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  • 21 ramp up

    •• * Глагол to ramp up, встречающийся довольно часто в текстах на разные темы, происходит, вероятнее всего, из management lingo – это специфический язык, на котором говорят в американских школах бизнеса и который вызывает раздражение у многих простых смертных. Данный глагол, однако, быстро проникает в СМИ, хотя встречается чаще в текстах на компьютерные, технические и связанные с бизнесом темы. В словарях, просмотренных мною, этот глагол не обнаружен. Возможно, его не включают по недосмотру, а может быть потому, что значение кажется более или менее очевидным, вытекающим из интуитивно ясной метафоры «эстакады». Мне кажется, что это слово заслуживает включения в словари.

    •• Подсказкой для поиска вариантов перевода может стать включенное в ABBYY Polytechnic существительное ramp-up – линейно нарастающая характеристика. Или контекст:
    •• ConjuGon Inc., a Madison biotechnology firm, will begin ramping up operations after relocating its headquarters to the MG&E Innovation Center <...> “ This move signals the start of shifting our operations into high gear,” Sal Braico, ConjuGon business manager, said in a statement. (Business Journal of Milwakee)
    •• Смысл очевиден – наращивать/развертывать производство/деятельность, но для выбора вариантов желательно иметь представление, на какой стадии находится ramp-up.
    •• Аналогичные примеры из сферы бизнеса:
    •• The company had planned to emerge as a cement bigwig by ramping up capacities through acquisitions. (Hindu Group Business Online) – Компания планировала стать ведущим производителем цемента, нарастив/расширив мощности за счет приобретения конкурентов. Six months after launching a distribution center in Memphis, Synntex Information Technologies, Inc., is ramping up the facility to add light assembly operations, which will create another 20 jobs initially. (Memphis Business Journal)
    •• Здесь интересно то, что можно ramp up не только production или operations, но и facility, т.е. физический объект. На переводе это не сказывается – расширять/наращивать производственную деятельность.
    •• Иногда – в частности в заголовках – ramping up встречается без дополнения:
    •• Ramping up for war: defense contractors tighten security, work longer hours, speed deliveries to the military.
    •• Другой пример:
    •• Ramping up the Internet.
    •• Здесь, судя по тексту статьи, мы имеем дело с дальнейшим расширением значения посредством активизации метафоры:
    •• These [fiber optic] highways have been built. We need to build new access ramps to be able to utilize the capacity.
    •• По смыслу здесь не «наращивание мощностей», а расширение доступа к Интернету. В следующем примере ramping up – скорее эквивалент широкого внедрения:
    •• Priorities for next year include ramping up a mortgage system to solve the nation’s worsening housing conditions. (Moscow Times)
    •• Наконец, пример проникновения to ramp up в общую лексику:
    •• AIDS activists loudly urged world leaders to ramp up the fight against this global scourge at the International AIDS Conference in Barcelona this past July. (Emory University website)
    •• Здесь – просто синоним to intensify. Интересно и употребленное без всяких «комплексов» слово the fight. В переводе просто усилить борьбу со СПИДом.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > ramp up

  • 22 except

    1. v исключать

    present company excepted — за исключением присутствующих, о присутствующих не говорят

    2. v протестовать, возражать
    3. v юр. отводить
    4. prep исключая, за исключением, кроме

    except that — за исключением; кроме

    5. prep кроме; за

    except as — кроме случаев ; за исключением

    except as may be agreed … — за исключением случаев, которые могут быть согласованы …

    it shall remain in force except as amended by this Protocol — это остаётся в силе с учётом поправок, внесённых настоящим протоколом

    except for — за исключением, кроме; если бы не; если не считать

    6. cj арх. кроме как
    7. cj арх. библ. если не
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. barring (adj.) barring; besides; excluding
    2. but (adj.) but; however; only; save
    3. object (verb) expostulate; inveigh against; kick; object; protest; remonstrate
    4. omit (verb) bar; bate; count out; debar; eliminate; exclude; excuse; keep out; leave out; omit; reject; rule out; suspend
    5. apart from (other) apart from; aside from (US); bar; barring; beyond; outside of; save; short of; with the exception of
    6. but (other) aside from; but; excepting; excluding; lacking; omitting; saving; without
    7. only (other) except that; however; only
    Антонимический ряд:
    accept; admit; admitting; affirm; classify; count; embrace; include; including; state

    English-Russian base dictionary > except

  • 23 Usage note : be

    The direct French equivalent of the verb to be in subject + to be + predicate sentences is être:
    I am tired
    = je suis fatigué
    Caroline is French
    = Caroline est française
    the children are in the garden
    = les enfants sont dans le jardin
    It functions in very much the same way as to be does in English and it is safe to assume it will work as a translation in the great majority of cases.
    Note, however, that when you are specifying a person’s profession or trade, a/an is not translated:
    she’s a doctor
    = elle est médecin
    Claudie is still a student
    = Claudie est toujours étudiante
    This is true of any noun used in apposition when the subject is a person:
    he’s a widower
    = il est veuf
    But
    Lyons is a beautiful city
    = Lyon est une belle ville
    For more information or expressions involving professions and trades consult the usage note Shops, Trades and Professions.
    For the conjugation of the verb être see the French verb tables.
    Grammatical functions
    The passive
    être is used to form the passive in French just as to be is used in English. Note, however, that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject:
    the rabbit was killed by a fox
    = le lapin a été tué par un renard
    the window had been broken
    = la fenêtre avait été cassée
    their books will be sold
    = leurs livres seront vendus
    our doors have been repainted red
    = nos portes ont été repeintes en rouge
    In spoken language, French native speakers find the passive cumbersome and will avoid it where possible by using the impersonal on where a person or people are clearly involved : on a repeint nos portes en rouge.
    Progressive tenses
    In French the idea of something happening over a period of time cannot be expressed using the verb être in the way that to be is used as an auxiliary verb in English.
    The present
    French uses simply the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:
    I am working
    = je travaille
    Ben is reading a book
    = Ben lit un livre
    The future
    French also uses the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:
    we are going to London tomorrow
    = nous allons à Londres demain
    I’m (just) coming!
    = j’arrive!
    I’m (just) going!
    = j’y vais!
    The past
    To express the distinction between she read a newspaper and she was reading a newspaper French uses the perfect and the imperfect tenses: elle a lu un journal/elle lisait un journal:
    he wrote to his mother
    = il a écrit à sa mère
    he was writing to his mother
    = il écrivait à sa mère
    However, in order to accentuate the notion of describing an activity which went on over a period of time, the phrase être en train de (= to be in the process of) is often used:
    ‘what was he doing when you arrived?’
    ‘he was cooking the dinner’
    = ‘qu’est-ce qu’il faisait quand tu es arrivé?’ ‘il était en train de préparer le dîner’
    she was just finishing her essay when …
    = elle était juste en train de finir sa dissertation quand …
    The compound past
    Compound past tenses in the progressive form in English are generally translated by the imperfect in French:
    I’ve been looking for you
    = je te cherchais
    For progressive forms + for and since (I’ve been waiting for an hour, I had been waiting for an hour, I’ve been waiting since Monday etc.) see the entries for and since.
    Obligation
    When to be is used as an auxiliary verb with another verb in the infinitive ( to be to do) expressing obligation, a fixed arrangement or destiny, devoir is used:
    she’s to do it at once
    = elle doit le faire tout de suite
    what am I to do?
    = qu’est-ce que je dois faire?
    he was to arrive last Monday
    = il devait arriver lundi dernier
    she was never to see him again
    = elle ne devait plus le revoir.
    In tag questions
    French has no direct equivalent of tag questions like isn’t he? or wasn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:
    their house is lovely, isn’t it?
    = leur maison est très belle, n’est-ce pas?
    he’s a doctor, isn’t he?
    = il est médecin, n’est-ce pas?
    it was a very good meal, wasn’t it?
    = c’était un très bon repas, n’est-ce pas?
    However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the extra meaning contained in the tag: par hasard ( by any chance) can be very useful as a translation:
    ‘I can’t find my glasses’ ‘they’re not in the kitchen, are they?’
    = ‘je ne trouve pas mes lunettes’ ‘elles ne sont pas dans la cuisine, par hasard?’
    you haven’t seen Gaby, have you?
    = tu n’as pas vu Gaby, par hasard?
    In cases where an opinion is being sought, si? meaning more or less or is it? or was it? etc. can be useful:
    it’s not broken, is it?
    = ce n’est pas cassé, si?
    he wasn’t serious, was he?
    = il n’était pas sérieux, si?
    In many other cases the tag question is simply not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey the implied question.
    In short answers
    Again, there is no direct equivalent for short answers like yes I am, no he’s not etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:
    ‘you’re not going out tonight’ ‘yes I am’
    = ‘tu ne sors pas ce soir’ ‘si’
    In reply to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:
    ‘are you a doctor?’ ‘yes I am’
    = ‘êtes-vous médecin?’ ‘oui’
    ‘was it raining?’ ‘yes it was’
    = ‘est-ce qu’il pleuvait?’ ‘oui’
    Probability
    For expressions of probability and supposition ( if I were you etc.) see the entry be.
    Other functions
    Expressing sensations and feelings
    In expressing physical and mental sensations, the verb used in French is avoir:
    to be cold
    = avoir froid
    to be hot
    = avoir chaud
    I’m cold
    = j’ai froid
    to be thirsty
    = avoir soif
    to be hungry
    = avoir faim
    to be ashamed
    = avoir honte
    my hands are cold
    = j’ai froid aux mains
    If, however, you are in doubt as to which verb to use in such expressions, you should consult the entry for the appropriate adjective.
    Discussing health and how people are
    In expressions of health and polite enquiries about how people are, aller is used:
    how are you?
    = comment allez-vous?
    ( more informally) comment vas-tu?
    are you well?
    = vous allez bien?
    how is your daughter?
    = comment va votre fille?
    my father is better today
    = mon père va mieux aujourd’hui
    Discussing weather and temperature
    In expressions of weather and temperature faire is generally used:
    it’s cold
    = il fait froid
    it’s windy
    = il fait du vent
    If in doubt, consult the appropriate adjective entry.
    Visiting somewhere
    When to be is used in the present perfect tense to mean go, visit etc., French will generally use the verbs venir, aller etc. rather than être:
    I’ve never been to Sweden
    = je ne suis jamais allé en Suède
    have you been to the Louvre?
    = est-ce que tu es déjà allé au Louvre?
    or est-ce que tu as déjà visité le Louvre?
    Paul has been to see us three times
    = Paul est venu nous voir trois fois
    Note too:
    has the postman been?
    = est-ce que le facteur est passé?
    For here is, here are, there is, there are see the entries here and there.
    The translation for an expression or idiom containing the verb to be will be found in the dictionary at the entry for another word in the expression: for to be in danger see danger, for it would be best to … see best etc.
    This dictionary contains usage notes on topics such as the clock, time units, age, weight measurement, days of the week, and shops, trades and professions, many of which include translations of particular uses of to be.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : be

  • 24 budget manual

    Fin
    a detailed set of documents providing guidelines and information about the budget process. A budget manual may include: a calendar of budgetary events; sample budget forms; a statement of budgetary objective and desired results; a listing of budgetary activities; original, revised, and approved budgets; and budget assumptions regarding inflation, interest rates, etc.

    The ultimate business dictionary > budget manual

  • 25 charity accounts

    Fin
    the accounting records of a charitable institution, that include a statement of financial activities rather than a profit and loss account. In the United Kingdom, the accounts should conform to the requirements stipulated in the Charities Act (1993).

    The ultimate business dictionary > charity accounts

  • 26 depreciation

    Gen Mgt
    an allocation of the cost of an asset over a period of time for accounting and tax purposes. Depreciation is charged against earnings, on the basis that the use of capital assets is a legitimate cost of doing business. Depreciation is also a noncash expense that is added into net income to determine cash-flow in a given accounting period.
    EXAMPLE
    To qualify for depreciation, assets must be items used in the business that wear out, become obsolete, or lose value over time from natural causes or circumstances, and they must have a useful life beyond a single tax year. Examples include vehicles, machines equipment, furnishings, and buildings, plus major additions or improvements to such assets. Some intangible assets also can be included under certain conditions. Land, personal assets, stock, leased or rented property, and a company’s employees cannot be depreciated.
          Straight-line depreciation is the most straightforward method. It assumes that the net cost of an asset should be written off in equal amounts over its life. The formula used is:
    (Original cost – scrap value)/Useful life (years)
    For example, if a vehicle cost $20,000 and can be expected to serve the business for seven years, its original cost would be divided by its useful life:
    (30,000 – 2,000)/7 = 4,000 per year
    The $4,000 becomes a depreciation expense that is reported on the company’s year-end income statement under “operation expenses.”
         In theory, an asset should be depreciated over the actual number of years that it will be used, according to its actual drop in value each year. At the end of each year, all the depreciation claimed to date is subtracted from its cost in order to arrive at its book value, which would equal its market value. At the end of its useful business life, any undepreciated portion would represent the salvage value for which it could be sold or scrapped.
         For tax purposes, some accountants prefer to use accelerated depreciation to record larger amounts of depreciation in the asset’s early years in order to reduce tax bills as soon as possible. In contrast to the straight-line method, the declining-balance method assumes that the asset depreciates more in its earlier years of use. The table opposite compares the depreciation amounts that would be available, under these two methods, for a $1,000 asset that is expected to be used for five years and then sold for $100 in scrap.
         The depreciation method to be used for a particular asset is fixed at the time that the asset is first placed in service. Whatever rules
    or tables are in effect for that year must be followed as long as the asset is owned.
         Depreciation laws and regulations change frequently over the years as a result of government policy changes, so a company owning property over a long period may have to use several different depreciation methods.

    The ultimate business dictionary > depreciation

  • 27 tombstone

    Fin
    a notice in the financial press giving details of a large lending facility to a business. It may relate to a management buyout or to a package that may include interest rate cap and collars to finance a specific package. More than one bank may be involved. Although it may appear to be an advertisement, technically in most jurisdictions it is regarded as a statement of fact and therefore falls outside the advertisement regulations. The borrower generally pays for the advertisement, though it is the financial institutions that derive the most benefit.

    The ultimate business dictionary > tombstone

  • 28 opportunity cost

    1. вмененные издержки
    2. альтернативные издержки
    3. альтернативные затраты
    4. альтернативная стоимость

     

    альтернативная стоимость
    цена возможности
    Отражающие лучшие альтернативные возможности использования ресурсов
    [ http://www.dunwoodypress.com/148/PDF/Biotech_Eng-Rus.pdf]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    альтернативные затраты
    (ITIL Service Strategy)
    Затраты, которые рассматриваются при выборе между различными вариантами инвестиций. Альтернативные затраты демонстрируют доход, который мог бы быть получен при использовании ресурсов другим способом. Например, Альтернативные затраты покупки нового Сервера могут не включать не реализованную деятельность по Улучшению услуги на которую могли бы быть израсходованы средства. Анализ Альтернативных затрат может использоваться для принятия решений, но эти Затраты не учитываются в финансовой отчётности о фактических затратах.
    [Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

    EN

    opportunity cost
    (ITIL Service Strategy)
    A cost that is used in deciding between investment choices. Opportunity cost represents the revenue that would have been generated by using the resources in a different way. For example, the opportunity cost of purchasing a new server may include not carrying out a service improvement activity that the money could have been spent on. Opportunity cost analysis is used as part of a decision-making process, but opportunity cost is not treated as an actual cost in any financial statement.
    [Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    альтернативные издержки
    Доход, упущенный экономическим агентом в результате принятия им какого-либо решения (хотя можно было бы принять иное). Альтернативная стоимость товара или услуги есть стоимость товаров и услуг, от которых пришлось отказаться для того, чтобы получить возможность приобрести данные блага.
    [ОАО РАО "ЕЭС России" СТО 17330282.27.010.001-2008]

    альтернативные издержки
    альтернативная стоимость
    Издержки (часто их называют вмененными), которые может понести собственник ресурса, выбирая конкретный вариант его использования и — тем самым — отвергая все имеющиеся альтернативы. Численно определяются как величина дохода, который можно было бы получить при втором по предпочтительности («second best») варианте. Т.е., это доход, упущенный экономическим агентом в результате принятия им какого-либо решения (хотя можно было бы принять иное). Например, А.и. хранения 1 руб. наличными деньгами равняются номинальной процентной ставке банка (храня дома деньги, допустим, полгода, вы теряете столько, сколько могли бы получить за то же время в банке). По другому определению, А.и. — издержки производства товаров и услуг, измеряемые стоимостью наилучшей упущенной возможности использования затраченных на их создание факторов производства. Итак, альтернативная стоимость товара или услуги есть стоимость других товаров и услуг, от которых приходится отказаться, чтобы получить возможность приобрести данные блага. См. также Дифференциальные затраты народного хозяйства по данному продукту, Объективно обусловленные оценки.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    вмененные издержки
    1.Условно рассчитываемые издержки (напр., проценты, которые можно было бы получить на данную денежную сумму, если бы она не была потрачена на приобретение товаров). 2. Те альтернативные издержки, которые не связаны с покупкой факторов производства на стороне, а относятся к таким факторам, которые не используются, хотя и имеются постоянно в распоряжении фирмы. Например, предпринимательские способности владельца могли бы быть использованы в управлении каким-то предприятием. Неполученный, но возможный при этом доход составляет В.и. Впрочем, ряд авторов не делает различия между понятиями альтернативных и вмененных издержек. (См. Альтернативные издержки, Альтернативная стоимость).
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > opportunity cost

  • 29 development plan

    1. план развития

     

    план развития
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    development plan
    The statement of local planning policies that each local planning authority is required by statute to maintain, and which can only be made or altered by following the procedures prescribed for that purpose, which include obligations to consult widely and to hold a public local inquiry into objections. The development plan includes: 1) the structure plan for the area (normally prepared by the country council); 2) an area-wide development plan for each district council area. (Source: GRAHAW)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > development plan

Страницы
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  • include — transitive verb (included; including) Etymology: Middle English, from Latin includere, from in + claudere to close more at close Date: 15th century 1. to shut up ; enclose 2. to take in or comprise as a part of a whole or group 3. to contain… …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • server side include —    Abbreviated SSI. A method used to create dynamic Web pages. The INCLUDE statement is used to embed commands within an HTML document and tells the Web server to perform specific tasks. A common way of using INCLUDE is to tell the server to load …   Dictionary of networking

  • financial statement — n: a statement of one s status with regard to money or wealth compare financing statement Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996. fi …   Law dictionary

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