc cum ipse regnaret mitior fuit? Nam Telesphorum Rhodium amicum suum... in caveā velut novum animal aliquod... pavit,

    Sen. de Ira. 3, 17, 3; cf.: de eis rebus, inquit Crassus, quibus sciam poteroque. Tum ille:

    nam quod tu non poteris aut nescies, quis nostrum tam impudens est, qui se scire aut posse postulet?

    Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 101.—So with particles of asseveration: mehercule, hercule, edepol, etc.: tamen tibi a me nulla orta est injuria. Aes. Nam hercle etiam hoc restat, i. e. not yet; for that is to come hereafter, Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 36: sume, posce, prome quidvis: te facio cellarium. Er. Nam nisi hercle manticinatus probe ero, fusti pectito, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 115:

    dicunt ei fere nullam esse columnam, quae ad perpendiculum esse possit. Nam mehercule, inquit, sic agamus: columnae ad perpendiculum exigantur,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 51, § 133.—
    C.
    The conjunction nam sometimes follows a word of the clause ( poet. and perh. not ante-Aug.; v. Lachm. ad Lucr. p. 246):

    prohibent nam cetera Parcae Scire,

    Verg. A. 3, 379:

    solam nam perfidus ille Te colere,

    id. ib. 4, 421; 10, 585;

    1, 444: olim nam quaerere amabam,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 20; 41:

    ego nam videor mihi sanus,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 302:

    his nam plebecula plaudit,

    id. Ep. 2, 1, 186.
    II.
    In transitions.
    A.
    Introducing a new subject as of secondary importance; but now, on the other hand:

    nam quod rumores distulerunt malivoli, Multas contamināsse Graecas, dum facit Paucas Latinas: factum hic esse id non negat, Neque se pigere,

    Ter. Heaut. prol. 19:

    nam quod purgas eos, quos ego mihi scripsi invidisse, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 3, 15, 2:

    nam quod negas te dubitare quin magnā in offensā sim apud Pompeium hoc tempore, non video causam cur ita sit,

    id. ib. 9, 2, a, 2; id. Off. 2, 13, 47:

    nam auguralis libros ad commune utriusque nostrum otium serva,

    id. Fam. 3, 11, 4:

    nam Vestae nomen a Graecis est, i. e. though that of Janus, before named, is Latin,

    id. N. D. 2, 27, 67; id. Div. 2, 31, 66; 2, 32, 68; Quint. 1, 11, 7; 10, 1, 9.—
    B.
    Esp., in referring to a consideration too obvious to require discussion, for obviously, for it is certain, etc.:

    postremo hoc in pectus tuum demitte, numquam populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse: nam bello quid valeat, tute scis,

    Sall. J. 102, 11; Liv. 39, 26, 3; Cic. Tusc. 4, 23, 52; Tac. H. 4, 76.
    III.
    In interrogations, emphatically, expressing wonder or emotion in the questioner; cf. Gr. gar.
    A.
    With an interrogative.
    1.
    Beginning a sentence (anteclass. and poet.): perdidisti omnem operam? Ep. Nam quī perdidi? but how? but why? Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 29:

    nam quem ego adspicio?

    id. Poen. 5, 3, 3: quid ego ago? Tr. Nam quid tu, malum, me rogitas quid agas? id. Most. 2, 1, 21:

    nam quae haec anus est exanimata a fratre quae egressa'st meo?

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

    nam quid ita?

    id. Eun. 5, 2, 58:

    nam quem? alium habui neminem,

    id. ib. 4, 4, 13:

    nam quam ob rem? (= quamnam),

    Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 2:

    nam quā me causā extrusisti ex aedibus?

    id. Aul. 1, 1, 5 et saep.:

    nam quis te, juvenum confidentissime, nostras Jussit adire domos?

    Verg. G. 4, 445 (but cf. Forbig. ad loc. and Kritz ad Sall. J. 19, 2):

    nam quae tam sera moratur Segnities?

    id. A. 2, 373:

    bellua multorum es capitum. Nam quid sequar aut quem?

    Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 76.—
    2.
    Joined as enclitic to an interrogative word:

    quinam homo hic ante aedīs nostras conqueritur?

    Plaut. Aul. 4, 9, 17:

    quidnam id est?

    id. Trin. 5, 2, 45:

    quisnam igitur tuebitur P. Scipionis memoriam mortui?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 36, § 80:

    O di immortales, ubinam gentium sumus?

    id. Cat. 1, 4, 9; id. N. D. 1, 10, 24:

    sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere quidnam consilii caperent,

    Sall. C. 41, 1.—For quianam, v. quia fin. —
    3.
    Separated from the interrogative word:

    quid tibi ex filio nam, obsecro, aegre est?

    Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 27:

    quis ea'st nam optuma?

    id. Aul. 2, 1, 17; 3, 2, 3:

    quid cerussa opus nam?

    id. Most. 1, 3, 101:

    quis est nam ludus in undis?

    Verg. E. 9, 39.—
    4.
    With num:

    num tibi nam, amabo, janua est mordax mea?

    Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 1:

    num quid nam tibi molestum est, gnate mi, si, etc.,

    id. As. 5, 1, 3; cf.:

    comicum est et Terentianum numquidnam, cum exemptis num et nam sufficere ad interrogationem potuisset quid,

    Donat. ad Ter. And. 1, 4, 8:

    num nam haec audivit,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 6:

    num quid nam de oratore ipso restat,

    Cic. Part. Or. 7, 26.—
    B.
    Without an interrogative word (very rare): scis nam tibi quae praecepi? Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 51. (For fuller details, v. Hand, Turs. 4, pp. 1-22.)

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > nam

  • 35 предложить новую партию товаров

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > предложить новую партию товаров

  • 36 предложить новый ассортимент товаров

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > предложить новый ассортимент товаров

  • 37 studium

    (et, studier) study,
    ( nøje undersøgelse også, F) scrutiny ( fx subject the document to a close scrutiny);
    ( læsning) studies ( fx begin (, finish) one's studies);
    ( studieforløb) course ( fx it is a three-year course; introduce a new course; complete (, leave) the course);
    [ foretage et studium af, gøre studier over] make (el. carry out) a study of;
    (se også II. mark).

    Danish-English dictionary > studium

  • 38 soft dollaring

    See:
    Another reason managers are interested in controlling client commissions deserves special attention. "Soft dollaring" has got to be one of the most misunderstood and controversial practices in the money management business. The very term "soft dollars" suggests something shady and conjures up images of money exchanging hands in dark alleyways. Among laymen, soft dollars may be confused with "soft money" political contributions. There is a thin connection between "soft dollars" and "soft money." Since brokerage firms are not subject to the same rules pertaining to political contributions as municipal underwriting firms, large "soft money" contributions from owners of brokerage firms do find their way into politicians' coffers more easily than contributions from underwriters. However, it is important to not confuse the two terms.
    So what is "soft dollaring?" Soft dollaring is the practice whereby money managers use client brokerage commissions to purchase investment research. When a manager pays for products or services with his own money, directly from the research provider, this is referred to as "hard dollars." Payment with client commissions, financed through a brokerage firm, is referred to as "soft dollars." Through soft dollar arrangements money managers are permitted to shift an expense related to the management of assets they would otherwise have to bear, onto their clients. The amount of this research expense the money management industry transfers onto its clients is in the billions annually. As a result, any analysis of the economics of the money management industry should include the effects of soft dollaring; however, we are unaware of any that has. In the institutional marketplace, strange as it may seem, it is possible for a money manager to profit more from soft dollars than from the negotiated asset management fee he receives.
    The general rule under the federal and state securities laws is that a fiduciary, the money manager, cannot use client assets for his own benefit or the benefit of other clients. To simplify matters greatly, soft dollaring is a legally prescribed exception to this rule. Congress, the SEC and other regulators have agreed that as long as the research purchased assists the manager in making investment decisions, the clients benefit and its legally acceptable. A tremendous amount of strained analysis has gone into the precise policies and procedures that managers must follow in purchasing research with client commission dollars. Over the years a distinction has been made between "proprietary" research or in-house research distributed to brokerage customers without a price tag attached and "independent third-party" research or research written by a third party and sold to managers at a stated price. Third party research has been most frequently criticized because its cost is separately stated and the benefit to managers most obvious. In this latter case, a breach of fiduciary duty seems most glaring. However, it is well known that proprietary research, offered for "free, " is produced to stimulate sales of dealer inventory. So presumably this research lacks credibility and is less beneficial to clients. There have been distinctions drawn between products and services, such as computers, which are "mixed-use, " i.e., which may serve dual purposes, providing both research and administrative uses. An adviser must make a reasonable allocation of the cost of the product according to its uses, the SEC has said. Some portion must be paid for with "hard" dollars and the other with "soft." There are several articles in our Library of Articles that describe soft dollar practices, rule changes and our proposal to Chairman Levitt to reform the soft dollar business.
    The issue that soft dollaring raises is: when is it acceptable for a manager to benefit from his client's commissions? For purposes of this article we would like to introduce a new and more useful perspective for pensions in their analysis of soft dollars or any other brokerage issue. That is, all brokerage commissions controlled by managers, benefit managers in some way. Brokerage decision-making by managers rarely, if ever, is simply based upon what firm can execute the trade at the best price. Brokerage is a commodity. Almost all brokerage firms offer reasonably competent, "best execution" services. If they didn't, they'd get sued and soon be out of business. Most savvy brokerage marketers don't even try to differentiate their firms with long-winded explanations about best-execution capabilities. Best execution is a given and impossible to prove. If you want to understand how your money manager allocates brokerage, study his business as a whole, including his marketing and affiliates-not just the investment process.

    The new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > soft dollaring

  • 39 Humfrey, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. c.1515
    d. 14 July 1579
    [br]
    English goldsmith and Assay Master of the Royal Mint who attempted to introduce brass production to England.
    [br]
    William Humfrey, goldsmith of the parish of St Vedast, was appointed Assay Master of the Royal Mint in 1561. At the Tower of London he assumed responsibility for the weight of silver and for production standards at a time of intense activity in recoining the debased coinage of the realm. Separation of copper from the debased silver involved liquation techniques which enabled purification of the recovered silver and copper. German co-operation in introducing these methods to England developed their interest in English copper mining, resulting in the formation of the Mines Royal Company. Shareholders in this government-led monopoly included Humfrey, whose assay of Keswick copper ore, mined with German expertise, was bitterly disputed. As a result of this dispute, Humfrey promoted the formation of a smaller monopoly, the Company of Mineral Battery Works, with plans to mine lead and especially the zinc carbonate ore, calamine, using it to introduce brassmaking and wire manufacture into England. Humfrey acquired technical assistance from further skilled German immigrants, relying particularly on Christopher Schutz of Annaberg in Saxony, who claimed experience in such matters. However, the brassmaking project set up at Tintern was abandoned by 1569 after failure to make a brass suitable for manufacturing purposes. The works changed its production to iron wire. Humfrey had meanwhile been under suspicion of embezzlement at the Tower in connection with his work there. He died intestate while involved in litigation regarding infringement of rights and privileges claimed from his introduction of new techniques in later lead-mining activities under the auspices of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    M.B.Donald, 1961, Elizabethan Monopolies, London: Oliver \& Boyd (the most detailed account).
    ——1955, Elizabethan Copper, reprinted 1989, Michael Moon.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Humfrey, William

  • 40 Zeiss, Carl

    [br]
    b. 11 September 1816 Weimar, Thuringia, Germany
    d. 3 December 1888 Jena, Saxony, Germany
    [br]
    German lens manufacturer who introduced scientific method to the production of compound microscopes and made possible the production of the first anastigmatic photographic objectives.
    [br]
    After completing his early education in Weimar, Zeiss became an apprentice to the engineer Dr Frederick Koerner. As part of his training, Zeiss was required to travel widely and he visited Vienna, Berlin, Stuttgart and Darmstadt to study his trade. In 1846 he set up a business of his own, an optical workshop in Jena, where he began manufacturing magnifying glasses and microscopes. Much of his work was naturally for the university there and he had the co-operation of some of the University staff in the development of precision instruments. By 1858 he was seeking to make more expensive compound microscopes, but he found the current techniques primitive and laborious. He decided that it was necessary to introduce scientific method to the design of the optics, and in 1866 he sought the advice of a professor of physics at the University of Jena, Ernst Abbe (1840–1905). It took Zeiss until 1869 to persuade Abbe to join his company, and two difficult years were spent working on the calculations before success was achieved. Within a few more years the Zeiss microscope had earned a worldwide reputation for quality. Abbe became a full partner in the Zeiss business in 1875. In 1880 Abbe began an association with Friedrich Otte Schott that was to lead to the establishment of the famous Jena glass works in 1884. With the support of the German government, Jena was to become the centre of world production of new optical glasses for photographic objectives.
    In 1886 the distinguished mathematician and optician Paul Rudolph joined Zeiss at Jena. After Zeiss's death, Rudolph went on to use the characteristics of the new glass to calculate the first anastigmatic lenses. Immediately successful and widely imitated, the anastigmats were also the first of a long series of Zeiss photographic objectives that were to be at the forefront of lens design for years to come. Abbe took over the management of the company and developed it into an internationally famous organization.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.W.Sipley, 1965, Photography's Great Inventors, Philadelphia (a brief biography). J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York.
    K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, 122–32 (includes a short account of Carl Zeiss and his company).
    JW / RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Zeiss, Carl

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