in+front+of

antĕ (old form anti, whence antidea, antideo, antidhac; v. antea, anteeo, and antehac) [Gr. anti, over against, facing, anta, antên; Sanscr. anti = over against; Germ. ant- in Ant-wort = Goth. anda-vaurdi, an answer, anda-nahti, the night before], prep. and adv. (acc. to Max. Victor. p. 1953, as prep. with the grave accent; as adv. with the acute on the last syl.).

Prep. with acc., before (syn.: prae, pro).

In space, or trop. in regard to estimation, judgment, or rank (usu. only of objects at rest. while prae is used of those in motion; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 21; v. exceptions infra).

In space:

quem ante aedīs video,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 136:

ante ostium Me audivit stare,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 16; so Vulg. Lev. 1, 5:

Ornatas paulo ante fores,

Juv. 6, 227; so Vulg. Num. 3, 26:

ante meum limen,

Juv. 11, 190:

ante suum fundum,

Cic. Mil. 10:

ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur,

id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras,

Ov. M. 8, 480; so Verg. A. 1, 344; 3, 545; Juv. 10, 268:

ante altaria,

id. 8, 155; so Vulg. Deut. 26, 4; ib. Matt. 5, 24. —Of persons:

ante hosce deos erant arulae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3:

quīs ante ora patrum contigit oppetere,

Verg. A. 1, 95; id. G. 4, 477:

ipsius unam (navem) ante oculos pontus in puppim ferit,

id. A. 1, 114; 2, 531; 2, 773:

ante se statuit funditores,

Liv. 42, 58:

Flos Asiae ante ipsum,

Juv. 5, 56; Vulg. Matt. 17, 2:

si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos,

Juv. 8, 11.— Trop.:

ante oculos collocata,

Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 192:

ante oculos errat domus,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 57: [p. 128] causam ante eum diceret, before him as judge, Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 9:

donec stet ante judicium,

Vulg. Josh. 20, 6; ib. Marc. 13, 9.—And in eccl. Lat., after the Heb. and Hel. Gr., before, in the sight of, in the judgment of:

ante Dominum vilior fiam,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 21 sq.:

non te justifices ante Deum,

ib. Eccli. 7, 5:

justi ambo ante Deum,

ib. Luc. 1, 6;

and fully: fecit Asa rectum ante conspectum Domini,

ib. 3 Reg. 15, 11; ib. Apoc. 12, 10.—Hence, homines ante pedes (in later Lat.), servants; cf. the annotators upon Juv. 7, 143.—With verbs of motion:

ante me ito,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 70:

equitatum omnem ante se mittit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

ante ceteras cohortes extra aciem procurrere,

id. B. C. 1, 55:

praecurrit ante omnes,

id. ib. 2, 34; so Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Liv. 7, 41; 45, 40 al.; Vulg. Lev. 27, 11; ib. 1 Reg. 12, 2.—

Trop. of preference in judgment, or regulations in respect to rank, before (this is properly the signification of prae, q. v.; hence more rare than that, and never used by Cic.): quem ante me diligo, before myself, more than myself, Balbus ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15.—So ante aliquem esse, to surpass, excel any one:

facundiā Graecos, gloriā belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse,

Sall. C. 53, 3, ubi v. Corte and Kritz:

tum me vero et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores esse,

superior to, Liv. 35, 14:

necessitas ante rationem est,

necessity knows no law, Curt. 7, 7, 10.—Hence very freq. (but mostly poet. and post-class.),

Ante alios, ante omnes, ante ceteros, etc., before others, before all, etc., to designate a comparative relation;

also sometimes, for the sake of emphasis, with comparatives and superlatives: tibi, Neptune, ante alios deos gratias ago,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 5; so Ov. M. 10, 120:

scito illum ante omnīs minumi mortalem preti,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 8:

tua ante omnes experientia,

Tac. A. 2, 76; 1, 27; Liv. 1, 9:

Junoni ante omnīs candentis vaccae media inter cornua (pateram) fundit,

Verg. A. 4, 59:

Ipse est ante omnes,

Vulg. Col. 1, 17:

O felix una ante alias Priameïa virgo,

Verg. A. 3, 321:

ante omnes furor est insignis equarum,

id. G. 3, 266:

scelere ante alios immanior omnīs,

id. A. 1, 347; Liv. 5, 42:

ante alios pulcherrimus omnīs Turnus,

Verg. A. 7, 55; so Nep. Att. 3, 3; Liv. 1, 15; cf. Rudd. II. p. 82; II. p. 101; II. p. 305.—

Ante omnia.

Before all things, first of all:

alvus ante omnia ducitur,

Cels. 7, 30:

oportet autem ante omnia os nudare,

id. 8, 2:

Ante omnia instituit, ut etc.,

Suet. Ner. 32; id. Calig. 21:

Ante omnia autem, fratres, etc.,

Vulg. Jac. 5, 12; ib. 1 Petr. 4, 8.—

Comparatively, above all, especially, chiefty:

publica maestitia eo ante omnia insignis, quia matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,

Liv. 2, 7; 7, 4:

quae natura multis et ante omnia ursis,

Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125:

dulces ante omnia Musae,

the Muses pleasing above all things, Verg. G. 2, 475; id. E. 2, 72:

deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum,

Juv. 10, 191.—

In entering upon the discussion of several particulars, or in adducing arguments, first of all, in the first place (similar to ac primum quidem, kai prôton men oun; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 4, 2, 4):

ante omnia quid sit rhetorice,

Quint. 2, 15, 1:

ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit,

id. 10, 2, 4; so id. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 40; 4, 2, 52; 5, 13, 6; 9, 1, 23.—

Of time.

Before: ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 13; cf.

Dirks. Transl. 177 sq.: ante lucem a portu me praemisisti domum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 55; so Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 259; id. Inv. 2, 4, 15; Suet. Galb. 22; Vulg. Luc. 24, 22:

ante diem caupo sciet,

Juv. 9, 108:

ante brumam,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 28:

ante noctem,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 51:

pereundum erit ante lucernas,

Juv. 10, 339:

ante haec omnia,

Vulg. Luc. 21, 12.— The designation of time is often expressed paraphrastically.

By a person who lived at the time:

jam ante Socratem,

before the time of, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44:

qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini,

before me, before my time, id. Cat. 4, 3:

ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,

Verg. G. 1, 125:

vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 25:

ante Helenam,

id. S. 1, 3, 107:

ante se,

Tac. H. 1, 50:

quod ante eum nemo,

Suet. Caes. 26 al. —

By other objects pertaining to a particular time: ante hoc factum, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 64:

ante has meas litteras,

i. e. before the receipt of this letter, Cic. Fam. 13, 17:

per hunc castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro,

Liv. 1, 59:

ante mare et terras, et quod tegit omnia, caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5:

ante sidus fervidum,

Hor. Epod. 1, 27:

ante cibum,

id. S. 1, 10, 61, and Juv. 6, 428:

Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta,

before their A B C, id. 14, 209:

cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?

Verg. A. 11, 424:

Tecum prius ergo voluta Haec ante tubas,

Juv. 1, 169.—Also by the designation of the office of a person:

ante aedilitatem meam,

Cic. Att. 12, 17:

ante sceptrum Dictaei regis,

Verg. G. 2, 536:

ante imperium ducis,

Flor. 4, 2, 66:

relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante regnum susceptis,

Just. 2, 10.—And by the designation of office in app. to the person:

mortuus est ante istum praetorem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 45, 115:

docuerant fabulas ante hos consules,

id. Brut. 18, 73:

cum ante illum imperatorem clipeis uterentur,

Nep. Iphicr. 1, 3:

quos ante se imperatorem nemo ausus sit aspicere,

id. Epam. 8, 3.—A part. perf. or fut. pass. is freq. added to such substantives for the sake of explanation:

ante hanc urbem conditam,

before the founding of this city, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (opp. post urbem conditam):

non multo ante urbem captam,

id. Div. 1, 45:

ante Epaminondam natum,

Nep. Epam. 10, 4:

ante te cognitum multis orantibus opem tuli,

Sall. J. 110, 2:

ante decemviros creatos,

Liv. 3, 53 al. —

Hence particular phrases.

Ante tempus,

Before the right time:

ante tempus excitatis suis,

Liv. 31, 36.—

Before the appointed, proper, or lawful time:

factus est consul bis, primum ante tempus,

Cic. Lael. 3:

honores et ante tempus et quosdam novi generis cepit,

Suet. Aug. 26:

venisti ante tempus torquere nos?

Vulg. Matt. 8, 29 (cf. annus, II. D.).—

Ante diem, poet.,

Before the time:

Caesaribus virtus contigit ante diem,

Ov. A. A. 1, 184:

ante diem vultu gressuque superbo Vicerat aequales,

Stat. S. 2, 1, 108.—

Before the time destined by fate:

filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos,

Ov. M. 1, 148:

hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras,

id. ib. 6, 675; id. A. A. 3, 739:

sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, etc.,

Verg. A. 4, 697 (cf. Soph. Antig. 461: ei de tou chronou prosthen thanoumai). —

Ante hunc diem, with a negative:

istunc hominem numquam audivi ante hunc diem,

never before this day, never until now, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 60; 4, 2, 7:

neque umquam ante hunc diem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 19; 5, 4, 23:

Novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum ad te Q. Tubero detulit,

Cic. Lig. 1, 1 (cf. Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 17: neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius). —

Ante diem (abbrev. a. d.) with an ordinal number gives the date, not of the foregoing, but of the present day; e. g. ante diem quintum (a. d. V.) Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the calends of April. Orig. the ante belonged to Kalendas, and they said either, ante die quinto Kalendas (i. e. die quinto ante Kalendas), or ante diem quintum Kalendas; the latter phraseology became the prevailing one, and ante diem, being considered as one word, the prepp. in and ex could be prefixed; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 12; Duker ad Liv. 27, 23; Rudd. II. p. 291; Madv. Gr. Suppl. I.; Drak. ad Liv. 45, 2, 12: me ante diem XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis fuisse, the thirteenth before the calends of January, i. e. the 20 th of Dec., Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 20: ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres, the 21 st of Oct.: ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres, the 27 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3: ante diem VIII. Kalendas Decembres, the 24 th of Nov., id. Phil. 3, 8: a. d. IV. Id. Mart. (ante diem quartum Idus Martias), i. e. the 12 th of March, Liv. 40, 59: ante diem III. Non. Jan. M. Cicero natus est, i. e. on the 3 d of Jan., Gell. 15, 28 al.:

in ante diem quartum Kal. Dec. distulit,

Cic. Phil. 3, 8: caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kal. Nov., to the 28 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3:

ex ante diem VII. Id. Febr.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1: nuntii venerant ex ante diem Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., from the 3 d of June, Cic. Att. 3, 17:

supplicatio indicta est ante diem V. Id. Oct. cum eo die in quinque dies,

Liv. 45, 2, 12.—

Sometimes to designate the whole time until the passing moment:

ante id tempus et mari et terrā duces erant Lace daemonii,

Nep. Arist. 2, 3:

qui honos huic uni ante id tempus contigit,

id. Timoth. 2, 3:

invictus ante eam diem fuerat,

Curt. 5, 3, 22.—

Ante annos, before the destined time:

Ante suos annos occidit,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 46:

Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem,

beyond his years, Verg. A. 9, 311 (cf.:

suos annos praeterire,

Sil. 4, 428; and:

annos transcendere factis,

id. 2, 348). —

Ante hoc, for antea, antehac, belongs to the later Latin:

ante hoc incognita,

Luc. 6, 116:

ante hoc domūs pars videntur,

Tac. G. 13.

Adv., of space and time (the latter most freq.).

Of space, before, in front, forwards: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 9:

fluvius ab tergo, ante circaque velut ripa praeceps oram ejus omnem cingebat,

Liv. 27, 18; 22, 5:

coronatus stabit et ante calix,

Tib. 2, 5, 98:

plena oculis et ante et retro,

Vulg. Apoc. 4, 6.—Of motion (cf. supra, I. A. 1.):

si aut manibus ingrediatur quis aut non ante, sed retro,

Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:

pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque,

Verg. G. 3, 552.—

1.. Of time, before, previously (always in reference to another past time, while ante as prep. is used in reference to the present).

With verbs:

nonne oportuit Praescīsse me ante,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 4:

id te oro, ut ante eamus,

id. ib. 3, 3, 24;

very freq. in Cic.: quod utinam illi ante accidisset,

Cic. Phil. 11, 14:

quae ante acta sunt,

id. Verr. 1, 109:

sicut ante fecimus,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 5; ib. Jud. 16, 20:

fructus omnis ante actae vitae,

Cic. Marcell. 3; so Ov. M. 12, 115, and Tac. A. 6, 16:

apud vos ante feci mentionem,

Cic. Agr. 3, 4:

faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis ante factum,

id. Verr. 1, 55; Verg. E. 9, 63; Juv. 3, 243; 15, 320:

illud de quo ante dixi,

Cic. Sex. Rosc. 116:

quos ante dixi,

id. Off. 2, 14, 50:

ut ante dixi,

id. Imp. Pomp. 16; id. Mil. 45:

quem ad modum ante dixi,

id. Sex. Rosc. 91:

additis, quae ante deliquerant,

Tac. A. 6, 9:

filium ante sublatum brevi amisit,

id. Agr. 6; id. G. 10; id. A. 11, 7; id. H. 2, 43.—And often accomp. by jam:

acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 49; id. Marcell. 12; id. Verr. 2, 23.—Rarely accomp. by saepe.:

ut saepe ante fecerant,

Cic. Balb. 40; id. Rab. Post. 13.—

Rarely with adjj.:

non filius ante pudicus,

Juv. 3, 111:

quos acciverat, incertum, experiens an et ante gnavos,

Tac. A. 14, 7.—

Often with substt. in the abl. or acc. for a more accurate designation of time (cf. also abhinc with the abl. and acc.; in these cases ante was considered by the ancient critics as a prep., which could also govern the abl.; cf. Charis. p. 209 P.; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 30. The position of ante is sometimes before and sometimes after the subst., and sometimes between the numeral and the subst.):

illos septem et multis ante saeculis Lycurgum accepimus fuisse sapientes,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7:

etsi perpaucis ante diebus (i. e. before the departure of Theophilus, of whom mention is afterwards made) dederam Q. Mucio litteras ad te,

id. Fam. 4, 9:

paucis diebus ante,

id. Phil. 2, 40:

viginti annis ante,

id. Lael. 12, 42:

voverat eam annis undecim ante,

Liv. 40, 52, 4 (cf. id. 40, 51:

quae bello Ligustico ante annis octo vovisset): optimum erit ante annum scrobes facere,

a year before, Col. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7:

Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt,

a year before the fall of Troy, Just. 18, 3, 5:

ante quadriennium amissus es,

four years previously, Tac. Agr. 45:

aliquot ante annos,

Suet. Caes. 12; v. id. ib. 81 al.—

With the advv. multo, paulo, aliquanto, tanto, quanto, and rarely permultum:

multo ante prospexi tempestatem futuram,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

haud multo ante adventum,

Tac. Agr. 18.—And in the order ante multo:

ante multo a te didicerimus,

Cic. Sen. 2, 6:

Venisti paulo ante in senatum,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16; id. Marcell. 7; id. Mil. 7; Tac. G. 41; id. H. 3, 68; Suet. Caes. 21; Vulg. Sap. 15, 8; ib. 2 Macc. 3, 30;

6, 29 et saep.—And in the order ante paulo: quae ante paulo perbreviter attigi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4:

profectus est aliquanto ante furorem Catilinae,

id. Sull. 20, 56 bis; id. Verr. 1, 149.—And in the order ante aliquanto: ante aliquanto quam tu natus es, Cic. Fam. [p. 129] 10, 4; id. Vatin. 25; id. Verr. 2, 46:

tanto ante praedixeras,

id. Phil. 2, 33:

quod si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 34; 5, 78, 89; id. Cat. 3, 17; id. de Or. 1, 7, 26; so Quint. 2, 4, 28:

quanto ante providerit,

Cic. Sest. 8:

permultum ante certior factus eram litteris,

id. Fam. 3, 11; cf. Prisc. p. 1191 P.—

Followed by quam (written also as one word, antequam; the form prius quam was more freq. in archaic Latin), sooner than; before.

With ind. pres.:

ante quam doceo id factum non esse, libet mihi,

Cic. Quinct. 48:

ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam,

id. Cat. 4, 20; id. Mil. 7; id. Deiot. 7; id. Clu. 6.—

With ind. perf.:

memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum disserere,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius,

id. Brut. 18, 72:

ante aliquanto quam tu natus es,

id. Fam. 10, 3:

neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit,

Liv. 39, 10:

ante quam ille est factus inimicus,

Cic. Phil. 12, 9.—

Rarely with fut. perf.:

ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet quam potuerit tempus ei rei datum suspicari,

Cic. Phil. 11, 24:

neque defatigabor ante quam... percepero,

id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—

With subj. pres.:

ante quam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium mittet,

Cic. Agr. 2, 53:

hac lege ante omnia veniunt, quam gleba una ematur,

id. ib. 2, 71; id. Sest. 15; id. Phil. 1, 1; Verg. E. 1, 60 sqq.; Vulg. Gen. 11, 4; ib. 4 Reg. 2, 9; ib. Matt. 6, 8.—

With subj. imperf.:

Romae et ad urbem, ante quam proficisceretur, quaerere coepit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 167:

qui (sol) ante quam se abderet, fugientem vidit Antonium,

id. Phil. 14, 27; 8, 1; id. Verr. 4, 147; Vulg. Gen. 2, 5; 13, 10; ib. Matt. 1, 18; ib. Joan. 8, 58.—

With subj. perf.:

ante vero quam sit ea res adlata, laetitiā frui satis est,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1:

domesticum malum opprimit ante quam prospicere potueris,

id. Verr. 1, 39; id. Sull. 44; id. Planc. 40:

nec ante vincere desierint quam Rubro mari inclusis quod vincerent defuerit,

Liv. 42, 52:

nec ante (barbam capillumque) dempserit quam vindicāsset,

Suet. Caes. 67.—

With subj. pluperf.:

se ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperāsse etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 71:

qui ante quam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi,

Cic. Planc. 98:

ut consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum capere licuisset,

id. Imp. Pomp. 62; id. Quinct. 9; id. Verr. 2, 55; 2, 171.—

With inf.:

dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere, quam ad hanc rationem devenire,

Cic. Quinct. 54.—

With part.:

armati nullum ante finem pugnae quam morientes fecerunt,

Liv. 21, 15, 4 (on the use of these different constructions, v. Roby, §§ 1671, 1462, 1672 etc.; Draeger, Hist. Synt. II. pp. 589 sqq.;

and esp. Fischer, Gr. § 621). —In the poets sometimes with quam before ante: Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas Temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante,

Lucr. 3, 972:

Non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, Ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim,

Tib. 4, 7, 8; Mart. 9, 36, 6.—Also in the poets sometimes pleon. ante—prius—quam:

sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo,

Verg. A. 4, 24; so,

prius—quam— ante: Aut prius infecto deposcit praemia cursu, Septima quam metam triverit ante rota?

Prop. 3, 20, 25.—

For the designation of order, foll. by tum, deinde, etc., first, in the first place (only in later Lat. for the class. primum):

ut ante caput, deinde reliqua pars auferatur,

Cels. 7, 29:

et ante dicam de his, quae, etc.: tum, etc.,

id. 5, 26:

ante tonderi... deinde... tum, etc.,

id. 6, 6, 8; so Plin. 34, 13, 34, § 131 dub.—

Very rarely used as adj. (in imitation of the Greek):

neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum,

earlier, previous ills, Verg. A. 1, 198 (cf. tôn paros kakôn, Soph. O. T. 1423):

ille elegit, qui recipit ante meliorem,

Quint. Decl. 1, 14; cf. Liv. 24, 82, 5 (on this use of the adv., v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 76, 5).

In composition.

Of space, before, in front of, forwards: antepono, antefigo, antefero, antemitto.—

Fig. of preference, before, above: antepono.—

Of degree, before, above, more: antepotens, antepollens—

In designations of time only with adjj. and advv.: antelucanus, antemeridianus, antehac, antelucio.With verbs, ante is more correctly written separately: ante actus, ante factus, ante gestus, ante paro, etc., although editions differ in this respect. V. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 361-390, and pp. 394-402.

antĕ (old form anti, whence antidea, antideo, antidhac; v. antea, anteeo, and antehac) [Gr. anti, over against, facing, anta, antên; Sanscr. anti = over against; Germ. ant- in Ant-wort = Goth. anda-vaurdi, an answer, anda-nahti, the night before], prep. and adv. (acc. to Max. Victor. p. 1953, as prep. with the grave accent; as adv. with the acute on the last syl.).

Prep. with acc., before (syn.: prae, pro).

In space, or trop. in regard to estimation, judgment, or rank (usu. only of objects at rest. while prae is used of those in motion; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 21; v. exceptions infra).

In space:

quem ante aedīs video,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 136:

ante ostium Me audivit stare,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 16; so Vulg. Lev. 1, 5:

Ornatas paulo ante fores,

Juv. 6, 227; so Vulg. Num. 3, 26:

ante meum limen,

Juv. 11, 190:

ante suum fundum,

Cic. Mil. 10:

ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur,

id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras,

Ov. M. 8, 480; so Verg. A. 1, 344; 3, 545; Juv. 10, 268:

ante altaria,

id. 8, 155; so Vulg. Deut. 26, 4; ib. Matt. 5, 24. —Of persons:

ante hosce deos erant arulae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3:

quīs ante ora patrum contigit oppetere,

Verg. A. 1, 95; id. G. 4, 477:

ipsius unam (navem) ante oculos pontus in puppim ferit,

id. A. 1, 114; 2, 531; 2, 773:

ante se statuit funditores,

Liv. 42, 58:

Flos Asiae ante ipsum,

Juv. 5, 56; Vulg. Matt. 17, 2:

si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos,

Juv. 8, 11.— Trop.:

ante oculos collocata,

Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 192:

ante oculos errat domus,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 57: [p. 128] causam ante eum diceret, before him as judge, Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 9:

donec stet ante judicium,

Vulg. Josh. 20, 6; ib. Marc. 13, 9.—And in eccl. Lat., after the Heb. and Hel. Gr., before, in the sight of, in the judgment of:

ante Dominum vilior fiam,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 21 sq.:

non te justifices ante Deum,

ib. Eccli. 7, 5:

justi ambo ante Deum,

ib. Luc. 1, 6;

and fully: fecit Asa rectum ante conspectum Domini,

ib. 3 Reg. 15, 11; ib. Apoc. 12, 10.—Hence, homines ante pedes (in later Lat.), servants; cf. the annotators upon Juv. 7, 143.—With verbs of motion:

ante me ito,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 70:

equitatum omnem ante se mittit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

ante ceteras cohortes extra aciem procurrere,

id. B. C. 1, 55:

praecurrit ante omnes,

id. ib. 2, 34; so Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Liv. 7, 41; 45, 40 al.; Vulg. Lev. 27, 11; ib. 1 Reg. 12, 2.—

Trop. of preference in judgment, or regulations in respect to rank, before (this is properly the signification of prae, q. v.; hence more rare than that, and never used by Cic.): quem ante me diligo, before myself, more than myself, Balbus ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15.—So ante aliquem esse, to surpass, excel any one:

facundiā Graecos, gloriā belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse,

Sall. C. 53, 3, ubi v. Corte and Kritz:

tum me vero et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores esse,

superior to, Liv. 35, 14:

necessitas ante rationem est,

necessity knows no law, Curt. 7, 7, 10.—Hence very freq. (but mostly poet. and post-class.),

Ante alios, ante omnes, ante ceteros, etc., before others, before all, etc., to designate a comparative relation;

also sometimes, for the sake of emphasis, with comparatives and superlatives: tibi, Neptune, ante alios deos gratias ago,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 5; so Ov. M. 10, 120:

scito illum ante omnīs minumi mortalem preti,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 8:

tua ante omnes experientia,

Tac. A. 2, 76; 1, 27; Liv. 1, 9:

Junoni ante omnīs candentis vaccae media inter cornua (pateram) fundit,

Verg. A. 4, 59:

Ipse est ante omnes,

Vulg. Col. 1, 17:

O felix una ante alias Priameïa virgo,

Verg. A. 3, 321:

ante omnes furor est insignis equarum,

id. G. 3, 266:

scelere ante alios immanior omnīs,

id. A. 1, 347; Liv. 5, 42:

ante alios pulcherrimus omnīs Turnus,

Verg. A. 7, 55; so Nep. Att. 3, 3; Liv. 1, 15; cf. Rudd. II. p. 82; II. p. 101; II. p. 305.—

Ante omnia.

Before all things, first of all:

alvus ante omnia ducitur,

Cels. 7, 30:

oportet autem ante omnia os nudare,

id. 8, 2:

Ante omnia instituit, ut etc.,

Suet. Ner. 32; id. Calig. 21:

Ante omnia autem, fratres, etc.,

Vulg. Jac. 5, 12; ib. 1 Petr. 4, 8.—

Comparatively, above all, especially, chiefty:

publica maestitia eo ante omnia insignis, quia matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,

Liv. 2, 7; 7, 4:

quae natura multis et ante omnia ursis,

Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125:

dulces ante omnia Musae,

the Muses pleasing above all things, Verg. G. 2, 475; id. E. 2, 72:

deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum,

Juv. 10, 191.—

In entering upon the discussion of several particulars, or in adducing arguments, first of all, in the first place (similar to ac primum quidem, kai prôton men oun; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 4, 2, 4):

ante omnia quid sit rhetorice,

Quint. 2, 15, 1:

ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit,

id. 10, 2, 4; so id. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 40; 4, 2, 52; 5, 13, 6; 9, 1, 23.—

Of time.

Before: ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 13; cf.

Dirks. Transl. 177 sq.: ante lucem a portu me praemisisti domum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 55; so Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 259; id. Inv. 2, 4, 15; Suet. Galb. 22; Vulg. Luc. 24, 22:

ante diem caupo sciet,

Juv. 9, 108:

ante brumam,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 28:

ante noctem,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 51:

pereundum erit ante lucernas,

Juv. 10, 339:

ante haec omnia,

Vulg. Luc. 21, 12.— The designation of time is often expressed paraphrastically.

By a person who lived at the time:

jam ante Socratem,

before the time of, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44:

qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini,

before me, before my time, id. Cat. 4, 3:

ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,

Verg. G. 1, 125:

vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 25:

ante Helenam,

id. S. 1, 3, 107:

ante se,

Tac. H. 1, 50:

quod ante eum nemo,

Suet. Caes. 26 al. —

By other objects pertaining to a particular time: ante hoc factum, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 64:

ante has meas litteras,

i. e. before the receipt of this letter, Cic. Fam. 13, 17:

per hunc castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro,

Liv. 1, 59:

ante mare et terras, et quod tegit omnia, caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5:

ante sidus fervidum,

Hor. Epod. 1, 27:

ante cibum,

id. S. 1, 10, 61, and Juv. 6, 428:

Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta,

before their A B C, id. 14, 209:

cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?

Verg. A. 11, 424:

Tecum prius ergo voluta Haec ante tubas,

Juv. 1, 169.—Also by the designation of the office of a person:

ante aedilitatem meam,

Cic. Att. 12, 17:

ante sceptrum Dictaei regis,

Verg. G. 2, 536:

ante imperium ducis,

Flor. 4, 2, 66:

relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante regnum susceptis,

Just. 2, 10.—And by the designation of office in app. to the person:

mortuus est ante istum praetorem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 45, 115:

docuerant fabulas ante hos consules,

id. Brut. 18, 73:

cum ante illum imperatorem clipeis uterentur,

Nep. Iphicr. 1, 3:

quos ante se imperatorem nemo ausus sit aspicere,

id. Epam. 8, 3.—A part. perf. or fut. pass. is freq. added to such substantives for the sake of explanation:

ante hanc urbem conditam,

before the founding of this city, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (opp. post urbem conditam):

non multo ante urbem captam,

id. Div. 1, 45:

ante Epaminondam natum,

Nep. Epam. 10, 4:

ante te cognitum multis orantibus opem tuli,

Sall. J. 110, 2:

ante decemviros creatos,

Liv. 3, 53 al. —

Hence particular phrases.

Ante tempus,

Before the right time:

ante tempus excitatis suis,

Liv. 31, 36.—

Before the appointed, proper, or lawful time:

factus est consul bis, primum ante tempus,

Cic. Lael. 3:

honores et ante tempus et quosdam novi generis cepit,

Suet. Aug. 26:

venisti ante tempus torquere nos?

Vulg. Matt. 8, 29 (cf. annus, II. D.).—

Ante diem, poet.,

Before the time:

Caesaribus virtus contigit ante diem,

Ov. A. A. 1, 184:

ante diem vultu gressuque superbo Vicerat aequales,

Stat. S. 2, 1, 108.—

Before the time destined by fate:

filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos,

Ov. M. 1, 148:

hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras,

id. ib. 6, 675; id. A. A. 3, 739:

sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, etc.,

Verg. A. 4, 697 (cf. Soph. Antig. 461: ei de tou chronou prosthen thanoumai). —

Ante hunc diem, with a negative:

istunc hominem numquam audivi ante hunc diem,

never before this day, never until now, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 60; 4, 2, 7:

neque umquam ante hunc diem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 19; 5, 4, 23:

Novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum ad te Q. Tubero detulit,

Cic. Lig. 1, 1 (cf. Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 17: neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius). —

Ante diem (abbrev. a. d.) with an ordinal number gives the date, not of the foregoing, but of the present day; e. g. ante diem quintum (a. d. V.) Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the calends of April. Orig. the ante belonged to Kalendas, and they said either, ante die quinto Kalendas (i. e. die quinto ante Kalendas), or ante diem quintum Kalendas; the latter phraseology became the prevailing one, and ante diem, being considered as one word, the prepp. in and ex could be prefixed; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 12; Duker ad Liv. 27, 23; Rudd. II. p. 291; Madv. Gr. Suppl. I.; Drak. ad Liv. 45, 2, 12: me ante diem XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis fuisse, the thirteenth before the calends of January, i. e. the 20 th of Dec., Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 20: ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres, the 21 st of Oct.: ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres, the 27 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3: ante diem VIII. Kalendas Decembres, the 24 th of Nov., id. Phil. 3, 8: a. d. IV. Id. Mart. (ante diem quartum Idus Martias), i. e. the 12 th of March, Liv. 40, 59: ante diem III. Non. Jan. M. Cicero natus est, i. e. on the 3 d of Jan., Gell. 15, 28 al.:

in ante diem quartum Kal. Dec. distulit,

Cic. Phil. 3, 8: caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kal. Nov., to the 28 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3:

ex ante diem VII. Id. Febr.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1: nuntii venerant ex ante diem Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., from the 3 d of June, Cic. Att. 3, 17:

supplicatio indicta est ante diem V. Id. Oct. cum eo die in quinque dies,

Liv. 45, 2, 12.—

Sometimes to designate the whole time until the passing moment:

ante id tempus et mari et terrā duces erant Lace daemonii,

Nep. Arist. 2, 3:

qui honos huic uni ante id tempus contigit,

id. Timoth. 2, 3:

invictus ante eam diem fuerat,

Curt. 5, 3, 22.—

Ante annos, before the destined time:

Ante suos annos occidit,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 46:

Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem,

beyond his years, Verg. A. 9, 311 (cf.:

suos annos praeterire,

Sil. 4, 428; and:

annos transcendere factis,

id. 2, 348). —

Ante hoc, for antea, antehac, belongs to the later Latin:

ante hoc incognita,

Luc. 6, 116:

ante hoc domūs pars videntur,

Tac. G. 13.

Adv., of space and time (the latter most freq.).

Of space, before, in front, forwards: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 9:

fluvius ab tergo, ante circaque velut ripa praeceps oram ejus omnem cingebat,

Liv. 27, 18; 22, 5:

coronatus stabit et ante calix,

Tib. 2, 5, 98:

plena oculis et ante et retro,

Vulg. Apoc. 4, 6.—Of motion (cf. supra, I. A. 1.):

si aut manibus ingrediatur quis aut non ante, sed retro,

Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:

pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque,

Verg. G. 3, 552.—

1.. Of time, before, previously (always in reference to another past time, while ante as prep. is used in reference to the present).

With verbs:

nonne oportuit Praescīsse me ante,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 4:

id te oro, ut ante eamus,

id. ib. 3, 3, 24;

very freq. in Cic.: quod utinam illi ante accidisset,

Cic. Phil. 11, 14:

quae ante acta sunt,

id. Verr. 1, 109:

sicut ante fecimus,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 5; ib. Jud. 16, 20:

fructus omnis ante actae vitae,

Cic. Marcell. 3; so Ov. M. 12, 115, and Tac. A. 6, 16:

apud vos ante feci mentionem,

Cic. Agr. 3, 4:

faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis ante factum,

id. Verr. 1, 55; Verg. E. 9, 63; Juv. 3, 243; 15, 320:

illud de quo ante dixi,

Cic. Sex. Rosc. 116:

quos ante dixi,

id. Off. 2, 14, 50:

ut ante dixi,

id. Imp. Pomp. 16; id. Mil. 45:

quem ad modum ante dixi,

id. Sex. Rosc. 91:

additis, quae ante deliquerant,

Tac. A. 6, 9:

filium ante sublatum brevi amisit,

id. Agr. 6; id. G. 10; id. A. 11, 7; id. H. 2, 43.—And often accomp. by jam:

acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 49; id. Marcell. 12; id. Verr. 2, 23.—Rarely accomp. by saepe.:

ut saepe ante fecerant,

Cic. Balb. 40; id. Rab. Post. 13.—

Rarely with adjj.:

non filius ante pudicus,

Juv. 3, 111:

quos acciverat, incertum, experiens an et ante gnavos,

Tac. A. 14, 7.—

Often with substt. in the abl. or acc. for a more accurate designation of time (cf. also abhinc with the abl. and acc.; in these cases ante was considered by the ancient critics as a prep., which could also govern the abl.; cf. Charis. p. 209 P.; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 30. The position of ante is sometimes before and sometimes after the subst., and sometimes between the numeral and the subst.):

illos septem et multis ante saeculis Lycurgum accepimus fuisse sapientes,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7:

etsi perpaucis ante diebus (i. e. before the departure of Theophilus, of whom mention is afterwards made) dederam Q. Mucio litteras ad te,

id. Fam. 4, 9:

paucis diebus ante,

id. Phil. 2, 40:

viginti annis ante,

id. Lael. 12, 42:

voverat eam annis undecim ante,

Liv. 40, 52, 4 (cf. id. 40, 51:

quae bello Ligustico ante annis octo vovisset): optimum erit ante annum scrobes facere,

a year before, Col. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7:

Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt,

a year before the fall of Troy, Just. 18, 3, 5:

ante quadriennium amissus es,

four years previously, Tac. Agr. 45:

aliquot ante annos,

Suet. Caes. 12; v. id. ib. 81 al.—

With the advv. multo, paulo, aliquanto, tanto, quanto, and rarely permultum:

multo ante prospexi tempestatem futuram,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

haud multo ante adventum,

Tac. Agr. 18.—And in the order ante multo:

ante multo a te didicerimus,

Cic. Sen. 2, 6:

Venisti paulo ante in senatum,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16; id. Marcell. 7; id. Mil. 7; Tac. G. 41; id. H. 3, 68; Suet. Caes. 21; Vulg. Sap. 15, 8; ib. 2 Macc. 3, 30;

6, 29 et saep.—And in the order ante paulo: quae ante paulo perbreviter attigi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4:

profectus est aliquanto ante furorem Catilinae,

id. Sull. 20, 56 bis; id. Verr. 1, 149.—And in the order ante aliquanto: ante aliquanto quam tu natus es, Cic. Fam. [p. 129] 10, 4; id. Vatin. 25; id. Verr. 2, 46:

tanto ante praedixeras,

id. Phil. 2, 33:

quod si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 34; 5, 78, 89; id. Cat. 3, 17; id. de Or. 1, 7, 26; so Quint. 2, 4, 28:

quanto ante providerit,

Cic. Sest. 8:

permultum ante certior factus eram litteris,

id. Fam. 3, 11; cf. Prisc. p. 1191 P.—

Followed by quam (written also as one word, antequam; the form prius quam was more freq. in archaic Latin), sooner than; before.

With ind. pres.:

ante quam doceo id factum non esse, libet mihi,

Cic. Quinct. 48:

ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam,

id. Cat. 4, 20; id. Mil. 7; id. Deiot. 7; id. Clu. 6.—

With ind. perf.:

memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum disserere,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius,

id. Brut. 18, 72:

ante aliquanto quam tu natus es,

id. Fam. 10, 3:

neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit,

Liv. 39, 10:

ante quam ille est factus inimicus,

Cic. Phil. 12, 9.—

Rarely with fut. perf.:

ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet quam potuerit tempus ei rei datum suspicari,

Cic. Phil. 11, 24:

neque defatigabor ante quam... percepero,

id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—

With subj. pres.:

ante quam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium mittet,

Cic. Agr. 2, 53:

hac lege ante omnia veniunt, quam gleba una ematur,

id. ib. 2, 71; id. Sest. 15; id. Phil. 1, 1; Verg. E. 1, 60 sqq.; Vulg. Gen. 11, 4; ib. 4 Reg. 2, 9; ib. Matt. 6, 8.—

With subj. imperf.:

Romae et ad urbem, ante quam proficisceretur, quaerere coepit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 167:

qui (sol) ante quam se abderet, fugientem vidit Antonium,

id. Phil. 14, 27; 8, 1; id. Verr. 4, 147; Vulg. Gen. 2, 5; 13, 10; ib. Matt. 1, 18; ib. Joan. 8, 58.—

With subj. perf.:

ante vero quam sit ea res adlata, laetitiā frui satis est,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1:

domesticum malum opprimit ante quam prospicere potueris,

id. Verr. 1, 39; id. Sull. 44; id. Planc. 40:

nec ante vincere desierint quam Rubro mari inclusis quod vincerent defuerit,

Liv. 42, 52:

nec ante (barbam capillumque) dempserit quam vindicāsset,

Suet. Caes. 67.—

With subj. pluperf.:

se ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperāsse etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 71:

qui ante quam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi,

Cic. Planc. 98:

ut consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum capere licuisset,

id. Imp. Pomp. 62; id. Quinct. 9; id. Verr. 2, 55; 2, 171.—

With inf.:

dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere, quam ad hanc rationem devenire,

Cic. Quinct. 54.—

With part.:

armati nullum ante finem pugnae quam morientes fecerunt,

Liv. 21, 15, 4 (on the use of these different constructions, v. Roby, §§ 1671, 1462, 1672 etc.; Draeger, Hist. Synt. II. pp. 589 sqq.;

and esp. Fischer, Gr. § 621). —In the poets sometimes with quam before ante: Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas Temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante,

Lucr. 3, 972:

Non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, Ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim,

Tib. 4, 7, 8; Mart. 9, 36, 6.—Also in the poets sometimes pleon. ante—prius—quam:

sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo,

Verg. A. 4, 24; so,

prius—quam— ante: Aut prius infecto deposcit praemia cursu, Septima quam metam triverit ante rota?

Prop. 3, 20, 25.—

For the designation of order, foll. by tum, deinde, etc., first, in the first place (only in later Lat. for the class. primum):

ut ante caput, deinde reliqua pars auferatur,

Cels. 7, 29:

et ante dicam de his, quae, etc.: tum, etc.,

id. 5, 26:

ante tonderi... deinde... tum, etc.,

id. 6, 6, 8; so Plin. 34, 13, 34, § 131 dub.—

Very rarely used as adj. (in imitation of the Greek):

neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum,

earlier, previous ills, Verg. A. 1, 198 (cf. tôn paros kakôn, Soph. O. T. 1423):

ille elegit, qui recipit ante meliorem,

Quint. Decl. 1, 14; cf. Liv. 24, 82, 5 (on this use of the adv., v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 76, 5).

In composition.

Of space, before, in front of, forwards: antepono, antefigo, antefero, antemitto.—

Fig. of preference, before, above: antepono.—

Of degree, before, above, more: antepotens, antepollens—

In designations of time only with adjj. and advv.: antelucanus, antemeridianus, antehac, antelucio.With verbs, ante is more correctly written separately: ante actus, ante factus, ante gestus, ante paro, etc., although editions differ in this respect. V. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 361-390, and pp. 394-402.

Appĭus, ii, m., and Appĭa, ae, f. (abbrev. App.).

A Roman prœnomen, esp. of persons of the gens Claudia; hence,

Appĭus, a, um, adj., Appian.

Appia via, the Appian Way, a well-known high - road, begun by the censor Appius Claudius Cœcus (about 442 A. U. C.), which began in Rome at the Porta Capena, and passed in a direct line to the Albanian Mountains, and thence through the Pontine Marshes to Capua; later it was continued to Brundisium, perh. by Trajan (the stones were large polygons of basaltic lava;

parts here and there are yet in existence),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Mil. 6, 15; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6; id. Phil. 7, 1, 1; Liv. 9, 29, 6; Front. Aquaed. 5; Inscr. Orell. 131; cf.

Müll. Roms Camp. 2, 230.—Called also Appī via,

Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 26;

and simply Appia,

id. Epod. 4, 14, al.; Cic. Att. 2, 12.—

Appia aqua, the aqueduct which this same Appius constructed; Front. Aquaed. 5; cf. Liv. 9, 29. —

Appii Forum, a small market-town in Latium, founded by the same Appius, on the left side of the Via Appia, in the midst of the Pontine Marshes, now Foro Appio, Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Vulg. Act. 28, 15; cf. Mann. Ital. I. 637 and 638.

bellum (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

bellum

(ante-class. and poet.

duel-lum

), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.

Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:

bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,

Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):

legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

quae domi duellique male fecisti,

id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:

quique agent rem duelli,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:

aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,

id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):

puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,

Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,

quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,

id. 22, 10, 2:

victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,

id. 23, 11, 2:

si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,

id. 36, 2, 2;

and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,

id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:

hic... Pacem duello miscuit,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:

cadum Marsi memorem duelli,

id. ib. 3, 14, 18:

vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,

id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]

Form bellum.

War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).

Specifying the enemy.

By adjj. denoting the nation:

omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:

Britannicum bellum,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

Gallicum,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

Germanicum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28:

Sabinum,

Liv. 1, 26, 4:

Parthicum,

Vell. 2, 46, 2;

similarly: bellum piraticum,

the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:

Sertorianum bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

Mithridaticum,

id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:

Jugurthinum,

Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;

similarly: bellum regium,

the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:

bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

Asiaticum,

id. ib. 22, 64:

Africum,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:

Actiacum,

Vell. 2, 86, 3:

Hispaniense,

id. 2, 55, 2.—

With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

Venetorum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16:

Helvetiorum,

id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;

1, 30: Ambiorigis,

id. ib. 6, 29, 4:

Pyrrhi, Philippi,

Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:

Samnitium,

Liv. 7, 29, 2.—

With cum and abl. of the name.

Attributively:

cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:

belli causa cum Samnitibus,

Liv. 7, 29, 3:

hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,

id. 33, 35, 12:

novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,

id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—

With cum dependent on the verb:

quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:

novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,

Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—

With adversus and acc. of the name.

Attributively:

bellum adversus Philippum,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,

id. 8, 29, 6.—

With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:

ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,

id. 45, 11, 8:

bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

With contra and acc.:

cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

causam belli contra patriam inferendi,

id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—

With in and acc. (very rare):

Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,

Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—

With inter and acc.:

hic finis belli inter Romanos ac Persea fuit,

Liv. 45, 9, 2.—

With apud and acc.:

secutum est bellum gestum apud Mutinam,

Nep. Att. 9, 1.—

With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—

With verbs.

Referring to the beginning of the war.

Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:

summa erat observatio in bello movendo,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:

bellum commotum a Scapula,

id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:

nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,

Sall. C. 30, 2:

is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,

Liv. 1, 53, 2:

insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,

id. 4, 58, 6:

dii pium movere bellum,

id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,

concitare,

Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—

Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:

cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:

bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,

Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,

parare alicui,

Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:

bellum terra et mari comparat,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:

tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:

bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,

Liv. 4, 55, 7:

numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—

Bellum differre, to postpone a war:

nec jam poterat bellum differri,

Liv. 2, 30, 7:

mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,

id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—

Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):

omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,

id. ib. 20, 5:

de integro bellum sumit,

id. ib. 62, 9:

iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,

Liv. 38, 19, 3:

sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,

Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—

Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:

bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:

suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 11, 35:

judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,

join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):

cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,

undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:

senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,

id. 6, 9, 5:

bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,

Vell. 2, 3, 3.—

Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):

consensit et senatus bellum,

Liv. 8, 6, 8:

bellum erat consensum,

id. 1, 32, 12.—

Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:

sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,

Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:

populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,

id. ib.:

cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?

id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:

Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,

Liv. 5, 26, 3:

Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,

id. 6, 22, 6:

Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,

id. 7, 23, 2:

quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:

cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,

id. ib. 16, 49:

hunc toti bello praefecerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

bellum administrandum permittere,

id. ib. 21, 61.—

Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:

ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,

Liv. 1, 32, 13:

Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?

Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:

bellum indici posse existimabat,

Liv. 1, 22, 4:

ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,

id. 1, 22, 6:

ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,

id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—

Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:

Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,

Cic. Pis. 34, 84:

ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:

bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

bellum patriae faciet,

id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:

civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;

3, 29: constituit bellum facere,

Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:

occupant bellum facere,

they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:

ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,

id. 1, 32, 13:

populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,

id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:

urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,

Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—

Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:

subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

aliud multo propius bellum ortum,

Liv. 1, 14, 4:

Veiens bellum exortum,

id. 2, 53, 1.—

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:

bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18:

cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,

id. Div. 1, 46, 103:

erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10:

bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,

id. ib. 4, 6:

Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,

Sall. C. 16, 5:

bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,

Liv. 21, 1, 1:

alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,

id. 2, 62, 3:

de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,

id. 23, 25, 5:

Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,

Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):

bellum bellare,

Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);

in the same sense: bellum agere,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:

bello persequi aliquem,

Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—

Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:

necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

bellum trahi non posse,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

belli trahendi causa,

Liv. 5, 11, 8:

morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,

id. 9, 27, 5:

suadere institui ut bellum duceret,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

bellum enim ducetur,

id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;

similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?

Liv. 5, 5, 1.—

Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:

bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:

quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,

Liv. 8, 37, 5.—

Referring to the end of a war.

Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:

in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,

Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,

Sall. J. 83, 1:

bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,

Liv. 31, 1, 8:

nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,

id. 31, 31, 19:

dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,

Sall. J. 112, 1:

bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,

id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:

velut posito bello,

Liv. 1, 53, 5:

manere bellum quod positum simuletur,

id. 1, 53, 7:

posito ubique bello,

Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:

omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,

Liv. 2, 14, 5.—

Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:

timerent ne bellum componeretur,

Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

si bellum compositum foret,

Sall. J. 97, 2:

belli componendi licentiam,

id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;

similarly: bellum sedare,

Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—

Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:

is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,

Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:

bellumque maximum conficies,

id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:

confecto Mithridatico bello,

id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:

quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,

Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;

4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,

Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:

neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,

Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;

36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,

Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:

se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),

id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:

neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,

Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—

Less usual connections:

bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

alere ac fovere bellum,

Liv. 42, 11, 5:

bellum navare alicui,

Tac. H. 5, 25:

spargere,

id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:

serere,

Liv. 21, 10, 4:

circumferre,

Tac. A. 13, 37:

exercere,

id. ib. 6, 31:

quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:

bellum ascendit in rupes,

id. 4, 12, 4:

bellum serpit in proximos,

id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:

bella narrare,

Cic. Or. 9, 30:

canere bella,

Quint. 10, 1, 91:

bella legere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—

As object denoting place or time.

Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.

Of the commander:

consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,

Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:

ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,

Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:

in bellum,

Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—

Of persons partaking in a war:

si proficiscerer ad bellum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —

Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—

In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:

in bella sequi,

id. ib. 8, 547.—

Of time.

In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):

valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,

domi duellique,

id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):

quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:

paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,

Sall. J. 41, 7:

animus belli ingens, domi modicus,

id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:

bello domique,

id. 1, 34, 12:

domi belloque,

id. 9, 26, 21; and:

neque bello, neque domi,

id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:

simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.

Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—

In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:

ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:

in ipso bello eadem sensi,

id. Marcell. 5, 14:

in Volsco bello virtus enituit,

Liv. 2, 24, 8:

in eo bello,

id. 23, 46, 6:

in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,

id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:

ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:

qui in bello occiderunt,

Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,

Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:

in bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—

Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:

bello Italico,

id. Pis. 36, 87:

Veienti bello,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

domestico bello,

id. Planc. 29, 70:

qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,

Liv. 23, 12, 11:

victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1:

nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,

id. 9, 18, 9:

bello civili,

Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:

praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:

suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:

qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,

Cic. Sest. 26, 57:

res pace belloque gestas,

Liv. 2, 1, 1:

egregieque rebus bello gestis,

id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:

ludi bello voti,

id. 4, 35. 3:

princeps pace belloque,

id. 7, 1, 9:

Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,

id. 45, 42, 7:

bello parta,

Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—

Inter bellum (rare):

cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,

Liv. 2, 14, 2:

inter haec bella consules... facti,

id. 2, 63, 1.—

Bellum in attributive connection.

Justum bellum.

A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):

justum piumque bellum,

Liv. 1, 23, 4:

non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,

id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—

A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):

in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,

Liv. 1, 15, 1.—

For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—

Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:

quicunque belli eventus fuisset,

Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:

haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,

Sall. C. 37, 9:

eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,

Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:

exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,

id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:

Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,

id. Att. 4, 16, 13:

cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,

Liv. 5, 16, 8.—

Fortuna belli, the chances of war:

adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,

Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—

Belli artes, military skill:

cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,

Liv. 1, 35, 1:

haud ignotas belli artes,

id. 21, 1, 2:

temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,

id. 1, 21, 6.—

Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:

in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:

sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,

Liv. 5, 27, 6:

jure belli res vindicatur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—

Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:

trium simul bellorum victor,

a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:

victor tot bellis,

id. 2, 27, 1). —

Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—

Transf.

Of things concr. and abstr.:

qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,

Cic. Dom. 23, 60:

bellum contra aras et focos,

id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,

id. Or. 2, 37, 155:

ventri Indico bellum,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—

Of animals:

milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:

hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,

Ov. M. 6, 92.—

With individuals:

quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:

nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,

Cic. Lael. 21, 77:

cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,

id. Sull. 9, 28:

hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,

id. 3, 25, 3:

tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,

id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:

equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,

Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—

In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—

Personified as god of war ( = Janus):

tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,

Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:

sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,

Verg. A. 7, 607:

mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,

id. ib. 6, 279.—

Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):

permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),

Ov. M. 12, 24:

sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,

Sil. 7, 472:

quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?

Stat. Th. 9, 490.—

Battle, = proelium:

rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,

Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:

quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,

Liv. 8, 10, 7:

commisso statim bello,

Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:

Actia bella,

Verg. A. 8, 675:

ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,

id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —

Bellum = liber de bello:

quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!

Cic. Sen. 14, 50.

Claudĭus ( Clōdĭus, like claudo and clodo, codex and caudex, plostrum and plaustrum, [p. 351] etc.), Claudĭa, Clōdĭa, the name of two very celebrated Roman gentes (one patrician, the other plebeian; cf. Suet. Tib. 1 and 2; Verg. A. 7, 708; Liv. 2, 16, 4).

Claudius; so,

App. Claudius Caecus (v. Appius).—

The historian Q. Claudius Quadrigarius, a contemporary of Sulla and Sisenna, Vell. 2, 9, 6; Gell. 1, 7, 9.—Called simply Claudius, Liv. 8, 19, 13; 9, 5, 2.—

The emperor Claudius;

in full, Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus,

Suet. Claud. 1 sqq.; Tac. A. 11, 1 sqq.—

In fem.: Claudĭa, a female of the gens Claudia.—

Clodius. Thus the restless tribune of the people, and enemy of Cicero, P. Clodius Pulcher, who was killed by Milo; v. Cic. Mil.—

Hence,

Claudĭus ( Clōd-), a, um, Claudian, Clodian: Via Claudia (Clodia), a branch of the Via Cassia, Ov. P. 1, 8, 44; Front. Aquaed. 11.—Aqua Claudia, an aqueduct begun by the emperor Caligula, and finished by the emperor Claudius, Front. Aquaed. 13 sq.; Suet. Claud. 20 Bremi.—Tribus Claudia, beyond the Anio, named after the progenitor of the gens Claudia, Liv. 2, 16, 5; Verg. A. 7, 708; cf.

Serv. in h. l.—Leges Clodiae,

proceeding from the tribune of the people, Clodius, Cic. Sest. 25 and 26; cf. Orell. Ind. Leg. s. h. v.—

Claudĭānus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to a Claudius (esp. to the emperor of this name):

castra,

of App. Claudius Pulcher, Liv. 23, 31, 3: tonitrua, named after the same, Paul. ex Fest. p. 57, 10 Müll.:

tempora,

of the emperor Claudius, Tac. A. 14, 11; id. H. 5, 12:

cometa,

visible in his time, Sen. Q. N. 7, 21 and 29.—

Clōdĭ-ānus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Clodius, the enemy of Cicero:

crimen,

his murder, Cic. Mil. 27, 72:

incendia,

caused by him, id. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 2:

operae,

id. ib. 2, 3, 2.

Claudĭus ( Clōdĭus, like claudo and clodo, codex and caudex, plostrum and plaustrum, [p. 351] etc.), Claudĭa, Clōdĭa, the name of two very celebrated Roman gentes (one patrician, the other plebeian; cf. Suet. Tib. 1 and 2; Verg. A. 7, 708; Liv. 2, 16, 4).

Claudius; so,

App. Claudius Caecus (v. Appius).—

The historian Q. Claudius Quadrigarius, a contemporary of Sulla and Sisenna, Vell. 2, 9, 6; Gell. 1, 7, 9.—Called simply Claudius, Liv. 8, 19, 13; 9, 5, 2.—

The emperor Claudius;

in full, Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus,

Suet. Claud. 1 sqq.; Tac. A. 11, 1 sqq.—

In fem.: Claudĭa, a female of the gens Claudia.—

Clodius. Thus the restless tribune of the people, and enemy of Cicero, P. Clodius Pulcher, who was killed by Milo; v. Cic. Mil.—

Hence,

Claudĭus ( Clōd-), a, um, Claudian, Clodian: Via Claudia (Clodia), a branch of the Via Cassia, Ov. P. 1, 8, 44; Front. Aquaed. 11.—Aqua Claudia, an aqueduct begun by the emperor Caligula, and finished by the emperor Claudius, Front. Aquaed. 13 sq.; Suet. Claud. 20 Bremi.—Tribus Claudia, beyond the Anio, named after the progenitor of the gens Claudia, Liv. 2, 16, 5; Verg. A. 7, 708; cf.

Serv. in h. l.—Leges Clodiae,

proceeding from the tribune of the people, Clodius, Cic. Sest. 25 and 26; cf. Orell. Ind. Leg. s. h. v.—

Claudĭānus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to a Claudius (esp. to the emperor of this name):

castra,

of App. Claudius Pulcher, Liv. 23, 31, 3: tonitrua, named after the same, Paul. ex Fest. p. 57, 10 Müll.:

tempora,

of the emperor Claudius, Tac. A. 14, 11; id. H. 5, 12:

cometa,

visible in his time, Sen. Q. N. 7, 21 and 29.—

Clōdĭ-ānus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Clodius, the enemy of Cicero:

crimen,

his murder, Cic. Mil. 27, 72:

incendia,

caused by him, id. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 2:

operae,

id. ib. 2, 3, 2.

con-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, 3, v. a. [capio], to take or lay hold of, to take to one's self, to take in, take, receive, etc. (class. in prose and poetry).

Prop.

In gen.:

nuces si fregeris, vix sesquimodio concipere possis,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 3:

truleum latius, quo concipiat aquam,

id. L. L. 5, § 118 Müll.; cf. Lucr. 6, 503; and:

concipit Iris aquas,

draws up, Ov. M. 1, 271:

madefacta terra caducas Concepit lacrimas, id. ib 6, 397: imbres limumque,

Col. Arb. 10, 3.—Of water, to take up, draw off, in a pipe, etc.:

Alsietinam aquam,

Front. Aquaed. 11; 5 sqq.— Pass., to be collected or held, to gather:

pars (animae) concipitur cordis parte quādam,

Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138:

ut quisque (umor) ibi conceptus fuerit, quam celerrime dilabatur,

Col. 1, 6, 5.—Hence, con-cepta, ōrum, n. subst., measures of fluids, capacity of a reservoir, etc.:

amplius quam in conceptis commentariorum,

i. e. the measures described in the registers, Front. Aquaed. 67; 73.—Of the approach of death:

cum jam praecordiis conceptam mortem contineret,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 40, 96:

ventum veste,

Quint. 11, 3, 119; cf.:

plurimum ventorum,

Plin. 16, 31, 57, § 131; and:

magnam vim venti,

Curt. 4, 3, 2:

auram,

id. 4, 3, 16; cf. Ov. M. 12, 569:

aëra,

id. ib. 1, 337:

ignem,

Lucr. 6, 308; so Cic. de Or. 2, 45, 190; Liv. 21, 8, 12; 37, 11, 13; Ov. M. 15, 348.—Of lime slaked:

ubi terrenā silices fornace soluti concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspergine aquarum,

Ov. M. 7, 108 al.; cf.:

lapidibus igne concepto,

struck, Vulg. 2 Macc. 10, 3:

flammam,

Caes. B. C. 2, 14:

flammas,

Ov. M. 1, 255; cf.

of the flame of love: flammam pectore,

Cat. 64, 92:

ignem,

Ov. M. 9, 520; 10, 582:

validos ignes,

id. ib. 7, 9:

medicamentum venis,

Curt. 3, 6, 11:

noxium virus,

Plin. 21, 13, 44, § 74:

morbum,

Col. 7, 5, 14:

in eā parte nivem concipi,

is formed, Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 1. —Of disease:

is morbus aestate plerumque concipitur,

Col. 7, 5, 14:

si ex calore et aestu concepta pestis invasit,

id. 7, 5, 2.—

In partic.

To take or receive ( animal or vegetable) fecundation, to conceive, become pregnant.

Absol.:

more ferarum putantur Concipere uxores,

Lucr. 4, 1266; Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 17:

cum concepit mula,

Cic. Div. 2, 22, 50:

ex illo concipit ales,

Ov. M. 10, 328 et saep.:

(arbores) concipiunt variis diebus et pro suā quaeque naturā,

Plin. 16, 25, 39, § 94.—

With acc.:

ut id, quod conceperat, servaret,

Cic. Clu. 12, 33:

Persea, quem pluvio Danaë conceperat auro,

Ov. M. 4, 611:

aliquem ex aliquo,

Cic. Clu. 11, 31; Suet. Aug. 17; id. Claud. 27:

ex adulterio,

id. Tib. 62:

de aliquo,

Ov. M. 3, 214:

alicujus semine,

id. ib. 10, 328:

ova (pisces),

Plin. 9, 51, 75, § 165.— Poet.:

concepta crimina portat, i. e. fetum per crimen conceptum,

Ov. M. 10, 470 (cf. id. ib. 3, 268):

omnia, quae terra concipiat semina,

Cic. N. D. 2, 10, 26:

frumenta quaedam in tertio genu spicam incipiunt concipere,

Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 56.— Subst.: conceptum, i, n., the fetus:

ne praegnanti medicamentum, quo conceptum excutitur, detur,

Scrib. Ep. ad Callist. p. 3:

coacta conceptum a se abigere,

Suet. Dom. 22.—

In Ovid, meton., of a woman, to unite herself in marriage, to marry, wed:

Dea undae, Concipe. Mater eris juvenis, etc.,

Ov. M. 11, 222.—

Concipere furtum, in jurid. Lat., to find out or discover stolen property, Just. Inst. 4, 1, § 4; cf.: penes quem res concepta et inventa [p. 401] est, Paul. Sent. 2, 31, 5; Gell. 11, 18, 9 sq.; Gai Inst. 3, 186.—

Trop.

To take or seize something by the sense of sight, to see, perceive (cf. comprehendo, II. A.):

haec tanta oculis bona concipio,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 65.—Far more freq.,

To perceive in mind.

In gen., to comprehend intellectually, to take in, imagine, conceive, think:

agedum, inaugura fierine possit, quod nunc ego mente concipio,

Liv. 1, 36, 3; so,

aliquid animo,

id. 9, 18, 8; cf.:

imaginem quandam concipere animo perfecti oratoris,

Quint. 1, 10, 4; cf. id. 2, 20, 4; 9, 1, 19 al.:

quid mirum si in auspiciis imbecilli animi superstitiosa ista concipiant?

Cic. Div. 2, 39, 81:

quantalibet magnitudo hominis concipiatur animo,

Liv. 9, 18, 8 Drak. ad loc.:

de aliquo summa concipere,

Quint. 6, prooem. §

2: onus operis opinione prima concipere,

id. 12, prooem. § 1: protinus concepit Italiam et arma virumque, conceived the plan of the Æneid, Mart. 8, 56, 19.—

In partic., to understand, comprehend, perceive:

quoniam principia rerum omnium animo ac mente conceperit,

Cic. Leg. 1, 22, 59:

quae neque concipi animo nisi ab iis qui videre, neque, etc.,

Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 124:

fragor, qui concipi humanā mente non potest,

id. 33, 4, 21, § 73:

concipere animo potes, quam simus fatigati,

Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 24.—With acc. and inf.:

quod ita juratum est, ut mens conciperet fleri oportere, id servandum est,

Cic. Off. 3, 29, 107:

forsitan et lucos illic concipias animo esse,

Ov. M. 2, 77:

concepit, eos homines posse jure mulceri,

Vell. 2, 117, 3; Cels. 7 praef. fin. —

To receive in one's self, adopt, harbor any disposition of mind, emotion, passion, evil design, etc., to give place to, foster, to take in, receive; to commit (the figure derived from the absorbing of liquids;

hence): quod non solum vitia concipiunt ipsi, sed ea infundunt in civitatem,

Cic. Leg. 3, 14, 32:

inimicitiae et aedilitate et praeturā conceptae,

Caes. B. C. 3, 16; so,

mente vaticinos furores,

Ov. M. 2, 640:

animo ingentes iras,

id. ib. 1, 166:

spem,

id. ib. 6, 554; cf.:

spemque metumque,

id. F. 1, 485:

aliquid spe,

Liv. 33, 33, 8:

amorem,

Ov. M. 10, 249:

pectore tantum robur,

Verg. A. 11, 368:

auribus tantam cupiditatem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 45, § 101 al.:

re publicā violandā fraudis inexpiabiles concipere,

id. Tusc. 1, 30, 72:

malum aut scelus,

id. Cat. 2, 4, 7:

scelus in sese,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 9:

flagitium cum aliquo,

id. Sull. 5, 16.—

To draw up, comprise, express something in words, to compose (cf. comprehendo, II. C.):

quod ex animi tui sententiā juraris, sicut verbis concipiatur more nostro,

Cic. Off. 3, 29, 108:

vadimonium,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 13 (15), 3:

jusjurandum,

Liv. 1, 32, 8; Tac. H. 4, 41; cf.:

jurisjurandi verba,

id. ib. 4, 31;

and verba,

Liv. 7, 5, 5:

edictum,

Dig. 13, 6, 1:

libellos,

ib. 48, 19, 9:

stipulationem,

ib. 41, 1, 38:

obligationem in futurum,

ib. 5, 1, 35:

actionem in bonum et aequum,

ib. 4, 5, 8:

foedus,

Verg. A. 12, 13 (id est conceptis verbis:

concepta autem verba dicuntur jurandi formula, quam nobis transgredi non licet, Serv.): audet tamen Antias Valerius concipere summas (of the slain, etc.),

to report definitely, Liv. 3, 5, 12.—T. t., of the lang. of religion, to make something (as a festival, auspices, war, etc.) known, to promulgate, declare in a set form of words, to designate formally:

ubi viae competunt tum in competis sacrificatur: quotannis is dies (sc. Compitalia) concipitur,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 25 Müll.:

dum vota sacerdos Concipit,

Ov. M. 7, 594:

sic verba concipito,

repeat the following prayer, Cato, R. R. 139, 1; 141, 4:

Latinas sacrumque in Albano monte non rite concepisse (magistratus),

Liv. 5, 17, 2 (cf. conceptivus):

auspicia,

id. 22, 1, 7:

locus quibusdam conceptis verbis finitus, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 8 Müll.:

ut justum conciperetur bellum,

id. ib. 5, §

86 ib.—So of a formal repetition of set words after another person: senatus incohantibus primoribus jus jurandum concepit,

Tac. H. 4, 41:

vetus miles dixit sacramentum... et cum cetera juris jurandi verba conciperent, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 31: verba jurationis concipit, with acc. and inf., he takes the oath, that, etc., Macr. S. 1, 6, 30.—Hence, conceptus, a, um, P. a., formal, in set form:

verbis conceptissimis jurare,

Petr. 113, 13.—Hence, absol.: mente concepta, things apprehended by the mind, perceptions: consuetudo jam tenuit, ut mente concepta sensus vocaremus, Quint. 8, 5, 2; cf. id. 5, 10, 4.

con-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, 3, v. a. [capio], to take or lay hold of, to take to one's self, to take in, take, receive, etc. (class. in prose and poetry).

Prop.

In gen.:

nuces si fregeris, vix sesquimodio concipere possis,

Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 3:

truleum latius, quo concipiat aquam,

id. L. L. 5, § 118 Müll.; cf. Lucr. 6, 503; and:

concipit Iris aquas,

draws up, Ov. M. 1, 271:

madefacta terra caducas Concepit lacrimas, id. ib 6, 397: imbres limumque,

Col. Arb. 10, 3.—Of water, to take up, draw off, in a pipe, etc.:

Alsietinam aquam,

Front. Aquaed. 11; 5 sqq.— Pass., to be collected or held, to gather:

pars (animae) concipitur cordis parte quādam,

Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138:

ut quisque (umor) ibi conceptus fuerit, quam celerrime dilabatur,

Col. 1, 6, 5.—Hence, con-cepta, ōrum, n. subst., measures of fluids, capacity of a reservoir, etc.:

amplius quam in conceptis commentariorum,

i. e. the measures described in the registers, Front. Aquaed. 67; 73.—Of the approach of death:

cum jam praecordiis conceptam mortem contineret,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 40, 96:

ventum veste,

Quint. 11, 3, 119; cf.:

plurimum ventorum,

Plin. 16, 31, 57, § 131; and:

magnam vim venti,

Curt. 4, 3, 2:

auram,

id. 4, 3, 16; cf. Ov. M. 12, 569:

aëra,

id. ib. 1, 337:

ignem,

Lucr. 6, 308; so Cic. de Or. 2, 45, 190; Liv. 21, 8, 12; 37, 11, 13; Ov. M. 15, 348.—Of lime slaked:

ubi terrenā silices fornace soluti concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspergine aquarum,

Ov. M. 7, 108 al.; cf.:

lapidibus igne concepto,

struck, Vulg. 2 Macc. 10, 3:

flammam,

Caes. B. C. 2, 14:

flammas,

Ov. M. 1, 255; cf.

of the flame of love: flammam pectore,

Cat. 64, 92:

ignem,

Ov. M. 9, 520; 10, 582:

validos ignes,

id. ib. 7, 9:

medicamentum venis,

Curt. 3, 6, 11:

noxium virus,

Plin. 21, 13, 44, § 74:

morbum,

Col. 7, 5, 14:

in eā parte nivem concipi,

is formed, Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 1. —Of disease:

is morbus aestate plerumque concipitur,

Col. 7, 5, 14:

si ex calore et aestu concepta pestis invasit,

id. 7, 5, 2.—

In partic.

To take or receive ( animal or vegetable) fecundation, to conceive, become pregnant.

Absol.:

more ferarum putantur Concipere uxores,

Lucr. 4, 1266; Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 17:

cum concepit mula,

Cic. Div. 2, 22, 50:

ex illo concipit ales,

Ov. M. 10, 328 et saep.:

(arbores) concipiunt variis diebus et pro suā quaeque naturā,

Plin. 16, 25, 39, § 94.—

With acc.:

ut id, quod conceperat, servaret,

Cic. Clu. 12, 33:

Persea, quem pluvio Danaë conceperat auro,

Ov. M. 4, 611:

aliquem ex aliquo,

Cic. Clu. 11, 31; Suet. Aug. 17; id. Claud. 27:

ex adulterio,

id. Tib. 62:

de aliquo,

Ov. M. 3, 214:

alicujus semine,

id. ib. 10, 328:

ova (pisces),

Plin. 9, 51, 75, § 165.— Poet.:

concepta crimina portat, i. e. fetum per crimen conceptum,

Ov. M. 10, 470 (cf. id. ib. 3, 268):

omnia, quae terra concipiat semina,

Cic. N. D. 2, 10, 26:

frumenta quaedam in tertio genu spicam incipiunt concipere,

Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 56.— Subst.: conceptum, i, n., the fetus:

ne praegnanti medicamentum, quo conceptum excutitur, detur,

Scrib. Ep. ad Callist. p. 3:

coacta conceptum a se abigere,

Suet. Dom. 22.—

In Ovid, meton., of a woman, to unite herself in marriage, to marry, wed:

Dea undae, Concipe. Mater eris juvenis, etc.,

Ov. M. 11, 222.—

Concipere furtum, in jurid. Lat., to find out or discover stolen property, Just. Inst. 4, 1, § 4; cf.: penes quem res concepta et inventa [p. 401] est, Paul. Sent. 2, 31, 5; Gell. 11, 18, 9 sq.; Gai Inst. 3, 186.—

Trop.

To take or seize something by the sense of sight, to see, perceive (cf. comprehendo, II. A.):

haec tanta oculis bona concipio,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 65.—Far more freq.,

To perceive in mind.

In gen., to comprehend intellectually, to take in, imagine, conceive, think:

agedum, inaugura fierine possit, quod nunc ego mente concipio,

Liv. 1, 36, 3; so,

aliquid animo,

id. 9, 18, 8; cf.:

imaginem quandam concipere animo perfecti oratoris,

Quint. 1, 10, 4; cf. id. 2, 20, 4; 9, 1, 19 al.:

quid mirum si in auspiciis imbecilli animi superstitiosa ista concipiant?

Cic. Div. 2, 39, 81:

quantalibet magnitudo hominis concipiatur animo,

Liv. 9, 18, 8 Drak. ad loc.:

de aliquo summa concipere,

Quint. 6, prooem. §

2: onus operis opinione prima concipere,

id. 12, prooem. § 1: protinus concepit Italiam et arma virumque, conceived the plan of the Æneid, Mart. 8, 56, 19.—

In partic., to understand, comprehend, perceive:

quoniam principia rerum omnium animo ac mente conceperit,

Cic. Leg. 1, 22, 59:

quae neque concipi animo nisi ab iis qui videre, neque, etc.,

Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 124:

fragor, qui concipi humanā mente non potest,

id. 33, 4, 21, § 73:

concipere animo potes, quam simus fatigati,

Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 24.—With acc. and inf.:

quod ita juratum est, ut mens conciperet fleri oportere, id servandum est,

Cic. Off. 3, 29, 107:

forsitan et lucos illic concipias animo esse,

Ov. M. 2, 77:

concepit, eos homines posse jure mulceri,

Vell. 2, 117, 3; Cels. 7 praef. fin. —

To receive in one's self, adopt, harbor any disposition of mind, emotion, passion, evil design, etc., to give place to, foster, to take in, receive; to commit (the figure derived from the absorbing of liquids;

hence): quod non solum vitia concipiunt ipsi, sed ea infundunt in civitatem,

Cic. Leg. 3, 14, 32:

inimicitiae et aedilitate et praeturā conceptae,

Caes. B. C. 3, 16; so,

mente vaticinos furores,

Ov. M. 2, 640:

animo ingentes iras,

id. ib. 1, 166:

spem,

id. ib. 6, 554; cf.:

spemque metumque,

id. F. 1, 485:

aliquid spe,

Liv. 33, 33, 8:

amorem,

Ov. M. 10, 249:

pectore tantum robur,

Verg. A. 11, 368:

auribus tantam cupiditatem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 45, § 101 al.:

re publicā violandā fraudis inexpiabiles concipere,

id. Tusc. 1, 30, 72:

malum aut scelus,

id. Cat. 2, 4, 7:

scelus in sese,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 9:

flagitium cum aliquo,

id. Sull. 5, 16.—

To draw up, comprise, express something in words, to compose (cf. comprehendo, II. C.):

quod ex animi tui sententiā juraris, sicut verbis concipiatur more nostro,

Cic. Off. 3, 29, 108:

vadimonium,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 13 (15), 3:

jusjurandum,

Liv. 1, 32, 8; Tac. H. 4, 41; cf.:

jurisjurandi verba,

id. ib. 4, 31;

and verba,

Liv. 7, 5, 5:

edictum,

Dig. 13, 6, 1:

libellos,

ib. 48, 19, 9:

stipulationem,

ib. 41, 1, 38:

obligationem in futurum,

ib. 5, 1, 35:

actionem in bonum et aequum,

ib. 4, 5, 8:

foedus,

Verg. A. 12, 13 (id est conceptis verbis:

concepta autem verba dicuntur jurandi formula, quam nobis transgredi non licet, Serv.): audet tamen Antias Valerius concipere summas (of the slain, etc.),

to report definitely, Liv. 3, 5, 12.—T. t., of the lang. of religion, to make something (as a festival, auspices, war, etc.) known, to promulgate, declare in a set form of words, to designate formally:

ubi viae competunt tum in competis sacrificatur: quotannis is dies (sc. Compitalia) concipitur,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 25 Müll.:

dum vota sacerdos Concipit,

Ov. M. 7, 594:

sic verba concipito,

repeat the following prayer, Cato, R. R. 139, 1; 141, 4:

Latinas sacrumque in Albano monte non rite concepisse (magistratus),

Liv. 5, 17, 2 (cf. conceptivus):

auspicia,

id. 22, 1, 7:

locus quibusdam conceptis verbis finitus, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 8 Müll.:

ut justum conciperetur bellum,

id. ib. 5, §

86 ib.—So of a formal repetition of set words after another person: senatus incohantibus primoribus jus jurandum concepit,

Tac. H. 4, 41:

vetus miles dixit sacramentum... et cum cetera juris jurandi verba conciperent, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 31: verba jurationis concipit, with acc. and inf., he takes the oath, that, etc., Macr. S. 1, 6, 30.—Hence, conceptus, a, um, P. a., formal, in set form:

verbis conceptissimis jurare,

Petr. 113, 13.—Hence, absol.: mente concepta, things apprehended by the mind, perceptions: consuetudo jam tenuit, ut mente concepta sensus vocaremus, Quint. 8, 5, 2; cf. id. 5, 10, 4.

conscĭentĭa, ae, f. [conscio], a knowing of a thing together with another person, joint knowledge, consciousness (in good prose, and very freq.).

A joint knowledge of something, a being privy to, a knowing along with others, privity, cognizance, etc.

With gen. subj.:

omnium horum,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1; so,

hominum,

id. Fin. 2, 9, 28:

plurium,

Liv. 2, 54, 7:

liberti unius,

Tac. A. 6, 21; cf. Suet. Calig. 56 al.:

generis humani,

Tac. Agr. 2.—

With gen. obj. (thus for the most part in Tac.):

in conscientiam facinoris pauci asciti,

Tac. H. 1, 25:

facti,

id. A. 2, 22:

conjurationis,

id. H. 1, 42:

stupri,

Dig. 48, 5, 29.— Plur.:

consilia conscientiaeque ejus modi facinorum,

Cic. Clu. 20, 56. —

Absol.:

non modo eos persequi, ad quos maxime culpa corrupti judicii, sed etiam illos, ad quos conscientiae contagio pertinebit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183:

qui non modo a facti verum etiam a conscientiae suspitione afuit,

id. Cael. 10, 23:

nocte perfugit Tanagram, suam conscientiam metuens,

Liv. 33, 28, 10:

simulare,

Tac. A. 2, 40; 4, 3; cf. id. H. 1, 28; Curt. 7, 1, 31.—

Consciousness, knowledge, feeling, sense.

In gen. (rare).

With gen.:

unde haec illis tanta modestia, nisi a conscientiā virium et nostrarum et suarum?

Liv. 8, 4, 10 (cf. g); so,

contracti culpā periculi,

id. 3, 2, 11:

suae infirmitatis,

Quint. 1, 2, 10:

rebellionis,

Tac. A. 12, 31; cf.

defectionis,

id. Agr. 16:

victoriae,

id. ib. 27:

unionum in somno quoque,

Plin. 33, 3, 12, § 40:

amissae fortunae,

a recollection, Flor. 2, 12, 10:

ipsa pulcherrimi facti,

Cic. Phil. 2, 44, 114:

officii mei benevolentiaeque,

id. Fam. 3, 7, 6 fin.:

scelerum tuorum,

id. Pis. 17, 39; cf. Sall. C. 5, 7:

peccatorum,

Cic. Par. 5, 3, 40:

culpae,

Liv. 28, 19, 1 et saep.—In plur., Cic. Clu. 20, 56:

te conscientiae stimulant maleficiorum tuorum,

id. Par. 2, 2, 18; cf. under B. 2.—

With de: satisfactionem ex nullà conscientiā de culpā proponere decrevi, Cat. ap. Sall. C. 35, 2; cf. conscius, I. d—

With rel.-clause (very rare):

illi conscientia, quid abesset virium, detrectavere pugnam,

Liv. 3, 60, 6; 28, 19, 5.—

Absol.: ut nostram stabilem conscientiam contemnamus, aliorum errantem opinionem aucupemur, self-consciousness, Cic. Fin. 2, 22, 71:

illud se tacere suam conscientiam non pati,

Liv. 5, 25, 6:

in veris quoque sufficit conscientia,

consciousness, Quint. 11, 1, 17: sine hac quidem conscientiā ipsa illa ex tempore dicendi facultas inanem modo loquacitatem dabit, without this feeling, equiv. to without this persuasion, id. 10, 3, 2:

quamvis capite defectionis ablato manebat plerisque militum conscientia,

Tac. H. 1, 5.— So pregn., with ne, a conscientious fear, guilty fear, Tac. Agr. 42.—

In partic., a consciousness of right or wrong, the moral sense, conscience:

magna vis est conscientiae... in utramque partem, ut neque timeant qui nihil commiserint et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent qui peccarint,

Cic. Mil. 23, 61; cf.:

et virtutis et vitiorum grave ipsius conscientiae pondus,

id. N. D. 3, 35, 85:

bona conscientia turbam advocat, mala etiam in solitudine anxia atque sollicita est,

Sen. Ep. 43, 5:

ad purgandam publicam conscientiam,

Just. 31, 4, 3:

recta,

a good conscience, Cic. Att. 13, 20, 4; cf.

egregia,

Liv. 29, 33, 9: bona, Cels. ap. Quint. 2, 15, 32; Quint. 6, 1, 33; 9, 2, 93; Tac. Agr. 1:

optima,

Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 3:

salvā bonā conscientiā,

Sen. Q. N. 4, praef. §

15: integra,

Front. 1, 9, 3; Lact. 5, 19, 32:

mala,

a bad conscience, Sall. J. 62, 8; Quint. 12, 1, 3:

infelix,

id. 6, prooem. § 10.—

Prov.:

conscientia mille testes,

Quint. 5, 11, 41.—

Sometimes absol. for a good, or for a bad conscience.

A good conscience:

mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo,

Cic. Att. 12, 28, 2; cf.:

illud est hominis magni... maximi aestimare conscientiam mentis suae, etc.,

id. Clu. 58, 159:

in quibus ego nec dissentire a nostris salvā gratiā nec consentire salvā conscientiā possum,

Sen. Ep. 117, 1:

ad sacrificium integrā conscientiā venire,

Lact. 5, 19, 32; Front. Strat. 1, 9, 3.—

A bad conscience:

hunc tu quas conscientiae labes in animo censes habuisse?

Cic. Off. 3, 21, 85; id. Cat. 2, 6, 13; id. Leg. 1, 14, 40; Sall. C. 15, 4; id. J. 35, 4; Quint. 5, 13, 46.—In the same sense:

animi,

Cic. Fin. 2, 16, 53; 2, 17, 54; id. Att. 13, 49 fin.; Caes. B. C. 3, 60; Phaedr. 3, prol. 47; and in plur.:

suae (quemque) malae cogitationes conscientiaeque animi terrent,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 24, 67.

dē-mōlĭor, ītus, 4, v. dep. a., to cast off, remove.

In gen. So only once in a trop. sense:

culpam de me demolibor,

Plaut. Bac. 3, 1, 16.—Far more freq.,

In partic., of buildings, to throw down, pull or tear down, demolish (for syn. cf.: deleo, eluo, diluo, diruo, everto, destruo).

Lit.:

monimenta virum,

Lucr. 6, 242;

(Lachm. lamenta): domum,

Cic. Off. 1, 39:

parietem,

id. Top. 4, 22:

statuas,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 67:

signum,

id. ib. 2, 4, 39:

columnas,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 1 fin.: munitiones, Sall. H. Fragm. ap. Non. 95, 22; cf. Nep. Timol. 3, 3:

deum immortalium templa,

Liv. 42, 3.—

Of inanimate subjects:

arcus et statuas, aras etiam templaque demolitur et obscurat oblivio,

Plin. Pan. 55, 9.—

Trop., to demolish, destroy:

aevi prioris Robora,

Ov. M. 15, 228:

si quod cuiquam privatim officiet jus, id destruet ac demolietur, quid attinebit? etc.,

Liv. 34, 3:

Bacchanalia,

id. 39, 16:

faciem,

to disfigure, Hier. in Matt. 6, 16 (as a transl. of the Gr. aphanizein to prosôpon):

terram,

lay waste, Vulg. 4 Reg. 18, 25; id. Jer. 51, 2.— Absol.:

ubi tinea demolitur,

id. Matt. 6, 19 sq.

Act. form dēmōlĭo, īre, Naev. ap. Diom. p. 395 P. (Com. v. 48 Rib.); Varr. ib. Lex ap. Front. Aquaed. 129; Lact. 4, 11, 6.—

Demolior, īri, in pass. signif., Lex ap. Front. l. l.; Curio ap. Prisc. p. 793 P.; Dig. 7, 4, 10; 41, 3, 23; Inscr. Orell. 3015.

dē-pello, pŭli, pulsum, 3, v. a., to drive out, drive away, remove, expel; to drive, thrust, or cast down (class. and very freq.).

Lit.

In gen.:

demoveri et depelli de loco,

Cic. Caecin. 17, 49; cf.:

anseres de Falerno,

id. Phil. 5, 11:

eum de provincia,

Nep. Cat. 2:

aquam de agro,

Cato R. R. 155:

ab aris et focis ferrum flammamque,

Cic. Sest. 42; cf.:

tantam molem a cervicibus nostris,

id. Cat. 3, 7, 17:

jugum a civibus,

id. Rep. 2, 25:

vincula a singulis vobis,

Liv. 6, 18 med. al.:

non equitem dorso, non frenum depulit ore,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 38:

qui recta via depulsus est,

Quint. 2, 17, 29; cf.:

recto cursu,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 78:

aliquem urbe,

to banish, Tac. A. 3, 24; cf.:

aliquem Italia,

id. ib. 14, 50; 16, [p. 549] 33:

nubila caelo,

Tib. 1, 2, 49:

ignem classibus,

Verg. A. 5, 727; cf. ib. 9, 78, and 109:

tela,

Cic. Quint. 2, 8; cf.:

nobis aerata tela,

Tib. 1, 10, 25;

and ictus alicui,

Val. Fl. 6, 652:

stellas Aurora,

Ov. M. 7, 100; cf.:

noctem Aurorae lumina,

id. ib. 7, 835:

cum cibo et potione fames sitisque depulsa est,

Cic. Fin. 1, 11, 37; cf.:

frigus duramque famem,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

morbum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 26 fin.; Caes. B. G. 6, 17; cf.:

pestem augurio,

Verg. A. 9, 328:

mortem fratri,

Ov. H. 14, 130 et saep.:

quo (sc. Mantuam) solemus ovium teneros depellere fetus,

to drive down, Verg. E. 1, 22: cognoscere, corpora se spatio depellere paulum, push or repel one another, Lucr. 2, 219 Munro ad loc. (Lachm. ex conj. decellere).—

In partic.

Milit. t. t., to drive away, expel, dislodge an enemy from his position:

defensores vallo munitionibusque,

Caes. B. G. 3, 25; so,

hostem loco,

id. ib. 7, 49; id. B. C. 3, 52:

terrā,

Nep. Alcib. 8, 3:

totā Siciliā,

id. Timol. 2:

inde vi depelli,

Sall. J. 58, 3; cf. Front. Strat. 2, 5, 17:

praesidia ex his regionibus,

Nep. Paus. 2:

praesidium facile,

Front. Strat. 1, 10, 3 et saep.—

Transf. beyond the milit. sphere, to thrust out, remove from a situation:

afflicti jam et depulsi loco,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44; cf.:

iterum ab eodem (sc. Themistocle) gradu depulsus est,

driven from his position, Nep. Them. 5.—

Econom. t. t., a matre, a mamma, or absol., to remove from the breast, to wean, Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; 2, 4, 16; Col. 7, 6, 8; Verg. E. 3, 82; 7, 15; id. G. 3, 187.—Of human beings, Suet. Tib. 44. —

Trop., to deter, divert, dissuade from:

aliquem de suscepta causa propositaque sententia,

Cic. Lig. 9; id. Fam. 1, 7, 7;

for which, aliquem sententiā,

id. Tusc. 2, 6, 16; Liv. 23, 8:

aliquem de spe conatuque,

Cic. Cat. 2, 7, § 14;

for which, aliquem spe,

Liv. 31, 25, 11; 41, 23, 13:

te ex illa crudeli actione meo consilio esse depulsum, Cic. Rab. perd. 5, 17: Caesar ab superioribus consiliis depulsus,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73; cf.:

a qua re depulsus,

Nep. Dat. 7, 3; and:

judicem a veritate,

Quint. 5 prooem. §

1 et saep.: nec tuis depellor dictis quin rumori serviam,

to be deterred, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 14; cf.:

Vibidiam depellere nequivit, quin, etc.,

to prevent, hinder, Tac. A. 11, 34.—

With things as objects, to remove, turn away, divert:

servitutem depellere civitati,

Cic. post Red. in Sen. 8, 19 fin.; cf.:

alicui turpitudinem,

id. Tusc. 3, 32, 77:

morte voluntaria turpitudinem,

id. Prov. Cons. 3, 6:

duobus hujus urbis terroribus depulsis,

id. Rep. 1, 47, 71:

pericula amici,

id. Cluent. 6, 17:

multam praedibus ipsique T. Mario,

id. Fam. 5, 20, 4: mortem fratri. Ov. H. 14, 130:

omnes molestias,

id. ib. 2, 16:

auditiones falsas,

Tac. A. 4, 11:

curas vino,

Tib. 1, 5, 37:

ostenta a semet in capita procerum,

Suet. Ner. 36 et saep.: quae nequeat ratio depellere dictis. to deny, Lucr. 3, 322.—

Absol.:

dis depellentibus (i. e. averruncantibus) agnam Percute,

Pers. 5, 167; cf. depulsor fin.

dē-scisco, īvi or ĭi, ītum, 3, v. n., orig. a publicist's t. t. to free one's self from a connection with any one, to withdraw, leave, revolt from, = sciscendo deficere; and with an indication of the terminus, to desert to, go over to any one (class. prose).

Prop.:

multae longinquiores civitates ab Afranio desciscunt,

Caes. B. C. 1, 60 fin.; so,

ab aliquo,

id. ib. 2, 32, 2; Cic. Phil. 11, 9, 21; Liv. 6, 36; Nep. Alc. 5, 1; id. Dat. 5, 5; Just. 5, 1 fin. et saep.:

ad aliquem (opp. a nobis deficere),

Liv. 31, 7; cf.:

Praeneste ab Latinis ad Romanos descivit,

id. 2, 19;

and simply: ad aliquem,

id. 26, 21; Front. Strat. 4, 3, 14 al.; cf. pass. impers.:

quibus invitis descitum ad Samnites erat,

Liv. 9, 16; and Flor. 3, 5, 6.— Absol.:

cum Fidenae aperte descissent,

Liv. 1, 27; 21, 19; Tac. H. 1, 31; Suet. Caes. 68; Nep. Tim. 3, 1; id. Ham. 2, 2; Front. Strat. 1, 8, 6: Stat. Th. 2, 311 al.—

Transf. beyond the political sphere, to depart, deviate, withdraw from a person or thing; to fall off from, be unfaithful to:

a nobis desciscere quaeres?

Lucr. 1, 104:

a se ipse,

Cic. Att. 2, 4, 2:

si Cicero a Demosthene paulum in hac parte descivit,

Quint. 9, 4, 146:

cur Zeno ab hac antiqua institutione desciverit,

Cic. Fin. 4, 8; so,

a pristina causa,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 17 Orell. N. cr.:

a veritate,

id. Ac. 2, 15:

a natura,

id. Tusc. 3, 2:

a disciplina,

Vell. 2, 81:

a virtute,

id. 2, 1:

a consuetudine parentum,

Plin. Ep. 3, 20, 4 et saep.:

a vita,

to separate, sever one's self, Cic. Fin. 3, 18, 61 (opp. manere in vita).— Pass. impers.:

praecipiti cursu a virtute descitum, ad vitia transcursum,

Vell. 2, 1.—Stating the terminus, to fall off to, decline to; to degenerate into:

ab excitata fortuna ad inclinatam et prope jacentem,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16; cf.:

ad saevitiam, ad cupiditatem,

Suet. Dom. 10: in regem (i. e. to degenerate, be transformed), Flor. 4, 3:

in monstrum,

id. 4, 11.—

Of subjects not personal:

quis ignorat et eloquentiam et ceteras artes descivisse ab ista vetere gloria,

Tac. Or. 28:

(vitis) gracili arvo non desciscit,

does not degenerate, Col. 3, 2, 13:

semina,

id. 3, 10, 18.

dē-trecto (in the best MSS. also dē-tracto), ăvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

Orig., to decline, refuse, reject any thing; and hence, to decline, refuse to do any thing (not in Cic.—for syn. cf.: nego, infitias eo, infitior, diffiteor, denego, recuso, abnuo, renuo, defugio).

With acc.: militiam, * Caes. B. G. 7, 14, 9; Liv. 2, 43; Front. Strat. 4, 1, 25; 43; Flor. 1, 22, 2; Ov. M. 13, 36 al.; cf.

pugnam,

Liv. 3, 60; 4, 18:

proelium,

Just. 13, 5, 8; Front. Strat. 1, 11, 1:

certamen,

Liv. 37, 39; Tac. H. 4, 67; Curt. 3, 8:

officia sua,

Quint. 2, 1, 5:

judicandi munus,

Suet. Aug. 32 et saep.:

imperata,

Suet. Caes. 54: [p. 564] dominationem, id. ib. 80; cf.

principem,

id. Tib. 25:

patris jussa,

Tac. A. 3, 17:

vincla pedum,

Tib. 1, 6, 38; cf.

juga,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

aratrum,

Ov. Pont. 3, 7, 15.—

With inf. (late Lat.):

tutelam administrare,

Dig. 37, 14, 19:

dicere,

Arn. 6, p. 201.—

Absol., Liv. 2, 45 fin.; 3, 38, 12; Suet. Ner. 47.—

To pull down with violence; hence, trop. (cf. detraho, no. II. B.), to lower in estimation, to depreciate, detract from:

advorsae res etiam bonos detractant,

Sall. J. 53 fin.:

poëtas,

Tac. Or. 11:

antiquos oratores,

id. ib. 26:

Pompeium,

Flor. 4, 2, 9 al.:

virtutes,

Liv. 38, 49:

Ciceronis, Vergilii gloriam,

Tac. Or. 12:

ingenium Homeri,

Ov. R. Am. 365:

laudes,

id. M. 5, 246:

maligne benefacta,

id. ib. 13, 271.—With dat.: sibi primo, mox omnibus detrectaturus, Suet. Vit. Pers. fin. —With de:

de vobis tamquam de malefactoribus,

Vulg. 1 Pet. 2, 12.— Absol., Ov. Tr. 2, 337.

dī-dūco, xi, ctum, 3, v. a., to draw apart; to part, split, separate, sever, sunder, divide (class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

ventus eas (sc. nubes) leviter diducit,

Lucr. 6, 215:

cum compresserat digitos pugnumque fecerat... cum autem diduxerat et manum dilataverat, etc.,

Cic. Or. 32, 113;

of the graceful movements of the arms in dancing: molli diducit candida gestu brachia,

Prop. 3, 15, 5 (Müll. al. deducit):

candida seu molli diducit brachia motu,

Stat. S. 3, 5, 66; cf.

oculum,

Cels. 7, 7, 4:

supercilium volnere diductum,

Plin. 11, 37, 57, § 157:

pedem et crus in diversa,

Cels. 8, 22:

os,

Plin. 32, 4, 14, § 36:

nares, Quint 11, 3, 80: labra,

ib. 81:

fauces immani hiatu,

to stretch, Sil. 3, 194:

rictum risu,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 7 et saep.:

nodos manu,

Ov. M. 2, 560; cf.:

complexus vestros,

Prop. 1, 13, 19:

humum,

Ov. M. 8, 588; cf.:

arva et urbes,

Verg. A. 3, 419:

terram,

id. G. 2, 354:

scopulos (Hannibal),

Juv. 10, 153; cf.

of natural cleavings of the earth,

Tac. A. 2, 47; 12, 69: cibum, i. e. to digest = digerere, Cels. 3, 4 fin.; v. the foll.:

mixti neque inter se diducti colores,

Cels. 2, 8 et saep.—With in:

crudam materiam in corpus omne diduci, Cels. praef.: maxima flumina in rivos diducuntur,

Quint. 5, 13, 13; cf.:

domum in multos diductam recessus,

id. 11, 2, 18. —

In partic. milit. t. t., to separate the forces, in a good or (more freq.) in a bad sense; to divide, distribute; to disperse, scatter:

diductis nostris paullatim navibus,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6, 2:

instruunt aciem diductam in cornua,

Liv. 5, 38, 1 Drak.; cf.:

diducta propere in cornua levis armatura est,

id. 21, 55, 5:

diductis in latera viribus,

Front. Strat. 2, 3, 8 Oud.:

ordines,

id. ib. 2, 3, 12;

2, 6, 4: copias,

Caes. B. C. 3, 111, 2:

cornua,

Liv. 31, 21, 14:

robur,

Luc. 3, 584 Cort.; and poet.:

choros,

Verg. A. 5, 581:

ubi Crassus animadvertit, suas copias propter exiguitatem non facile diduci,

Caes. B. G. 3, 23, 7; 6, 34, 5; id. B. C. 3. 40, 2; Sall. J. 25, 9; Liv. 26, 41; Tac. A. 2, 11; 4, 2; Front. Strat. 4, 7, 31 et saep.—

Trop. (mostly post-Aug.):

cum diducaris ab eo, quicum libentissime vixeris,

Cic. Inv. 1, 55 fin.; cf.:

amicitias cohaerentes, Sen. de Ira, 2, 29: nuptias,

id. Contr. 2, 13; cf.

matrimonium,

Suet. Oth. 3; and:

si repudio diducta fuerit,

Sen. Contr. 2, 10:

diducta civitas ut civili bello,

divided into parties, Tac. A. 4, 17; cf.

below: in sterili jejunaque materia, eandem speciem laudis diducere ac spargere,

Plin. Pan. 66, 1; cf.

argumenta,

Quint. 4, 2, 82; 5, 13, 12:

nomina,

id. 6, 3, 17 Spald.:

litem domini et conductoris,

i. e. to settle, adjust, Col. 3, 13, 12 et saep.—With in:

assem in partes centum,

Hor. A. P. 326:

in tres partes medicina diducta est, Cels. praef.: haec omnia rursus in species,

Quint. 2, 14, 5; cf. id. 5, 10, 61; 94 al.:

divisionem in digitos,

to tell off on one's fingers, id. 4, 5, 24 (coupled with partiri); cf.

argumenta,

id. 11, 1, 53:

animum in tam multiplex officium,

id. 20, 7, 9:

ultio senatum in studia diduxerat,

Tac. H. 4, 6; 2, 68; cf.:

seditio in diversa consilia diduxerat vulgum,

Curt. 9, 1; of classification, to divide: in tres partes medicinam, Cels. praef.

dīmĭcātĭo, ōnis, f. [dimico], a fight, combat, furious encounter (cf.: pugna, proelium, certamen, contentio, acies; freq. and good prose).

Lit., Caes. B. C. 3, 111, 2; Hirt. B. G. 8, 11; Liv. 25, 6 fin.; 31, 35 fin.; Suet. Aug. 10; 17; Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 18; Front. Strat. 2, 1, 11 et saep.—In plur., Caes. B. G. 7, 86, 3; Front. Strat. 1, 11, 12.—

With gen.:

proelii,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, § 5:

universae rei,

a pitched battle, general engagement, Liv. 1, 38;

for which, universa,

id. 22, 32. —

Transf. beyond the milit. sphere, a combating, struggling; a contest:

non modo contentione, sed etiam dimicatione elaborandum,

Cic. Fam. 2, 6 fin.:

talis in remp. nostram labor, assiduitas, dimicatio,

id. Balb. 2 fin.; Liv. 10, 24; Quint. 5, 7, 3; 6, 4, 4 al.—

With gen.:

vitae,

i. e. a perilous contest, Cic. Planc. 32:

capitis,

id. Prov. Cons. 9, 23; cf.:

capitis, famae, fortunarumque omnium,

id. Rab. Perd. 2, 5:

fortunae (c. c. discrimen),

id. Sull. 28.

dis-cŭtĭo, cussi, cussum, 3, v. a. [quatio], to strike asunder, dash to pieces, shatter, etc.

In gen.: dentes, Lucil. ap. Non. 455, 18:

deum delubra,

Lucr. 6, 418; cf.:

columna rostrata tota ad imum fulmine discussa est,

Liv. 42, 20:

ne saxa ex catapultis lateritium discuterent,

Caes. B. C. 2, 9, 3; cf.:

aliquantum muri tribus arietibus,

Liv. 21, 12: rostro (navis) discusso, shattered, Auct. B. Alex. 46, 2; cf.:

tempora cava ictu,

Ov. M. 2, 625:

ora saxo,

id. ib. 4, 519:

percussam aquam,

Plin. 28, 8, 29, § 118:

nubes,

Ov. M. 15, 70:

discussae jubae capiti,

Verg. A. 9, 810 et saep.—

In partic.

In medic. lang., to scatter, disperse ( = digerere), Cels. 2, 17; 3, 15; Scrib. Comp. 43; Plin. 30, 15, 47, § 135 et saep. —

Pregn., to break up, scatter, disperse, dissipate.

Lit. (rarely):

illos coetus,

Liv. 2, 28; cf.:

Boeoticum consilium,

id. 42, 44:

sole orto est discussa (caligo),

id. 29, 27:

caligo,

Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 5; cf.

umbras (sol),

Verg. G. 3, 357; id. A. 12, 669:

discussa nox,

Luc. 5, 700.—Rarely with pers. objects:

Cato discutit Etruscos, Gabinius Marsos, etc.,

routs, subdues, Flor. 3, 18, 13; cf.:

hostiles turmae discussae,

Amm. 25, 1.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop.:

terrorem animi tenebrasque,

to disperse, dispel, Lucr. 1, 148; 2, 61 al.; cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 57:

quod rem totam discusseram,

had frustrated, brought to naught, id. Q. Fr. 2, 12;

so freq.: rem,

Liv. 34, 56; 39, 10; Suet. Dom. 2 al.:

discutere et comprimere periculum consilio,

Cic. Mur. 39, 84; so,

periculum,

Liv. 2, 52; Front. Strat. 2, 11, 4:

captiones (shortly before: dissolvere interrogationes),

Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 46: omnem ejus cunctationem, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 2:

disceptationem,

Liv. 38, 13:

crimen alicujus,

Quint. 4, 2, 18:

famam,

Tac. H. 2, 9:

fidem,

Luc. 1, 119:

consilia hostium,

Front. Strat. 4, 7, 31:

seditionem,

id. ib. 1, 9, 2; Vell. 2, 81:

bellum (with sepelire),

id. 2, 75:

nefas,

Flor. 3, 18, 9 et saep. —Hence, * discussē, adv., only comp., minutely, accurately:

explorare discussius,

Mart. Cap. 9, § 891.

, to separate mentally, distinguish, as in disputare, discernere, etc.), which prevails in the post-class. derivatives: discussio, discussor, and discusse; as also in the Romance: discutere, discussare, discussione; discuter, discussion, etc., there appear to be no examples in the literary language.

dis-trĭbŭo, ŭi, ūtum, 3, v. a., to divide, distribute (class.; cf.: divido, impertio, dispenso, participo, communico).

Lit.:

argentum,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 17:

partiendum sibi ac latius distribuendum exercitum putavit,

Caes. B. G. 3, 10 fin.:

distribuisti partes Italiae,

Cic. Cat. 1, 4, 9; cf. id. ib. 3, 4, 8:

reliquum populum distribuit in quinque classes,

Cic. Rep. 2, 22; cf. id. Leg. 3, 3, 7; Ov. F. 6, 84:

copias in tres partes,

Caes. B. G. 6, 32, 3; id. B. C. 1, 55, 2:

pueros in classes,

Quint. 1, 2, 23:

orbem in duodecim partes,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 28 et saep.:

milites circum familias conventus Campani,

Caes. B. C. 1, 14 fin.; cf.:

gladiatorias familias Capuam et in cetera municipia,

Sall. C. 30 fin.:

Numidas in hiberna in proximis Thessalis urbibus,

Liv. 42, 67:

legiones et auxilia provinciatim,

Suet. Aug. 49:

milites in legiones,

Caes. B. C. 3, 4, 2; cf. Front. Strat. 4, 1, 43:

gladiatores binos singulis patribus familiarum,

distributed among them, apportioned to them, Cic. Att. 7, 14, 2:

naves quaestori, legatis, praefectis, equitibus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 3 and 5:

equos Germanis,

id. ib. 7, 65 fin.:

pecunias exercitui,

id. B. C. 1, 39, 3 al.; cf.

also: pecuniam in judices,

Cic. Clu. 27, 74:

naves in legiones,

Tac. A. 2, 8:

pecus viritim,

Caes. B. G. 7, 71, 7:

capita singula ex captivis toto exercitu praedae nomine,

id. ib. 7, 89 fin.:

Poenorum arma inter suos,

Front. Strat. 4, 7, 12 et saep. Rarely of the distributing of a service among several:

alterum (genus) emendi, quod praeterea civitatibus aequaliter esset distributum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 70 Zumpt. —

Of abstract objects:

quae observata sunt in usu ac tractatione dicendi, haec partibus distributa sunt,

Cic. de Or. 1, 23, 109; Quint. 9, 3, 93; cf. id. 9, 1, 34:

meministis me ita distribuisse initio causam,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 42:

vitae opera hac (honesti) regulā,

Sen. Ben. 7, 2.—Hence, distrĭ-būte, adv., orderly, methodically (very rare):

neque distincte neque distribute scribere,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

distributius tractare,

id. Inv. 2, 59, 177.