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101 espíritu
m.1 spirit, soul.2 mettle, courage, morale, spirit.3 ghost, spirit.4 Spirit, Ghost.* * *1 (gen) spirit2 (alma) soul, spirit3 (fantasma) ghost, spirit5 figurado (idea central) spirit, essence, soul\exhalar el espíritu to give up the ghostlevantar el espíritu to cheer upser pobre de espíritu to be poor in spiritel espíritu de la ley the spirit of the lawel Espíritu Santo the Holy Ghostespíritu de contradicción contrarinessespíritu de cuerpo esprit de corpsespíritu de vino purified alcoholespíritu deportivo sportsmanshipgrandeza de espíritu noble-heartedness* * *noun m.1) spirit* * *SM1) (=lo inmaterial) spirit2) [de persona] (=mente) mind3) (Rel) spiritEspíritu Santo — Holy Ghost, Holy Spirit
4) (=aparecido) spirit, ghost5) (=alcohol) spirits pl, liquor* * *1) (alma, ser inmaterial) spiritentregar el espíritu — (euf) to pass away (euph)
2)a) (disposición, actitud) spiritb) (naturaleza, carácter) nature3) (valor, ánimo) spirit4) ( esencia) spirit•* * *= soul, spirit, ghost, phantom, phantasm.Ex. I would venture to guess that he would have characterized these suggestions as the eructation of unhealthy souls'.Ex. So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).Ex. Some authors, of course, object to their work being subjected to compulsory dissection for exams in the traditional deadly manner and like Bernard Shaw, they swear to haunt anyone who so mistreats them (Shaw's ghost must be busy these days).Ex. The phantoms of the book's name are those sensed by amputees who have vividfeeling, even pain, in limbs they know are gone.Ex. Fourniret is a dangerous man obnubilated by the phantasm of virginity.----* alimentar el espíritu = refresh + the spirit.* capturar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.* casa frecuentada por los espíritus = haunted house.* con un espíritu de = in a spirit of.* de espíritu cívico = public-spirited.* de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.* de espíritu libre = free-spirited.* el espíritu de la época = the spirit of the times.* espíritu combativo = fighting spirit.* espíritu corporativo = esprit-de-corps.* espíritu critico = critical spirit.* espíritu de aventura = spirit of adventure.* espíritu de equipo = team spirit.* espíritu de la contradicción = contrary nature.* espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.* espíritu deportivo = sportsmanship.* espíritu empresarial = entrepreneurship, business acumen.* espíritu fronterizo, el = frontier spirit, the.* espíritu humano, el = human soul, the, human spirit, the.* espíritu libre = free spirit.* espíritu molesto = poltergeist.* estar poseído por los espíritus = haunt.* fomento de espíritu de equipo = team building.* frecuentado por los espíritus = haunted.* la juventud no es cuestión de edad sino de espíritu = you are as old as you feel.* paz de espíritu = peace of mind.* plasmar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.* poseído por los espíritus = haunted.* quebrantar el espíritu de Alguien = break + Posesivo + spirit.* que levanta el espíritu = uplifting.* * *1) (alma, ser inmaterial) spiritentregar el espíritu — (euf) to pass away (euph)
2)a) (disposición, actitud) spiritb) (naturaleza, carácter) nature3) (valor, ánimo) spirit4) ( esencia) spirit•* * *= soul, spirit, ghost, phantom, phantasm.Ex: I would venture to guess that he would have characterized these suggestions as the eructation of unhealthy souls'.
Ex: So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).Ex: Some authors, of course, object to their work being subjected to compulsory dissection for exams in the traditional deadly manner and like Bernard Shaw, they swear to haunt anyone who so mistreats them (Shaw's ghost must be busy these days).Ex: The phantoms of the book's name are those sensed by amputees who have vividfeeling, even pain, in limbs they know are gone.Ex: Fourniret is a dangerous man obnubilated by the phantasm of virginity.* alimentar el espíritu = refresh + the spirit.* capturar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.* casa frecuentada por los espíritus = haunted house.* con un espíritu de = in a spirit of.* de espíritu cívico = public-spirited.* de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.* de espíritu libre = free-spirited.* el espíritu de la época = the spirit of the times.* espíritu combativo = fighting spirit.* espíritu corporativo = esprit-de-corps.* espíritu critico = critical spirit.* espíritu de aventura = spirit of adventure.* espíritu de equipo = team spirit.* espíritu de la contradicción = contrary nature.* espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.* espíritu deportivo = sportsmanship.* espíritu empresarial = entrepreneurship, business acumen.* espíritu fronterizo, el = frontier spirit, the.* espíritu humano, el = human soul, the, human spirit, the.* espíritu libre = free spirit.* espíritu molesto = poltergeist.* estar poseído por los espíritus = haunt.* fomento de espíritu de equipo = team building.* frecuentado por los espíritus = haunted.* la juventud no es cuestión de edad sino de espíritu = you are as old as you feel.* paz de espíritu = peace of mind.* plasmar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.* poseído por los espíritus = haunted.* quebrantar el espíritu de Alguien = break + Posesivo + spirit.* que levanta el espíritu = uplifting.* * *A1 (alma) spiritestaré contigo en espíritu I'll be with you in spirit2 (ser inmaterial) spiritun espíritu maligno an evil spiriten la casa habitaban espíritus the house was hauntedel espíritu del rey asesinado the ghost of the murdered kinginvocar a los espíritus to invoke o raise the spiritsCompuesto:Holy Ghost o SpiritB1 (disposición, actitud) spiritlo hizo sin ningún espíritu de revancha he didn't do it out of any desire for revengecon gran espíritu de sacrificio in a spirit of great self-sacrificelevantarle el espíritu a algn to lift sb's spirits2 (naturaleza, carácter) naturetiene un espíritu rebelde she has a rebellious natureCompuestos:esprit de corpsteam spiritfighting spiritC (valor, ánimo) spiritD (esencia) spiritel espíritu de la ley the spirit of the laweres el espíritu de la contradicción you just have to be different!Compuesto:spirits of wine (pl), alcohol* * *
espíritu sustantivo masculino
Eespíritu Santo Holy Ghost o Spirit;
con espíritu de sacrificio in a spirit of self-sacrifice;
el espíritu de la ley the spirit of the law
espíritu sustantivo masculino
1 spirit: es un espíritu inquieto, he has a restless nature
espíritu maligno, evil spirit
(ánimo) hazlo con otro espíritu, do it in another frame of mind
♦ Locuciones: levantar el espíritu a alguien, to cheer sb up
2 Rel (alma) soul
el Espíritu Santo, the Holy Ghost
el espíritu de su padre le habló, his father's ghost spoke to him
♦ Locuciones: exhalar el espíritu, to give up the ghost
' espíritu' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
empresarial
- encima
- espectro
- alma
- animar
- ánimo
- combativo
- competición
- comunitario
- duende
- elevar
- enriquecer
- espanto
- formar
- guerrero
English:
enterprise
- evil
- fight
- ghost
- lighten
- mean
- mind
- morale
- poltergeist
- spirit
- unhelpfulness
- competitiveness
- holy
- sport
- sportsmanship
- team
- up
- white
* * *espíritu nm1. [mente, alma] spirit;Rel soul espíritu maligno evil spirit;Espíritu Santo Holy Spirit o Ghost2. [fantasma] ghost;se nos apareció el espíritu del conde the ghost of the Count appeared to us;una casa poblada por espíritus a haunted house3. [actitud] spirit;fue un hombre de espíritu aventurero he was a man with an adventurous spirit;ser el espíritu de la contradicción, tener espíritu de contradicción to be contraryespíritu deportivo sporting spirit;espíritu de equipo team spirit;espíritu de lucha fighting spirit;espíritu de sacrificio spirit of sacrifice;espíritu de venganza desire for vengeance;tener espíritu de venganza to be vengeful4. [carácter] spirit;siempre tuvo un espíritu juvenil she was always young at heart, she always had a youthful spirit;el espíritu de la época the spirit of the age;el espíritu de la ley the spirit of the law5. [ánimo]¡cómo quieres aprobar con ese espíritu! how do you expect to pass if you feel like that!;levantar el espíritu to cheer up;levantar el espíritu a alguien to lift o raise sb's spirits6. Quím spirit;espíritu de sal/de vino spirits of salt/of wine* * *m1 spirit;pobre de espíritu timid;ser el espíritu de la contradicción be very contrary, be a contrary old buzzard fam2 REL:el Espíritu Santo the Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit* * *espíritu nm1) : spirit2) ánimo: state of mind, spirits pl3)el Espíritu Santo : the Holy Ghost* * *espíritu n spirit -
102 y
conj.1 and.un ordenador y una impresora a computer and a printerhoras y horas de espera hours and hours of waiting2 what about.¿y tu mujer? what about your wife?m.y, letter y.* * *y1 and■ ¡y no chilles! and don't shout!2 (hora) past3 (en pregunta) what about■ ¿y Pepe, se viene? what about Pepe, is he coming?4 (repetición) after■ veces y veces time after time, time and time again\y eso que even though■ no lo encontré, y eso que lo busqué en todas partes I couldn't find it even though I looked everywhere for it■ me asusté, y eso que yo no soy miedoso it gave me a fright, and I'm not easily frightened, you know¿y (qué)? so (what)?¿y si... ? what if... ?¡y tanto! you bet!, and how! Table 1 NOTA See also e/Table 1* * *conj.* * *[i'ɣrjeɣa]= y SF (=letra) Y, y* * ** * *= and (&), AND, as well as, both... and....Ex. These became known as community information services or, more commonly, as Information and Referral (I&R) services.Ex. The Boolean logic operator AND retrieves all records that contain both words anywhere in the record.Ex. All means of conveying affinitive relationships list a number of terms which may be used as well as, or instead of, the original entry term.Ex. References will also be necessary, in respect of any variant forms of headings, for headings on both main and added entries.----* Adjetivo + y además + Adjetivo = Adjetivo + if + Adjetivo.* cromosoma Y = y chromosome.* Generación Y = Generation Y.* y además = then again, and on top of that.* y además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).* ¿Y ahora qué? = What's next?, What next?.* y a la vez = cum, yet.* y al mismo tiempo = and in the process, yet.* y antes de nada = the next thing + Pronombre + know.* y antes de que + Pronombre + dar + cuenta = the next thing + Pronombre + know.* y así sucesivamente = and so on, and so on....* y aun mejor = better yet.* y con razón = and rightfully so.* y cuanto mucho menos = much less.* y Dios sabe qué más = and Heaven knows what else.* y encima = into the bargain.* y ¡y listo! = and presto.* y lo peor de todo = and worst of all, and worst of all.* y más adelante = and beyond.* y más allá = and beyond.* y mejor aun = better yet.* y merecidamente = and rightfully so.* y mucho menos = much less, least of all.* y mucho(s) más = and more.* y otras cosas = and things.* y otro(s) = et al. (et alii), still (an)other(s).* y poco más = and little more.* y que = with.* ¡y qué más da! = so what!, so what!.* ¿y si... ? = what if... ?.* y similares = and the kind.* y sin embargo = but then again.* y sobre todo = and worst of all.* y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.* y un largo etcétera = and so on, and so on....* y un largo etcétera, etcétera = and so on and so forth, and so on and so forth.* y unos cuantos más = and a few others.* * ** * *= and (&), AND, as well as, both... and....Ex: These became known as community information services or, more commonly, as Information and Referral (I&R) services.
Ex: The Boolean logic operator AND retrieves all records that contain both words anywhere in the record.Ex: All means of conveying affinitive relationships list a number of terms which may be used as well as, or instead of, the original entry term.Ex: References will also be necessary, in respect of any variant forms of headings, for headings on both main and added entries.* Adjetivo + y además + Adjetivo = Adjetivo + if + Adjetivo.* cromosoma Y = y chromosome.* Generación Y = Generation Y.* y además = then again, and on top of that.* y además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).* ¿Y ahora qué? = What's next?, What next?.* y a la vez = cum, yet.* y al mismo tiempo = and in the process, yet.* y antes de nada = the next thing + Pronombre + know.* y antes de que + Pronombre + dar + cuenta = the next thing + Pronombre + know.* y así sucesivamente = and so on, and so on....* y aun mejor = better yet.* y con razón = and rightfully so.* y cuanto mucho menos = much less.* y Dios sabe qué más = and Heaven knows what else.* y encima = into the bargain.* y ¡y listo! = and presto.* y lo peor de todo = and worst of all, and worst of all.* y más adelante = and beyond.* y más allá = and beyond.* y mejor aun = better yet.* y merecidamente = and rightfully so.* y mucho menos = much less, least of all.* y mucho(s) más = and more.* y otras cosas = and things.* y otro(s) = et al. (et alii), still (an)other(s).* y poco más = and little more.* y que = with.* ¡y qué más da! = so what!, so what!.* ¿y si... ? = what if... ?.* y similares = and the kind.* y sin embargo = but then again.* y sobre todo = and worst of all.* y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.* y un largo etcétera = and so on, and so on....* y un largo etcétera, etcétera = and so on and so forth, and so on and so forth.* y unos cuantos más = and a few others.* * *y2A1 (indicando conexión, añadidura) andhabla inglés, francés y alemán he speaks English, French and Germanuna zona montañosa y de escasa vegetación a mountainous, sparsely vegetated areayo me quedo y los niños también I'm staying and so are the childrenella tiene 25 años y él 28 she's 25 and he's 282 (con valor adversativo) while, and¡yo aquí trabajando y ellos en la playa! here am I working while o and they're at the beach!B1 (indicando acumulación) andiba llegando gente y más gente more and more people kept arrivinghabla y habla pero no dice nada he talks and talks but he doesn't really say anythingmedia hora más y estamos en Caracas another half hour and we'll be in Caracasatrévete y verás just you dare and you'll see!C1(en preguntas): ¿y tu padre? ¿qué tal está? and how's your father?¿y Mónica? ¿se ha ido? where's Monica? has she gone?yo no oigo nada ¿y tú? I can't hear anything, can you?a mí me regaló dinero ¿y a ti? she gave me money, what did she give you? o what about you?nos vamos — pero ¿y el trabajo? we're going — but, what about the work?¿y? ¿qué resolvieron? well? o so? what did you decide?no hay trenes — ¿y? or ¿y qué? vamos en taxi there are no trains — so what? o what of it? we can take a taxi¿y a mí qué? so, what's it to me?D1la casa tiene piscina y todo the house has a swimming pool and everythingfíjate que le pega y todo you know, he even hits her¿y se lo diste? — y sí, no tuve más remedio and you gave it to him? — well yes, I had no choicey bueno, habrá que hacerlo oh well, we'll have to do itE(en números): cuarenta y cinco forty-fivedoscientos treinta y tres two hundred and thirty-threeuno y medio one and a halfY1, y(the letter) Y, y* * *
Multiple Entries:
Y
y
Y,
y conjunción
1 ( en general) and;
¡yo gano el dinero y él lo gasta! I earn the money and he spends it!
2a) ( en preguntas):◊ ¿y tu padre? ¿qué tal está? and how's your father?;
yo no oigo nada ¿y tú? I can't hear anything, can you?
◊ ¿y qué? so what?;
¿y a mí qué? so, what's it to me?
3 (esp RPl fam) ( encabezando respuestas) well;◊ ¿fuiste? — y sí, no tuve más remedio did you go? — well yes, I had no choice;
y bueno oh well
4 (en números, la hora):
doscientos treinta y tres two hundred and thirty-three;
la una y diez ten after (AmE) o (BrE) past one
Y, y f (letra) Y, y
'Y' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abismo
- abogada
- abogado
- abordar
- abrir
- abrirse
- abundancia
- acaramelada
- acaramelado
- acercar
- achuchar
- actual
- agachar
- aguantar
- ajedrez
- ajo
- almuerzo
- alquilar
- amén
- añadidura
- ancha
- ancho
- andar
- anochecer
- aparte
- apear
- apoltronarse
- aprovecharse
- aquél
- aquélla
- aquí
- arrancar
- asesinar
- aterrizar
- atravesada
- atravesado
- aún
- ávida
- ávido
- bañera
- bar
- barro
- bastante
- beneficio
- berrido
- bien
- billete
- billón
- binomio
- blusón
English:
aback
- about
- abroad
- accuracy
- accustom
- action
- actual
- add
- administration
- ado
- advantage
- after
- afterwards
- again
- ago
- ahead
- ale
- alike
- alive
- all
- alone
- aloud
- already
- also
- always
- and
- AOB
- appropriate
- Arabian
- around
- art
- backdrop
- barrel
- bass
- beast
- bed
- begin
- besides
- between
- black
- blessing
- BLT
- blue-collar
- blunder
- board
- body
- boil down
- bomb
- bonus
- border
* * *Y, y [i'γrjeγa] nf[letra] Y, y* * *yconj and* * *y nf: twenty-sixth letter of the Spanish alphabety conj1) : andmi hermano y yo: my brother and I¿y los demás?: and (what about) the others?cincuenta y cinco: fifty- fivey por supuesto: well, of course* * *y conj1. (en general) and2. (con la hora) past3. (en preguntas) what about...?¿y tu hermano? what about your brother? -
103 propio
adj.1 own.2 one's own.3 very, same, self-same, selfsame.4 proper, right on.5 of one's own, of my own, of our own, of his own.* * *► adjetivo1 (de nuestra propiedad) own2 (indicado) proper, appropriate■ lo propio sería mandar una carta de agradecimiento the proper thing to do would be to send a thank-you letter3 (característico) typical* * *(f. - propia)adj.1) own2) typical3) self* * *1. ADJ1) [uso enfático]a) [con posesivos] ownb) (=mismo)la solicitud debe ser firmada por el propio interesado — the application must be signed by the applicant himself
•
hacer lo propio — to do the same, follow suitse marchó sin decir nada y pretendía que nosotros hiciéramos lo propio — he left without a word and wanted us to do the same o follow suit
están subiendo los impuestos al propio tiempo que baja la inflación — they are raising taxes at the same time as inflation is going down
la novela es al propio tiempo romántica y dinámica — the novel is both romantic and fast-moving at the same time
c)• al propio — CAm on purpose
•
de propio — especially2) [indicando posesión] own¿tiene coche propio? — do you have your own car?
3) (=característico)•
propio de algo/algn — typical of sth/sbeste sol es más propio de un país mediterráneo — this sunshine is more typical of a Mediterranean country
ese gesto era muy propio de él — that gesture was very like him o very typical of him
4) (=inconfundible) all (of) its own5) (=adecuado) suitablerecibieron al rey con los honores que le son propios — they received the king with the honours which are his due o with all suitable honours
•
propio para algo — suitable for sthno es lugar propio para este tipo de comportamiento — this is not the place for that sort of behaviour
6) (=correcto) strict, true7) Esp* (=parecido)las manzanas están tan propias que dan ganas de comérselas — the apples look so real that you want to eat them
has salido muy propio en ese retrato — that portrait of you is a good likeness, that portrait looks really like you
8) esp Méx, CAm- con su permiso -propio — "excuse me" - "certainly"
2. SM1) (=mensajero) messenger2)• propios y extraños — all and sundry
* * *- pia adjetivo1)a) ( indicando posesión) own¿tu piso es propio o alquilado? — do you own your flat or is it rented?
b) (delante del n) ( uso enfático) ownlo vi con mis propios ojos — I saw it with my own two eyes o with my (very) own eyes
c) ( no postizo) reald) ( de uno mismo)2) (característico, típico)propio DE algo/alguien: esa actitud es muy propio de él that kind of attitude is very typical of him; costumbres propias de los países orientales — customs characteristic of oriental countries
3)propio PARA algo — (adecuado, idóneo) suitable for something
4) (delante del n) ( mismo)* * *- pia adjetivo1)a) ( indicando posesión) own¿tu piso es propio o alquilado? — do you own your flat or is it rented?
b) (delante del n) ( uso enfático) ownlo vi con mis propios ojos — I saw it with my own two eyes o with my (very) own eyes
c) ( no postizo) reald) ( de uno mismo)2) (característico, típico)propio DE algo/alguien: esa actitud es muy propio de él that kind of attitude is very typical of him; costumbres propias de los países orientales — customs characteristic of oriental countries
3)propio PARA algo — (adecuado, idóneo) suitable for something
4) (delante del n) ( mismo)* * *propio11 = home-grown [home grown/homegrown], of its own, own, of + Posesivo + own, self, distinctive.Nota: Que destaca por algún motivo.Ex: Most media centers have not used AACR in the past but have followed their own home-grown rules.
Ex: The document has no title of its own.Ex: The command function 'OWN' serves to use a system's own command when the general system, in this case EURONET, does not cater for a specialised function available on a particular system.Ex: There is also a scheme afoot to help services create specialized data bases of their own using ECLAS norms.Ex: In the public library grand tradition this was patently the self image of the educated middle class.Ex: In addition to main or added entries under titles added entries are often also made in respect of distinctive series titles.* a cuenta propia = at + Posesivo + expense, at + Posesivo + own expense.* al propio ritmo de Uno = in + Posesivo + own time, at + Posesivo + own pace.* amor propio = self-esteem [self esteem], pride.* ante + Posesivo + propios ojos = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes, before + Posesivo + very eyes.* aprender a su propio ritmo = learn at + Posesivo + own pace.* asuntos propios = personal business.* a su propio ritmo = at an individual pace.* bar que elabora su propia cerveza = brew pub.* característica propia = trademark.* cavarse su propia tumba = another nail in + Posesivo + coffin.* con financiación propia = self-funded.* con sus propias palabras = in + Posesivo + own words.* contar + Posesivo + propia vida y milagros = spill + Posesivo + guts.* decidir por cuenta propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.* de cosecha propia = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].* defensa propia = self-defence [self-defense, -USA].* delante de + Posesivo + propios ojos = before + Posesivo + (own two) eyes, before + Posesivo + very eyes.* de la propia comunidad = community-owned.* de la propia empresa = company-owned.* demasiado + Adjetivo + para su propio bien = too + Adjetivo + for + Posesivo + own good.* de + Posesivo + propia boca = straight from the horse's mouth.* de propia cosecha = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].* dinero propio = private means.* en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* encontrar su propio modo de actuar = find + Posesivo + own way.* en el propio campus universitario = campus-based.* en el propio cortijo = on-farm.* en la propia finca = on-farm.* en la propia granja = on-farm.* en la propia habitación = ensuite.* en las propias palabras de uno mismo = in + Posesivo + own words.* en + Posesivo + propio beneficio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* hacer Algo por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = make + Posesivo + own arrangements.* hecho por la propia biblioteca = in-house [inhouse].* hundirse por su propio peso = sink under + its own weight.* material editado por el propio autor = self-published material.* montar + Posesivo + propio negocio = set + Reflexivo + up in business.* muy propio = highly distinctive.* nombre propio = forename, proper name.* organizar Algo por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = make + Posesivo + own arrangements.* pagarse + Posesivo + propios gastos = pay + Posesivo + own way.* para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.* patrocinado por la propia empresa = company-sponsored.* persona de la propia empresa = insider.* por cuenta propia = at + Posesivo + own expense.* por decisión propia = by choice.* por elección propia = by choice.* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.* promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.* propio de = germane to.* propio de espías = cloak-and-dagger.* propio del sistema = built-in.* propio de niña = girlish.* propio de niño = boyish.* propio de un caballero = gentlemanlike.* propio estilo = house style.* propios ingresos = earned income.* que busca el beneficio propio = self-serving.* recogida en su propia puerta = kerbside collection, curbside collection.* restablecer + Posesivo + propia identidad = re-establish + Posesivo + own identity.* revista editada por la propia institución = house journal.* según sus propias condiciones = on + Posesivo + own terms.* según sus propias palabras = in + Posesivo + own terms.* sentido muy desarrollado de su propio territorio = territoriality.* ser la propia responsabilidad de Alguien = be of + Posesivo + own making.* ser propio de = be proper of.* tirar piedras contra tu propio tejado = cut + the branch + you sit on, cut off + Posesivo + nose to spite + Posesivo + face.* tirarse piedras contra el propio tejado = shoot + Reflexivo + in the foot.* todas las iniciales del nombre propio = full initials.* tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de asuntos propios = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.* tomarse unos días de asuntos propios = take + time off work.* trabajar al propio ritmo de Uno = work at + Posesivo + own pace.* tragarse el amor propio = swallow + Posesivo + pride.* uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.* vencer a Alguien en su propio terreno = beat + Nombre + at + Posesivo + own game.propio22 = proper, beffiting.Ex: With proper authorization, you may request information about the status of the copies displayed.
Ex: Since I write in English I should really refer to the city as Florence, but Firenze is such a phonically beautiful sounding word, far more befitting of the beautiful Italian city.* * *A1 (indicando posesión) ownse necesita viajante con vehículo propio salesman with own car requiredtienen piscina propia they have their own swimming pool2 ( delante del n) (uso enfático) owntengo mis propios problemas I've got problems of my own, I've got my own problemssalió de la clínica por su propio pie she walked out of the clinic, she left the clinic under her own steamlo vi con mis propios ojos I saw it with my own two eyes o with my (very) own eyes3(verdadero, no artificial): la barba parece propia his beard looks realno es permanente, los rizos son propios it's not a perm, her hair is naturally curlyB (característico, típico) propio DE algo/algn:es una enfermedad propia de la edad it's a common illness in older people o among the elderlyese desdén es muy propio de él that kind of disdainful attitude is very typical of himson costumbres propias de los países orientales these are characteristic customs of oriental countriessu comportamiento es propio de un loco he behaves like a madman, his behavior is fitting of o befits a madman ( liter)C propio PARA algo (adecuado, idóneo) suitable FOR sthes un vestido muy propio para la ocasión it's a very suitable dress for the occasion, the dress is just right for the occasioneste no es lugar propio para una conversación seria this is not a suitable o an appropriate o the right place for a serious conversationD1 ( delante del n)(mismo): fue el propio presidente it was the president himselfdebe ser el propio interesado quien lo pida it must be the person concerned who makes the requestel propio Juan se llevó una sorpresa even Juan himself got a surprise2lo propio the sameel presidente abandonó la sala y minutos después hizo lo propio el vicepresidente the president left the room and minutes later the vice president did the same( Esp)messengerpropios y extraños all and sundry* * *
propio◊ - pia adjetivo
1
◊ ¿es propio o alquilado? is it your own or is it rented?;
tienen piscina propia they have their own swimming pool
todo lo hace en beneficio propio everything he does is for his own gain;
lo vi con mis propios ojos I saw it with my own two eyes o with my (very) own eyes
2 (característico, típico):
una enfermedad propia de la vejez an illness common among old people;
no es un comportamiento propio de una señorita it's not ladylike behaviour
3 ( delante del n) ( mismo):
debe ser el propio interesado quien lo pida it must be the person concerned who makes the request
propio,-a adjetivo
1 (posesión) own: tiene su propio apartamento, he has his own apartment
2 (adecuado) suitable, appropriate: ese vestido no es propio para la fiesta, that dress is not suitable for the party
3 (característico) typical, peculiar
el clima propio de la región, the typical weather for the area
4 (intensificador) (hombre) himself
(mujer) herself
(animal, cosa) itself: se lo dijo el propio presidente, the President himself told her so
' propio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bolsillo
- cacarear
- chalet
- comodidad
- femenina
- femenino
- gustar
- infantil
- masculina
- masculino
- monte
- peculiar
- propia
- provecho
- vileza
- amor
- campo
- correspondiente
- fray
- hispanismo
- interés
- pie
- santo
- tiempo
English:
benefit
- brain
- epitaph
- grind
- higher-up
- homegrown
- interest
- ladylike
- nourish
- ostracize
- own
- private
- proper noun
- right
- self-esteem
- self-respect
- sisterly
- specific
- transport
- very
- disown
- drive-in
- ego
- for
- proper
- purpose
- sake
- self
* * *propio, -a♦ adj1. [en propiedad] own;tiene coche propio she has a car of her own, she has her own car;se requiere vehículo propio [en anuncio laboral] own car requiredme lo dijo en mi propia cara he said it to my face;actuó en defensa propia she acted in self-defence;por tu propio bien for your own goodel monzón es propio de esta época the monsoon is characteristic of this season;es muy propio de él llegar tarde it's absolutely typical of him to arrive late;no es propio de él it's not like him4. [adecuado] suitable, right ( para for);recitó un poema propio para la ocasión she recited a suitable poem for the occasion5. [correcto] proper, true6. [en persona] himself, f herself;el propio compositor the composer himself7. [semejante] true to life;en ese retrato quedaste muy propio that portrait is a very good likeness of you8. Gram proper9.lo propio [lo mismo] the same;Elena se retiró a descansar y su compañero hizo lo propio Elena went to have a rest and her companion did the same♦ nmpla propios y extraños all and sundry;con su victoria sorprendió a propios y extraños his victory surprised everyone♦ de propio loc adv[expresamente]fui de propio a la ciudad para verla I went to the city just to see her* * *adjhacer lo propio do the right o appropriate thing4:la propia directora the director herself* * *1) : ownsu propia casa: his own housesus recursos propios: their own resources2) apropiado: appropriate, suitable3) característico: characteristic, typical4) mismo: oneselfel propio director: the director himself* * *propio adj1. (que pertenece) own2. (mismo) himself / herself3. (característico) normal -
104 अर्ध _ardha
अर्ध (Written also as अर्द्ध) a. [ऋध्-णिच्-अच्; according to Nir. from धृ, or ऋध्] Half, forming a half (divided into 2 parts); अर्ध-अर्ध the one half-the other half.-र्धः [ऋध्-घञ्]1 A place, region, country; house, habitation (Ved.).-2 Increase (वृद्धि).-3 Wind.-4 A part, portion, side.-र्धम्, -र्धः 1 A half, half portion; पचाति नेमो न हि पक्षदर्धः Rv.1.27.18. सर्वनाशे समुत्पन्ने अर्धं त्यजति पण्डितः, गतमर्धं दिवसस्य V.2; पूर्वार्धः first half; so उत्तर˚ latter half; दक्षिण˚ southern half (half on the right side); so अवर˚, जघन˚, पर˚, ग्राम˚ &c.; यदर्धे विच्छिन्नम् Ś.1.9 divided in half; ऋज्वायतार्धम् M.27; R.3.59; 12.99; रात्रौ तदर्धं गतम् Bh.3.17; one part of two, apart, partly (Ved.);-2 Nearness, proximity; see अर्धदेव. (अर्ध may be compounded with almost every noun and adjective; as first member of compound with nouns it means 'a half of' and forms an एकदेशिसमास or तत्पुरुष; ˚कायः = अर्धं कायस्य; ˚पिप्पली, ˚मार्गः; ˚पुरुषः &c.; with adjectives, it has an adverbial force; ˚श्याम half dark; ˚भुक्त half eaten; so ˚पिष्ट, ˚पूर्ण &c.; with numeral adjectives it may mean either 'a half of' or 'with an additional half'; ˚शतम् half of 1 i. e. 5; or अर्धेन सहितं शतम् i. e. 15; with ordinal numerals 'with a half or that number'; ˚तृतीयम् containing two and the third only half; i. e. two and a half; so ˚चतुर्थ three and a half. cf. अर्धं खण्डे समांशके Nm.-Comp. -अक्षि n. side-look, wink. नगरस्त्रीशङ्कितार्धाक्षिदृष्टम् Mk.8.42.-अङ्गम् half the body.-अन्तरम् half the distance; ˚एकपदता a fault in composition; see S. D. 575.-अंशः a half, the half.-अंशिन् a. sharing a half.-अर्धः, -र्धम् 1 half of a half, quarter; च<?>रर्धार्धभागाभ्यां तामयोजयतामुभे R.1.56.-3 half and half.-अवभेदकः 1 pain in half the head, hemicrania (Mar. अर्धशिशी). (-कम्) dividing in equal parts.-अवशेष a. having only a half left.-अकारः 1 half the letter अ.-2 N. of अवग्रह q. v.-असिः A sword with one edge, a small sword; अर्धासिभिस्तथा खङ्गैः Mb.7.137.15.-आसनम् 1 half a seat; अर्धासनं गोत्रभिदो$धितष्ठौ R.6.73; मम हि दिवौकसां समक्षमर्धासनोपवेशितस्य Ś.7 (it being considered a mark of a very great respect to make room for a guest &c. on the same seat with oneself).-2 greeting kindly or with great respect.-3 exemption from censure.-इन्दुः 1 the half or crescent moon.-2 semicircular impresion of a finger-nail, crescent-shaped nail-print; कुचयोर्नखाङ्कैरर्धेन्दुलीलैः N.6.25.-3 an arrow with a cre- scent-shaped head (= अर्धचन्द्र below.); ˚मौलि N. of Śiva तत्र व्यक्तं दृषदि चरणन्यासमर्धेन्दुमौलेः Me.57.-इन्द्र a. that of which a half belongs to Indra.-उक्त a. half said or uttered; रामभद्र इति अर्धोक्ते महाराज U.1.-उक्तिः f. a broken speech; an interrupted speech.-उदकम् water reaching half the body.-उदयः 1 the rising of the half moon.-2 partial rise.-3 a kind of parvan; ˚आसनम् a sort of posture in meditatiou.-उदित a.1 half risen.-2 half uttered.-ऊरुक a. [अर्धमूरोः अर्धोरु तत्र काशते] reaching to the middle of the thighs.(-कम्) 1 a short petti-coat (Mar. परकर); see चण्डातक.-2 mantle, veil.-कर्णः Radius, half the diameter.-कृत a. half done, incomplete.-केतुः N. of Rudra.-कोशः a moiety of one's treasure.-कौडविक a. measuring half a kuḍava.-खारम्, -री a kind of measure, half a Khāri; P.V.4.11.-गङ्गा N. of the river Kāverī; (स्नानादौ गङ्गास्नानार्धफलदायिनी); so ˚जाह्नवी-गर्भ a. Ved.1 in the middle of the womb; सप्तार्धगर्भा भुवनस्य रेतो Rv. 1.164.36.-2 N. of the rays of the Sun.-गुच्छः a necklace of 24 strings.-गुञ्जा half a gunja.-गोलः a hemisphere.-चक्रवर्तिन्, -चक्रिन् m. N. of the nine black Vasudevas and the nine enemies of Viṣṇu.-चन्द्र a. crescent-shaped. (-न्द्रः)1 the half moon, crescent moon; सार्धचन्द्रं बिभर्ति यः Ku.6.75.-2 the semicircular marks on a peacock's tail.-3 an arrow with a crescent-shaped head; अर्धचन्द्रमुखैर्बाणैश्चिच्छेद कदलीसुखम् R.12.96. cf. अर्धचन्द्रस्तदाकारे बाणे बर्हे शिखण्डिनः Nm.-4 crescent-shaped nail-print.-5 the hand bent into a semicircle, as for the purpose of seizing or clutching anything; ˚न्द्र दा to seize by the neck and turn out; दीयतामेतस्यार्धचन्द्रः Pt.1. (-द्रा) N. of a plant (कर्णस्फोट).-चन्द्राकार, -चन्द्राकृति a. half-moonshaped.-चन्द्रकम् A semi-circular pearl. Kau. (-रः, -ति f.) meniscus.-चन्द्रिका N. of a climbing plant. (Mar. तिळवण).-चित्र a. Half-transparent; A kind of marble; अर्धाङ्गदृश्यमानं च तदर्धचित्रमिति स्मृतम् Māna.51.1.-चोलकः a short bodice.-जरतीयन्यायः a kind of न्याय, न चेदानीमर्धजरतीयं लभ्यं वृद्धिर्मे भविष्यति स्वरो नेति MBh.4.1. 78. See under न्याय.-जीविका, -ज्या The sine of an arc.-तनुः f. half the body.-तिक्तः N. of a plant (नेपालनिम्ब Mar. चिराईत).-तूरः a kind of musical instrument.-दिनम्, दिवसः 1 half a day, mid-day.-2 a day of 12 hours.-देवः 1 demi-god. इन्द्रं न वृत्रतुरमर्धदेवम् Rv. 4.42.8-9.-2 Ved. being near the gods; (देवानां समीपे बर्तमानः Sāy.).-द्रौणिक a. measuring a half droṇa.-धारः a knife or lancet with a single edge (one of the 2 surgical instruments mentioned by Suśruta).-नाराचः a crescent-shaped iron-pointed arrow; नाराचानर्धनाराचाञ्शस्त्राणि विविधानि च Mbh.2.51.35; गृध- लक्षवेधी अर्धनाराचः V.5.-नारायणः a form of Viṣṇu.-नारीशः, -नारीश्वरः, -नारी, -नटेश्वरः a form of Śiva, (half male and half female) cf.... पतिरपि जगता- मर्धनारीश्वरो$भूत् Sūkti.5.99.-नावम् half a boat.-निशा midnight.-पञ्चम a. Four and half; युक्तश्छन्दांस्य- धीयीत मासान्विप्रो$र्धपञ्चमान् Ms.4.95.-पञ्चशत् f. twenty five Ms.8.268.-पणः a measure containing half paṇa Ms.8.44.-पथम् half way. (-पथे) midway भृतिमर्ध- पथे सर्वान्प्रदाप्य Y.2.198.-पादः half a pāda or foot; अर्धपादं किष्कुविष्कम्भमुद्धृत्य Dk.19.-पादा The plant भूम्यामलकी (Mar. भूईआवळी).-पादिक a. having half a foot; सद्यः कार्यो$र्धपादिकः Ms.8.325.-पाञ्चालिक a. born or produced in the ardhapanchāla.-पारावतः a kind of pigeon (अर्धेनाङ्गेन पारावत इव). The fran- colin partridge.-पुलायितः a half gallop, canter; चित्रं चकार पदमर्धपुलायितेन Śi.5.1.-प्रहर half a watch, one hour and a half.-प्राणम् A kind of joinery resembling the shape of a bisected heart; मूलाग्रे कीलकं युक्तमर्धप्राणमिति स्मृतम् । Māna.17.99.-भागः a half, half a share or part; तदर्धभागेन लभस्व काङ्क्षितम् Ku.5.5; R.7.45.-भागिक a. sharing a half; मृते पितरि कुर्युस्तं भ्रातरस्त्वर्धभागिकम्म् Y.2.134.-भाज् a. sharing entitled to a half; अर्धभाग्रक्षणाद्राजा Ms.8.39.-2 a companion, sharer; देवानामर्धभागासि Av.6.86.3.-भास्करः mid-day.-भेदः Hemiplegia (अर्धाङ्गवायुः); Suś.-भोटिका a kind of cake.-भ्रमः -मकः a kind of artificial composition; for instances see Ki.15.27; Śi.19.72. The Sar. K. describes it as a figure of speech thus:-- आहुरर्धभ्रमं नाम श्लोकार्धभ्रमणं यदि.-मागधी N. of a dialect in which many of Jaina Canonical books are written. It is so named perhaps because many of the characteristics of Māgadhi are found in it.-माणवकः, -माणवः a necklace of 12 strings (माणवक consisting of 24.)-मात्रा 1 half a (short) syllable. अर्धमात्रालाघवेन पुत्रोत्सवं मन्यन्ते वैयाकरणाः Pari Sik.-2 a term for a consonant (व्यञ्जनं चार्धमात्रकम्).-मार्गे ind. mid-way; बन्दीकृता विबुधशत्रुभिरर्धमार्गे V.1.3.-मासः half a month, a fortnight.-मासतम = ˚मासिक see P.V.2.57.-मासिक a.1 happening every fortnight.-2 lasting for a fortnight; ये$र्धमासाश्च च मासाश्च Mahānārā. 25. Y.2.177.-मुष्टिः f. a half-clenched hand.-यामः half a watch.-रथः [अर्धः असंपूर्णः रथः रथी] a warrior who fights on a car with another (who is not so skilled as a रथी); रणे रणे$भिमानी च विमुखश्चापि दृश्यते । घृणी कर्णः प्रमादी च तेन मे$र्धरथो मतः Mb.-रात्रः [अर्ध रात्रेः]1 midnight; अथार्धरात्रे स्तिमितप्रदीपे R.16.4; स्थिते$र्धरात्रे Dk.19.-2 a night containing half a whole day of 24 hours.-रात्रार्धदिवसः equinox.-लभ्मीहरिः Hari having a form half like Lakṣmī.-विसर्गः, -विसर्ज- नीयः the Visarga sound before क्, ख्, प्, and फ्, so called because its sign (<?>) is the half of a Visarga (<?>).-वीक्षणम् a side-look, glance, leer.-वृद्ध a. middle-aged.-वृद्धिः The half of the interest or rent; Ms.8.15.-वैनाशिकः N. of the followers of Kaṇāda (arguing half perishableness).-वैशसम् half or incomplete murder; विधिना कृतमर्धवैशसं ननु मां कामवधे विमुञ्चता Ku.4.31.-व्यासः the radius of a circle.-शतम् 1 fifty.-2 One hundred and fifty; Ms.8.267.-शनम् [अर्धमशनस्य शकन्ध्वा˚] half a meal.-शफरः a kind of fish.-शब्द a. having a low voice.-शेष a. having only a half left.-श्याम a. half clouded.-श्लोकः half a śloka or verse.-सम a. equal to a half. (-मम्) N. of a class of metres in which the 1st and 3rd and 2nd and 4th lines have the same sylla- bles and Gaṇas; such as पुष्पिताग्रा.-सस्य a. half the crops, half grown.-सहः An owl.-सीरिन् m.1 a cultivator, ploughman who takes half the crop for his labour; शूद्रेषु दासगोपालकुलमित्रार्धसीरिणः Y.1.166.-2 = अर्धिक q. v.-हर, -हारिन् a. occupying the half (of the body); Ku.1.5; एको रागिषु राजते प्रियतमादेहार्ध- हारी हरः Bh.3.121.-हारः a necklace of 64 strings. A half chain, a kind of ornament; नक्षत्रमालामपि चार्धहारं सुवर्णसूत्रं परितः स्तनाभ्याम् Māna.5.297-98. cf. also Kau. A.2.11.-ह्रस्वः half a (short) syllable. -
105 पादः _pādḥ
पादः [पद्यते गम्यते$नेन करणे कर्मणि वा घञ्]1 The foot (whether of men or animals); तयोर्जगृहतुः पादान् R.1.57; पादयोर्निपत्य, पादपतित &c. (The word पाद at the end of comp. is changed to पाद् after सु and numerals; i. e. सुपाद्, द्विपाद्, त्रिपाद् &c.; and also when the first member is used as a standard of comparison, but is a word other than हस्ति &c.; see P.V.4.138-14; e. g. व्याघ्रपाद्. The nom. pl. of पाद is often added to names of persons or titles of address to show great respect or veneration; मृष्यन्तु लवस्य बालिशतां तातपादाः U.6; जीवत्सु तातपादेषु 1.19; देवपादानां नास्माभिः प्रयोजनम् Pt.1; so एवमाराध्यपादा आज्ञापयन्ति Prab.1; so कुमारिलपादाः &c.-2 A ray of light; बालस्यापि रवेः पादाः पतन्त्युपरि भूभृताम् Pt.1.328; Śi.9.34; R.16.53 (where the word has sense 1 also).-3 The foot or leg of an inanimate object, as of a bed-stead; चतुष्पदी हि निःश्रेणी ब्रह्मण्येव प्रतिष्ठिता Mb.12.2.4.-4 The foot or root of a tree; as in पादप.-5 The foot of a mountain, a hill at the foot of a mountain (पादाः प्रत्यन्तपर्वताः); रेवां द्रक्ष्यस्युपलविषमे विन्ध्यपादे विशीर्णाम् Me.19; Ś.6.17.-6 A quarter, fourth part; as in सपादो रूपकः 'one and one fourth rupee'; Ms.8.241; Y.2.174; कार्षापणे दीयमाने पादो$पि दत्तो भवति ŚB. on MS.6.7.2.-7 The fourth part of a stanza, a line.-8 The fourth part of a chap- ter or book, as of the Adhyāyas of Pāṇini, or of the Brahma-sūtras.-9 A part in general.-1 A column, pillar; सहस्रपादं प्रासादं......अधिरोहन्मया दृष्टः Mb.5.143.3.-11 A foot as a measure equal to twelve Aṅgulis.-12 The quadrant of a circle.-13 The foot-hole or bottom of a water-skin; इन्द्रियाणां तु सर्वेषां यद्येकं क्षरतीन्द्रियम् । तेनास्य क्षरति प्रज्ञा दृतेः पादादिवोदकम् ॥ Ms.2.99.-14 A wheel; गिरिकूबरपादाक्षं शुभवेणु त्रिवेणुमत् Mb.3.175.4; Ki.12 21.-15 A golden coin (weighing one tola); स ह गवां सहस्रमव- रुरोध दश दश पादा एकैकस्याः शृङ्गयोराबद्धा बभुवुः Bṛi. Up.3.1.1.-Comp. -अग्रम् the point or extremity of the foot; पादाग्रस्थितया मुहुः स्तनभरेणानीतया नम्रताम् Ratn.1.1.-अङ्कः a foot-mark.-अङ्गदम्, -दी an ornament for the foot, an anklet.-अङ्गुलिः, -ली f. a toe.-अङ्गुष्ठः the great toe.-अङ्गुष्ठिका a ring worn on the great toe.-अन्तः the point or extremity of the feet.-अन्तरम् the interval of a step, distance of a foot. (-रे) ind.1 after the interval of a step.-2 close or near to.-अन्तिकम् ind. near to, towards any one.-अम्बु n. butter-milk containing a fourth part of water.-अम्भस् n. water in which the feet (of revered persons) have been washed.-अरविन्दम्, -कमलम्, -पङ्कजम्, -पद्मम् a lotus-like foot.-अर्घ्यम् a gift to a Brāhmāṇa or a venerable person.-अर्धम् 1 half a quarter, an eighth; पादं पशुश्च योषिच्च पादार्धं रिक्तकः पुमान् Ms.8.44.-2 half a line of a stanza.-अलिन्दी a boat.-अवनामः bowing to a person's feet; इति कृतवचनायाः कश्चिदभ्येत्य बिभ्यद्गलितनयनवारेर्याति पादावनामम् Śi.11.35.-अवनेजः washing another's feet; विभ्व्यस्तवा- मृतकथोदवहास्त्रिलोक्याः पादावनेजसरितः शमलानि हन्तुम् Bhāg. 11.6.19.-अवसेचनम् 1 washing the feet.-2 the water used for washing the feet; दूरात् पादावसेचनम् Ms. 4.151.-अष्ठीलः the ankle; मर्मस्वभ्यवधीत् क्रुद्धः पादाष्ठालैः सुदारुणैः Mb.1.8.24.-आघातः a kick.- आनत a. prostrate, fallen at the feet of; कयासि कामिन् सुरतापराधात् पादानतः कोपनयावधूतः Ku.3.8.-आवर्तः 1 a wheel worked by the feet for raising up water from a well.-2 a square foot.-आसनम् a foot-stool.-आस्फालनम् tram- pling or motion of the feet, floundering.-आहतः a. kicked.-आहति f.1 treading or trampling.-2 a kick.-उदकम्, -जलम् 1 water for washing the feet.-2 water in which the feet of sacred and revered persons are washed, and which is thus considered holy; विष्णु- पादोदकं तीर्थं जठरे धारयाम्यहम्.-उदरः a serpent; यथा पादो- दरस्त्वचा विनिर्मुच्यते Praśna. Up.5.5.-उद्धूतम् stamping the feet.-कटकः, -कम्, -कीलिका an anklet.-कृच्छ्रम् a vow in which taking of meals and observing a fast are done on alternate days; Y.-क्षेपः 1 a foot- step.-2 a kick with the foot.-गण्डीरः a morbid swel- ling of the legs and feet.-ग्रन्थिः the ankle.-ग्रहणम् seizing or clasping the feet (as a mark of respectful salutation); अकारयत् कारयितव्यदक्षा क्रमेण पादग्रहणं सतीनाम् Ku.7.27.-चतुरः, -चत्वरः 1 a slanderer.-2 a goat.-3 the fig-tree.-4 a sand-bank.-5 hail.-चापल्यम् shuffling of the feet.-चारः going on foot, walking; यदि च विहरेत् पादचारेण गौरी Me.62 'if Gaurī should walk on foot'; R.11.1-2 the daily position of the planets.-चारिन् a.1 walking or going on foot.-2 fighting on foot. (-m.)1 a pedestrian.-2 a foot-soldier.-च्छेदनम् cutting off a foot; पादेन प्रहरन् कोपात् पादच्छेदन- मर्हति Ms.8.28.-जः a sūdra; पादजोच्छिष्टकांस्यं यत्...... विशुद्धेद् दशभिस्तु तत् Mb.12.35.31.-जलम् 1 butter-milk mixed with one fourth of water.-2 water for the feet.-जाहम् the tarsus.-तलम् the sole of the foot.-त्रः, -त्रा, -त्राणम् a boot or shoe.-दारी, -दारिका a chap in the feet, chilblain.-दाहः a burning sensation in the feet.-धावनिका sand used for rubbing the feet.-नालिका an anklet.-निकेतः a foot-stool.-न्यासः move- ment of the feet; पादन्यासो लयमनुगतः M.2.9.-पः 1 a tree; निरस्तपादपे देशे एरण्डो$पि द्रुमायते H.1.67; अनुभवति हि मूर्ध्ना पादपस्तीव्रमुष्णम् Ś.5.7.-2 a foot-stool. (-पा) a shoe. ˚खण्डः, -ण्डम् a grove of trees. ˚रुहा a climbing plant.-पद्धतिः f. a track.-परिचारकः a humble servant.-पालिका an anklet.-पाशः 1 a foot-rope for cattle.-2 an anklet of small bells &c.(-शिकः, -शी) 1 a fetter; हस्तिपक-पादपाशिक-सैमिक-वनचर-पारिकर्मिकसखः Kau. A.-2 a mat.-3 a creeper.-पीठः, -ठम् a foot-stool; चूडामणिभि- रुद्घृष्टपादपीठं महीक्षिताम् R.17.28; Ku.3.11.-पीठिका 1 a vulgar trade (as that of a barber).-2 white stone.-पूरणम् 1 filling out a line; P.VI.1.134.-2 an ex- pletive; तु पादपूरणे भेदे समुच्चये$वधारणे Viśva.-प्रक्षालनम् washing the feet; पादप्रक्षालने वज्री Subhāṣ.-प्रणामः prostration (at the feet).-प्रतिष्ठानम् a foot-stool.-प्रधारणम् a shoe.-प्रसारणम् stretching out the feet.-प्रहारः a kick.-बद्ध a. consisting of verses (as a metre).-बन्धनम् 1 a chain, fetter.-2 a stock of cattle.-भटः a foot soldier.-भागः a quarter.-मुद्रा a footprint. ˚पङ्क्तिः a track, trail.-मूलम् 1 the tarsus.-2 the sole of the foot.-3 the heel.-4 the foot of a mountain.-5 a polite way of speaking of a person; देवपादमूलमागताहम् K.8.-यमकः paronomasia within the Pādas.-रक्षः 1 a shoe.-2 a foot-guard; (pl.) armed men protecting the feet of an elephant in battle; शिरांसि पादरक्षाणां बीजवत् प्रवपन् मुहुः Mb.3.271.1.-रक्षणम् 1 a cover for the feet.-2 a leather boot or shoe.-रजस् n. the dust of the feet.-रज्जुः f. a tether for the foot of an elephant.-रथी a shoe, boot.-रोहः, -रोहणः the (Indian) fig-tree.-लग्नः a. lying at a person's feet.-लेपः an unguent for the feet.-वन्दनम् saluting the feet.-वल्मीकः elephantiasis.-विरजस् f. a shoe, boot. (-m.) a god.-वेष्टनिकः, -कम् a stocking.-शाखा a toe.-शैलः a hill at the foot of a mountain.-शोथः swelling of the foot; अन्योन्योपद्रवकृतः शोथः पादसमुत्थितः । पुरुषं हन्ति नारीं तु मुखजो गुह्यजो ह्ययम् ॥ Mādhava.-शौचम् cleaning the feet by washing, washing the feet; पादशौचेन गोविन्दः (तृप्तः) Pt.1.172.-संहिता the junction of words in a quarter of a stanza.-सेवनम्, -सेवा 1 showing respect by touching the feet.-2 service.-स्तम्भः a supporting beam, pillar, post.-स्फोटः 'cracking of the feet', chilblain.-हत a. kicked.-हर्षः numbness of the feet after pressure upon the crural nerves; हृष्यतः चरणौ यस्य भवतश्च प्रसुप्तवत् । पादहर्षः सः विज्ञेयः कफवातप्रकोपजः ॥ Suśruta.-हीनजलम् Water with a portion boiled,-हीनात् ind.1 without division or transition-2 all at once. -
106 AGE
âge [αʒ]1. masculine nouna. age• quel âge avez-vous ? how old are you?• amusez-vous, c'est de votre âge enjoy yourself, you're young• c'est l'âge bête or ingrat it's an awkward ageb. ( = ère) age• l'âge de la pierre/du bronze the Stone/Bronze Age2. compounds* * *ɑʒnom masculin1) ( nombre d'années) ageparaître plus/moins que son âge — to look older/younger than one's years
âge avancé, grand âge — great age
avoir l'âge or être en âge de faire — to be old enough to do
il est mort à 95 ans, c'est un bel âge — he died at 95, a fine old age
30 ans, c'est le bel âge — 30 is a good age
2) ( vieillesse) (old) age3) ( période de la vie) ageà tout âge, à tous les âges — at any age
être encore/ne plus être en âge de faire — to be still young enough/to be too old to do
va t'amuser, c'est de ton âge! — go and have fun, you're young!
4) ( époque) age•Phrasal Verbs:- âge d'or* * *aʒeə abr nfassemblée générale extraordinaire* * *1 ( nombre d'années) age; quel âge a-t-il? how old is he?; ils sont du même âge they are the same age; il est mort à l'âge de 25 ans he died at the age of 25; depuis l'âge de 12 ans from the age of 12; faire or paraître son âge to look one's age; paraître plus/moins que son âge to look older/younger than one's years; bien porter son âge to be good for one's age; être sans âge, ne pas avoir d'âge to be ageless; un homme d'un certain âge a middle-aged man; une personne d'un âge avancé or d'un grand âge an elderly person; âge avancé, grand âge great age; avoir l'âge or être en âge de faire to be old enough to do, to be of an age to do; il est mort à 95 ans, c'est un bel âge he died at 95, a fine old age ; 30 ans, c'est le bel âge 30 is a good age; en âge de se marier of marriageable age; ⇒ artère;2 ( vieillesse) (old) age; le respect dû à l'âge the respect due to age; s'assagir avec l'âge to calm down as one gets older; être vieux avant l'âge to be old before one's time; prendre de l'âge to grow old; le doyen d'âge the most senior person;3 ( période de la vie) age; à tout âge, à tous les âges at any age; être entre deux âges to be middle-aged; être à un âge critique to be at a critical age; être à l'âge critique ( ménopause) to be at the change of life; avoir passé l'âge de faire to be past the age when one does, to be past the age for doing; être encore/ne plus être en âge de faire to be still young enough/to be too old to do, to be still/no longer of an age to do; ce n'est plus de mon âge de faire I'm too old to do; qch n'est plus de mon âge I'm too old for sth; va t'amuser, c'est de ton âge! go and have fun, you're young!;4 ( époque) Géol age; Hist age, era; à travers les âges through the ages; tradition qui nous vient du fond des âges tradition which has come down to us through the ages; idées d'un autre âge ideas from another age.l'âge adulte adulthood; l'âge bête the awkward ou difficult age; l'âge du bronze the Bronze age; l'âge critique the change of life; l'âge du fer the Iron age; l'âge d'homme manhood; l'âge ingrat the awkward ou difficult age; âge légal legal age; âge mental mental age; l'âge mûr maturity; d'âge mûr mature; l'âge d'or the golden age; l'âge de la pierre the Stone age; l'âge de la pierre polie the neolithic age; l'âge de la pierre taillée the palaeolithic age; l'âge de raison the age of reason; l'âge de la retraite retirement age; l'âge scolaire school age; l'âge tendre youth; l'âge viril manhood. -
107 ordre
ordre [ɔʀdʀ]1. masculine nouna. ( = succession régulière) orderb. ( = catégorie) orderd. ( = bonne organisation) [de personne, chambre] tidinesse. ( = commandement) order• j'ai reçu l'ordre de... I've been given orders to...f. ( = association) order2. compounds► ordre du jour [de conférence, réunion] agenda* * *ɔʀdʀnom masculin1) ( commandement) orderà vos ordres! — Armée yes, sir!; (à un ami, parent) hum at your service! hum
2) ( disposition régulière) orderen bon ordre — [être aligné, avancer] in an orderly fashion
avancer en ordre dispersé/serré — to advance in scattered/close formation
3) Informatique command4) ( fait d'être rangé) tidiness, orderliness; ( fait d'être bien organisé) orderêtre en ordre — [maison, armoire] to be tidy; [comptes] to be in order
mettre de l'ordre dans — to tidy up [pièce, placard]
mettre de l'ordre dans sa vie — to set ou put one's life in order
remise en ordre — fig rationalization
5) ( état stable et normal) ordertout est rentré dans l'ordre — gén everything is back to normal; ( après des émeutes) order has been restored
6) ( nature) naturede l'ordre de 30% — in the order of 30% GB, on the order of 30% US
dans le même ordre d'idées, je voudrais vous demander — talking of which, I would like to ask you
7) Architecture, Biologie, Zoologie order8) ( confrérie) order9) Religion order10) Finance orderlibellez le chèque à l'ordre de X — make the cheque GB ou check US payable to X
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *ɔʀdʀ1. nm1) (injonction) orderÇa ne se discute pas, c'est un ordre. — There's no discussion, it's an order.
2) (classement) order3) (= nature, type)4) (organisation) orderliness, tidinessavoir de l'ordre — to be tidy, to be orderly
mettre en ordre — to tidy, to tidy up, to put in order
mettre bon ordre à — to put to rights, to sort out
5) (légalité, discipline) orderbousculer l'ordre établi; bouleverser l'ordre établi — to overthrow the established order
6) COMMERCE order7) (= association) order2. ordres nmplRELIGION Holy Orders* * *ordre nm1 ( commandement) order; donner un ordre à qn to give sb an order; donner à qn l'ordre de faire to give sb the order to do, to order sb to do; recevoir l'ordre de faire qch to be given the order to do sth, to be ordered to do sth; je n'ai d'ordre à recevoir de personne I don't take orders from anybody; j'ai des ordres I'm acting under orders; agir sur ordre de qn to act on sb's orders; travailler sous les ordres de qn to work under sb; elle a 30 personnes sous ses ordres she has 30 people (working) under her; être aux ordres de qn Mil to serve under sb, to be under sb's command; ( employé de maison) to be in sb's service; prendre qn à ses ordres to take sb on; à vos ordres! Mil yes, sir!; hum (à un ami, parent) at your service! hum; jusqu' à nouvel ordre until further notice;2 ( disposition régulière) order; par ordre alphabétique/chronologique in alphabetical/chronological order; en ordre croissant/décroissant in ascending/descending order; par ordre de préférence in order of preference; par ordre d'entrée en scène in order of appearance; l'ordre des mots word order; l'ordre des cérémonies the order of ceremonies; procédons par ordre let's do things in order; tu dois, dans l'ordre, téléphoner à la gare, à l'aéroport, à l'hôtel you've got to phone the station, the airport and the hotel, in that order; selon un ordre strict in strict order; en bon ordre [être aligné, avancer] in an orderly fashion ; avancer en ordre dispersé/serré to advance in scattered/close formation; ordre de bataille battle order;3 Ordinat command;4 ( fait d'être rangé) tidiness, orderliness; ( fait d'être bien organisé) order; être en ordre [maison, armoire] to be tidy; [comptes] to be in order; tenir une pièce en ordre to keep a room tidy; mettre de l'ordre dans to tidy up [pièce, placard]; mettre de l'ordre dans ses comptes to get one's accounts in order; mettre de l'ordre dans ses idées to get one's ideas straight; mettre de l'ordre dans sa vie to sort out one's life○; mettre ses affaires en ordre ( avant de mourir) to put one's affairs in order;5 ( qualité) tidiness; elle n'a pas beaucoup d'ordre ( rangé) she' s not very tidy; ( méthodique) she's not very methodical; mettre bon ordre à qch to sort out sth; remettre une pièce en ordre to put everything back where it was in a room; remise en ordre fig rationalization;6 ( comme valeur) order; aimer l'ordre et le travail sérieux to like order and hard work;7 ( état stable et normal) order; maintenir l'ordre dans sa classe to keep order in the classroom; rappeler qn à l'ordre to reprimand sb; tout est rentré dans l'ordre gén everything is back to normal; ( après des émeutes) order has been restored; l'ordre public public order; maintenir/rétablir l'ordre (public) to maintain/restore law and order; troubler l'ordre public [individu] to cause a breach of the peace; [groupe d'insurgés] to disturb the peace; le respect de l'ordre établi respect for the established order; c'est dans l'ordre des choses it's in the nature of things; en ordre de marche in working order;8 ( nature) nature; un problème de cet ordre a problem of that nature; un problème de cet ordre (de grandeur) a problem on that scale; c'est un problème d'ordre économique it's a problem of an economic nature; d'ordre officiel/personnel of an official/a personal nature; de l'ordre de 30% in ou of the order of 30% GB, on the order of 30% US; ordre de prix price range; de quel ordre de grandeur? [somme] how much approximately?; pour vous donner un ordre de grandeur to give you a rough idea; de premier ordre first-rate; de second ordre second-rate; dans le même ordre d'idées, je voudrais vous demander talking of which, I would like to ask you; c'est du même ordre it's the same kind of thing; c'est d'un tout autre ordre it's a completely different kind of thing; des préoccupations d'un tout autre ordre very different worries;10 ( confrérie) order; ordre de chevalerie order of chivalry; l'ordre des médecins the medical association; l'ordre des avocats the lawyers' association; être rayé de l'ordre [avocat] to be disbarred; [médecin] to be struck off (the medical register) GB, to lose one's license US;11 Relig order; ordre monastique monastic order; entrer dans les ordres to take (holy) orders; l'ordre des cisterciens the Cistercian order; l'ordre des Templiers the Knights Templar; les ordres majeurs/mineurs major/minor orders;12 ( sous l'Ancien Régime) estate;13 Fin order; ordre d'achat/de vente order to buy/to sell; libellez le chèque à l'ordre de X make the cheque GB ou check US payable to X; c'est à quel ordre? who do I make it payable to?;ordre du jour ( de réunion) agenda; être à l'ordre du jour lit to be on the agenda; fig to be talked about; inscrire qch à l'ordre du jour to put sth on the agenda; ordre de mobilisation Mil marching orders (pl).[ɔrdr] nom masculinA.[INSTRUCTION]1. [directive, injonction] ordera. [parent] to give an orderb. [officiel, policier, officier] to issue ou to give an orderdonner à quelqu'un l'ordre de faire quelque chose to order somebody to do something, to give somebody the order to do something2. BANQUE & BOURSEà l'ordre de payable to, to the order ofchèque à mon ordre cheque made out ou payable to meordre d'achat/de vente order to buy/to sellordre de paiement/virement order to pay/to transferB.[HIÉRARCHIE, AGENCEMENT]par ordre d'arrivée/de grandeur/d'importance in order of arrival/size/importancepar ordre chronologique/croissant/décroissant in chronological/ascending/descending order[sens du rangement]manquer ou ne pas avoir d'ordre to be untidy3. [organisation méthodique - de documents] ordermettre en ordre, mettre de l'ordre dans [documents, comptabilité] to set in order, to tidy up (separable)il a laissé ses papiers/comptes en ordre avant de partir he left his papers/accounts in order before leaving4. [discipline sociale]faire régner l'ordre to keep ou maintain ordera. [dans une assemblée] to be called to orderb. [dans une classe] to get told offl'ordre public public order, law and orderrentrer dans l'ordre: puis tout est rentré dans l'ordre then order was restored, then everything went back to normalC.[CLASSIFICATION, DOMAINE]du même ordre [proposition, responsabilités] similar, of the same naturede l'ordre de in the region ou order ofune augmentation de 5 %? — oui, de cet ordre a 5% rise? — yes, roughly ou in that regionc'est dans l'ordre des choses it's in the order ou nature of thingsordre attique/dorique/ionique Attic/Doric/Ionic orderde dernier ordre locution adjectivalede premier ordre locution adjectivalede second ordre locution adjectivale[question] of secondary importance[artiste, personnalité] second-rateordre du jour nom masculin1. [d'un comité] agendamettre quelque chose à l'ordre du jour to put ou to place something on the agendaPut the cases down here, please. Posez les valises là, s'il vous plaîtTake the bags out to the car, will you? Portez les bagages à la voiture, voulez-vous ?Quiet, please. Un peu de silence, s'il vous plaîtTurn left at the traffic lights. Tournez à gauche au feuDon't walk on the grass - it's wet. Ne marche pas sur l'herbe, elle est mouilléePut that down! Pose ça !Get out (of my house)! Sortez (d'ici) !Just leave it alone, will you! Laisse-ça tranquille, tu m'entends ! -
108 âge
âge [αʒ]1. masculine nouna. age• quel âge avez-vous ? how old are you?• amusez-vous, c'est de votre âge enjoy yourself, you're young• c'est l'âge bête or ingrat it's an awkward ageb. ( = ère) age• l'âge de la pierre/du bronze the Stone/Bronze Age2. compounds* * *ɑʒnom masculin1) ( nombre d'années) ageparaître plus/moins que son âge — to look older/younger than one's years
âge avancé, grand âge — great age
avoir l'âge or être en âge de faire — to be old enough to do
il est mort à 95 ans, c'est un bel âge — he died at 95, a fine old age
30 ans, c'est le bel âge — 30 is a good age
2) ( vieillesse) (old) age3) ( période de la vie) ageà tout âge, à tous les âges — at any age
être encore/ne plus être en âge de faire — to be still young enough/to be too old to do
va t'amuser, c'est de ton âge! — go and have fun, you're young!
4) ( époque) age•Phrasal Verbs:- âge d'or* * *aʒeə abr nfassemblée générale extraordinaire* * *1 ( nombre d'années) age; quel âge a-t-il? how old is he?; ils sont du même âge they are the same age; il est mort à l'âge de 25 ans he died at the age of 25; depuis l'âge de 12 ans from the age of 12; faire or paraître son âge to look one's age; paraître plus/moins que son âge to look older/younger than one's years; bien porter son âge to be good for one's age; être sans âge, ne pas avoir d'âge to be ageless; un homme d'un certain âge a middle-aged man; une personne d'un âge avancé or d'un grand âge an elderly person; âge avancé, grand âge great age; avoir l'âge or être en âge de faire to be old enough to do, to be of an age to do; il est mort à 95 ans, c'est un bel âge he died at 95, a fine old age ; 30 ans, c'est le bel âge 30 is a good age; en âge de se marier of marriageable age; ⇒ artère;2 ( vieillesse) (old) age; le respect dû à l'âge the respect due to age; s'assagir avec l'âge to calm down as one gets older; être vieux avant l'âge to be old before one's time; prendre de l'âge to grow old; le doyen d'âge the most senior person;3 ( période de la vie) age; à tout âge, à tous les âges at any age; être entre deux âges to be middle-aged; être à un âge critique to be at a critical age; être à l'âge critique ( ménopause) to be at the change of life; avoir passé l'âge de faire to be past the age when one does, to be past the age for doing; être encore/ne plus être en âge de faire to be still young enough/to be too old to do, to be still/no longer of an age to do; ce n'est plus de mon âge de faire I'm too old to do; qch n'est plus de mon âge I'm too old for sth; va t'amuser, c'est de ton âge! go and have fun, you're young!;4 ( époque) Géol age; Hist age, era; à travers les âges through the ages; tradition qui nous vient du fond des âges tradition which has come down to us through the ages; idées d'un autre âge ideas from another age.l'âge adulte adulthood; l'âge bête the awkward ou difficult age; l'âge du bronze the Bronze age; l'âge critique the change of life; l'âge du fer the Iron age; l'âge d'homme manhood; l'âge ingrat the awkward ou difficult age; âge légal legal age; âge mental mental age; l'âge mûr maturity; d'âge mûr mature; l'âge d'or the golden age; l'âge de la pierre the Stone age; l'âge de la pierre polie the neolithic age; l'âge de la pierre taillée the palaeolithic age; l'âge de raison the age of reason; l'âge de la retraite retirement age; l'âge scolaire school age; l'âge tendre youth; l'âge viril manhood.[aʒ] nom masculin1. [nombre d'années] ageêtre du même âge que to be the same age ou as old asà ton âge, on ne pleure plus you're old enough not to cry nowun garçon/une fille de ton âge ne doit pas... a boy/a girl (of) your age shouldn't...d'un âge avancé getting on ou advanced in yearsà cause de son jeune/grand âge because he's so young/oldavoir l'âge (de faire quelque chose): il veut se marier, c'est normal, il a l'âge he wants to get married, it's normal at his agea. [tu es trop jeune] you're not old enough!b. [tu es trop vieux] you're too old (for it)!tu es d'âge à ou en âge de comprendre you're old enough to understandje ne suis plus d'âge à ou en âge de faire du camping I'm too old to go campingavec l'âge, il s'est calmé he mellowed with age ou as he grew olderprendre de l'âge to age, to get olderelle ne fait ou ne paraît pas son âge she doesn't look her age, she looks younger than she actually isavoir l'âge légal (pour voter) to be old enough to vote, to be of ageun enfant d'âge scolaire a school-age child, a child of school agela quarantaine, c'est l'âge des grandes décisions forty is the time (of life) for making big decisionsa. [généralement] adulthoodb. [d'un homme] manhoodc. [d'une femme] womanhoodne te plains pas, c'est le bel âge! don't complain, these are the best years of your life ou you're in your prime!a. [période] old ageb. [groupe social] senior citizensa. [période] advanced old ageb. [groupe social] very old people3. ARCHÉOLOGIE age4. PSYCHOLOGIE————————à l'âge de locution prépositionnellea. [j'avais 17 ans] I met him when I was 17b. [il avait 17 ans] I met him when he was 17en bas âge locution adjectivale[enfant] very young ou smallentre deux âges locution adjectivale[personne] middle-aged -
109 âgé
âge [αʒ]1. masculine nouna. age• quel âge avez-vous ? how old are you?• amusez-vous, c'est de votre âge enjoy yourself, you're young• c'est l'âge bête or ingrat it's an awkward ageb. ( = ère) age• l'âge de la pierre/du bronze the Stone/Bronze Age2. compounds* * *ɑʒnom masculin1) ( nombre d'années) ageparaître plus/moins que son âge — to look older/younger than one's years
âge avancé, grand âge — great age
avoir l'âge or être en âge de faire — to be old enough to do
il est mort à 95 ans, c'est un bel âge — he died at 95, a fine old age
30 ans, c'est le bel âge — 30 is a good age
2) ( vieillesse) (old) age3) ( période de la vie) ageà tout âge, à tous les âges — at any age
être encore/ne plus être en âge de faire — to be still young enough/to be too old to do
va t'amuser, c'est de ton âge! — go and have fun, you're young!
4) ( époque) age•Phrasal Verbs:- âge d'or* * *aʒeə abr nfassemblée générale extraordinaire* * *1 ( nombre d'années) age; quel âge a-t-il? how old is he?; ils sont du même âge they are the same age; il est mort à l'âge de 25 ans he died at the age of 25; depuis l'âge de 12 ans from the age of 12; faire or paraître son âge to look one's age; paraître plus/moins que son âge to look older/younger than one's years; bien porter son âge to be good for one's age; être sans âge, ne pas avoir d'âge to be ageless; un homme d'un certain âge a middle-aged man; une personne d'un âge avancé or d'un grand âge an elderly person; âge avancé, grand âge great age; avoir l'âge or être en âge de faire to be old enough to do, to be of an age to do; il est mort à 95 ans, c'est un bel âge he died at 95, a fine old age ; 30 ans, c'est le bel âge 30 is a good age; en âge de se marier of marriageable age; ⇒ artère;2 ( vieillesse) (old) age; le respect dû à l'âge the respect due to age; s'assagir avec l'âge to calm down as one gets older; être vieux avant l'âge to be old before one's time; prendre de l'âge to grow old; le doyen d'âge the most senior person;3 ( période de la vie) age; à tout âge, à tous les âges at any age; être entre deux âges to be middle-aged; être à un âge critique to be at a critical age; être à l'âge critique ( ménopause) to be at the change of life; avoir passé l'âge de faire to be past the age when one does, to be past the age for doing; être encore/ne plus être en âge de faire to be still young enough/to be too old to do, to be still/no longer of an age to do; ce n'est plus de mon âge de faire I'm too old to do; qch n'est plus de mon âge I'm too old for sth; va t'amuser, c'est de ton âge! go and have fun, you're young!;4 ( époque) Géol age; Hist age, era; à travers les âges through the ages; tradition qui nous vient du fond des âges tradition which has come down to us through the ages; idées d'un autre âge ideas from another age.l'âge adulte adulthood; l'âge bête the awkward ou difficult age; l'âge du bronze the Bronze age; l'âge critique the change of life; l'âge du fer the Iron age; l'âge d'homme manhood; l'âge ingrat the awkward ou difficult age; âge légal legal age; âge mental mental age; l'âge mûr maturity; d'âge mûr mature; l'âge d'or the golden age; l'âge de la pierre the Stone age; l'âge de la pierre polie the neolithic age; l'âge de la pierre taillée the palaeolithic age; l'âge de raison the age of reason; l'âge de la retraite retirement age; l'âge scolaire school age; l'âge tendre youth; l'âge viril manhood.1. [vieux] old2. [de tel âge] -
110 Á
* * *a negative suffix to verbs, not;era útmakligt, at it is not unmeet that.* * *1.á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth. ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ‘along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry,’ etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ‘o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,’ etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. á denotes the surface or outside; í and ór the inside; at, til, and frá, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. επί; the Lat. in includes á and i together.]With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.WITH DAT.A. Loc.I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus ‘á bók’ merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, ‘í’ the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ‘í,’ lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one’s person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord’s Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ‘í’ the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386.II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in ‘land,’ Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ‘á Englandi,’ ruling over, but to live ‘í Englandi,’ or ‘á Englandi;’ the rule in the last case not being quite fixed.2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13).3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then ‘at’ must be used), such as ‘staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,’ etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in ‘-staðr,’ á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum…, Landn.: ‘-völlr,’ á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: ‘-nes’ sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always ‘í’), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, νησος, prevails: so also, ‘fjörðr,’ as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with ‘-bær,’ á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; ‘í bæ’ means within doors, of the buildings: with ‘Bær’ as pr. name Landn. uses ‘í,’ 71, 160, 257, 309, 332.4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11.III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in:I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli …, Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri …, during, in that year …, Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month’s delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs … aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of …, v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229.II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer …, in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89.III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259.IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), ‘á’ denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ‘á’ denotes the past, ‘at’ the future, ‘í’ the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against:I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one’s protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127.2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love ( hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one’s person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one’s face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at …, it could soon be seen in all her doings, that …, Ld. 22.3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt …, it could hardly be seen in his face, whether …, Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over …, Nj. 10.II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to …, Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one’s hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages.III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum …, denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr … á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, … the expression of his face was as though …, Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one’s manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy ( slow) of foot, Nj. 258.IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head … are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, fætr … á mér; so ‘í’ is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein … í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one’s breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum …, cold ( warm) in the fingers, hands, feet …, i. e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ‘warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?’ the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is ‘í mér,’ not ‘mitt.’2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar … á skipi, the stem, stern, sail … of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré …, leaves of a leek, of a tree …, Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one’s own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon …, Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini ( a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild ( possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one’s feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on.VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one’s hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd.VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70;—but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348.VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ‘á’ is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.WITH ACC.A. Loc.I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517.2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; á hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383.3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154.II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving:1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sigla á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ‘út’ added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349.2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á þa ofan, 91.III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fields, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one’s legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236; hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82.IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk … annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90.V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one’s neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one’s back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3.VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse’s neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300.VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. doom them to death, Edda 22.B. TEMP.I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morning of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333.II. if connected with the word day, ‘á’ is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag …, on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn …, by dropping the prep. ‘á,’ Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18.III. connected with ‘dagr’ with the definite article suffixed, ‘á’ denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A.IV. connected with ‘evening, morning, the seasons,’ with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ‘dagr’ is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned.V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one’s life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical.VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar á dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record.VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn …), jól, páska, föstu, or the like, far on in the night, day …, Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.C. Metaph. and in various relations:I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8.β. generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy’s weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one’s foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169.II. denoting in regard to, in respect to:1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr … á hár, having white, brown, or dark … hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc.2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar …, an expert worker in iron, metals …, Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120.3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt …, in the heighth, length, breadth, depth …, Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89.β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine ( ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74.III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one’s own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one’s own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ‘querne,’ where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju …; in the old usage, leika hörpu …, Stj. 458.IV. denoting the manner or way of doing:1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288.2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59:—at present, dat. is sometimes used.3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14.V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B.VI. connected with nouns,1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i. e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards.2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly.3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc.VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga … á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða … á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa … á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.2.f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word]:—a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing. is , v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where ́n, ́ (acc.), and ́na; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75, ́na (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í ́nni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing. ár; nom. pl. ár, gen. á contracted, dat. ám, obsolete form ́m; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99, 133, 185: proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea, metaph. = this is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ‘all waters run into the sea.’ Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njála often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.COMPDS: áráll, árbakki, árbrot, ardjúp, árfarvegr, árfors, árgljúfr, árhlutr, ármegin, árminni, ármót, áróss, árreki, árstraumr, árströnd, árvað, árvegr, árvöxtr. -
111 STAÐR
I)(-ar, ir), m.1) ‘stead’, place, spot;fimmtán í hvárum stað, fifteen in each place;í einum stað í Englandi, somewhere in England;skipta í tvá, fjóra staði, to divide into two, four parts;fara af stað, to go away, leave;hafa sik af stað, to absent oneself;bíða e-s ór stað, to wait on the spot, wait till one is attacked (Baglar biðu eigi högganna ór stað, ok flýðu þeir upp fyrir norðan bœinn);ráða e-u til staðar, to settle;gefa e-u stað, to stop;þeir gefa eigi stað ferðinni, they stopped not on their journey;gefa staðar, to stop, halt;þá er sá íss gaf staðar ok rann eigi, when that ice stopped and flowed no more;nema stað or staðar, to stop (hér munum vér stað nema);leita staðar, to seek a place to ease oneself;2) adverbially, í stað, þegar í stað, on the spot, at once;rétt í stað, just now;í marga staði, in many respects;í alla staði, in every respect;í engan stað, no-ways;í annan stað, on the other hand, secondly;í staðinn, instead;alls staðar, everywhere;annars staðar, elsewhere;nökkurs staðar, anywhere;3) end, result;vil ek vita, hvern stað eiga skal málit, I wish to know how the matter is to stand;koma í einn stað niðr, to turn out the same way;4) stop, pause, hesitation (þeim varð staðr á um andsvörin);5) springness, elasticity, of steel, etc.;ok dregr ór allan ataðinn ór boganum, the bow lost all its spring;6) strength of mind, courage;mun hann ekki eiga stað við sjónum hans, he will not be able to stand his looks;gøra stað í hestinn, to make the horse firm7) mark, print, traces (þeir sá þar engan stað þeira tíðinda, er þar höfðu orðit);8) church establishment, church, convent (staðrinn í Skálaholti, á Hólum);9) town (marga staði vann hann í þessu landi í vald Girkjakonungi).a. restive, of a horse;verða staðr at, to stop, start, from surprise.* * *1.m., gen. staðar, dat. stað, and older staði, pl. staðir: [from standa; Ulf. staþs = τόπος; A. S. stæð; Engl. stead in home-stead; Dan. stæd; Germ. statt]:—a ‘stead,’ place, abode; stjörnur þat né vissu hvar þær staði áttu, Vsp. 5; sessa ok staði, Ls. 7; fá mönnum stað ok mála, Grág. i. 473; nú hefir maðr eigi stað þeim mönnum, 465; færa úmaga til staðar, 256; færa varnað til staðar, Eg. 535; koma í þann stað, Grág. i. 485; í einn stað, in one place; í annan stað, in another place, 656 C. 11; fimmtán í hvárum stað, fifteen in each place, Eg. 577; í einhverjum stað, in some place, somewhere, Sks. 94; í einum stað í England, somewhere in England, Fms. x. 392; ek hefi í einum stað á stofnat, Nj. 3; í öllum stöðum, in all places, altogether, Grág. ii. 178; í öllum stöðum þeim, er…, in every case, where …, i. 153.2. skipta í tvá, fjóra, sextán … staði, to divide into two, four, sixteen … parts, 656 C. 16; skiptask í tvá staði, Fb. ii. 437:—fara af stað (mod. á stað), to go away, leave, Gþl. 177; hafa sik af stað, to absent oneself, Fb. i. 565; bíða e-s ór stað, to wait in one’s place, wait till one is attacked, Fms. iv. 268, viii. 48, 318, 355; ráða e-u til staðar, to settle, ii. 78, Ld. 178; gefa e-u stað, or gefa staðar, to stop, halt, Edda (pref.) 3, 40, Fms. vi. 384 (gefa A. V. 3), viii. 400; nema stað or staðar, to stop, Nj. 18, 54, 132, Dropl, 29, Fms. i. 167, 206, Fas. ii. 535, Ld. 104, Bs. i. 144, Edda 40 (nema A. 5); leita staðar, to seek a place (privy), Hm. 113. Hkr. i. 16, Fær. 197 (leita I): to seek an outlet, Fas. ii. 528; ganga at staðar, cacare, N. G. L. i. 127.3. adverbially, í stað, on the spot, at once, presently, Dropl. 9, Fas. ii. 508, Stj. 263, 505, Fms. iv. 249; rétt í stað, just now, Flóv. 7; í marga staði, in many respects, Fms. vii. 221; í engan stað, noways, i. 80; í alla staði, in every respect, Nj. 213, 224, 237, Fms. vi. 59, xi. 58; í staðinn. instead, Grág. i. 61, Fms. i. 24, Nj. 73, Fb. i. 285; í annan stað, on the other hand, secondly. Fms. vi. 191, Nj. 210, 216:—gen. as adverb, alls staðar, everywhere; annars s., elsewhere; einhvers-staðar, nökkurs-s., somewhere; marg-staðar, fás staðar, in many places, in few places; né eins staðar, nowhere; sums-staðar, somewhere; see allr, annarr, einn, nekkverr, margr, sumr.4. metaph. a goal, aim; hvern stað á sættar-umleitan þessi, Fms. ix. 51; ef þann stað tæki vizka þeirra, H. E. i. 249; vil ek vita hvern stað eiga skal málit, I wish to know the final answer, Ísl. ii. 216: hann spyrr hvern skal eiga hans mál, Eb. 132; koma í einn stað niðr, to turn out the same way, Fb. ii. 168.II. spec. usages, a stop, pause, hesitation; þeim varð staðr á um andsvörin. Fms. ix. 461; nú drepr ór hljóð, ok verðr honum staðr á, ok mælti þó vánu bráðara, xi. 115.2. elasticity, of steel or the like; ok dregr ór allan staðinn ór honum, it (the bow) lost all its elasticity, 623. 19; var þá ór sverðinu allr staðrinn, Sd. 118, 132; staðr í sverði, Kormak, freq. in mod. usage:—strength of mind, courage, þann úhreinan anda er hann átti eigi stað við at sjá, Sturl. iii. 246; mun hann ekki eiga stað við sjónum haus, he will not be able to stand his looks, Fms. iv. 242; ef þú þykkisk mega göra stað í hestinn ( make the horse firm), þá far til, Bs. i. 633.3. a mark, print; sýndi hann oss á sínum limum járna stað ok banda, Hom. 121; sá þar öngan stað (no marks, traces were seen) þeirra tíðenda er þar hofðu orðit, Fb. i. 283.III. a church-establishment (church, see, convent); höfuð-kirkja á staðinum, Fms. ix. 369; staðrinn í Skálaholti, s. á Hólum, or Hóla-staðr, á staðnum á Hólum, Bs. i. passim; staðr í Lundi, Ann. 1234; klaustr eða aðrir stórir staðir, Fms. xi. 202; Brandr er setti stað ( a benefice) at Húsa-felli, Ld. 332; staðr í Viðey ( a convent), D. I. i. 512 stað hér at Helgafelli, 282: a town, staðr í Lybiku, Fms. x. 48; s. í Óðinsvé, xi. 267; þann inn dýrliga stað (Konunga-hella), vii. 187; stað eða borg, K. Á. 222: staðar-ábúð, staðar-bót, staðar-spjöll; staðar-bú, a rectory; staðar-eign, church-possession; staðar-fé, church-property; staðar-forráð, administration of church-establishments; staðar-jörð, a glebe; staðar-prestr, a parish-priest; staðar-setning, an establishment, Sturl. i. 113, 143, iii. 229, Vm. 6, Ám. 28, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Bs. i. 546; staða-mál, the church contest, the name given to the struggle between clergy and laity about the ownership and administration of the churches and glebes (staða-forráð), which took place in Icel. at the end of the 13th century, and was partly settled by the agreement of A. D. 1296, Bs., Arna S., Ann. passim; staða-menn, the lay proprietors of the church estates, Arna S.; staða-gjafir, the yielding up of staðir, Ann.2. ‘staðr’ was hence (but always in sing.) added to several local names where such an establishment had been erected, e. g. Staðr, Staðar-fell, Staðar-hraun, Staðar-hóll, as also Mel-staðr, Reyni-staðr, the old names in the heathen age of these places being Fell, Hraun, Hóll, Melr, see Sturl., Band., Bjarn.3. again, the plur. - staðir is freq. in local names of the heathen age; Grani bjó at Grana-stöðum, Grímarr á Grímars-stöðum, Höskulds-staðir, Alreks-staðir …, Landn., Fms. passim, see also map of lcel.2.adj. restive, of a horse; hross skjart eða statt, Gþl. 504; verða staðr at, to stop, start, from surprise, Korm. 76; þá varð þeim staðara at höggva, Fms. ix. 225. -
112 ratiō
ratiō ōnis, f [RA-], a reckoning, numbering, casting up, account, calculation, computation: ut par sit ratio acceptorum et datorum: quibus in tabulis ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset, etc., Cs.: auri ratio constat, the account tallies: rationem argenti ducere, reckoning: pecuniae habere rationem, to take an account: ratione initā, on casting up the account, Cs.: mihimet ineunda ratio est: (pecuniam) in rationem inducere, bring into their accounts: aeraria, the rate of exchange (the value of money of one standard in that of another): rationes ad aerarium continuo detuli, rendered accounts: rationes cum publicanis putare: rationes a colono accepit: longis rationibus assem in partīs diducere, calculations, H.— A list, manifest, protocol, report, statement: cedo rationem carceris, quae diligentissime conficitur.— A transaction, business, matter, affair, concern, circumstance: re ac ratione cum aliquo coniunctus: in publicis privatisque rationibus, Cs.: nummaria: popularis: comitiorum: ad omnem rationem humanitatis: meam.—Plur., with pron poss., account, interest, advantage: alquis in meis rationibus tibi adiungendus: alienum suis rationibus existimans, etc., inconsistent with his interests, S.—Fig., a reckoning, account, settlement, computation, explanation: rationem reddere earum rerum: secum has rationes putare, T.: initā subductāque ratione scelera meditantes, i. e. after full deliberation: quod posteaquam iste cognovit, hanc rationem habere coepit, reflection: totius rei consilium his rationibus explicabat, ut si, etc., upon the following calculation, Cs.: ut habere rationem possis, quo loco me convenias, etc., i. e. means of determining: semper ita vivamus, ut rationem reddendam nobis arbitremur, must account to ourselves: si gravius quid acciderit, abs te rationem reposcent, will hold you responsible, Cs.— Relation, reference, respect, connection, community: (agricolae) habent rationem cum terrā, quae, etc., have to do: cum omnibus Musis rationem habere: omnes, quibuscum ratio huic est.— A respect, regard, concern, consideration, care: utriusque (sc. naturae et fortunae) omnino habenda ratio est in deligendo genere vitae: (deos) piorum et impiorum habere rationem: sauciorum et aegrorum habitā ratione, Cs.: propter rationem brevitatis, out of regard for: habeo rationem, quid a populo R. acceperim, consider: neque illud rationis habuisti, provinciam ad summam stultitiam venisse? did you not consider?—Course, conduct, procedure, mode, manner, method, fashion, plan, principle: tua ratio est, ut... mea, ut, etc.: defensionis ratio viaque: itaque in praesentiā Pompei sequendi rationem omittit, Cs.: in philosophiā disserendi: ut, quo primum curreretur, vix ratio iniri possit, Cs.: hoc aditu laudis vitae meae rationes prohibuerunt, plan of life.—Arrangement, relation, condition, kind, fashion, way, manner, style: ratio atque usus belli, the art and practice of war, Cs.: novae bellandi rationes, Cs.: quorum operum haec erat ratio, etc., Cs.: rationem pontis hanc instituit; tigna bina, etc., Cs.: iuris: haec eadem ratio est in summā totius Galliae, Cs.: eādem ratione, quā pridie, ab nostris resistitur, Cs: quid refert, quā me ratione cogatis?: nullā ratione, Cs.: tota ratio talium largitionum genere vitiosa est, principle.—The faculty of computing, judgment, understanding, reason, reasoning, reflection: Ita fit, ut ratio praesit, appetitus obtemperet: homo, quod rationis est particeps, causas rerum videt: lex est ratio summa: ut, quos ratio non posset, eos ad officium religio duceret: si ratio et prudentia curas aufert, H.: mulier abundat audaciā, consilio et ratione deficitur: Arma amens capio, nec sat rationis in armis, V.: ratione fecisti, sensibly.—Ground, motive, reason: quid tandem habuit argumenti aut rationis res, quam ob rem, etc.: nostra confirmare argumentis ac rationibus: noverit orator argumentorum et rationum locos: ad eam sententiam haec ratio eos deduxit, quod, etc., Cs.: rationibus conquisitis de voluptate disputandum putant: Num parva causa aut prava ratiost? reason, excuse, T.— Reasonableness, reason, propriety, law, rule, order: omnia, quae ratione docentur et viā, reasonably and regularly: ut ratione et viā procedat oratio: quae res ratione modoque Tractari non volt, H.: intervallis pro ratā parte ratione distinctis, divided proportionally by rule: vincit ipsa rerum p. natura saepe rationem, system.—A theory, doctrine, system, science: haec nova et ignota ratio, solem lunae oppositum solere deficere: Epicuri, doctrine: Stoicorum: ratio vivendi... ratio civilis, the art of living... statesmanship.—Knowledge, science. si qua (est in me) huiusce rei ratio aliqua.— A view, opinion, conviction: Mea sic est ratio, T.: cum in eam rationem pro suo quisque sensu loqueretur: cuius ratio etsi non valuit, N.* * *I IIaccount, reckoning; plan; prudence; method; reasoning; rule; regard -
113 अर्च्
arc1) cl. 1. P. árcats (Subj. árcāt impf. ā́rcat aor. ārcīt Bhaṭṭ., perf. ānarca 3. pl. ānarcuḥ MBh. III, 988, etc.., but Ved. ānṛicúḥ < RV. >;
perf. Ā. (Pass.) ānarce Bhaṭṭ., but Ved. sámānṛice RV. I, 160, 4 ;
fut. p. arcishyat Mn. IV, 251 ind. p. arcya
Mn. etc.. ;
cf. Pāṇ. 7-1, 38 Sch. ;
orᅠ arcitvā R. III, 77, 15, Ved. Inf.
ṛicáse RV. VI, 39, 5 and VII, 61, 6)
to shine, brilliant RV. ;
to praise, sing ( alsoᅠ used of the roaring of the Maruts, andᅠ of a bull RV. IV, 16, 3)
RV. AV. ṠBr., to praise anything to another (dat.), recommend RV. ;
to honour orᅠ treat with respect MBh. etc.;
to adorn VarBṛS.:
exceptionally Ā. (1. pl. arcāmahe) to honour MBh. II, 1383:
Caus. (2. sg. arcayas) to cause to shine RV. III, 44, 2. ;
P. Ā. to honour orᅠ treat with respect Mn. MBh. etc.:
Desid. arcicishati, to wish to honour Pāṇ. 6-1, 3 Sch. Ved. ;
Pass. ṛicyate (p. ṛicyámāna) to be praised RV. ;
árc2) m. (instr. arcā́) fn. shining, brilliant < Gmn. > RV. VI, 34, 4.
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114 come
1. adv as( in modo simile o uguale) likeinterrogativo, esclamativo how(prego?) pardon?fa' come ti ho detto do as I told youlavora come insegnante he works as a teachercome me like meun cappello come il mio a hat like minecome sta? how are you?, how are things?com'è bello! how nice it is!come mai? how come?, why?oggi come oggi nowadayscome se as if2. conj ( come se) as if, as though(appena, quando) as (soon as)come se niente fosse as if nothing had happened* * *come avv.1 (in frasi interr. dirette e indirette) how; what... like: come stai?, how are you?; come te la cavi in inglese?, what's your English like? (o how good is your English?); come si scrive questa parola?, how do you spell this word?; come si dice in inglese...?, what's the English for...?; come si fa?, how is it to be done? (o how do you do it?); com'era il film?, what was the film like?; com'è il tempo?, what's the weather like?; non so come dirglielo, I don't know how to tell him; fammi sapere come è andata, let me know how it went; non so proprio come sia riuscito a farlo, I just don't know how he managed to do it // come mai?, why?; ( enfatico) how come?; why ever?: mi domando come mai non sia ancora arrivato, I wonder why he hasn't got here yet; i documenti erano in regola, ma la domanda è stata respinta. Come mai?, the papers were in order, but the application was turned down. How come? // com'è che non sei mai in casa?, why are you never at home?; come dici?, come hai detto?, what's that? (o what did you say?) // come sarebbe a dire?, what do you mean? // come si permette?, how dare you! // com'è, come non è, (fam.), somehow or other; ( all'improvviso) all of a sudden // ma come?!, ( per esprimere meraviglia o sdegno) how come? (o what?) // come no?!, of course!: ''Accetterai, vero?'' ''Come no?!'' ''You'll accept, won't you?'' ''Of course (I will)!''2 ( in frasi esclamative) how: com'è gentile da parte sua!, how kind of you!; come mi dispiace!, how sorry I am!; guarda come nevica!, look how hard it's snowing!; come parla bene!, how well he speaks!; come sono cambiati i tempi!, how times have changed! // Con uso rafforzativo o enfatico: ''Vi siete divertiti?'' ''E come!'', ''Did you have a good time?'' ''And how!''; Ma come! Siete già tornati?, What! Back already?3 ( il modo in cui) how, the way: mi raccontò come era riuscito a ottenere il posto, he told me how he'd managed to get the job; ecco come sono andate le cose, this is how things went // bada a come parli, watch your tongue4 (in frasi comparative e nei compar. di uguaglianza) as (so)... as; (con un compar. di maggioranza) than: mio fratello è alto come me, my brother is as tall as me (o as I am); non è ( così) ingenuo come sembra, he isn't as simple as he seems; siamo arrivati più tardi di come avevamo previsto, we got there later than we expected; l'esame è andato meglio di come pensassi, I did better than I'd expected in the exam // Nelle similitudini: bianco come la neve, as white as snow; duro come il ferro, as hard as iron; il mare era liscio come l'olio, the sea was as smooth as glass5 ( in qualità di) as: ti parlo come amico, non come medico, I'm talking to you as a friend, not (as) a doctor; l'hanno citato come testimone, he was cited as a witness; tutti lo vorrebbero come socio, everyone would like him as a partner; come avvocato, non vale un gran che, as a lawyer, he isn't up to much6 ( nel modo in cui) as: ho fatto come hai voluto tu, I did as you wanted; non fare come me, don't do as I did; tutto è andato come speravamo, everything went as we'd hoped; non sempre si può fare come si vuole, you can't always do as you like; lascia le cose come stanno, leave things as they are7 ( per indicare somiglianza) like; ( nelle esemplificazioni) such as: indossava un abito come questo, she was wearing a dress like this one; correva come un pazzo, he was running like mad; è ingegnere come suo padre, he's an engineer, like his father; si è comportato come un vero signore, he behaved like a true gentleman; l'appartamento mi è costato qualcosa come 50.000 euro, the flat cost me something like 50,000 euros; non ti si presenterà più un'occasione come questa, you won't get another chance like this; c'erano famosi giornalisti e scrittori, come..., there were famous writers and reporters, such as...; in Lombardia ci sono bellissimi laghi, come il Lago Maggiore, il Lago di Como,..., there are some lovely lakes in Lombardy, such as Lake Maggiore, Lake Como,...8 (spesso in correl. con così, tanto) as; both... and; as well as: ( tanto) di giorno come di notte, by day as by night (o both by day and night o by day as well as by night); tanto il padre come la madre sono americani, his father and mother are both American; tanto gli uni come gli altri, both; tanto i greci come i romani..., both the Greeks and the Romans... (o the Greeks as well as the Romans...) // come pure, as well as: New York, come pure Londra, è un grande porto fluviale, New York is a great river port, as well as (o as is) London.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: oggi come oggi, as things are at present // vecchio com'è, old as he is // io come io, non accetterei, if it were me, I'd refuse // 6 sta a 3 come 10 sta a 5, 6 is to 3 as 10 is to 5 // come non detto, forget it // com'è vero che..., as sure as... // come segue, as follows // come sopra, as above // (comm.): come d'accordo, as agreed; come da campione, as per sample; come da copia acclusa, see enclosed copy; come da vostra richiesta, as requested.◆ cong.1 ( con valore temporale) as, as soon as: come mi vide, mi buttò le braccia al collo, as soon as she saw me, she threw her arms round my neck; come avvertì i primi sintomi, telefonò al medico, as soon as she noticed the first symptoms, she telephoned the doctor; come arrivavano, i candidati venivano condotti ai loro posti, as they arrived, the candidates were shown to their places2 ( con valore dichiarativo) that: tutti sanno come la Luna sia un satellite della Terra, everyone knows (that) the Moon is a satellite of the Earth3 come se, as if, as though: continuava a parlare, come se non sentisse quello che gli dicevo, he went on talking, as if (o as though) he hadn't heard what I said; come se fosse facile..., as if it were easy...◆ s.m.: il come e il perché, the whys and wherefores // volle sapere il come e il quando, he wanted to know the ins and outs.* * *['kome]1. avv1) (alla maniera di, nel modo che) as, like (davanti a sostantivo, pronome)a scuola come a casa — both at school and at home, at school as well as at home
non hanno accettato il progetto: come dire che siamo fregati — they didn't accept the plan: which means we've had it
2) (in quale modo: interrogativo, esclamativo) hownon hanno accettato il mio assegno — come mai? — they didn't accept my cheque — whyever not?
come?; come dici? — pardon? Brit, sorry?, excuse me? Am, what did you say?
com'è il tuo amico? — what's your friend like?
3)mi piace come scrive — I like the way he writes, I like his style of writing4) (in qualità di) ascome presidente, dirò che... — speaking as your president I must say that...
5)come è brutto! — how ugly he (o it) is!6)See:così,2. cong1)mi scrisse come si era rotto un braccio — he wrote to tell me about how he had broken an arm2) (quanto) how3) (correlativo) as, (con comparativi di maggioranza) thanè meglio/peggio di come mi aspettavo — it is better/worse than I expected
4) (appena che, quando) as soon ascome arrivò si mise a lavorare — as soon as he arrived he set to work, no sooner had he arrived than he set to work
come se n'è andato, tutti sono scoppiati a ridere — as soon as he left, everyone burst out laughing
5)la trattano come (se) fosse la loro schiava — they treat her like a slave o as if she were their slave
3. sm invnon so dirti il come e il quando di tutta questa faccenda — I couldn't tell you how and when all this happened
* * *['kome] 1.2) come mai, com'è che colloq. how come5) (nel modo in cui, allo stesso modo di) ascome sempre — as ever, the same as always
ecco come è successo — it happened like this, this is what happened
non è intelligente come te — he is not as o so intelligent as you
trattare qcn. come un bambino — to treat sb. like a child
8) (quanto)9) (quale) such as, likecittà come Roma e Milano — such cities as o cities such as Rome and Milan
10) (in qualità di, con la funzione di) ascome esempio di — as an instance o example of
come ben sai — as you well know o know full well
12) (nello spelling)13) (intensivo)avaro com'è, non ti darà nulla — he's so mean, he won't give you anything
14) come da as per2.come da istruzioni — as requested, as per your instructions
1) (quasi)mi guardò come per dire "te l'avevo detto" — he looked at me as if to say "I told you so"
2) come se as if3) (non appena) as, as soon as4) (che) how, that3.sostantivo maschileil come e il perché di qcs. — the how and the why of sth
••come non detto — forget it, never mind
* * *come/'kome/I avverbio1 (nelle interrogative) come stai? how are you? come ti chiami? what's your name? come si scrive? how do you spell it? sapere come fare to know how to do; com'è John? what is John like? com'è la casa? what does the house look like? come? excuse me? pardon? sorry? come hai detto? what did you say?2 come mai, com'è che colloq. how come3 (nelle esclamative) come sei gentile! how kind of you! come sei cresciuto! haven't you grown! how you've grown! come ci siamo divertiti! what a great time we had! (ma) come! what! come no! of course! sure!4 (similmente a) come la maggior parte delle persone like most people; in una situazione come questa in such a situation; un cappello come quello a hat like that one5 (nel modo in cui, allo stesso modo di) as; fai come me do as I do; ha fatto come gli ho detto he did it the way I told him; (fai) come vuoi do as you like; come avevamo deciso as we had agreed; come sempre as ever, the same as always; come al solito as usual; come segue as follows6 (il modo in cui) ecco come è successo it happened like this, this is what happened; per come la vedo io as I see it7 (in paragoni) nero come il carbone as black as coal; è intelligente come te he is as intelligent as you; non è intelligente come te he is not as o so intelligent as you; trattare qcn. come un bambino to treat sb. like a child; è più facile di come pensavo it's easier than I thought8 (quanto) di giorno come di notte by day as well as by night; tanto qui come all'estero both here and abroad9 (quale) such as, like; in un paese come l'Italia in a country like Italy; città come Roma e Milano such cities as o cities such as Rome and Milan10 (in qualità di, con la funzione di) as; lavorare come insegnante to work as a teacher; presentarsi come candidato to stand as a candidate; come esempio di as an instance o example of; cosa c'è come dessert? what's for dessert?11 (in proposizioni incidentali) come ben sai as you well know o know full well; come potete vedere as you can see12 (nello spelling) T come Tom T for Tom13 (intensivo) avaro com'è, non ti darà nulla he's so mean, he won't give you anything14 come da as per; come da istruzioni as requested, as per your instructions; come da programma according to scheduleII congiunzione1 (quasi) rispettala come fosse tua madre respect her as though she were your mother; mi guardò come per dire "te l'avevo detto" he looked at me as if to say "I told you so"2 come se as if; si comporta come se fosse a casa sua he acts like he owns the place; si sono comportati come se niente fosse they behaved as if nothing had happened3 (non appena) as, as soon as; come si è fatto buio sono tornato a casa as it went dark I came back home; come giro le spalle as soon as my back is turned4 (che) how, that; mi ha detto come l'ha trovato he told me how he had found itIII sostantivo m.il come e il perché di qcs. the how and the why of sth.come non detto forget it, never mind; come minimo at the very least.\See also notes... (come.pdf) -
115 rapporto
m resoconto reportrelazione relationshipnesso connection, linkrapporti pl interpersonali personal relationshipsavere rapporti pl di lavoro con qualcuno be a colleague of someone, work with someonein rapporto a in connection withle due cose sono in rapporto the two things are related or connected* * *rapporto s.m.1 ( relazione scritta o orale) report; statement; account: il rapporto ufficiale di un comitato al Parlamento, the official report of a committee to Parliament; stendere, fare un rapporto, to draw up, to make a report; fece un lungo e dettagliato rapporto sulle sue ricerche, he made a long and detailed report on his research; rapporto di polizia, police report; il rapporto mensile di una banca, the monthly statement of a bank; rapporto sulle vendite, sales report; fare rapporto ai superiori, to report to one's superiors; ho fatto rapporto su di lui al suo direttore, I reported him to his manager // andare a rapporto da qlcu., to report to s.o.: andò a rapporto dal comandante, he reported to his commanding officer // chiamare qlcu. a rapporto, to summon s.o., (mil.) to tell s.o. to report // mettersi a rapporto con qlcu., to ask for a hearing from s.o.2 ( relazione, connessione) relation, relationship; connection: rapporti sociali, social relations; rapporti di amicizia, friendly relations; rapporti fra padre e figli, father-child relationship; rapporti d'affari, business relations (o dealings); rapporti commerciali tra paesi diversi, commercial (o trade) relations between different countries; rapporto di lavoro, employer-employee relationship; rapporti tra direzione e maestranze, industrial (o labour) relations; (amm.) indennità di fine rapporto, severance pay; i rapporti fra loro sono piuttosto tesi, their relations are rather strained; non c'è alcun rapporto tra queste due cose, there is no connection (o relation) between these two things; le tue parole non hanno alcun rapporto con questo problema, what you say has no relation (o connection) with (o bears no relation to) this problem; avere rapporti con qlcu., to have relations with s.o.: ho avuto solo rapporti d'affari con lui, I have had only business relations with him; l'Italia non ha mai avuto nessun rapporto con quel paese, Italy has never had any relations with that country; essere in buoni rapporti con qlcu., to be on good terms with s.o.; mettere qlcu. in rapporto con qlcu., to put s.o. in touch with s.o.; mettersi in rapporto con qlcu., to get in touch with s.o.; mettersi in rapporto d'affari con qlcu., to enter into a business relationship with s.o.; rompere i rapporti, to sever (o to break off) relations; rompere i rapporti con una ditta, to break off connections with a firm // vedere, mettere un fatto in rapporto con un altro, to relate one fact to another // in rapporto a, in relation to (o in connection with o with reference to); cosa mi sai dire in rapporto alla questione dello scandalo?, what can you tell me about (o as regards) the scandal? // sotto questo rapporto, in this respect; sotto tutti i rapporti, in every respect (o from all points of view) // rapporto di causalità, relation of cause and effect, ( come problema giuridico) causation3 rapporto ( sessuale), (sexual) intercourse, sex; avere rapporti ( sessuali), to have (sexual) intercourse (o sex)4 (mat., mecc. ecc.) ratio*: calcolare il rapporto tra gli abitanti e la superficie, to calculate the ratio between inhabitants and area; uomini e donne sono in rapporto di uno a tre, the ratio of men to women is one to three; rapporto incrementale, ratio of increment; (aer.) rapporto di contrazione, contraction ratio; (aer.) rapporto di funzionamento, slip function; rapporto di lavoro, work ratio; (chim.) rapporto di riflusso, reflux ratio; (elettr.) rapporto di trasformazione, ratio of transformation; (mecc.) rapporto di trasmissione, gear ratio; (mecc.) rapporto totale di trasmissione, overall gear ratio; (fot.) rapporto tra il diametro e la lunghezza focale, aperture ratio // (econ.): rapporto di mercato, di scambio, market ratio; rapporto di indebitamento, leverage (o gearing ratio); rapporto di cassa, cash ratio; rapporto di liquidità, liquidity (o current) ratio; rapporto capitale-prodotto, capital-output ratio; rapporto tra utili e dividendi, divident cover (o payout ratio); rapporto utile-fatturato, profit-to-turnover ratio; rapporto vendite-capitale, (amer.) equity turnover // (fin.) rapporti di cambio, exchange rates // (geol.) rapporto di età, age ratio5 ( confronto) comparison: non c'è rapporto fra la sua competenza e la mia, there's no comparison between his competence and mine; in rapporto al, con il primo, il suo secondo libro è sicuramente migliore, compared with his first book, the second is definitely better6 (inform.) report: rapporto di intervento, call report; rapporto di segnalazione anomalie, exception report.* * *[rap'pɔrto]sostantivo maschile1) (resoconto) report2) (relazione) relationship, relation- i commerciali — business o trade relations
essere in rapporto con qcn. — to be in contact with sb.
rompere i -i con qcn. — to break with o break away from sb.
essere in buoni, cattivi -i con qcn. — to be on good, bad terms with sb.
3) (nesso, collegamento) connection, linknon avere alcun rapporto con — to have no connection o nothing to do with
4)- i sessuali — sexual intercourse, sex
avere dei -i con qcn. — to have sex o intercourse with sb
5) mat. ratio*il rapporto uomini/donne è di tre a uno — the ratio of men to women is three to one
6) mecc. gear7) mil.chiamare a rapporto qcn. — to debrief sb
8) in rapporto a in relation to, with relation to•* * *rapporto/rap'pɔrto/sostantivo m.1 (resoconto) report; rapporto ufficiale official report2 (relazione) relationship, relation; - i commerciali business o trade relations; non c'è alcun rapporto di parentela tra loro they're not related; essere in rapporto con qcn. to be in contact with sb.; rompere i -i con qcn. to break with o break away from sb.; essere in buoni, cattivi -i con qcn. to be on good, bad terms with sb.; rapporto di lavoro working relationship3 (nesso, collegamento) connection, link; non avere alcun rapporto con to have no connection o nothing to do with5 mat. ratio*; in un rapporto 1 a 10 in a ratio of 1 to 10; il rapporto uomini/donne è di tre a uno the ratio of men to women is three to one6 mecc. gear7 mil. chiamare a rapporto qcn. to debrief sb.8 in rapporto a in relation to, with relation torapporto di causalità chain of causation; rapporto epistolare correspondence. -
116 tomon
side; direction, area; towards. tomonini ol to side with, to take the side of. tomonidan from, on the part of, by; on behalf of; concerning, with regard to. tomonli sided; (coming) from; siding with, ally of. Farg’ona tomonli kishi a person from the Farghona area. sizlar tomonda where you live/are from. maishiy tomondan with respect to everyday life. ikkinchi tomondan from another side, in addition. shu tomondan from this regard. g’alaba biz tomonda victory is on our side. sifat tomonidan with respect to quality -
117 szanować się
vr( mieć poczucie własnej godności) to have self-respect; ( poważać jeden drugiego) to respect one anotherThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > szanować się
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118 aequalis
aequālis, e, adj. [aequo], that can be put on an equality with; conseq., equal, like; constr. with dat., absol. and as subst. with gen. (syn.: aequus, aequabilis, planus, par, similis).I.Lit.:II.partem pedis esse aequalom alteri parti,
Cic. Or. 56, 188:paupertatem divitiis etiam inter homines aequalem esse,
id. Leg. 2, 10, 24:aequalem se faciens Deo,
Vulg. Joan. 5, 18:aequales angelis sunt,
like, ib. Luc. 20, 36:nec enim aut linguā aut moribus aequales abhorrere (Bastarnas a Scordiscis),
Liv. 40, 57, 7:ut sententiae sint membris aequalibus,
Quint. 9, 3, 80:aequalis ponderis erunt omnes,
Vulg. Exod. 30, 34; ib. Deut. 19, 7; ib. Apoc. 21, 16.—As subst. with gen.:Creticus et ejus aequalis Paeon,
Cic. Or. 64, 215. (Another constr., v. II.)—Hence,Transf.A. 1.Of persons.a.Of the same age, equal in years: cum neque me aspicere aequales dignarent meae. Pac. ap. Non. 470, 20 (Trag. Rel. p. 97 Rib.): patris cognatum atque aequalem, Archidemidem, nostine? Ter Eun. 2, 3, 35:b.adulescens ita dilexi senem, ut aequalem,
Cic. Sen. 4, 10:P. Orbius, meus fere aequalis,
id. Brut. 48 init.:Aristides aequalis fere ruit Themistocli,
Nep. Arist. 1 al. —In gen., contemporary, coeval; and subst., a contemporary, without definite reference to equality in age;c.Livius (Andronicus) Ennio aequalis fuit,
Cic. Brut. 18:Philistus aequalis illorum temporum,
id. Div 1, 20; Liv. 8, 40.—In the comic poets, esp. in connection with amicus, of the same age:2.O amice salve mi atque aequalis, ut vales?
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 10; 2, 2, 50; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 8; so id. Ad. 3, 4, 26:ne cuiquam suorum aequalium supplex siet,
id. Phorm. 5, 6, 47.—Of things, coexal, coexistent, etc.:B.Deiotari benevolentia in populum Romanum est ipsius aequalis aetati,
is as old as himself, has grown up with him, Cic. Phil. 11, 13:in memoriam notam et aequalem incurro,
i. e. which belongs to our time, id. Brut. 69; id. Leg. 1, 2: ne istud Juppiter sierit urbem in aeternum conditam fragili huic et mortali corpori aequalem esse, i. e. should exist for an equally short time, Liv 28, 28.—Rarely with cum:aequali tecum pubesceret aevo,
Verg. A. 3, 491:fuit cum ea cupressus aequalis,
Plin. 16, 44, 86, § 236.—That can be compared in respect to size or form; of equal size, looking alike, resembling, similar:C.florentes aequali corpore Nymphae,
Verg. Cir. 435:chorus aequalis Dryadum,
a chorus of Dryads alike, id. G. 4, 460.—Uniform, equable, unvarying; virtutes sunt inter se aequales et pares, Cic. de Or, 1, 18;3, 14, 55: nil aequale homini fuit illi,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 9:imber lentior aequaliorque,
and more uniform, Liv. 24, 46:aequali ictu freta scindere, Ov M. 11, 463: Euphranor in quocumque genere excellens ac sibi aequalis,
always equal to himself, Plin. 35, 11, 37, § 128:opus aequali quadam mediocritate,
Quint. 10, 1, 54.—Hence, but rarely, = aequus, of place, equal, uniform, level, smooth, even, plain, both in a horizontal and ascending direction:loca,
Sall. J. 79:terra,
Ov. M. 1, 34:gentes esse sine naribus aequali totius oris planitie,
Plin. 6, 30, 35, § 187:mons aequali dorso continuus,
Tac. A. 4, 47.— Comp. prob. not used.—* Sup.:aequalissima porticus,
Tert. Anim. 17.— Adv.: aequālĭter, equally, uniformly, in the same manner, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 70; id. Ac. 2, 11; id. Lael. 16, 58; Caes. B. G. 2, 18; Vulg. Deut. 19, 3; ib. 1 Par. 24, 31; ib. Sap. 6, 8.— Comp., Tac. A. 15, 21.— Sup. not used. -
119 ante
antĕ (old form anti, whence antidea, antideo, antidhac; v. antea, anteeo, and antehac) [Gr. anti, over against, facing, anta, antên; Sanscr. anti = over against; Germ. ant- in Ant-wort = Goth. anda-vaurdi, an answer, anda-nahti, the night before], prep. and adv. (acc. to Max. Victor. p. 1953, as prep. with the grave accent; as adv. with the acute on the last syl.).I.Prep. with acc., before (syn.: prae, pro).A.In space, or trop. in regard to estimation, judgment, or rank (usu. only of objects at rest. while prae is used of those in motion; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 21; v. exceptions infra).1.In space:2.quem ante aedīs video,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 136:ante ostium Me audivit stare,
Ter. And. 3, 1, 16; so Vulg. Lev. 1, 5:Ornatas paulo ante fores,
Juv. 6, 227; so Vulg. Num. 3, 26:ante meum limen,
Juv. 11, 190:ante suum fundum,
Cic. Mil. 10:ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur,
id. Off. 3, 14, 58:ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras,
Ov. M. 8, 480; so Verg. A. 1, 344; 3, 545; Juv. 10, 268:ante altaria,
id. 8, 155; so Vulg. Deut. 26, 4; ib. Matt. 5, 24. —Of persons:ante hosce deos erant arulae,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3:quīs ante ora patrum contigit oppetere,
Verg. A. 1, 95; id. G. 4, 477:ipsius unam (navem) ante oculos pontus in puppim ferit,
id. A. 1, 114; 2, 531; 2, 773:ante se statuit funditores,
Liv. 42, 58:Flos Asiae ante ipsum,
Juv. 5, 56; Vulg. Matt. 17, 2:si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos,
Juv. 8, 11.— Trop.:ante oculos collocata,
Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 192:ante oculos errat domus,
Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 57: [p. 128] causam ante eum diceret, before him as judge, Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 9:donec stet ante judicium,
Vulg. Josh. 20, 6; ib. Marc. 13, 9.—And in eccl. Lat., after the Heb. and Hel. Gr., before, in the sight of, in the judgment of:ante Dominum vilior fiam,
Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 21 sq.:non te justifices ante Deum,
ib. Eccli. 7, 5:justi ambo ante Deum,
ib. Luc. 1, 6;and fully: fecit Asa rectum ante conspectum Domini,
ib. 3 Reg. 15, 11; ib. Apoc. 12, 10.—Hence, homines ante pedes (in later Lat.), servants; cf. the annotators upon Juv. 7, 143.—With verbs of motion:ante me ito,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 70:equitatum omnem ante se mittit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:ante ceteras cohortes extra aciem procurrere,
id. B. C. 1, 55:praecurrit ante omnes,
id. ib. 2, 34; so Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Liv. 7, 41; 45, 40 al.; Vulg. Lev. 27, 11; ib. 1 Reg. 12, 2.—Trop. of preference in judgment, or regulations in respect to rank, before (this is properly the signification of prae, q. v.; hence more rare than that, and never used by Cic.): quem ante me diligo, before myself, more than myself, Balbus ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15.—So ante aliquem esse, to surpass, excel any one:a.facundiā Graecos, gloriā belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse,
Sall. C. 53, 3, ubi v. Corte and Kritz:tum me vero et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores esse,
superior to, Liv. 35, 14:necessitas ante rationem est,
necessity knows no law, Curt. 7, 7, 10.—Hence very freq. (but mostly poet. and post-class.),Ante alios, ante omnes, ante ceteros, etc., before others, before all, etc., to designate a comparative relation;b.also sometimes, for the sake of emphasis, with comparatives and superlatives: tibi, Neptune, ante alios deos gratias ago,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 5; so Ov. M. 10, 120:scito illum ante omnīs minumi mortalem preti,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 8:tua ante omnes experientia,
Tac. A. 2, 76; 1, 27; Liv. 1, 9:Junoni ante omnīs candentis vaccae media inter cornua (pateram) fundit,
Verg. A. 4, 59:Ipse est ante omnes,
Vulg. Col. 1, 17:O felix una ante alias Priameïa virgo,
Verg. A. 3, 321:ante omnes furor est insignis equarum,
id. G. 3, 266:scelere ante alios immanior omnīs,
id. A. 1, 347; Liv. 5, 42:ante alios pulcherrimus omnīs Turnus,
Verg. A. 7, 55; so Nep. Att. 3, 3; Liv. 1, 15; cf. Rudd. II. p. 82; II. p. 101; II. p. 305.—Ante omnia.(α).Before all things, first of all:(β).alvus ante omnia ducitur,
Cels. 7, 30:oportet autem ante omnia os nudare,
id. 8, 2:Ante omnia instituit, ut etc.,
Suet. Ner. 32; id. Calig. 21:Ante omnia autem, fratres, etc.,
Vulg. Jac. 5, 12; ib. 1 Petr. 4, 8.—Comparatively, above all, especially, chiefty:(γ).publica maestitia eo ante omnia insignis, quia matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,
Liv. 2, 7; 7, 4:quae natura multis et ante omnia ursis,
Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125:dulces ante omnia Musae,
the Muses pleasing above all things, Verg. G. 2, 475; id. E. 2, 72:deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum,
Juv. 10, 191.—In entering upon the discussion of several particulars, or in adducing arguments, first of all, in the first place (similar to ac primum quidem, kai prôton men oun; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 4, 2, 4):B.ante omnia quid sit rhetorice,
Quint. 2, 15, 1:ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit,
id. 10, 2, 4; so id. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 40; 4, 2, 52; 5, 13, 6; 9, 1, 23.—Of time.1.Before: ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 13; cf.a.Dirks. Transl. 177 sq.: ante lucem a portu me praemisisti domum,
Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 55; so Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 259; id. Inv. 2, 4, 15; Suet. Galb. 22; Vulg. Luc. 24, 22:ante diem caupo sciet,
Juv. 9, 108:ante brumam,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 28:ante noctem,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 51:pereundum erit ante lucernas,
Juv. 10, 339:ante haec omnia,
Vulg. Luc. 21, 12.— The designation of time is often expressed paraphrastically.By a person who lived at the time:b.jam ante Socratem,
before the time of, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44:qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini,
before me, before my time, id. Cat. 4, 3:ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,
Verg. G. 1, 125:vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi,
Hor. C. 4, 9, 25:ante Helenam,
id. S. 1, 3, 107:ante se,
Tac. H. 1, 50:quod ante eum nemo,
Suet. Caes. 26 al. —By other objects pertaining to a particular time: ante hoc factum, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 64:2.ante has meas litteras,
i. e. before the receipt of this letter, Cic. Fam. 13, 17:per hunc castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro,
Liv. 1, 59:ante mare et terras, et quod tegit omnia, caelum,
Ov. M. 1, 5:ante sidus fervidum,
Hor. Epod. 1, 27:ante cibum,
id. S. 1, 10, 61, and Juv. 6, 428:Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta,
before their A B C, id. 14, 209:cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?
Verg. A. 11, 424:Tecum prius ergo voluta Haec ante tubas,
Juv. 1, 169.—Also by the designation of the office of a person:ante aedilitatem meam,
Cic. Att. 12, 17:ante sceptrum Dictaei regis,
Verg. G. 2, 536:ante imperium ducis,
Flor. 4, 2, 66:relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante regnum susceptis,
Just. 2, 10.—And by the designation of office in app. to the person:mortuus est ante istum praetorem,
Cic. Verr. 1, 45, 115:docuerant fabulas ante hos consules,
id. Brut. 18, 73:cum ante illum imperatorem clipeis uterentur,
Nep. Iphicr. 1, 3:quos ante se imperatorem nemo ausus sit aspicere,
id. Epam. 8, 3.—A part. perf. or fut. pass. is freq. added to such substantives for the sake of explanation:ante hanc urbem conditam,
before the founding of this city, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (opp. post urbem conditam):non multo ante urbem captam,
id. Div. 1, 45:ante Epaminondam natum,
Nep. Epam. 10, 4:ante te cognitum multis orantibus opem tuli,
Sall. J. 110, 2:ante decemviros creatos,
Liv. 3, 53 al. —Hence particular phrases.a.Ante tempus,(α).Before the right time:(β).ante tempus excitatis suis,
Liv. 31, 36.—Before the appointed, proper, or lawful time:b.factus est consul bis, primum ante tempus,
Cic. Lael. 3:honores et ante tempus et quosdam novi generis cepit,
Suet. Aug. 26:venisti ante tempus torquere nos?
Vulg. Matt. 8, 29 (cf. annus, II. D.).—Ante diem, poet.,(α).Before the time:(β).Caesaribus virtus contigit ante diem,
Ov. A. A. 1, 184:ante diem vultu gressuque superbo Vicerat aequales,
Stat. S. 2, 1, 108.—Before the time destined by fate:c.filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos,
Ov. M. 1, 148:hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras,
id. ib. 6, 675; id. A. A. 3, 739:sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 697 (cf. Soph. Antig. 461: ei de tou chronou prosthen thanoumai). —Ante hunc diem, with a negative:3.istunc hominem numquam audivi ante hunc diem,
never before this day, never until now, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 60; 4, 2, 7:neque umquam ante hunc diem,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 19; 5, 4, 23:Novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum ad te Q. Tubero detulit,
Cic. Lig. 1, 1 (cf. Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 17: neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius). —Ante diem (abbrev. a. d.) with an ordinal number gives the date, not of the foregoing, but of the present day; e. g. ante diem quintum (a. d. V.) Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the calends of April. Orig. the ante belonged to Kalendas, and they said either, ante die quinto Kalendas (i. e. die quinto ante Kalendas), or ante diem quintum Kalendas; the latter phraseology became the prevailing one, and ante diem, being considered as one word, the prepp. in and ex could be prefixed; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 12; Duker ad Liv. 27, 23; Rudd. II. p. 291; Madv. Gr. Suppl. I.; Drak. ad Liv. 45, 2, 12: me ante diem XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis fuisse, the thirteenth before the calends of January, i. e. the 20 th of Dec., Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 20: ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres, the 21 st of Oct.: ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres, the 27 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3: ante diem VIII. Kalendas Decembres, the 24 th of Nov., id. Phil. 3, 8: a. d. IV. Id. Mart. (ante diem quartum Idus Martias), i. e. the 12 th of March, Liv. 40, 59: ante diem III. Non. Jan. M. Cicero natus est, i. e. on the 3 d of Jan., Gell. 15, 28 al.:4.in ante diem quartum Kal. Dec. distulit,
Cic. Phil. 3, 8: caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kal. Nov., to the 28 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3:ex ante diem VII. Id. Febr.,
Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1: nuntii venerant ex ante diem Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., from the 3 d of June, Cic. Att. 3, 17:supplicatio indicta est ante diem V. Id. Oct. cum eo die in quinque dies,
Liv. 45, 2, 12.—Sometimes to designate the whole time until the passing moment:5.ante id tempus et mari et terrā duces erant Lace daemonii,
Nep. Arist. 2, 3:qui honos huic uni ante id tempus contigit,
id. Timoth. 2, 3:invictus ante eam diem fuerat,
Curt. 5, 3, 22.—Ante annos, before the destined time:6.Ante suos annos occidit,
Ov. Am. 2, 2, 46:Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem,
beyond his years, Verg. A. 9, 311 (cf.:suos annos praeterire,
Sil. 4, 428; and:annos transcendere factis,
id. 2, 348). —Ante hoc, for antea, antehac, belongs to the later Latin:II.ante hoc incognita,
Luc. 6, 116:ante hoc domūs pars videntur,
Tac. G. 13.Adv., of space and time (the latter most freq.).A.Of space, before, in front, forwards: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 9:B.fluvius ab tergo, ante circaque velut ripa praeceps oram ejus omnem cingebat,
Liv. 27, 18; 22, 5:coronatus stabit et ante calix,
Tib. 2, 5, 98:plena oculis et ante et retro,
Vulg. Apoc. 4, 6.—Of motion (cf. supra, I. A. 1.):si aut manibus ingrediatur quis aut non ante, sed retro,
Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque,
Verg. G. 3, 552.—1.. Of time, before, previously (always in reference to another past time, while ante as prep. is used in reference to the present).a.With verbs:b.nonne oportuit Praescīsse me ante,
Ter. And. 1, 5, 4:id te oro, ut ante eamus,
id. ib. 3, 3, 24;very freq. in Cic.: quod utinam illi ante accidisset,
Cic. Phil. 11, 14:quae ante acta sunt,
id. Verr. 1, 109:sicut ante fecimus,
Vulg. Jos. 8, 5; ib. Jud. 16, 20:fructus omnis ante actae vitae,
Cic. Marcell. 3; so Ov. M. 12, 115, and Tac. A. 6, 16:apud vos ante feci mentionem,
Cic. Agr. 3, 4:faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis ante factum,
id. Verr. 1, 55; Verg. E. 9, 63; Juv. 3, 243; 15, 320:illud de quo ante dixi,
Cic. Sex. Rosc. 116:quos ante dixi,
id. Off. 2, 14, 50:ut ante dixi,
id. Imp. Pomp. 16; id. Mil. 45:quem ad modum ante dixi,
id. Sex. Rosc. 91:additis, quae ante deliquerant,
Tac. A. 6, 9:filium ante sublatum brevi amisit,
id. Agr. 6; id. G. 10; id. A. 11, 7; id. H. 2, 43.—And often accomp. by jam:acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 49; id. Marcell. 12; id. Verr. 2, 23.—Rarely accomp. by saepe.:ut saepe ante fecerant,
Cic. Balb. 40; id. Rab. Post. 13.—Rarely with adjj.:c.non filius ante pudicus,
Juv. 3, 111:quos acciverat, incertum, experiens an et ante gnavos,
Tac. A. 14, 7.—Often with substt. in the abl. or acc. for a more accurate designation of time (cf. also abhinc with the abl. and acc.; in these cases ante was considered by the ancient critics as a prep., which could also govern the abl.; cf. Charis. p. 209 P.; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 30. The position of ante is sometimes before and sometimes after the subst., and sometimes between the numeral and the subst.):d.illos septem et multis ante saeculis Lycurgum accepimus fuisse sapientes,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7:etsi perpaucis ante diebus (i. e. before the departure of Theophilus, of whom mention is afterwards made) dederam Q. Mucio litteras ad te,
id. Fam. 4, 9:paucis diebus ante,
id. Phil. 2, 40:viginti annis ante,
id. Lael. 12, 42:voverat eam annis undecim ante,
Liv. 40, 52, 4 (cf. id. 40, 51:quae bello Ligustico ante annis octo vovisset): optimum erit ante annum scrobes facere,
a year before, Col. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7:Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt,
a year before the fall of Troy, Just. 18, 3, 5:ante quadriennium amissus es,
four years previously, Tac. Agr. 45:aliquot ante annos,
Suet. Caes. 12; v. id. ib. 81 al.—With the advv. multo, paulo, aliquanto, tanto, quanto, and rarely permultum:2.multo ante prospexi tempestatem futuram,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:haud multo ante adventum,
Tac. Agr. 18.—And in the order ante multo:ante multo a te didicerimus,
Cic. Sen. 2, 6:Venisti paulo ante in senatum,
id. Cat. 1, 7, 16; id. Marcell. 7; id. Mil. 7; Tac. G. 41; id. H. 3, 68; Suet. Caes. 21; Vulg. Sap. 15, 8; ib. 2 Macc. 3, 30;6, 29 et saep.—And in the order ante paulo: quae ante paulo perbreviter attigi,
Cic. Rep. 2, 4:profectus est aliquanto ante furorem Catilinae,
id. Sull. 20, 56 bis; id. Verr. 1, 149.—And in the order ante aliquanto: ante aliquanto quam tu natus es, Cic. Fam. [p. 129] 10, 4; id. Vatin. 25; id. Verr. 2, 46:tanto ante praedixeras,
id. Phil. 2, 33:quod si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 34; 5, 78, 89; id. Cat. 3, 17; id. de Or. 1, 7, 26; so Quint. 2, 4, 28:quanto ante providerit,
Cic. Sest. 8:permultum ante certior factus eram litteris,
id. Fam. 3, 11; cf. Prisc. p. 1191 P.—Followed by quam (written also as one word, antequam; the form prius quam was more freq. in archaic Latin), sooner than; before.a.With ind. pres.:b.ante quam doceo id factum non esse, libet mihi,
Cic. Quinct. 48:ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam,
id. Cat. 4, 20; id. Mil. 7; id. Deiot. 7; id. Clu. 6.—With ind. perf.:c.memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum disserere,
Cic. Lael. 3, 11:anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius,
id. Brut. 18, 72:ante aliquanto quam tu natus es,
id. Fam. 10, 3:neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit,
Liv. 39, 10:ante quam ille est factus inimicus,
Cic. Phil. 12, 9.—Rarely with fut. perf.:d.ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet quam potuerit tempus ei rei datum suspicari,
Cic. Phil. 11, 24:neque defatigabor ante quam... percepero,
id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—With subj. pres.:e.ante quam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium mittet,
Cic. Agr. 2, 53:hac lege ante omnia veniunt, quam gleba una ematur,
id. ib. 2, 71; id. Sest. 15; id. Phil. 1, 1; Verg. E. 1, 60 sqq.; Vulg. Gen. 11, 4; ib. 4 Reg. 2, 9; ib. Matt. 6, 8.—With subj. imperf.:f.Romae et ad urbem, ante quam proficisceretur, quaerere coepit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 167:qui (sol) ante quam se abderet, fugientem vidit Antonium,
id. Phil. 14, 27; 8, 1; id. Verr. 4, 147; Vulg. Gen. 2, 5; 13, 10; ib. Matt. 1, 18; ib. Joan. 8, 58.—With subj. perf.:g.ante vero quam sit ea res adlata, laetitiā frui satis est,
Cic. Phil. 14, 1:domesticum malum opprimit ante quam prospicere potueris,
id. Verr. 1, 39; id. Sull. 44; id. Planc. 40:nec ante vincere desierint quam Rubro mari inclusis quod vincerent defuerit,
Liv. 42, 52:nec ante (barbam capillumque) dempserit quam vindicāsset,
Suet. Caes. 67.—With subj. pluperf.:h.se ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperāsse etc.,
Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 71:qui ante quam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi,
Cic. Planc. 98:ut consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum capere licuisset,
id. Imp. Pomp. 62; id. Quinct. 9; id. Verr. 2, 55; 2, 171.—With inf.:i.dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere, quam ad hanc rationem devenire,
Cic. Quinct. 54.—With part.:3.armati nullum ante finem pugnae quam morientes fecerunt,
Liv. 21, 15, 4 (on the use of these different constructions, v. Roby, §§ 1671, 1462, 1672 etc.; Draeger, Hist. Synt. II. pp. 589 sqq.;and esp. Fischer, Gr. § 621). —In the poets sometimes with quam before ante: Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas Temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante,
Lucr. 3, 972:Non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, Ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim,
Tib. 4, 7, 8; Mart. 9, 36, 6.—Also in the poets sometimes pleon. ante—prius—quam:sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo,
Verg. A. 4, 24; so,prius—quam— ante: Aut prius infecto deposcit praemia cursu, Septima quam metam triverit ante rota?
Prop. 3, 20, 25.—For the designation of order, foll. by tum, deinde, etc., first, in the first place (only in later Lat. for the class. primum):4.ut ante caput, deinde reliqua pars auferatur,
Cels. 7, 29:et ante dicam de his, quae, etc.: tum, etc.,
id. 5, 26:ante tonderi... deinde... tum, etc.,
id. 6, 6, 8; so Plin. 34, 13, 34, § 131 dub.—Very rarely used as adj. (in imitation of the Greek):III.neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum,
earlier, previous ills, Verg. A. 1, 198 (cf. tôn paros kakôn, Soph. O. T. 1423):ille elegit, qui recipit ante meliorem,
Quint. Decl. 1, 14; cf. Liv. 24, 82, 5 (on this use of the adv., v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 76, 5).In composition.A. B. C. D.In designations of time only with adjj. and advv.: antelucanus, antemeridianus, antehac, antelucio.With verbs, ante is more correctly written separately: ante actus, ante factus, ante gestus, ante paro, etc., although editions differ in this respect. V. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 361-390, and pp. 394-402. -
120 anti
antĕ (old form anti, whence antidea, antideo, antidhac; v. antea, anteeo, and antehac) [Gr. anti, over against, facing, anta, antên; Sanscr. anti = over against; Germ. ant- in Ant-wort = Goth. anda-vaurdi, an answer, anda-nahti, the night before], prep. and adv. (acc. to Max. Victor. p. 1953, as prep. with the grave accent; as adv. with the acute on the last syl.).I.Prep. with acc., before (syn.: prae, pro).A.In space, or trop. in regard to estimation, judgment, or rank (usu. only of objects at rest. while prae is used of those in motion; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 21; v. exceptions infra).1.In space:2.quem ante aedīs video,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 136:ante ostium Me audivit stare,
Ter. And. 3, 1, 16; so Vulg. Lev. 1, 5:Ornatas paulo ante fores,
Juv. 6, 227; so Vulg. Num. 3, 26:ante meum limen,
Juv. 11, 190:ante suum fundum,
Cic. Mil. 10:ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur,
id. Off. 3, 14, 58:ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras,
Ov. M. 8, 480; so Verg. A. 1, 344; 3, 545; Juv. 10, 268:ante altaria,
id. 8, 155; so Vulg. Deut. 26, 4; ib. Matt. 5, 24. —Of persons:ante hosce deos erant arulae,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3:quīs ante ora patrum contigit oppetere,
Verg. A. 1, 95; id. G. 4, 477:ipsius unam (navem) ante oculos pontus in puppim ferit,
id. A. 1, 114; 2, 531; 2, 773:ante se statuit funditores,
Liv. 42, 58:Flos Asiae ante ipsum,
Juv. 5, 56; Vulg. Matt. 17, 2:si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos,
Juv. 8, 11.— Trop.:ante oculos collocata,
Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 192:ante oculos errat domus,
Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 57: [p. 128] causam ante eum diceret, before him as judge, Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 9:donec stet ante judicium,
Vulg. Josh. 20, 6; ib. Marc. 13, 9.—And in eccl. Lat., after the Heb. and Hel. Gr., before, in the sight of, in the judgment of:ante Dominum vilior fiam,
Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 21 sq.:non te justifices ante Deum,
ib. Eccli. 7, 5:justi ambo ante Deum,
ib. Luc. 1, 6;and fully: fecit Asa rectum ante conspectum Domini,
ib. 3 Reg. 15, 11; ib. Apoc. 12, 10.—Hence, homines ante pedes (in later Lat.), servants; cf. the annotators upon Juv. 7, 143.—With verbs of motion:ante me ito,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 70:equitatum omnem ante se mittit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:ante ceteras cohortes extra aciem procurrere,
id. B. C. 1, 55:praecurrit ante omnes,
id. ib. 2, 34; so Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Liv. 7, 41; 45, 40 al.; Vulg. Lev. 27, 11; ib. 1 Reg. 12, 2.—Trop. of preference in judgment, or regulations in respect to rank, before (this is properly the signification of prae, q. v.; hence more rare than that, and never used by Cic.): quem ante me diligo, before myself, more than myself, Balbus ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15.—So ante aliquem esse, to surpass, excel any one:a.facundiā Graecos, gloriā belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse,
Sall. C. 53, 3, ubi v. Corte and Kritz:tum me vero et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores esse,
superior to, Liv. 35, 14:necessitas ante rationem est,
necessity knows no law, Curt. 7, 7, 10.—Hence very freq. (but mostly poet. and post-class.),Ante alios, ante omnes, ante ceteros, etc., before others, before all, etc., to designate a comparative relation;b.also sometimes, for the sake of emphasis, with comparatives and superlatives: tibi, Neptune, ante alios deos gratias ago,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 5; so Ov. M. 10, 120:scito illum ante omnīs minumi mortalem preti,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 8:tua ante omnes experientia,
Tac. A. 2, 76; 1, 27; Liv. 1, 9:Junoni ante omnīs candentis vaccae media inter cornua (pateram) fundit,
Verg. A. 4, 59:Ipse est ante omnes,
Vulg. Col. 1, 17:O felix una ante alias Priameïa virgo,
Verg. A. 3, 321:ante omnes furor est insignis equarum,
id. G. 3, 266:scelere ante alios immanior omnīs,
id. A. 1, 347; Liv. 5, 42:ante alios pulcherrimus omnīs Turnus,
Verg. A. 7, 55; so Nep. Att. 3, 3; Liv. 1, 15; cf. Rudd. II. p. 82; II. p. 101; II. p. 305.—Ante omnia.(α).Before all things, first of all:(β).alvus ante omnia ducitur,
Cels. 7, 30:oportet autem ante omnia os nudare,
id. 8, 2:Ante omnia instituit, ut etc.,
Suet. Ner. 32; id. Calig. 21:Ante omnia autem, fratres, etc.,
Vulg. Jac. 5, 12; ib. 1 Petr. 4, 8.—Comparatively, above all, especially, chiefty:(γ).publica maestitia eo ante omnia insignis, quia matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,
Liv. 2, 7; 7, 4:quae natura multis et ante omnia ursis,
Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125:dulces ante omnia Musae,
the Muses pleasing above all things, Verg. G. 2, 475; id. E. 2, 72:deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum,
Juv. 10, 191.—In entering upon the discussion of several particulars, or in adducing arguments, first of all, in the first place (similar to ac primum quidem, kai prôton men oun; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 4, 2, 4):B.ante omnia quid sit rhetorice,
Quint. 2, 15, 1:ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit,
id. 10, 2, 4; so id. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 40; 4, 2, 52; 5, 13, 6; 9, 1, 23.—Of time.1.Before: ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 13; cf.a.Dirks. Transl. 177 sq.: ante lucem a portu me praemisisti domum,
Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 55; so Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 259; id. Inv. 2, 4, 15; Suet. Galb. 22; Vulg. Luc. 24, 22:ante diem caupo sciet,
Juv. 9, 108:ante brumam,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 28:ante noctem,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 51:pereundum erit ante lucernas,
Juv. 10, 339:ante haec omnia,
Vulg. Luc. 21, 12.— The designation of time is often expressed paraphrastically.By a person who lived at the time:b.jam ante Socratem,
before the time of, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44:qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini,
before me, before my time, id. Cat. 4, 3:ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,
Verg. G. 1, 125:vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi,
Hor. C. 4, 9, 25:ante Helenam,
id. S. 1, 3, 107:ante se,
Tac. H. 1, 50:quod ante eum nemo,
Suet. Caes. 26 al. —By other objects pertaining to a particular time: ante hoc factum, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 64:2.ante has meas litteras,
i. e. before the receipt of this letter, Cic. Fam. 13, 17:per hunc castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro,
Liv. 1, 59:ante mare et terras, et quod tegit omnia, caelum,
Ov. M. 1, 5:ante sidus fervidum,
Hor. Epod. 1, 27:ante cibum,
id. S. 1, 10, 61, and Juv. 6, 428:Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta,
before their A B C, id. 14, 209:cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?
Verg. A. 11, 424:Tecum prius ergo voluta Haec ante tubas,
Juv. 1, 169.—Also by the designation of the office of a person:ante aedilitatem meam,
Cic. Att. 12, 17:ante sceptrum Dictaei regis,
Verg. G. 2, 536:ante imperium ducis,
Flor. 4, 2, 66:relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante regnum susceptis,
Just. 2, 10.—And by the designation of office in app. to the person:mortuus est ante istum praetorem,
Cic. Verr. 1, 45, 115:docuerant fabulas ante hos consules,
id. Brut. 18, 73:cum ante illum imperatorem clipeis uterentur,
Nep. Iphicr. 1, 3:quos ante se imperatorem nemo ausus sit aspicere,
id. Epam. 8, 3.—A part. perf. or fut. pass. is freq. added to such substantives for the sake of explanation:ante hanc urbem conditam,
before the founding of this city, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (opp. post urbem conditam):non multo ante urbem captam,
id. Div. 1, 45:ante Epaminondam natum,
Nep. Epam. 10, 4:ante te cognitum multis orantibus opem tuli,
Sall. J. 110, 2:ante decemviros creatos,
Liv. 3, 53 al. —Hence particular phrases.a.Ante tempus,(α).Before the right time:(β).ante tempus excitatis suis,
Liv. 31, 36.—Before the appointed, proper, or lawful time:b.factus est consul bis, primum ante tempus,
Cic. Lael. 3:honores et ante tempus et quosdam novi generis cepit,
Suet. Aug. 26:venisti ante tempus torquere nos?
Vulg. Matt. 8, 29 (cf. annus, II. D.).—Ante diem, poet.,(α).Before the time:(β).Caesaribus virtus contigit ante diem,
Ov. A. A. 1, 184:ante diem vultu gressuque superbo Vicerat aequales,
Stat. S. 2, 1, 108.—Before the time destined by fate:c.filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos,
Ov. M. 1, 148:hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras,
id. ib. 6, 675; id. A. A. 3, 739:sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 697 (cf. Soph. Antig. 461: ei de tou chronou prosthen thanoumai). —Ante hunc diem, with a negative:3.istunc hominem numquam audivi ante hunc diem,
never before this day, never until now, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 60; 4, 2, 7:neque umquam ante hunc diem,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 19; 5, 4, 23:Novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum ad te Q. Tubero detulit,
Cic. Lig. 1, 1 (cf. Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 17: neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius). —Ante diem (abbrev. a. d.) with an ordinal number gives the date, not of the foregoing, but of the present day; e. g. ante diem quintum (a. d. V.) Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the calends of April. Orig. the ante belonged to Kalendas, and they said either, ante die quinto Kalendas (i. e. die quinto ante Kalendas), or ante diem quintum Kalendas; the latter phraseology became the prevailing one, and ante diem, being considered as one word, the prepp. in and ex could be prefixed; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 12; Duker ad Liv. 27, 23; Rudd. II. p. 291; Madv. Gr. Suppl. I.; Drak. ad Liv. 45, 2, 12: me ante diem XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis fuisse, the thirteenth before the calends of January, i. e. the 20 th of Dec., Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 20: ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres, the 21 st of Oct.: ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres, the 27 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3: ante diem VIII. Kalendas Decembres, the 24 th of Nov., id. Phil. 3, 8: a. d. IV. Id. Mart. (ante diem quartum Idus Martias), i. e. the 12 th of March, Liv. 40, 59: ante diem III. Non. Jan. M. Cicero natus est, i. e. on the 3 d of Jan., Gell. 15, 28 al.:4.in ante diem quartum Kal. Dec. distulit,
Cic. Phil. 3, 8: caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kal. Nov., to the 28 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3:ex ante diem VII. Id. Febr.,
Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1: nuntii venerant ex ante diem Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., from the 3 d of June, Cic. Att. 3, 17:supplicatio indicta est ante diem V. Id. Oct. cum eo die in quinque dies,
Liv. 45, 2, 12.—Sometimes to designate the whole time until the passing moment:5.ante id tempus et mari et terrā duces erant Lace daemonii,
Nep. Arist. 2, 3:qui honos huic uni ante id tempus contigit,
id. Timoth. 2, 3:invictus ante eam diem fuerat,
Curt. 5, 3, 22.—Ante annos, before the destined time:6.Ante suos annos occidit,
Ov. Am. 2, 2, 46:Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem,
beyond his years, Verg. A. 9, 311 (cf.:suos annos praeterire,
Sil. 4, 428; and:annos transcendere factis,
id. 2, 348). —Ante hoc, for antea, antehac, belongs to the later Latin:II.ante hoc incognita,
Luc. 6, 116:ante hoc domūs pars videntur,
Tac. G. 13.Adv., of space and time (the latter most freq.).A.Of space, before, in front, forwards: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 9:B.fluvius ab tergo, ante circaque velut ripa praeceps oram ejus omnem cingebat,
Liv. 27, 18; 22, 5:coronatus stabit et ante calix,
Tib. 2, 5, 98:plena oculis et ante et retro,
Vulg. Apoc. 4, 6.—Of motion (cf. supra, I. A. 1.):si aut manibus ingrediatur quis aut non ante, sed retro,
Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque,
Verg. G. 3, 552.—1.. Of time, before, previously (always in reference to another past time, while ante as prep. is used in reference to the present).a.With verbs:b.nonne oportuit Praescīsse me ante,
Ter. And. 1, 5, 4:id te oro, ut ante eamus,
id. ib. 3, 3, 24;very freq. in Cic.: quod utinam illi ante accidisset,
Cic. Phil. 11, 14:quae ante acta sunt,
id. Verr. 1, 109:sicut ante fecimus,
Vulg. Jos. 8, 5; ib. Jud. 16, 20:fructus omnis ante actae vitae,
Cic. Marcell. 3; so Ov. M. 12, 115, and Tac. A. 6, 16:apud vos ante feci mentionem,
Cic. Agr. 3, 4:faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis ante factum,
id. Verr. 1, 55; Verg. E. 9, 63; Juv. 3, 243; 15, 320:illud de quo ante dixi,
Cic. Sex. Rosc. 116:quos ante dixi,
id. Off. 2, 14, 50:ut ante dixi,
id. Imp. Pomp. 16; id. Mil. 45:quem ad modum ante dixi,
id. Sex. Rosc. 91:additis, quae ante deliquerant,
Tac. A. 6, 9:filium ante sublatum brevi amisit,
id. Agr. 6; id. G. 10; id. A. 11, 7; id. H. 2, 43.—And often accomp. by jam:acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 49; id. Marcell. 12; id. Verr. 2, 23.—Rarely accomp. by saepe.:ut saepe ante fecerant,
Cic. Balb. 40; id. Rab. Post. 13.—Rarely with adjj.:c.non filius ante pudicus,
Juv. 3, 111:quos acciverat, incertum, experiens an et ante gnavos,
Tac. A. 14, 7.—Often with substt. in the abl. or acc. for a more accurate designation of time (cf. also abhinc with the abl. and acc.; in these cases ante was considered by the ancient critics as a prep., which could also govern the abl.; cf. Charis. p. 209 P.; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 30. The position of ante is sometimes before and sometimes after the subst., and sometimes between the numeral and the subst.):d.illos septem et multis ante saeculis Lycurgum accepimus fuisse sapientes,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7:etsi perpaucis ante diebus (i. e. before the departure of Theophilus, of whom mention is afterwards made) dederam Q. Mucio litteras ad te,
id. Fam. 4, 9:paucis diebus ante,
id. Phil. 2, 40:viginti annis ante,
id. Lael. 12, 42:voverat eam annis undecim ante,
Liv. 40, 52, 4 (cf. id. 40, 51:quae bello Ligustico ante annis octo vovisset): optimum erit ante annum scrobes facere,
a year before, Col. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7:Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt,
a year before the fall of Troy, Just. 18, 3, 5:ante quadriennium amissus es,
four years previously, Tac. Agr. 45:aliquot ante annos,
Suet. Caes. 12; v. id. ib. 81 al.—With the advv. multo, paulo, aliquanto, tanto, quanto, and rarely permultum:2.multo ante prospexi tempestatem futuram,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:haud multo ante adventum,
Tac. Agr. 18.—And in the order ante multo:ante multo a te didicerimus,
Cic. Sen. 2, 6:Venisti paulo ante in senatum,
id. Cat. 1, 7, 16; id. Marcell. 7; id. Mil. 7; Tac. G. 41; id. H. 3, 68; Suet. Caes. 21; Vulg. Sap. 15, 8; ib. 2 Macc. 3, 30;6, 29 et saep.—And in the order ante paulo: quae ante paulo perbreviter attigi,
Cic. Rep. 2, 4:profectus est aliquanto ante furorem Catilinae,
id. Sull. 20, 56 bis; id. Verr. 1, 149.—And in the order ante aliquanto: ante aliquanto quam tu natus es, Cic. Fam. [p. 129] 10, 4; id. Vatin. 25; id. Verr. 2, 46:tanto ante praedixeras,
id. Phil. 2, 33:quod si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 34; 5, 78, 89; id. Cat. 3, 17; id. de Or. 1, 7, 26; so Quint. 2, 4, 28:quanto ante providerit,
Cic. Sest. 8:permultum ante certior factus eram litteris,
id. Fam. 3, 11; cf. Prisc. p. 1191 P.—Followed by quam (written also as one word, antequam; the form prius quam was more freq. in archaic Latin), sooner than; before.a.With ind. pres.:b.ante quam doceo id factum non esse, libet mihi,
Cic. Quinct. 48:ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam,
id. Cat. 4, 20; id. Mil. 7; id. Deiot. 7; id. Clu. 6.—With ind. perf.:c.memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum disserere,
Cic. Lael. 3, 11:anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius,
id. Brut. 18, 72:ante aliquanto quam tu natus es,
id. Fam. 10, 3:neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit,
Liv. 39, 10:ante quam ille est factus inimicus,
Cic. Phil. 12, 9.—Rarely with fut. perf.:d.ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet quam potuerit tempus ei rei datum suspicari,
Cic. Phil. 11, 24:neque defatigabor ante quam... percepero,
id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—With subj. pres.:e.ante quam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium mittet,
Cic. Agr. 2, 53:hac lege ante omnia veniunt, quam gleba una ematur,
id. ib. 2, 71; id. Sest. 15; id. Phil. 1, 1; Verg. E. 1, 60 sqq.; Vulg. Gen. 11, 4; ib. 4 Reg. 2, 9; ib. Matt. 6, 8.—With subj. imperf.:f.Romae et ad urbem, ante quam proficisceretur, quaerere coepit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 167:qui (sol) ante quam se abderet, fugientem vidit Antonium,
id. Phil. 14, 27; 8, 1; id. Verr. 4, 147; Vulg. Gen. 2, 5; 13, 10; ib. Matt. 1, 18; ib. Joan. 8, 58.—With subj. perf.:g.ante vero quam sit ea res adlata, laetitiā frui satis est,
Cic. Phil. 14, 1:domesticum malum opprimit ante quam prospicere potueris,
id. Verr. 1, 39; id. Sull. 44; id. Planc. 40:nec ante vincere desierint quam Rubro mari inclusis quod vincerent defuerit,
Liv. 42, 52:nec ante (barbam capillumque) dempserit quam vindicāsset,
Suet. Caes. 67.—With subj. pluperf.:h.se ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperāsse etc.,
Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 71:qui ante quam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi,
Cic. Planc. 98:ut consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum capere licuisset,
id. Imp. Pomp. 62; id. Quinct. 9; id. Verr. 2, 55; 2, 171.—With inf.:i.dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere, quam ad hanc rationem devenire,
Cic. Quinct. 54.—With part.:3.armati nullum ante finem pugnae quam morientes fecerunt,
Liv. 21, 15, 4 (on the use of these different constructions, v. Roby, §§ 1671, 1462, 1672 etc.; Draeger, Hist. Synt. II. pp. 589 sqq.;and esp. Fischer, Gr. § 621). —In the poets sometimes with quam before ante: Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas Temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante,
Lucr. 3, 972:Non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, Ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim,
Tib. 4, 7, 8; Mart. 9, 36, 6.—Also in the poets sometimes pleon. ante—prius—quam:sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo,
Verg. A. 4, 24; so,prius—quam— ante: Aut prius infecto deposcit praemia cursu, Septima quam metam triverit ante rota?
Prop. 3, 20, 25.—For the designation of order, foll. by tum, deinde, etc., first, in the first place (only in later Lat. for the class. primum):4.ut ante caput, deinde reliqua pars auferatur,
Cels. 7, 29:et ante dicam de his, quae, etc.: tum, etc.,
id. 5, 26:ante tonderi... deinde... tum, etc.,
id. 6, 6, 8; so Plin. 34, 13, 34, § 131 dub.—Very rarely used as adj. (in imitation of the Greek):III.neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum,
earlier, previous ills, Verg. A. 1, 198 (cf. tôn paros kakôn, Soph. O. T. 1423):ille elegit, qui recipit ante meliorem,
Quint. Decl. 1, 14; cf. Liv. 24, 82, 5 (on this use of the adv., v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 76, 5).In composition.A. B. C. D.In designations of time only with adjj. and advv.: antelucanus, antemeridianus, antehac, antelucio.With verbs, ante is more correctly written separately: ante actus, ante factus, ante gestus, ante paro, etc., although editions differ in this respect. V. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 361-390, and pp. 394-402.
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