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include+program

  • 1 include program

    SAP.тех. include-программа

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > include program

  • 2 include

    transitive verb
    einschließen; (contain) enthalten

    his team includes a number of people who... — zu seiner Mannschaft gehören einige, die...

    ..., [the] children included —..., [die] Kinder eingeschlossen

    does that include me? — gilt das auch für mich?

    have you included the full amount? — haben Sie den vollen Betrag einbezogen?

    included in the price — im Preis inbegriffen

    * * *
    [iŋ'klu:d]
    (to take in or consider along with (other people, things etc) as part of a group, set etc: Am I included in the team?; Your duties include making the tea.) einschließen
    - academic.ru/37391/inclusion">inclusion
    - including
    - inclusive
    * * *
    in·clude
    [ɪnˈklu:d]
    ▪ to \include sth etw beinhalten [o einschließen]; (add) etw beifügen
    the bill \includes service die Rechnung ist inklusive Bedienung
    your responsibilities will \include making appointments zu Ihren Pflichten wird auch gehören, Termine zu vereinbaren
    to \include sth with letter etw [in einem Brief] beilegen
    ▪ to be \included in sth in etw akk eingeschlossen sein
    do you think I'm \included in the invitation? glaubst du, die Einladung schließt mich mit ein?
    to be \included in a bill in einer Rechnung enthalten sein
    ▪ to \include sb/sth in sth jdn/etw in etw akk einbeziehen [o aufnehmen]
    * * *
    [ɪn'kluːd]
    vt
    einschließen, enthalten; (on list, in group etc) aufnehmen, einbeziehen

    everyone, children included — alle einschließlich der Kinder

    the hostages included three Britons — unter den Geiseln befanden sich drei Briten

    I worked hard to be included in the project — ich habe mich sehr angestrengt, um an dem Projekt teilnehmen zu können

    I think we should include a chapter on... —

    * * *
    include [ınˈkluːd] v/t
    1. einschließen, umgeben
    2. in sich einschließen, umfassen, enthalten
    3. einschließen, -beziehen, -rechnen ( alle:
    in in akk), rechnen ( among unter akk, zu):
    speakers include … unter den Sprechern ist oder sind …, unter anderem spricht oder sprechen …;
    the program(me) includes … auf dem Programm steht oder stehen unter anderem …;
    his works include … zu seinen Werken zählt oder zählen unter anderem …;
    his duties include doing sth seine Aufgabe ist es unter anderem, etwas zu tun
    4. erfassen, aufnehmen, SPORT einen Spieler etc aufstellen:
    include sb in ( oder on) a list jemanden auf eine Liste setzen;
    not be included on the list nicht auf der Liste stehen;
    include sth in the agenda etwas auf die Tagesordnung setzen;
    include sb in one’s will jemanden in seinem Testament bedenken;
    include sb in one’s prayers jemanden in sein Gebet einschließen;
    include me out hum ohne mich!
    * * *
    transitive verb
    einschließen; (contain) enthalten

    his team includes a number of people who... — zu seiner Mannschaft gehören einige, die...

    ..., [the] children included —..., [die] Kinder eingeschlossen

    * * *
    v.
    beifügen v.
    einbeziehen v.
    einplanen v.
    einrechnen v.
    einschließen v.
    enthalten v.
    umfassen v.
    vorsehen v.

    English-german dictionary > include

  • 3 area covered by medical program

    1. зона действия программы медицинского обслуживания

     

    зона действия программы медицинского обслуживания
    Географическая область реализации программы медицинского обслуживания должна включать все Олимпийские объекты, деревню(ни) спортсменов, деревню(ни) СМИ, гостиницу(ы) МОК и прилегающие области. Если объекты или транспортные пути лежат близко к границам государства, целесообразным может стать заключение соглашения с соседними странами с целью включения их ресурсов здравоохранения в программу медицинского обслуживания ОКОИ.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    area covered by medical program
    Geographic area covered by the medical program must include each Olympic venue, the athletes’ village(s), the media village(s), the IOC hotel(s) and surrounding areas. If venues or travel routes are near a country’s borders, it may be appropriate to develop agreements with neighboring countries to allow their health care resources to be included as an extension of the OCOG medical program.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > area covered by medical program

  • 4 secondee program

    1. программа стажировок

     

    программа стажировок
    Программа стажировок предоставляет организациям возможность принять участие в проведении Олимпийских и Паралимпийских игр посредством предоставления своего персонала ОКОИ. Такая система может также помочь ОКОИ сэкономить финансовые средства, выделяемые на зарплату. Должности для сотрудников, проходящих стажировку, могут предлагаться как на короткий срок (1–6 месяцев), так и на длительный (до 12 месяцев). Фактические сроки определяются после консультаций с организацией, предоставившей таких сотрудников.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    secondee program
    Secondee program provides the opportunity for organizations to contribute to the staging of the Olympic and Paralympic Games by supplying staff to the OCOGs. It can also provide cost savings to the OCOG through the offset of wages. Positions that may be considered for the secondee program could include both short term (1-6 months) and longer term (up to 12 months) positions. Actual time frames are determined in consultation with the loan organization.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > secondee program

  • 5 brand protection program

    1. программа защиты бренда

     

    программа защиты бренда
    Реализуемая ОКОИ программа, к основным задачам которой относятся защита основополагающих принципов Олимпийских игр; укрепление уникального облика Олимпийских игр; защита интеллектуальных активов от неправомерного использования и посягательств; предотвращение распространения и сбыта поддельных товаров; противодействие теневому маркетингу путем защиты исключительных прав маркетинговых партнеров и т.д.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    brand protection program
    Program within an OCOG which key objectives include preserving the integrity of the Olympic Games; enhancing the unique visual presentation of the Olympic Games; protecting intellectual property assets against misuse and infringement; preventing the distribution and sale of counterfeit merchandise; combating ambush marketing by protecting Marketing Partners' exclusivity and so on.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > brand protection program

  • 6 wellness program

    HR
    a company program offering benefits, activities, or training, to improve and promote employees’ health and fitness. A wellness program can include wellness benefits such as fitness training, company sponsored athletics and sports teams, health education, and life improvement classes. It also includes prevention of mental health problems by stress management.

    The ultimate business dictionary > wellness program

  • 7 antivirus program

    "A computer program designed to detect and respond to malicious software, such as viruses and worms. Responses may include blocking user access to infected files, cleaning infected files or systems, or informing the user that an infected program was detected."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > antivirus program

  • 8 antimalware program

    "A computer program designed to detect and respond to malicious software, such as viruses and worms. Responses may include blocking user access to infected files, cleaning infected files or systems, or informing the user that an infected program was detected."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > antimalware program

  • 9 ticketing program department

    1. подразделение по билетной программе

     

    подразделение по билетной программе
    Распространение билетов это ответственная служба с исключительно важными услугами для потребителей, управлением наличными деньгами, улаживанием финансовых разногласий. Распространением билетов необходимо хорошо управлять и иметь для этого опытных в данном вопросе сотрудников.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    ticketing program department
    Ticketing service is a high profile function with critical customer service, cash management and financial reconciliation issues at stake. Ticketing should be well run and include staff experienced in ticketing.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ticketing program department

  • 10 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 11 BIOS

    ['baios] n. shkurtesë nga b asic i nput o utput s ystem ( BIOS) sistemi themelor për hyrje-dalje ( informatikë)
    What is BIOS?
    BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input/Output System. It is the boot firmware program on a PC, and controls the computer from the time you start it up until the operating system takes over. When you turn on a PC, the BIOS first conducts a basic hardware check, called a Power-On Self Test (POST), to determine whether all of the attachments are present and working. Then it loads the operating system into your computer's random access memory, or RAM.
    The BIOS also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video card, keyboard, mouse, and printer.
    The BIOS stores the date, the time, and your system configuration information in a battery-powered, non-volatile memory chip, called a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) after its manufacturing process.
    Although the BIOS is standardized and should rarely require updating, some older BIOS chips may not accommodate new hardware devices. Before the early 1990s, you couldn't update the BIOS without removing and replacing its ROM chip. Contemporary BIOS resides on memory chips such as flash chips or EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), so that you can update the BIOS yourself if necessary.
    For detailed information about BIOS updates, visit:
    What is firmware?
    Firmware consists of programs installed semi-permanently into memory, using various types of programmable ROM chips, such as PROMS, EPROMs, EEPROMs, and flash chips.
    Firmware is non-volatile, and will remain in memory after you turn the system off.
    Often, the term firmware is used to refer specifically to boot firmware, which controls a computer from the time that it is turned on until the primary operating system has taken over. Boot firmware's main function is to initialize the hardware and then to boot (load and execute) the primary operating system. On PCs, the boot firmware is usually referred to as the BIOS.
    What is the difference between memory and disk storage?
    Memory and disk storage both refer to internal storage space in a computer.
    The term memory usually means RAM (Random Access Memory). To refer to hard drive storage, the terms disk space or storage are usually used.
    Typically, computers have much less memory than disk space, because RAM is much more expensive per megabyte than a hard disk. Today, a typical desktop computer might come with 512MB of RAM, and a 40 gigabyte hard disk.
    Virtual memory is disk space that has been designated to act like RAM.
    Computers also contain a small amount of ROM, or read-only memory, containing permanent or semi-permanent (firmware) instructions for checking hardware and starting up the computer. On a PC, this is called the BIOS.
    What is RAM?
    RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM provides space for your computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU (central processing unit). When people refer to a computer's memory, they usually mean its RAM.
    New computers typically come with at least 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM installed, and can be upgraded to 512MB or even a gigabyte or more.
    If you add more RAM to your computer, you reduce the number of times your CPU must read data from your hard disk. This usually allows your computer to work considerably faster, as RAM is many times faster than a hard disk.
    RAM is volatile, so data stored in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. As soon as you turn the computer off, the data stored in RAM disappears.
    When you turn your computer on again, your computer's boot firmware (called BIOS on a PC) uses instructions stored semi-permanently in ROM chips to read your operating system and related files from the disk and load them back into RAM.
    Note: On a PC, different parts of RAM may be more or less easily accessible to programs. For example, cache RAM is made up of very high-speed RAM chips which sit between the CPU and main RAM, storing (i.e., caching) memory accesses by the CPU. Cache RAM helps to alleviate the gap between the speed of a CPU's megahertz rating and the ability of RAM to respond and deliver data. It reduces how often the CPU must wait for data from main memory.
    What is ROM?
    ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.
    Almost every computer comes with a small amount of ROM containing the boot firmware. This consists of a few kilobytes of code that tell the computer what to do when it starts up, e.g., running hardware diagnostics and loading the operating system into RAM. On a PC, the boot firmware is called the BIOS.
    Originally, ROM was actually read-only. To update the programs in ROM, you had to remove and physically replace your ROM chips. Contemporary versions of ROM allow some limited rewriting, so you can usually upgrade firmware such as the BIOS by using installation software. Rewritable ROM chips include PROMs (programmable read-only memory), EPROMs (erasable read-only memory), EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), and a common variation of EEPROMs called flash memory.
    What is an ACPI BIOS?
    ACPI is an acronym that stands for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, a power management specification developed by Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba. ACPI support is built into Windows 98 and later operating systems. ACPI is designed to allow the operating system to control the amount of power provided to each device or peripheral attached to the computer system. This provides much more stable and efficient power management and makes it possible for the operating system to turn off selected devices, such as a monitor or CD-ROM drive, when they are not in use.
    ACPI should help eliminate computer lockup on entering power saving or sleep mode. This will allow for improved power management, especially in portable computer systems where reducing power consumption is critical for extending battery life. ACPI also allows for the computer to be turned on and off by external devices, so that the touch of a mouse or the press of a key will "wake up" the computer. This new feature of ACPI, called OnNow, allows a computer to enter a sleep mode that uses very little power.
    In addition to providing power management, ACPI also evolves the existing Plug and Play BIOS (PnP BIOS) to make adding and configuring new hardware devices easier. This includes support for legacy non-PnP devices and improved support for combining older devices with ACPI hardware, allowing both to work in a more efficient manner in the same computer system. The end result of this is to make the BIOS more PnP compatible.
    What is CMOS?
    CMOS, short for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, is a low-power, low-heat semiconductor technology used in contemporary microchips, especially useful for battery-powered devices. The specific technology is explained in detail at:
    http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci213860,00.html
    Most commonly, though, the term CMOS is used to refer to small battery-powered configuration chips on system boards of personal computers, where the BIOS stores the date, the time, and system configuration details.
    How do I enter the Setup program in my BIOS?
    Warning: Your BIOS Setup program is very powerful. An incorrect setting could cause your computer not to boot properly. You should make sure you understand what a setting does before you change it.
    You can usually run Setup by pressing a special function key or key combination soon after turning on the computer, during its power-on self test (POST), before the operating system loads (or before the operating system's splash screen shows). During POST, the BIOS usually displays a prompt such as:
    Press F2 to enter Setup
    Many newer computers display a brief screen, usually black and white, with the computer manufacturer's logo during POST.
    Entering the designated keystroke will take you into the BIOS Setup. Common keystrokes to enter the BIOS Setup are F1, F2, F10, and Del.
    On some computers, such as some Gateway or Compaq computers, graphics appear during the POST, and the BIOS information is hidden. You must press Esc to make these graphics disappear. Your monitor will then display the correct keystroke to enter.
    Note: If you press the key too early or too often, the BIOS may display an error message. To avoid this, wait about five seconds after turning the power on, and then press the key once or twice.
    What's the difference between BIOS and CMOS?
    Many people use the terms BIOS (basic input/output system) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) to refer to the same thing. Though they are related, they are distinct and separate components of a computer. The BIOS is the program that starts a computer up, and the CMOS is where the BIOS stores the date, time, and system configuration details it needs to start the computer.
    The BIOS is a small program that controls the computer from the time it powers on until the time the operating system takes over. The BIOS is firmware, which means it cannot store variable data.
    CMOS is a type of memory technology, but most people use the term to refer to the chip that stores variable data for startup. A computer's BIOS will initialize and control components like the floppy and hard drive controllers and the computer's hardware clock, but the specific parameters for startup and initializing components are stored in the CMOS.

    English-Albanian dictionary > BIOS

  • 12 SSI

    1) Общая лексика: мелкомасштабное производство (Small Scale Industry), индекс чувствительности графика (рабочий вариант перевода), Schedule Sensitivity Index, Shell Services International
    2) Компьютерная техника: Synchronous Serial Interface
    5) Американизм: Supplemental Security Income Program
    6) Военный термин: Safety, Security and Intelligence, Secret Special Intelligence, Section For Searching And Intercepting, Soldier( or Sensor) System Interface, Special Skill Identifier, Strategic Studies Institute, sector scan indicator, shoulder sleeve insignia, spares status inquiry, specialty skill identifier, staff sergeant instructor, standing signal instruction, stockpile surveillance inspection, surprise security inspection
    8) Химия: (shape-selectivity isomerization) конфигурационная селективность при изомеризации
    9) Юридический термин: Supplementary Security Income Program
    10) Автомобильный термин: solid State ignition (Ford)
    11) Сокращение: Sensor System Interface, Small Scale Integration, Space Services Incorporated, Space Studies Institute, Staff Sergeant Instructor (British Army), Solid-State Imager (on Galileo), Solid State Imaging, Supplemental Security Income, shear stability index
    12) Физиология: Sore Shoulder Improved
    14) Вычислительная техника: Server Side Includes, Server-Side Include, Software Systems Interface, single system image, small scate integration, Space Services Incorporated (Corporate name, Space), Space Studies Institute (Space), Solid-State Imager (on Galileo, Space), Server Side Include (script, HTTPD, CGI), server-side includes
    17) Фирменный знак: Software Services, Inc., Strategic Systems International, Structural Systems, Inc.
    18) Бытовая техника: низкий уровень интеграции
    19) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: structure-soil interaction
    20) Сетевые технологии: System Services Interface
    22) Расширение файла: HTML with server side includes
    23) Подводное плавание: SCUBA Schools International
    24) Должность: Social Security Income
    25) NYSE. Sunstone Hotel Investments, Inc.
    26) Аэропорты: Brunswick, Georgia USA

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SSI

  • 13 load test

    "A test that studies the behavior of the program when it is working at its limits. Types of load tests include volume tests, stress tests, and storage tests. Volume tests study the largest tasks the program can deal with. Stress tests study the program's response to peak bursts of activity. Storage tests study how memory and space is used by the program, either in resident memory or on disk. A test that is designed to put a server application under heavy user load to pinpoint performance and/or scalability problems."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > load test

  • 14 allocation of OOH advertising space to marketing partners

    1. выделение рекламного пространства маркетинг-партнерам

     

    выделение рекламного пространства маркетинг-партнерам
    Программа ОКОИ по наружной рекламе должна предусматривать выделение рекламного пространства для целей Программы «Образ Игр», Программы признания спонсоров, а также для маркетинг-партнеров Игр, в соотношении и с выделением приоритетов по усмотрению МОК в соответствии с положениями Соглашения о маркетинговом плане и по согласованию с ОКОИ.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    allocation of OOH advertising space to marketing partners
    Outdoor advertising program shall include, without limitation, the allocation of media space for the purposes of the Olympic image program, Sponsor recognition program and use by the Games marketing partners, in such proportions and in such priorities as the IOC shall determine in accordance with the terms of the MPA and in consultation with the OCOG.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > allocation of OOH advertising space to marketing partners

  • 15 individual men's and ladies' figure skating

    1. одиночное фигурное катание среди мужчин и женщин

     

    одиночное фигурное катание среди мужчин и женщин
    Одиночное катание состоит из короткой программы, включающей в себя 7 обязательных элементов, и произвольной программы. Сбалансированная произвольная программа должна включать прыжки, вращения и шаги.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    individual men's and ladies' figure skating
    Individual men's and ladies' figure skating comprises a short program that includes seven compulsory moves, and a free skate program. A well-balanced free program should include jumps, spins, and steps.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > individual men's and ladies' figure skating

  • 16 file

    1) файл || формировать файл; хранить ( данные) в файле
    2) список; реестр; каталог || включать в список; заносить в реестр или каталог; регистрировать
    3) упорядоченный набор или массив; колонка || формировать набор или массив; размещать в определённом порядке; располагать в виде колонки
    4) папка для бумаг; скоросшиватель || помещать в папку или скоросшиватель; подшивать (напр. документы)
    6) представлять (напр. документ на рассмотрение); подавать (напр. заявление)
    8) напильник || обрабатывать напильником
    •
    - accounting file
    - active file
    - alias file
    - amendments file
    - application file
    - archive file
    - archived file
    - ASCII file
    - back-up file
    - backed-up file
    - batch file
    - binary file
    - bubble-lattice file
    - card file
    - cassette file
    - change file
    - chained file
    - circular file
    - closed file
    - comma-delimited file
    - command file
    - compressed file
    - computer-generated file
    - concordance file
    - configuration file
    - contiguous file
    - contiguous-disk file
    - cookie file
    - corrupted file
    - Creative music file
    - Creative Labs music file
    - cross-linked files
    - damaged file
    - data file
    - data-storage file
    - dead file
    - destination file
    - detail file
    - device-independent file
    - difference file
    - direct file
    - direct-access file
    - directory file
    - disk file
    - display file
    - dot file
    - error file
    - exe file
    - executable file
    - external file
    - external data file
    - fact file
    - father file
    - flat file
    - fully inverted file
    - galley file
    - global kill file
    - grandfather file
    - header file
    - hidden file
    - HTML file
    - image file
    - index file
    - indexed file
    - Indian file
    - indirect file
    - input file
    - internal file
    - inverted file
    - JEDEC file
    - job file
    - journal file
    - key file
    - kill file
    - link file
    - locked file
    - logical file
    - logon file
    - lost file
    - master file
    - MIDI file
    - multi-data carrier file
    - multivolume file
    - music file
    - object file
    - open file
    - output file
    - page file
    - page-image file
    - paging file
    - password file
    - permalloy-bar file
    - permanent swap file
    - permanent swapping file
    - piggyback file
    - premastered file
    - profile file
    - program file
    - program information file
    - protected file
    - random file
    - read-only file
    - reference file
    - register retirement file
    - relative file
    - remote file
    - report file
    - resource file
    - scan file
    - scratch file
    - security files
    - segment -file
    - sequential file
    - server side include file
    - shareable file
    - shareable image file
    - shared file
    - single file
    - slide file
    - son file
    - source file
    - speech file
    - spill file
    - spool file
    - SSI file
    - stream-oriented file
    - swap file
    - swapping file
    - system file
    - system recorder file
    - tab-delimited file
    - temporary file
    - text file
    - text-only file
    - threaded file
    - transaction file
    - transferred file
    - unformatted text file
    - update file
    - updated file
    - virtual file
    - volatile file
    - volume file
    - watermarked file
    - work file
    - working-data file

    English-Russian electronics dictionary > file

  • 17 file

    1) файл || формировать файл; хранить ( данные) в файле
    2) список; реестр; каталог || включать в список; заносить в реестр или каталог; регистрировать
    3) упорядоченный набор или массив; колонка || формировать набор или массив; размещать в определённом порядке; располагать в виде колонки
    4) папка для бумаг; скоросшиватель || помещать в папку или скоросшиватель; подшивать (напр. документы)
    6) представлять (напр. документ на рассмотрение); подавать (напр. заявление)
    8) напильник || обрабатывать напильником
    •
    - accounting file
    - active file
    - alias file
    - amendments file
    - application file
    - archive file
    - archived file
    - ASCII file
    - backed-up file
    - back-up file
    - batch file
    - binary file
    - bubble-lattice file
    - card file
    - cassette file
    - chained file
    - change file
    - circular file
    - closed file
    - comma-delimited file
    - command file
    - compressed file
    - computer-generated file
    - concordance file
    - configuration file
    - contiguous file
    - contiguous-disk file
    - cookie file
    - corrupted file
    - Creative Labs music file
    - Creative music file
    - cross-linked files
    - damaged file
    - data file
    - data-storage file
    - dead file
    - destination file
    - detail file
    - device-independent file
    - difference file
    - direct file
    - direct-access file
    - directory file
    - disk file
    - display file
    - dot file
    - error file
    - exe file
    - executable file
    - external data file
    - external file
    - fact file
    - father file
    - flat file
    - fully inverted file
    - galley file
    - global kill file
    - grandfather file
    - header file
    - hidden file
    - HTML file
    - image file
    - index file
    - indexed file
    - Indian file
    - indirect file
    - input file
    - internal file
    - inverted file
    - JEDEC file
    - job file
    - journal file
    - key file
    - kill file
    - link file
    - locked file
    - logical file
    - logon file
    - lost file
    - master file
    - MIDI file
    - multi-data carrier file
    - multivolume file
    - music file
    - object file
    - open file
    - output file
    - page file
    - page-image file
    - paging file
    - password file
    - permalloy-bar file
    - permanent swap file
    - permanent swapping file
    - piggyback file
    - premastered file
    - profile file
    - program file
    - program information file
    - protected file
    - random file
    - read-only file
    - reference file
    - register retirement file
    - relative file
    - remote file
    - report file
    - resource file
    - scan file
    - scratch file
    - security files
    - segment-file
    - sequential file
    - server side include file
    - shareable file
    - shareable image file
    - shared file
    - single file
    - slide file
    - son file
    - source file
    - speech file
    - spill file
    - spool file
    - SSI file
    - stream-oriented file
    - swap file
    - swapping file
    - system file
    - system recorder file
    - tab-delimited file
    - temporary file
    - text file
    - text-only file
    - threaded file
    - transaction file
    - transferred file
    - unformatted text file
    - update file
    - updated file
    - virtual file
    - volatile file
    - volume file
    - watermarked file
    - work file
    - working-data file

    The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > file

  • 18 comment

    1) комментарий; примечание; пояснение
    (от лат. commentarium - объяснение) в программировании - языковая конструкция, позволяющая включать в исходный текст программы или в командный файл поясняющий текст с целью их документирования или улучшения читаемости. Без комментариев исходный текст часто весьма трудно понять. При трансляции исходного текста программы комментарии удаляются и не включаются в объектный файл, при исполнении командного файла комментарии просто игнорируются. Примеры: It's good programming style to include comments in your program to explain things that might not be obvious to someone else. - В программировании считается хорошим стилем включать в свою программу комментарии для объяснения тех вещей, которые могут показаться не очевидными другим людям. Text following up to the end of the line is ignored by the compiler, as is text between /* and the next */. - Текст, следующий за до конца строки, игнорируется компилятором, как и текст между /* и */.
    Syn:
    2) комментировать, снабжать комментарием
    см. тж. annotate

    Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > comment

  • 19 Socialist Party / Partido Socialista

    (PS)
       Although the Socialist Party's origins can be traced back to the 1850s, its existence has not been continuous. The party did not achieve or maintain a large base of support until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Historically, it played only a minor political role when compared to other European socialist parties.
       During the Estado Novo, the PS found it difficult to maintain a clandestine existence, and the already weak party literally withered away. Different groups and associations endeavored to keep socialist ideals alive, but they failed to create an organizational structure that would endure. In 1964, Mário Soares, Francisco Ramos da Costa, and Manuel Tito de Morais established the Portuguese Socialist Action / Acção Socialista Português (ASP) in Geneva, a group of individuals with similar views rather than a true political party. Most members were middle-class professionals committed to democratizing the nation. The rigidity of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) led some to join the ASP.
       By the early 1970s, ASP nuclei existed beyond Portugal in Paris, London, Rome, Brussels, Frankfurt, Sweden, and Switzerland; these consisted of members studying, working, teaching, researching, or in other activities. Extensive connections were developed with other foreign socialist parties. Changing conditions in Portugal, as well as the colonial wars, led several ASP members to advocate the creation of a real political party, strengthening the organization within Portugal, and positioning this to compete for power once the regime changed.
       The current PS was founded clandestinely on 19 April 1973, by a group of 27 exiled Portuguese and domestic ASP representatives at the Kurt Schumacher Academy of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bad Munstereifel, West Germany. The founding philosophy was influenced by nondogmatic Marxism as militants sought to create a classless society. The rhetoric was to be revolutionary to outflank its competitors, especially the PCP, on its left. The party hoped to attract reform-minded Catholics and other groups that were committed to democracy but could not support the communists.
       At the time of the 1974 revolution, the PS was little more than an elite faction based mainly among exiles. It was weakly organized and had little grassroots support outside the major cities and larger towns. Its organization did not improve significantly until the campaign for the April 1975 constituent elections. Since then, the PS has become very pragmatic and moderate and has increasingly diluted its socialist program until it has become a center-left party. Among the party's most consistent principles in its platform since the late 1970s has been its support for Portugal's membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Union (EU), a view that clashed with those of its rivals to the left, especially the PCP. Given the PS's broad base of support, the increased distance between its leftist rhetoric and its more conservative actions has led to sharp internal divisions in the party. The PS and the Social Democratic Party (PSD) are now the two dominant parties in the Portuguese political party system.
       In doctrine and rhetoric the PS has undergone a de-Marxification and a movement toward the center as a means to challenge its principal rival for hegemony, the PSD. The uneven record of the PS in general elections since its victory in 1975, and sometimes its failure to keep strong legislative majorities, have discouraged voters. While the party lost the 1979 and 1980 general elections, it triumphed in the 1983 elections, when it won 36 percent of the vote, but it still did not gain an absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic. The PSD led by Cavaco Silva dominated elections from 1985 to 1995, only to be defeated by the PS in the 1995 general elections. By 2000, the PS had conquered the commanding heights of the polity: President Jorge Sampaio had been reelected for a second term, PS prime minister António Guterres was entrenched, and the mayor of Lisbon was João Soares, son of the former socialist president, Mário Soares (1986-96).
       The ideological transformation of the PS occurred gradually after 1975, within the context of a strong PSD, an increasingly conservative electorate, and the de-Marxification of other European Socialist parties, including those in Germany and Scandinavia. While the PS paid less attention to the PCP on its left and more attention to the PSD, party leaders shed Marxist trappings. In the 1986 PS official program, for example, the text does not include the word Marxism.
       Despite the party's election victories in the mid- and late-1990s, the leadership discovered that their grasp of power and their hegemony in governance at various levels was threatened by various factors: President Jorge Sampaio's second term, the constitution mandated, had to be his last.
       Following the defeat of the PS by the PSD in the municipal elections of December 2001, Premier Antônio Guterres resigned his post, and President Sampaio dissolved parliament and called parliamentary elections for the spring. In the 17 March 2002 elections, following Guterres's resignation as party leader, the PS was defeated by the PSD by a vote of 40 percent to 38 percent. Among the factors that brought about the socialists' departure from office was the worsening post-September 11 economy and disarray within the PS leadership circles, as well as charges of corruption among PS office holders. However, the PS won 45 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections of 2005, and the leader of the party, José Sócrates, a self-described "market-oriented socialist" became prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Socialist Party / Partido Socialista

  • 20 antivirus software

    "A computer program designed to detect and respond to malicious software, such as viruses and worms. Responses may include blocking user access to infected files, cleaning infected files or systems, or informing the user that an infected program was detected."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > antivirus software

Страницы

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