-
61 reservoir
1. коллектор, нефтеносный или газоносный пласт2. резервуар, хранилище, ёмкость, сосуд3. водоём; водохранилище; бассейн4. геол. пористая породаoriginal oil bearing reservoir — первоначальный объем, занятый нефтью в коллекторе
reservoir producing by water drive — пласт, разрабатываемый при водонапорном режиме
* * *
1. бак; резервуар ( для хранения)2. коллектор (нефти, газа) ; продуктивный пластto produce a reservoir — вести добычу из коллектора;
* * *
1. пласт-коллектор (пласт, характеризующийся пористостью и хорошей проницаемостью; как правило, песчаник или карбонат)2. нефтеносный или газоносный пласт, залежь нефти или газа3. водоём; водохранилище; озеро
* * *
пласт-коллектор (пласт, характеризующийся пористостью и хорошей проницаемостью, как правило, песчаник или карбонат)
* * *
1) бак; резервуар ( для хранения); хранилище; сосуд2) пласт-коллектор; пластовый резервуар (<<нефти>); нефтеносный слой; газоносный пласт; продуктивный пласт; залежь; месторождение (<<нефти>)3) водоём; водохранилище; бассейн4) геол. пористая порода•reservoir producing by water drive — пласт, разрабатываемый при водонапорном режиме;
to hold back oil in reservoir — удерживать нефть в пласте;
to produce a reservoir — вести добычу из продуктивного пласта;
- autochthonous oil reservoirto tap a reservoir with wells — вскрывать коллектор скважинами;
- bar reservoir
- basin reservoir
- bioempty reservoir
- bottom water-drive reservoir
- bounded reservoir
- brachyanticline reservoir
- bubble-point gas reservoir
- buried reservoir
- carbonate reservoir
- cavernous reservoir
- cavernous fractured reservoir
- cavernous-porous-fractured reservoir
- cemented reservoir
- closed reservoir
- combination reservoir
- combination drive reservoir
- condensate reservoir
- cone roof reservoir
- depleted reservoir
- depletion drive reservoir
- depletion drive oil reservoir
- depletion gas reservoir
- depletion-type reservoir
- dipping reservoir
- dissolved-gas reservoir
- dissolved-gas drive oil reservoir
- distinct oil reservoir
- dome-shaped reservoir
- economically productive reservoir
- elastic water-drive oil reservoir
- expansion gas reservoir
- expansion-type reservoir
- expansion-type water drive reservoir
- expansion-type water-drive oil reservoir
- finite reservoir
- fractured reservoir
- fractured sheet gas reservoir
- gas reservoir
- gas reservoir under volumetric control
- gas-and-oil reservoir
- gas-cap oil reservoir
- gas-capped oil reservoir
- gas-condensate reservoir
- gas-controlled reservoir
- gas-drive reservoir
- gas-expansion reservoir
- gas-filled reservoir
- gas-oil-condensate reservoir
- gas-saturated oil reservoir
- gas-water drive reservoir
- granular reservoir
- granulated reservoir
- granulometrically uniform reservoir
- gravity drive oil reservoir
- gravity elastic water-drive oil reservoir
- gravity water-drive oil reservoir
- groundwater reservoir
- heterogeneous reservoir
- highly cemented oil reservoir
- hydrocarbon reservoir
- hydrophilic reservoir
- infinite reservoir
- internal gas-drive reservoir
- karst reservoir
- layered reservoir
- lens reservoir
- lenticular reservoir
- linear reservoir
- local reservoir
- low-permeability reservoir
- low-porosity reservoir
- marginal reservoir
- massive reservoir
- maximum efficiency reservoir
- mixed reservoir
- moderately cemented oil reservoir
- multilayer reservoir
- multizone reservoir
- noncemented reservoir
- nonuniform reservoir
- normal reservoir
- oil reservoir
- oil reservoir under simultaneous drives
- oil reservoir under water drive
- oil reservoir with high-dissolved gas content
- oil-and-gas reservoir
- oil-containing reservoir
- oil-saturated reservoir
- one-phase condensate reservoir
- original oil bearing reservoir
- peaked monoclinal reservoir
- petroleum reservoir
- porous reservoir
- porous fractured reservoir
- primary oil reservoir
- productive reservoir
- reef reservoir
- regional reservoir
- retrograde gas-condensate reservoir
- sand reservoir
- sandwich-type reservoir
- sealed reservoir
- secondary oil reservoir
- service reservoir
- single-phase reservoir
- slightly cemented oil reservoir
- solution gas reservoir
- solution gas-drive reservoir
- storage reservoir
- stratified reservoir
- stratigraphically screened reservoir
- subsurface horizontal reservoir
- supplementary reservoir
- syngenetic oil reservoir
- tectonically screened reservoir
- terrigenous reservoir
- thick reservoir
- thick oil reservoir
- two-phase reservoir
- two-phase condensate reservoir
- underground reservoir
- underground horizontal reservoir
- undersaturated reservoir
- undeveloped reservoir
- uniform reservoir
- untapped reservoir
- volumetric reservoir
- volumetric gas reservoir
- water-bearing reservoir
- water-controlled reservoir
- water-controlled oil reservoir
- water-drive reservoir
- water-drive oil reservoir
- water-flooded reservoir
- water-free reservoir
- water-repellent reservoir
- water-saturated reservoir
- water-wettable reservoir* * *• залежь• пластАнгло-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > reservoir
-
62 factor
1) фактор; причина, движущая сила процесса2) коэффициент; показатель3) ген. фактор4) гормон5) витамин•- absorption factor
- accessory factor
- additive factor
- age correction factor
- age factor
- anaphylactogenic factor
- animal protein factor
- anthropogenic factor
- antiberiberi factor
- antigen-specific helper factor
- antigen-specific suppressor factor
- antropogenic factor
- arresting factor
- autocrine growth factor
- B-cell differentiation factor
- B-cell maturation factor
- B-cell nuclear factor
- B-cell-derived enhancing factor
- Behrens factors
- biotic factor
- blood-coagulation factors
- branching factor
- camp factor
- causative factor
- C-factor
- chemotactic factor
- citrovorum factor
- climatic factor
- clotting factors
- clumping factor
- coagulation factors
- cobra venom factor
- colony-enhancing factor
- colony-stimulating factor
- complementary factor
- condition factor
- conditioning factor
- control factor
- correction factor
- coupling factor
- crucial factor
- cumulative factor
- cytocidal factor
- cytopathic factor
- decay-accelerating factor
- density-dependent factor
- density-independent factor
- determinal factor
- differentiation-inducing factor
- differentiation-promoting factor
- diluting factor
- direct factor
- disease-producing factor
- disturbing factor
- ecological factor
- edaphic factor
- efficiency factor
- elongation factor
- environmental factor
- epidermal growth factor
- epidermal thymocyte-activating factor
- etiological factor
- evaluation factor
- evolution factor
- extension factor
- external factor
- F factor
- factor of adhesion
- feedback factor
- Fletcher's factor
- food factor
- form factor
- formative factor
- F-prime sex factor
- fractionation factor
- F-sex factor
- Fultin's condition factor
- gametic factor
- genetic factor
- growth factor
- growth hormone release inhibiting factor
- growth hormone releasing factor
- growth-promoting factor
- H factor
- heat-stable factor
- helper factor
- hereditary factor
- hormonal factor
- humerus factor
- hydric factor
- I factor
- immunomodulating factor
- inducer factor
- inhibitive factor
- initiating factor
- internal factor
- intrinsic factor
- key factor
- killer factor
- lactogenic factor
- lethal factor
- leukocyte-derived chemotactic factor
- light factor
- limiting factor
- lineage-restricted growth factor
- linked factors
- loss factor
- lymphocyte colony enhancing factor
- lymphocyte colony inhibitory factor
- lymphocyte colony promoting factor
- lymphocyte-activating factor
- macrophage Ia-positive recruiting factor
- macrophage migration inhibition factor
- macrophage spreading factor
- macrophage-activating factor
- macrophage-agglutinating factor
- major factor
- male recombination factor
- man-made factor
- mast cell growth factor
- master factor
- Mendelian factor
- mesenchyme-derived growth factor
- migration inhibition factor
- minor factor
- motivational factor
- MR factor
- MSH-release inhibiting factor
- multilineage growth factor
- multiple factors
- multipotential growth factor
- myelopoietic factor
- N factor
- nerve growth factor
- neutral factor
- nitrogen factor
- nonreactive factor
- P factor
- paternal factor
- physiographic factor
- plasma factor
- platelet-derived growth factor
- porosity factor
- posterior pituitary antidiuretic factor
- posterior pituitary oxytocic factor
- posterior pituitary vasopressor factor
- primary factor
- procomplementary factor
- quality factor
- R factor
- reactive factor
- recessive factor
- relaxing factor
- release factor
- resistance transfer factor
- Rh factor
- rhesus factor
- rho factor
- rosette-inhibiting factor
- safety factor
- SD factor
- seeding factor
- segregation distorter factor
- selective factor
- serum factor
- sex-influenced factor
- sex-ratio factor
- SF factor
- sigma factor
- silt factor
- site factor
- soil factor
- spreading factor
- SR factor
- stem cell renewal factor
- stringent factor
- Stuart factor
- suppressor factor
- T cell growth factor
- T cell replacing factor
- termination factor
- thermal factor
- Thy-1-inducing factor
- time factor
- transfer factor
- transforming factor
- trophic factor
- TSH-releasing factor
- tumor necrosis factor
- use factor
- vital factor
- von Willebrand factor
- water factor* * *причина, движущая сила процесса -
63 engine
двигатель; мотор- air-cooled engine
- alcohol engine
- aluminum engine
- aspirate engine
- atmospheric engine
- automobile engine
- automotive engine
- axial engine
- balance shaft engine
- blown engine
- bored-out engine
- boxer engine
- bus engine
- car engine
- carburetor engine
- charge-cooled engine
- cold-starting engine
- compression ignition engine
- counterbalanced engine
- crosswise engine
- dead engine
- derated engine
- diesel engine
- diesel-electric engine
- direct-injection engine
- divided-chamber engine
- double overhead camshaft engine
- dry sump engine
- dual-fuel engine
- eight-cylinder engine
- failed engine
- federal engine
- fire engine
- five-cylinder engine
- fixed engine
- flat engine
- four-cylinder engine
- four-stroke engine
- front-mounted engine
- fuel-injection engine
- gas engine
- gasoline engine
- heat engine
- heavy-duty engine
- heavy-oil engine
- high-compression engine
- high-efficiency engine
- high-performance engine
- high-power engine
- high-powered engine
- high-speed engine
- hopped-up engine
- horizontal engine
- hot engine
- hydrogen engine
- inclined engine
- indirect injection engine
- industrial engine
- injection-type engine
- in-line engine
- intercooled diesel engine
- internal-combustion engine
- lean-burn engine
- L-head engine
- light engine
- liquid-cooled engine
- longitudinal engine
- long-stroke engine
- low-compression engine
- low-consumption engine
- low-emission engine
- low-performance engine
- low-speed engine
- modular engine
- multicylinder engine
- multifuel engine
- naturally-aspirated engine
- oil engine
- one-cylinder engine
- opposed engine
- overhead valve engine
- oversquare engine
- overstroked engine
- petrol engine
- piston engine
- prechamber engine
- precombustion chamber engine
- pushrod engine
- qual-cam engine
- racing engine
- ram induction engine
- rear-mounted engine
- rebuilt engine
- reconditioned engine
- research-cylinder engine
- rotary engine
- short-stroke engine
- side valve engine
- single-cylinder engine
- six-cylinder engine
- slanted engine
- sleeveless engine
- slope engine
- slow-running engine
- slow-speed engine
- spark-ignition engine
- spark-ignition fuel-injection engine
- square engine
- square-stroke engine
- stalled engine
- starting engine
- stationary engine
- Stirling engine
- stratified charge engine
- stripped engine
- supercharged engine
- supplementary engine
- swirl-chamber diesel engine
- three-cylinder engine
- transversally-mounted engine
- truck engine
- turbocharged engine
- turbocharged-and-aftercoo-led engine
- turbo-compound engine
- twin cam engine
- two-cylinder engine
- two-stroke engine
- unblown engine
- underfloor engine
- undersquare engine
- uprated engine
- variable compression engine
- variable valve-timing engine
- variable-stroke engine
- V-engine
- vertical engine
- vertical vortex engine
- warm engine* * *мотор; двигатель* * *• машинный -
64 gain
1) усиление || усиливать2) коэффициент усиления; коэффициент передачи3) выигрыш; увеличение || выигрывать; увеличивать4) коэффициент усиления антенны ( в данном направлении); максимальный коэффициент усиления антенны•gain per pass — кв. эл усиление за проход
- gain of antennagain per transit — кв. эл усиление за проход
- absolute gain of antenna
- acoustoelectric gain
- active element pattern gain
- amplifier gain
- antenna field gain
- antenna power gain
- antenna receive gain
- antenna transmit gain
- available gain
- available power gain
- backward gain
- Bayes gain
- Bayesian gain
- bridging gain
- charge gain
- closed-loop gain
- collector-to-base current gain
- collector-to-emitter current gain
- common-base gain
- common-drain gain
- common-emitter gain
- common-gate gain
- common-mode gain
- common-source gain
- completely matched power gain
- conversion gain
- correlation gain
- current gain
- differential gain
- directional gain
- directive gain
- direct-sequence process gain
- diversity gain
- double-channel gain
- efficiency gain
- expected gain
- feedback network gain
- forward gain
- full beam gain
- grounded-base current gain
- grounded-base power gain
- grounded-base voltage gain
- grounded-collector current gain
- grounded-collector voltage gain
- grounded-emitter current gain
- grounded-emitter power gain
- grounded-emitter voltage gain
- incremental gain
- input gain
- insertion gain
- internal loop gain
- inverse gain
- isotropic gain of antenna
- large-signal power gain
- laser gain
- level-dependent gain
- logarithmic gain
- loop gain
- low-level current gain
- low-signal current gain
- luminous gain
- matched power gain
- net gain
- neutralized stable gain
- nonreciprocal gain
- obstacle gain
- off-axis gain
- on-axis gain
- one-pass gain
- open-circuit voltage gain
- open-loop gain
- optical gain
- optimum gain
- output gain
- parametric gain
- partial gain of antenna
- partial realized gain of antenna
- photoconductivity gain
- power gain
- process gain
- processing gain
- radiant gain
- realized gain
- reciprocal gain
- relative gain of antenna
- relative partial gain of antenna
- reverse gain
- ride gain
- round-trip gain
- saturated gain
- screen gain
- servo loop gain
- single-channel gain
- single-pass gain
- small-signal gain
- spectral-conversion luminous gain
- spectral-conversion radiant gain
- spectral luminous gain
- spectral radiant gain
- speed gain
- threshold gain
- total gain of antenna
- transducer gain
- transmission gain
- turn-off thyristor gain
- turn-on thyristor gain
- unilateral gain
- unsaturated gain
- voltage gain -
65 gain
1) усиление || усиливать2) коэффициент усиления; коэффициент передачи3) выигрыш; увеличение || выигрывать; увеличивать4) коэффициент усиления антенны ( в данном направлении); максимальный коэффициент усиления антенны•gain per pass — кв. эл. усиление за проход
- acoustoelectric gaingain per transit — кв. эл. усиление за проход
- active element pattern gain
- amplifier gain
- antenna field gain
- antenna power gain
- antenna receive gain
- antenna transmit gain
- available gain
- available power gain
- backward gain
- Bayes gain
- Bayesian gain
- bridging gain
- charge gain
- closed-loop gain
- collector-to-base current gain
- collector-to-emitter current gain
- common-base gain
- common-drain gain
- common-emitter gain
- common-gate gain
- common-mode gain
- common-source gain
- completely matched power gain
- conversion gain
- correlation gain
- current gain
- differential gain
- directional gain
- directive gain
- direct-sequence process gain
- diversity gain
- double-channel gain
- efficiency gain
- expected gain
- feedback network gain
- forward gain
- full beam gain
- gain of antenna
- gain per unit length
- grounded-base current gain
- grounded-base power gain
- grounded-base voltage gain
- grounded-collector current gain
- grounded-collector voltage gain
- grounded-emitter current gain
- grounded-emitter power gain
- grounded-emitter voltage gain
- incremental gain
- input gain
- insertion gain
- internal loop gain
- inverse gain
- isotropic gain of antenna
- large-signal power gain
- laser gain
- level-dependent gain
- logarithmic gain
- loop gain
- low-level current gain
- low-signal current gain
- luminous gain
- matched power gain
- net gain
- neutralized stable gain
- nonreciprocal gain
- obstacle gain
- off-axis gain
- on-axis gain
- one-pass gain
- open-circuit voltage gain
- open-loop gain
- optical gain
- optimum gain
- output gain
- parametric gain
- partial gain of antenna
- partial realized gain of antenna
- photoconductivity gain
- power gain
- process gain
- processing gain
- radiant gain
- realized gain
- reciprocal gain
- relative gain of antenna
- relative partial gain of antenna
- reverse gain
- ride gain
- round-trip gain
- saturated gain
- screen gain
- servo loop gain
- single-channel gain
- single-pass gain
- small-signal gain
- spectral luminous gain
- spectral radiant gain
- spectral-conversion luminous gain
- spectral-conversion radiant gain
- speed gain
- threshold gain
- total gain of antenna
- transducer gain
- transmission gain
- turn-off thyristor gain
- turn-on thyristor gain
- unilateral gain
- unsaturated gain
- voltage gainThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > gain
-
66 variance
1) отклонение (напр. от норматива); расхождение; несоответствие2) стат. дисперсия; среднее отклонение3) стат. рассеяние -
67 overall
-
68 specific
-
69 system
система; комплекс; средство; способ; метод; сеть (напр. дорог) ;aiming-navigation system (analog, digital) — прицельно-навигационная система (аналоговая, цифровая)
air observation, acquisition and fire control system — (бортовая) система воздушной разведки, засечки целей и управления огнем
air support aircraft ECM (equipment) system — (бортовая) система РЭП для самолетов авиационной поддержки
airborne (ground) target acquisition and illumination laser system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и подсветки (наземных) целей
airborne (ground) targeting and laser designator system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и целеуказания (наземных целей)
airborne laser illumination, ranging and tracking system — ав. бортовая система лазерной подсветки, определения дальности и сопровождения цели
artillery (nuclear) delivery system — артиллерийская система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)
C2 system — система оперативного управления; система руководства и управления
C3 system — система руководства, управления и связи; система оперативного управления и связи
channel and message switching (automatic) communications system — АСС с коммутацией каналов и сообщений
country-fair type rotation system (of instruction) — метод одновременного обучения [опроса] нескольких учебных групп (переходящих от одного объекта изучения к другому)
dual-capable (conventional/nuclear) weapon delivery system — система доставки (обычного или ядерного) боеприпаса к цели
electromagnetic emitters identification, location and suppression system — система обнаружения, опознавания и подавления источников электромагнитных излучений [излучающих РЭС]
field antimissile (missile) system — полевой [войсковой] ПРК
fire-on-the-move (air defense) gun system — подвижный зенитный артиллерийский комплекс для стрельбы в движении [на ходу]
fluidic (missile) control system — ркт. гидравлическая [струйная] система управления полетом
forward (area) air defense system — система ПВО передового района; ЗРК для войсковой ПВО передового района
graduated (availability) operational readiness system — Бр. система поэтапной боевой готовности (частей и соединений)
high-resolution satellite IR detection, tracking and targeting system — спутниковая система с ИК аппаратурой высокой разрешающей способности для обнаружения, сопровождения целей и наведения средств поражения
ICBM (alarm and) early warning satellite system — спутниковая система обнаружения пусков МБР и раннего предупреждения (средств ПРО)
information storage, tracking and retrieval system — система накопления, хранения и поиска информации
instantaneous grenade launcher (armored vehicle) smoke system — гранатомет (БМ) для быстрой постановки дымовой завесы
Precision Location [Locator] (and) Strike system — высокоточная система обеспечения обнаружения и поражения целей; высокоточный разведывательно-ударный комплекс
rapid deceleration (parachute) delivery system — парашютная система выброски грузов с быстрым торможением
real time, high-resolution reconnaissance satellite system — спутниковая разведывательная система с высокой разрешающей способностью аппаратуры и передачей информации в реальном масштабе времени
received signal-oriented (output) jamming signal power-adjusting ECM system — система РЭП с автоматическим регулированием уровня помех в зависимости от мощности принимаемого сигнала
sea-based nuclear (weapon) delivery system — система морского базирования доставки ядерного боеприпаса к цели
small surface-to-air ship self-defense (missile) system — ЗРК ближнего действия для самообороны корабля
Status Control, Alerting and Reporting system — система оповещения, контроля и уточнения состояния [боевой готовности] сил и средств
surface missile (weapon) system — наземный [корабельный] РК
target acquisition, rapid designation and precise aiming system — комплекс аппаратуры обнаружения цели, быстрого целеуказания и точного прицеливания
— ABM defense system— antimissile missile system— central weapon system— countersurprise military system— laser surveying system— tank weapon system— vertical launching system— weapons system -
70 factor
n1) фактор, движущая сила2) фактор, составной элемент3) фактор; агент; комиссионер4) коэффициент5) множитель
- adjustment factor
- aircraft safety factor
- amortization factor
- annual growth factor
- availability factor
- break-even load factor
- capacity factor
- climatic factor
- concomitant factor
- constant factor
- consumption factor
- consumption-boosting factors
- conversion factor
- cost factor
- damage factor
- deciding factor
- defective factor
- demographic factor
- design factor
- discount factor
- duty factor
- ecological factor
- economic factor
- economy factors
- efficiency factor
- engineering factors
- environmental factor
- external factor
- feedback factor
- financial factor
- fixed conversion factor
- forecasting factor
- growth factors
- human factor
- important factor
- institutional factor
- internal factors
- key factor
- leverage factor
- limiting factor
- load factor
- long-term factor
- lost factor
- market factor
- mitigating factor
- monetary factor
- natural factor
- objective factor
- operating factor
- operating factors
- operational factors
- output factor
- performance factor
- pipeline factor
- plant-load factor
- principal factor
- production factors
- productivity factor
- psychological factor
- quality factor
- readiness factor
- recovery factor
- reliability factor
- risk factor
- safety factor
- scale factor
- seasonal factor
- service factor
- short-term factor
- social factor
- socioeconomic factor
- sociological factor
- statistical factor
- stowage factor
- technical factor
- time factor
- transient factor
- transitory factor
- uncontrolled factor
- usage factor
- use factor
- utilization factor
- variable factor
- vitiating factors
- wear factor
- weight factor
- work factor
- by a factor of ten
- assess factorsEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > factor
-
71 factor
n1) фактор, движущая сила3) фактор, коэффициент• -
72 cutting
стружка; опилки; лоскутки; обрезки; обрезь; обрезок (пиломатериал); нарезание; насечка; резание; резка (напр. газовая); разрезка; разрезание; срезание; перерезание; строжка; обработка резанием; фрезерование; гранение; выемка (бульдозером); разъединение; разрыв; отсоединение; отключение; выключение; отсечка (тока); запирание (цепи); отсечение; вырезание; отбрасывание стр. выемка грунта; лес. подрубка; врубка; рубка; тесание; распиливание; с.х. косьба; кошение; покос; отросток; отводок; черенок- cutting accuracy - cutting amperage - cutting and bending - cutting-and-mixing machine - cutting-and-molding machine - cutting and shearing plant - cutting angle - cutting apparatus - cutting area - cutting area work - cutting assemblage - cutting axis - cutting-back - cutting band - cutting-bit head - cutting burrs - cutting by blowtorch - cutting by waterjet - cutting cam - cutting capability - cutting ceramics - cutting chain - cutting chute - cutting conditions - cutting coolant - cutting-cooling medium - cutting cycle - cutting depth - cutting device - cutting diamond - cutting die - cutting divider - cutting down - cutting-down - cutting drag - cutting drum - cutting-edge - cutting edge - cutting edge angle - cutting edge configuration - cutting edge form - cutting edge inclination - cutting edge length - cutting edge normal plane - cutting edge of a knife - cutting edge of machining technology - cutting edge package - cutting-edge seal - cutting edge sharpness - cutting edge technology - cutting-edge technology - cutting edge tip - cutting effect - cutting efficiency - cutting effort - cutting electrode - cutting emulsion - cutting end - cutting end shape - cutting energy - cutting engagement - cutting equipment - cutting face - cutting feed rate - cutting feed speed - cutting flame - cutting fluid - cutting-fluid recycling - cutting flute - cutting force - cutting force component - cutting force deflection - cutting force dynamometer - cutting force-induced error - cutting force per unit area of cut - cutting force per unit width of cut - cutting forceps - cutting frame - cutting from the solid - cutting gage - cutting gas - cutting geometry - cutting giant - cutting grade - cutting head - cutting head assembly - cutting-head-height-and-collision sensor - cutting heat - cutting height - cutting-in - cutting in a smooth pattern - cutting in a spiral pattern - cutting-in speed - cutting-in speed of over drive - cutting-in time - cutting inaccuracies - cutting insert - cutting installation - cutting instrument - cutting interval - cutting iron - cutting jet - cutting jib - cutting job - cutting knife - cutting laser tool - cutting length - cutting life - cutting line - cutting liquid - cutting load - cutting load signal - cutting-loading machine - cutting lubricant - cutting machine - cutting machine scratch - cutting machine tool technology - cutting machine with coordinate drive - cutting material - cutting mechanics - cutting mechanism - cutting medium - cutting member - cutting metal - cutting mode - cutting motion - cutting movement - cutting nippers - cutting noise - cutting nozzle - cutting of fuel oils - cutting-off-abrasive wheel - cutting-off - cutting-off bit tool - cutting-off EDM - cutting-off grinding - cutting-off lathe - cutting-off machine - cutting-off saw - cutting-off tool - cutting oil - cutting-oil deflector - cutting oil freshener - cutting oil separator - cutting operation - cutting orientation - cutting out - cutting-out - cutting-out of rivets - cutting out of square - cutting-out press - cutting oxygen - cutting oxygen tube - cutting parameters - cutting part - cutting pass - cutting path - cutting path supporting points - cutting pattern - cutting performance - cutting period - cutting perpendicular force - cutting pick - cutting plan - cutting plane - cutting plane line - cutting plate - cutting platform - cutting pliers - cutting point - cutting-point angle - cutting position - cutting power - cutting-practice rules - cutting press - cutting profile - cutting program - cutting prong - cutting propagation - cutting pulse - cutting punch - cutting quality - cutting radius - digging radius - cutting rate - cutting region - cutting relief angle - cutting resistance - cutting resistance per tooth - cutting rib - cutting right to size - cutting rim - cutting ring - cutting ring coupling - cutting roll - cutting room - cutting rotor - cutting rule - cutting run - cutting scallops - cutting sequence - cutting-shearing drilling bit - cutting shoe - cutting simulation - cutting size - cutting size of core diamond bit - cutting speed - cutting speed chart plate - cutting speed control mechanism - cutting speed for milling - cutting speed indicator - cutting spindle - cutting stretch - cutting stroke - cutting stroke drive - cutting surface - cutting table - cutting tap - cutting technology - cutting technology routine - cutting teeth - cutting temperature - cutting test - cutting the loop - cutting-through of a tunnel - cutting thrust - cutting thrust force - cutting time - cutting-time monitor - cutting tip - cutting to a shoulder - cutting to length - cutting to size - cutting tool - cutting tool assembly - cutting tool body - cutting tool cartridge - cutting tool collet - cutting tool contact indicator - cutting tool control macro - cutting tool data - utting tool edge - cutting tool engineering - cutting tool force - cutting tool holder - cutting tool industry - cutting tool insert - cutting tool lubricant - cutting tool materials - cutting tool measurement system - cutting tool outlet - cutting tool technology - cutting tool with inserted blades - cutting tooth - cutting torch - cutting torque - cutting-type core drilling bit - cutting-type drilling bit - cutting unit - cutting up - cutting-up line - cutting value - cutting waste - cutting wear - cutting wedge - cutting wheel - cutting wheel carrier - cutting width - cutting-winning machine - cutting with preheating - cutting work - cutting zone - abrasive cutting - abrasive cutting-off - abrasive waterjet cutting - accretion cutting - across cutting - adaptive control cutting - air-arc cutting - air plasma cutting - angle cutting - approach cutting - arc cutting - arc-oxygene cutting - back-off cutting - bottom cutting - burrless cutting - cable cutting - cam cutting - carbide cutting - carbon-arc cutting - cleaning cutting - climb cutting - composite cutting - consecutive tool cutting - creep cutting - cross-cutting - cryogenic cutting - curved cutting - 2D profile cutting - 3D profile cutting - deep cutting - deskill cutting - diagonal cutting - diamond cutting - double cutting - double-roll cutting - double-roll tooth cutting - drill cuttings - dry cutting - ED cutting-off - ED wire cutting - edge cutting - electric arc-gas jet cutting - electrochemical hole cutting - electrochemical wire cutting - electroerosion cutting - end cutting - fabric cutting - finishing cutting - flame cutting - flux injetion cutting - form cutting - form tooth cutting - friction cutting - fusion cutting - gas cutting - gas metal cutting - gas-shielded arc cutting - gas-shielded tungsten-arc cutting - gas tungsten cutting - gear cutting - grass cutting - groove cutting - guided hand cutting - hand cutting - heavy cutting - high-pressure water-assisted cutting - hoisting and drilling load cuttings - hydraulic cutting - hydrogene cutting - in-line cutting - inserted carbide cutting - internal cutting - internally fed wet cutting - interrupted cutting - irregular depth cutting - keyway cutting - lance cutting - laser cutting - lateral cutting - length cutting - light cutting - little-and-often cutting - low-rpm cutting - machine cutting - manual air-plasma jet cutting - measure cutting - metal cutting - metal-arc cutting - metal powder cutting - miter cutting - multipass cutting - multiple milling cutting - multiple thread cutting - multitool cutting - oblique cutting - orthogonal cutting - oxy-arc cutting - oxygene-arc cutting - oxy-fuel cutting - oxy-fuel gas cutting - oxyacetylene cutting - oxyacetylene flame cutting - oxygen arc cutting - oxygen assisted laser cutting - oxygene lance cutting - oxyhydrogen cutting - oxy-propane cutting - part cutting - percussion cutting - peritheral cutting - pipe cuttings - plasma arc cutting - plasma flame cutting - plasma-jet cutting - playback laser cutting - plunge cutting - press cutting - polygon cutting - polygonal cutting - profile cutting - punch cutting - railway cutting - right-angle cutting - rotary cutting - rough cutting - round cutting - sample cutting - screw cutting - scroll cutting - see-saw cutting - setable minimum cutting - shape cutting - shear cuttings - shear-speed cutting - shielded metal arc cutting - side cutting - sideways cutting - single-pass cutting - single-point cutting - single-point thread cutting - skip cutting - slice cutting - solid cutting - spark cutting - spiral cuttings - spiral-bevel-gear cutting - spur-gear cutting - stack cutting - steel cuttings - straight line cutting - taper cutting - thermal cutting - thread cutting - tooth cutting - torch cutting - transverse cutting - tungsten-arc cutting - two-way cutting - ultrasonic cutting - up cutting - waterjet cutting - waterjet-assisted mechanical cutting - wet cutting - wire cutting -
73 fuel combustion
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74 combustion
сгорание, сжигание, горение, возгорание -
75 complete combustion
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > complete combustion
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76 imperfect combustion
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > imperfect combustion
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77 uniform combustion
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > uniform combustion
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78 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1 June 1796 Paris, Franced. 24 August 1831 Paris, France[br]French laid the foundations for modern thermodynamics through his book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu when he stated that the efficiency of an engine depended on the working substance and the temperature drop between the incoming and outgoing steam.[br]Sadi was the eldest son of Lazare Carnot, who was prominent as one of Napoleon's military and civil advisers. Sadi was born in the Palais du Petit Luxembourg and grew up during the Napoleonic wars. He was tutored by his father until in 1812, at the minimum age of 16, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique to study stress analysis, mechanics, descriptive geometry and chemistry. He organized the students to fight against the allies at Vincennes in 1814. He left the Polytechnique that October and went to the Ecole du Génie at Metz as a student second lieutenant. While there, he wrote several scientific papers, but on the Restoration in 1815 he was regarded with suspicion because of the support his father had given Napoleon. In 1816, on completion of his studies, Sadi became a second lieutenant in the Metz engineering regiment and spent his time in garrison duty, drawing up plans of fortifications. He seized the chance to escape from this dull routine in 1819 through an appointment to the army general staff corps in Paris, where he took leave of absence on half pay and began further courses of study at the Sorbonne, Collège de France, Ecole des Mines and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. He was inter-ested in industrial development, political economy, tax reform and the fine arts.It was not until 1821 that he began to concentrate on the steam-engine, and he soon proposed his early form of the Carnot cycle. He sought to find a general solution to cover all types of steam-engine, and reduced their operation to three basic stages: an isothermal expansion as the steam entered the cylinder; an adiabatic expansion; and an isothermal compression in the condenser. In 1824 he published his Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, which was well received at the time but quickly forgotten. In it he accepted the caloric theory of heat but pointed out the impossibility of perpetual motion. His main contribution to a correct understanding of a heat engine, however, lay in his suggestion that power can be produced only where there exists a temperature difference due "not to an actual consumption of caloric but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body". He used the analogy of a water-wheel with the water falling around its circumference. He proposed the true Carnot cycle with the addition of a final adiabatic compression in which motive power was con sumed to heat the gas to its original incoming temperature and so closed the cycle. He realized the importance of beginning with the temperature of the fire and not the steam in the boiler. These ideas were not taken up in the study of thermodynartiics until after Sadi's death when B.P.E.Clapeyron discovered his book in 1834.In 1824 Sadi was recalled to military service as a staff captain, but he resigned in 1828 to devote his time to physics and economics. He continued his work on steam-engines and began to develop a kinetic theory of heat. In 1831 he was investigating the physical properties of gases and vapours, especially the relationship between temperature and pressure. In June 1832 he contracted scarlet fever, which was followed by "brain fever". He made a partial recovery, but that August he fell victim to a cholera epidemic to which he quickly succumbed.[br]Bibliography1824, Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu; pub. 1960, trans. R.H.Thurston, New York: Dover Publications; pub. 1978, trans. Robert Fox, Paris (full biographical accounts are provided in the introductions of the translated editions).Further ReadingDictionary of Scientific Biography, 1971, Vol. III, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black.Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, from Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (discusses Carnot's theories of heat).RLHBiographical history of technology > Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi
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79 Diesel, Rudolph Christian Karl
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1858 Paris, Franced. 1913 at sea, in the English Channel[br]German inventor of the Diesel or Compression Ignition engine.[br]A German born in Paris, he was educated in Augsburg and later in Munich, where he graduated first in his class. There he took some courses under Professor Karl von Linde, pioneer of mechanical refrigeration and an authority on thermodynamics, who pointed out the low efficiency of the steam engine. He went to work for the Linde Ice Machine Company as an engineer and later as Manager; there he conceived a new basic cycle and worked out its thermodynamics, which he published in 1893 as "The theory and construction of a rational heat motor". Compressing air adiabatically to one-sixteenth of its volume caused the temperature to rise to 1,000°F (540°C). Injected fuel would then ignite automatically without any electrical system. He obtained permission to use the laboratories of the Augsburg-Nuremburg Engine Works to build a single-cylinder prototype. On test it blew up, nearly killing Diesel. He proved his principle, however, and obtained financial support from the firm of Alfred Krupp. The design was refined until successful and in 1898 an engine was put on display in Munich with the result that many business people invested in Diesel and his engine and its worldwide production. Diesel made over a million dollars out of the invention. The heart of the engine is the fuel-injection pump, which operates at a pressure of c.500 psi (35 kg/cm). The first English patent for the engine was in 1892. The firms in Augsburg sent him abroad to sell his engine; he persuaded the French to adopt it for submarines, Germany having refused this. Diesel died in 1913 in mysterious circumstances, vanishing from the Harwich-Antwerp ferry.[br]Further ReadingE.Diesel, 1937, Diesel, derMensch, das Werk, das Schicksal, Hamburg. J.S.Crowther, 1959, Six Great Engineers, London.John F.Sandfort, 1964, Heat Engines.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Diesel, Rudolph Christian Karl
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80 Kirk, Alexander Carnegie
[br]b. c.1830 Barry, Angus, Scotlandd. 5 October 1892 Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish marine engineer, advocate of multiple-expansion in steam reciprocating engines.[br]Kirk was a son of the manse, and after attending school at Arbroath he proceeded to Edinburgh University. Following graduation he served an apprenticeship at the Vulcan Foundry, Glasgow, before serving first as Chief Draughtsman with the Thames shipbuilders and engineers Maudslay Sons \& Field, and later as Engineer of Paraffin Young's Works at Bathgate and West Calder in Lothian. He was credited with the inventions of many ingenious appliances and techniques for improving production in these two establishments. About 1866 Kirk returned to Glasgow as Manager of the Cranstonhill Engine Works, then moved to Elder's Shipyard (later known as the Fairfield Company) as Engineering Manager. There he made history in producing the world's first triple-expansion engines for the single-screw steamship Propontis in 1874. That decade was to confirm the Clyde's leading role as shipbuilders to the world and to establish the iron ship with efficient reciprocating machinery as the workhorse of the British Merchant Marine. Upon the death of the great Clyde shipbuilder Robert Napier in 1876, Kirk and others took over as partners in the shipbuilding yard and engine shops of Robert Napier \& Sons. There in 1881 they built a ship that is acknowledged as one of the masterpieces of British shipbuilding: the SS Aberdeen for George Thompson's Aberdeen Line to the Far East. In this ship the fullest advantage was taken of high steam temperatures and pressures, which were expanded progressively in a three-cylinder configuration. The Aberdeen, in its many voyages from London to China and Japan, was to prove the efficiency of these engines that had been so carefully designed in Glasgow. In the following years Dr Kirk (he has always been known as Doctor, although his honorary LLD was only awarded by Glasgow University in 1888) persuaded the Admiralty and several shipping companies to accept not only triple-expansion machinery but also the use of mild steel in ship construction. The successful SS Parisian, built for the Allan Line of Glasgow, was one of these pioneer ships.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.FMWBiographical history of technology > Kirk, Alexander Carnegie
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