illīdo

illīdo ( inl-), si, sum, 3, v. a. [in-laedo], to strike or dash against or upon, to beat against, to strike, dash or beat in any direction.

Lit. (mostly poet., not in Cic. prose; cf.:

incutio, impingo, infligo): libravit caestus effractoque illisit in ossa cerebro,

Verg. A. 5, 480: ad vulnus manus, Cic. poët. Tusc. 3, 31, 76 fin.:

(naves) vadis,

Verg. A. 1, 112:

repagula ossibus,

Ov. M. 5, 121:

funale fronti,

id. ib. 12, 250:

dentem fragili (corpori),

Hor. S. 2, 1, 77:

caput foribus,

Suet. Aug. 23:

superbissimos vultus solo,

Plin. Pan. 52, 4:

linum illisum crebro silici,

Plin. 19, 1, 3, § 18:

fluctus se illidit in litore,

Quint. 10, 3, 30 Zumpt N. cr.: quos Rex suus illisit pelago, drove to the sea, i. e. forced to navigate the sea, Val. Fl. 7, 52:

avidos illidit in aegrum Cornipedem cursus,

i. e. guides, Stat. Th. 11, 517.—

Transf., to strike or dash to pieces (very rare):

illisis cruribus,

Varr. R. R. 3, 7, 10:

serpens compressa atque illisa morietur,

Cic. Har. Resp. 25 fin.

illīdo ( inl-), si, sum, 3, v. a. [in-laedo], to strike or dash against or upon, to beat against, to strike, dash or beat in any direction.

Lit. (mostly poet., not in Cic. prose; cf.:

incutio, impingo, infligo): libravit caestus effractoque illisit in ossa cerebro,

Verg. A. 5, 480: ad vulnus manus, Cic. poët. Tusc. 3, 31, 76 fin.:

(naves) vadis,

Verg. A. 1, 112:

repagula ossibus,

Ov. M. 5, 121:

funale fronti,

id. ib. 12, 250:

dentem fragili (corpori),

Hor. S. 2, 1, 77:

caput foribus,

Suet. Aug. 23:

superbissimos vultus solo,

Plin. Pan. 52, 4:

linum illisum crebro silici,

Plin. 19, 1, 3, § 18:

fluctus se illidit in litore,

Quint. 10, 3, 30 Zumpt N. cr.: quos Rex suus illisit pelago, drove to the sea, i. e. forced to navigate the sea, Val. Fl. 7, 52:

avidos illidit in aegrum Cornipedem cursus,

i. e. guides, Stat. Th. 11, 517.—

Transf., to strike or dash to pieces (very rare):

illisis cruribus,

Varr. R. R. 3, 7, 10:

serpens compressa atque illisa morietur,

Cic. Har. Resp. 25 fin.

illīsus ( inl-), a, um, Part., from illido.

illīsus ( inl-), ūs, m. [illido], a striking or dashing against (only in the abl. sing.):

aquarum,

Sil. 17, 246:

illisu repercussus ventus,

Plin. 2, 48, 49, § 132:

linguae,

App. M. 2, p. 119.

illīsus ( inl-), a, um, Part., from illido.

illīsus ( inl-), ūs, m. [illido], a striking or dashing against (only in the abl. sing.):

aquarum,

Sil. 17, 246:

illisu repercussus ventus,

Plin. 2, 48, 49, § 132:

linguae,

App. M. 2, p. 119.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

impingo ( inp-), pēgi, pactum, 3 (archaic inf. pres. pass. impingier, Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 76), v. a. [in-pango], to push, strike, or drive at or into any thing; to thrust, strike, or dash against (not freq. till after the Aug. per.; cf.: incutio, infligo, illido).

Lit.:

pugnum in os impinge,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 5:

mustriculam in dentes, Afran. ap. Fest. s. v. mustricula, p. 148 Müll.: a paucioribus Othonianis quo minus in vallum impingerentur,

would have been driven to, Tac. H. 2, 41:

impactus in carcerem,

Dig. 48, 3, 13; so, to forge on, fix or fasten on:

jubete huic crassas compedes impingier,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 76; id. Pers. 4, 4, 24; cf.: fustem alicui, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 9:

lapidem Aesopo,

Phaedr. 3, 5, 7:

laqueum alicui, Sen. Tranq. an. 10: caput parieti,

Plin. Ep. 3, 16, 12:

dentes arbori,

Plin. 8, 3, 4, § 8:

aequor scopulis,

Sil. 12, 187:

agmina muris,

Verg. A. 5, 805; Stat. Th. 7, 28:

impinge pugnum, si muttiverit,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 2:

pessimus gubernator, qui navem, dum portum egreditur, impegit,

Quint. 4, 1, 61:

clitellas ferus impingas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 13, 8:

nubes vehementer impactae,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 12: impingere se in columnas, to dash one ' s self against, id. de Ira, 1, 19, 4:

cum caede magna (hostem) in aciem altiore superstantem tumulo inpegere,

Liv. 27, 18, 14.—

Prov.: calcem impingere alicui rei,

i. e. to give it a kick, to cast it aside, Petr. 46; v. calx. —

In gen., to hand, press upon, force upon one (rare):

huic calix mulsi impingendus est, ut plorare desinat,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44:

alicui epistulam,

id. Att. 6, 1, 6; Sen. Ep. 95:

oculum libidinose,

to cast upon, direct to, Tert. Idol. 2.—

Trop., to drive, throw upon, push or force to any thing:

illum libido in contraria impinget,

Sen. Ep. 95 med.:

aliquem in litem ac molestiam,

id. ib. 117: dicam tibi impingam grandem, I will direct or bring against you, Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 92:

naturae munus suum,

to throw in her face, Sen. Prov. 6 fin.:

egestas Catilinam patriae suae impegit,

drove, incited him against, Flor. 3, 12, 12:

quod populos scelerata impegit in arma,

Luc. 6, 406:

beneficium,

Sen. Ben. 1, 1: quocumque visum est, libido se impingit, id. de Ira, 2, 8.

incŭtĭo, cussi, cussum, ĕre, v. a. [inquatio], to strike upon or against (syn.: impingo, illido, infligo; class.; in Cic. only in the trop. signif.).

Lit.:

scipionem in caput alicujus,

Liv. 5, 41, 9: pedem terrae, to strike or dash against, Quint. 2, 12, 10:

pollicem limini cubiculi,

Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 181:

tignum capiti,

Juv. 3, 246:

incutiebantur puppibus prorae,

Curt. 9, 9:

incussi articuli,

i. e. injured by a blow, Plin. 30, 9, 23, § 78.—Hence, subst.: incussa, ōrum, n. plur., bruised or injured parts, Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 33; 22, 14, 16, § 37.—

Transf., to throw, cast, hurl:

tormentis faces et hastas,

Tac. A. 13, 39:

tela saxaque,

id. H. 3, 31:

imber grandinem incutiens,

Curt. 8, 4, 5:

colaphum,

to give a box on the ear, Juv. 9, 5. —

Trop.

To strike into, to inspire with, inflict, excite, produce terror, disturbance, etc.

With dat.: multis magnum metum, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 2:

terrorem alicui,

Cic. Univ. 10 fin.:

religionem animo,

Liv. 22, 42, 9:

alicui foedum nuntium,

bring bad news, id. 2, 8, 7:

animis subitam formidinem,

Curt. 4, 13, 13:

ingentem animo sollicitudinem,

id. 3, 6, 5:

desiderium urbis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 22:

ne forte negoti Incutiat tibi quid sanctarum inscitia legum,

should occasion trouble, id. S. 2, 1, 80. —

Without dat.:

timor incutitur aut ex ipsorum periculis aut ex communibus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 51, 209. —

To shake, cause to tremble:

crebrior incussit mentem pavor,

Val. Fl. 5, 551.

incŭtĭo, cussi, cussum, ĕre, v. a. [inquatio], to strike upon or against (syn.: impingo, illido, infligo; class.; in Cic. only in the trop. signif.).

Lit.:

scipionem in caput alicujus,

Liv. 5, 41, 9: pedem terrae, to strike or dash against, Quint. 2, 12, 10:

pollicem limini cubiculi,

Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 181:

tignum capiti,

Juv. 3, 246:

incutiebantur puppibus prorae,

Curt. 9, 9:

incussi articuli,

i. e. injured by a blow, Plin. 30, 9, 23, § 78.—Hence, subst.: incussa, ōrum, n. plur., bruised or injured parts, Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 33; 22, 14, 16, § 37.—

Transf., to throw, cast, hurl:

tormentis faces et hastas,

Tac. A. 13, 39:

tela saxaque,

id. H. 3, 31:

imber grandinem incutiens,

Curt. 8, 4, 5:

colaphum,

to give a box on the ear, Juv. 9, 5. —

Trop.

To strike into, to inspire with, inflict, excite, produce terror, disturbance, etc.

With dat.: multis magnum metum, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 2:

terrorem alicui,

Cic. Univ. 10 fin.:

religionem animo,

Liv. 22, 42, 9:

alicui foedum nuntium,

bring bad news, id. 2, 8, 7:

animis subitam formidinem,

Curt. 4, 13, 13:

ingentem animo sollicitudinem,

id. 3, 6, 5:

desiderium urbis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 22:

ne forte negoti Incutiat tibi quid sanctarum inscitia legum,

should occasion trouble, id. S. 2, 1, 80. —

Without dat.:

timor incutitur aut ex ipsorum periculis aut ex communibus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 51, 209. —

To shake, cause to tremble:

crebrior incussit mentem pavor,

Val. Fl. 5, 551.

impingo ( inp-), pēgi, pactum, 3 (archaic inf. pres. pass. impingier, Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 76), v. a. [in-pango], to push, strike, or drive at or into any thing; to thrust, strike, or dash against (not freq. till after the Aug. per.; cf.: incutio, infligo, illido).

Lit.:

pugnum in os impinge,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 5:

mustriculam in dentes, Afran. ap. Fest. s. v. mustricula, p. 148 Müll.: a paucioribus Othonianis quo minus in vallum impingerentur,

would have been driven to, Tac. H. 2, 41:

impactus in carcerem,

Dig. 48, 3, 13; so, to forge on, fix or fasten on:

jubete huic crassas compedes impingier,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 76; id. Pers. 4, 4, 24; cf.: fustem alicui, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 9:

lapidem Aesopo,

Phaedr. 3, 5, 7:

laqueum alicui, Sen. Tranq. an. 10: caput parieti,

Plin. Ep. 3, 16, 12:

dentes arbori,

Plin. 8, 3, 4, § 8:

aequor scopulis,

Sil. 12, 187:

agmina muris,

Verg. A. 5, 805; Stat. Th. 7, 28:

impinge pugnum, si muttiverit,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 2:

pessimus gubernator, qui navem, dum portum egreditur, impegit,

Quint. 4, 1, 61:

clitellas ferus impingas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 13, 8:

nubes vehementer impactae,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 12: impingere se in columnas, to dash one ' s self against, id. de Ira, 1, 19, 4:

cum caede magna (hostem) in aciem altiore superstantem tumulo inpegere,

Liv. 27, 18, 14.—

Prov.: calcem impingere alicui rei,

i. e. to give it a kick, to cast it aside, Petr. 46; v. calx. —

In gen., to hand, press upon, force upon one (rare):

huic calix mulsi impingendus est, ut plorare desinat,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44:

alicui epistulam,

id. Att. 6, 1, 6; Sen. Ep. 95:

oculum libidinose,

to cast upon, direct to, Tert. Idol. 2.—

Trop., to drive, throw upon, push or force to any thing:

illum libido in contraria impinget,

Sen. Ep. 95 med.:

aliquem in litem ac molestiam,

id. ib. 117: dicam tibi impingam grandem, I will direct or bring against you, Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 92:

naturae munus suum,

to throw in her face, Sen. Prov. 6 fin.:

egestas Catilinam patriae suae impegit,

drove, incited him against, Flor. 3, 12, 12:

quod populos scelerata impegit in arma,

Luc. 6, 406:

beneficium,

Sen. Ben. 1, 1: quocumque visum est, libido se impingit, id. de Ira, 2, 8.

offendo, di, sum, 3, v. a. and n. [obfendo]. to hit, thrust, strike, or dash against something (syn.: illido, impingo; class.).

Lit.:

offendere caput ad fornicem,

Quint. 6, 3, 67:

latus vehementer,

Cic. Clu. 62, 175:

coxam,

to hurt himself in the haunch, Col. 5, 9, 1: pedem, Auct. B. Hisp. 23; Ov. F. 2, 720:

solido,

against something solid, Hor. S. 2, 1, 78:

in scopulis offendit puppis,

strikes on, Ov. P. 4, 14, 22:

in redeundo offenderunt,

ran aground, Caes. B. C. 3, 8:

in cornua,

Sol. 40:

ne quem in cursu capite, aut cubito, aut pectore offendam, aut genu,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 2:

visco,

id. Poen. 2, 37.—

Transf., to hit upon, light upon a person or thing, i. e. to come upon, meet with, find (syn.: deprehendo, invenio): si te hic offendero, moriere, Enn. ap. Cic. Rab. Post. 11, 29 (Trag. v. 301 Vahl.); cf. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1:

haec, cum ego a foro revortar, facite ut offendam parata,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 30:

paululum si cessassem, Domi non offendissem,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 5:

si te in plateā offendero hac post umquam, periisti,

id. ib. 5, 8, 34; id. Phorm. 5, 1, 31:

imparatum te offendam,

will come upon you unawares, will surprise you, Cic. Fam. 2, 3:

eundem bonorum sensum,

id. ib. 1, 9, 17:

nondum perfectum templum offendere,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 28, § 64:

omnia aliter ac jusserat offendit,

id. Rep. 1, 38, 59.—

Trop.

In gen., to suffer damage, receive an injury:

quis est tam Lynceus, qui in tantis tenebris nihil offendat, nusquam incurrat?

Cic. Fam. 9, 2, 2:

in causis,

id. de Or. 2, 74, 301:

ad fortunam,

Phaedr. 4, 14, 6.—

In partic., to stumble, blunder, make a mistake, commit a fault; to commit an offence, to be offensive (syn.:

pecco, delinquo): in quo ipsi offendissent, alios reprehendissent,

Cic. Clu. 36, 98:

sin quid offenderit, sibi totum, tibi nihil offenderit,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 3:

offendebant illi quidem apud gravīs et honestos homines, sed populi judiciis florebant,

gave offence to, id. Sest. 49, 105:

se apud plebem offendisse de aerario,

id. Att. 10, 4, 8:

neque in eo solum offenderat, quod,

Nep. Phoc. 2, 2: legi, to offend against or violate the law, Dig. 22, 1, 1.—Hence (eccl. Lat.), to offend, commit a sin:

in multis enim offendimus omnes,

Vulg. Jac. 3, 2.— Of things, to be offensive:

cum nihil aliud offenderit,

Liv. 2, 2, 2; cf. id. 4, 42, 2.—

To find fault with, be displeased with, take offence at any thing:

at credo, in Caesarem probatis, in me offenditis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32:

si in me aliquid offendistis,

have taken any offence at me, Cic. Mil. 36, 99.—

To fail in any thing, i. e. to have a misfortune, to be unfortunate, meet with ill success:

apud judices offendere, opp. causam iis probare,

Cic. Clu. 23, 63:

cum multi viri fortes offenderint,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 50, § 131:

tamquam M. Atilius primo accessu ad Africam offenderit,

i. e. met with a calamity, Liv. 28, 43, 17; cf. I. A. supra.— Impers. pass.:

sin aliquid esset offensum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7:

quoties culpā ducis esset offensum,

might have met with a defeat, Caes. B. C. 3, 72; cf.:

nullum ejusmodi casum exspectans, quo... in milibus passuum tribus offendi posset,

id. B. G. 6, 36 Kraner ad loc.:

at si valetudo ejus offendissit,

failed, Gell. 4, 2, 10.—

To shock, offend, mortify, vex, displease one:

me exquisisse aliquid, in quo te offenderem,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 4:

tuam existimationem,

id. ib. 3, 8, 7:

neminem umquam non re, non verbo, non vultu denique offendit,

id. Balb. 26, 59:

offensus nemo contumeliā,

id. Att. 6, 3, 3:

ne offendam patrem,

id. ib. 6, 3, 9:

ut eos splendor offendat,

id. Fam. 1, 7, 7:

extinctum lumen recens offendit nares,

Lucr. 6, 791:

offendere tot caligas, tot Milia clavorum,

provoke, Juv. 16, 24:

polypodion offendit stomachum,

disagrees with, Plin. 26, 8, 37, § 58:

ne colorum claritas aciem oculorum offenderet,

id. 35, 10, 36, § 97.— Pass., to be displeased, feel hurt:

multis rebus meus offendebatur animus,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 10.— With inf.:

ut non offendar subripi (ista munera),

so that I am not offended at their being taken from me, Phaedr. 4, 11, 6: componi aliquid de se, offendebatur, he took it ill, if, etc., Suet. Aug. 8, 9 fin. —Hence, of-fensus, a, um, P. a.

Offensive, odious (cf.:

invisus, odiosus, infensus): miserum atque invidiosum offensumque ordinem senatorium!

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 145:

offensum et invisum esse alicui,

id. Sest. 58, 125.—As subst.: offensum, i, n., the offence:

offensum est quod eorum, qui audiunt, voluntatem laedit,

Cic. Inv. 1, 49, 92.—

Offended, displeased, vexed, incensed, imbittered:

offensus et alienatus animus,

Cic. Att. 1, 17, 7:

aliena et offensa populi voluntas,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 106: offensos merere [p. 1259] deos, Ov. H. 21, 48: offensi animi regum, Auct. B. Alex. 32.— Comp.:

quem cum esse offensiorem arbitrarer,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 2:

quem sibi offensiorem sciebat esse,

id. Clu. 62, 172; id. Att. 1, 5, 5.

offendo, ĭnis, f. [1. offendo], an offence, Afran. ap. Non. 146, 32 (offendo, offensio, Non.).

offendo, di, sum, 3, v. a. and n. [obfendo]. to hit, thrust, strike, or dash against something (syn.: illido, impingo; class.).

Lit.:

offendere caput ad fornicem,

Quint. 6, 3, 67:

latus vehementer,

Cic. Clu. 62, 175:

coxam,

to hurt himself in the haunch, Col. 5, 9, 1: pedem, Auct. B. Hisp. 23; Ov. F. 2, 720:

solido,

against something solid, Hor. S. 2, 1, 78:

in scopulis offendit puppis,

strikes on, Ov. P. 4, 14, 22:

in redeundo offenderunt,

ran aground, Caes. B. C. 3, 8:

in cornua,

Sol. 40:

ne quem in cursu capite, aut cubito, aut pectore offendam, aut genu,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 2:

visco,

id. Poen. 2, 37.—

Transf., to hit upon, light upon a person or thing, i. e. to come upon, meet with, find (syn.: deprehendo, invenio): si te hic offendero, moriere, Enn. ap. Cic. Rab. Post. 11, 29 (Trag. v. 301 Vahl.); cf. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1:

haec, cum ego a foro revortar, facite ut offendam parata,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 30:

paululum si cessassem, Domi non offendissem,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 5:

si te in plateā offendero hac post umquam, periisti,

id. ib. 5, 8, 34; id. Phorm. 5, 1, 31:

imparatum te offendam,

will come upon you unawares, will surprise you, Cic. Fam. 2, 3:

eundem bonorum sensum,

id. ib. 1, 9, 17:

nondum perfectum templum offendere,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 28, § 64:

omnia aliter ac jusserat offendit,

id. Rep. 1, 38, 59.—

Trop.

In gen., to suffer damage, receive an injury:

quis est tam Lynceus, qui in tantis tenebris nihil offendat, nusquam incurrat?

Cic. Fam. 9, 2, 2:

in causis,

id. de Or. 2, 74, 301:

ad fortunam,

Phaedr. 4, 14, 6.—

In partic., to stumble, blunder, make a mistake, commit a fault; to commit an offence, to be offensive (syn.:

pecco, delinquo): in quo ipsi offendissent, alios reprehendissent,

Cic. Clu. 36, 98:

sin quid offenderit, sibi totum, tibi nihil offenderit,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 3:

offendebant illi quidem apud gravīs et honestos homines, sed populi judiciis florebant,

gave offence to, id. Sest. 49, 105:

se apud plebem offendisse de aerario,

id. Att. 10, 4, 8:

neque in eo solum offenderat, quod,

Nep. Phoc. 2, 2: legi, to offend against or violate the law, Dig. 22, 1, 1.—Hence (eccl. Lat.), to offend, commit a sin:

in multis enim offendimus omnes,

Vulg. Jac. 3, 2.— Of things, to be offensive:

cum nihil aliud offenderit,

Liv. 2, 2, 2; cf. id. 4, 42, 2.—

To find fault with, be displeased with, take offence at any thing:

at credo, in Caesarem probatis, in me offenditis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 32:

si in me aliquid offendistis,

have taken any offence at me, Cic. Mil. 36, 99.—

To fail in any thing, i. e. to have a misfortune, to be unfortunate, meet with ill success:

apud judices offendere, opp. causam iis probare,

Cic. Clu. 23, 63:

cum multi viri fortes offenderint,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 50, § 131:

tamquam M. Atilius primo accessu ad Africam offenderit,

i. e. met with a calamity, Liv. 28, 43, 17; cf. I. A. supra.— Impers. pass.:

sin aliquid esset offensum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7:

quoties culpā ducis esset offensum,

might have met with a defeat, Caes. B. C. 3, 72; cf.:

nullum ejusmodi casum exspectans, quo... in milibus passuum tribus offendi posset,

id. B. G. 6, 36 Kraner ad loc.:

at si valetudo ejus offendissit,

failed, Gell. 4, 2, 10.—

To shock, offend, mortify, vex, displease one:

me exquisisse aliquid, in quo te offenderem,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 4:

tuam existimationem,

id. ib. 3, 8, 7:

neminem umquam non re, non verbo, non vultu denique offendit,

id. Balb. 26, 59:

offensus nemo contumeliā,

id. Att. 6, 3, 3:

ne offendam patrem,

id. ib. 6, 3, 9:

ut eos splendor offendat,

id. Fam. 1, 7, 7:

extinctum lumen recens offendit nares,

Lucr. 6, 791:

offendere tot caligas, tot Milia clavorum,

provoke, Juv. 16, 24:

polypodion offendit stomachum,

disagrees with, Plin. 26, 8, 37, § 58:

ne colorum claritas aciem oculorum offenderet,

id. 35, 10, 36, § 97.— Pass., to be displeased, feel hurt:

multis rebus meus offendebatur animus,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 10.— With inf.:

ut non offendar subripi (ista munera),

so that I am not offended at their being taken from me, Phaedr. 4, 11, 6: componi aliquid de se, offendebatur, he took it ill, if, etc., Suet. Aug. 8, 9 fin. —Hence, of-fensus, a, um, P. a.

Offensive, odious (cf.:

invisus, odiosus, infensus): miserum atque invidiosum offensumque ordinem senatorium!

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 145:

offensum et invisum esse alicui,

id. Sest. 58, 125.—As subst.: offensum, i, n., the offence:

offensum est quod eorum, qui audiunt, voluntatem laedit,

Cic. Inv. 1, 49, 92.—

Offended, displeased, vexed, incensed, imbittered:

offensus et alienatus animus,

Cic. Att. 1, 17, 7:

aliena et offensa populi voluntas,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 106: offensos merere [p. 1259] deos, Ov. H. 21, 48: offensi animi regum, Auct. B. Alex. 32.— Comp.:

quem cum esse offensiorem arbitrarer,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 2:

quem sibi offensiorem sciebat esse,

id. Clu. 62, 172; id. Att. 1, 5, 5.

offendo, ĭnis, f. [1. offendo], an offence, Afran. ap. Non. 146, 32 (offendo, offensio, Non.).