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home+consumption

  • 61 Inlandsverbrauch

    Inlandsverbrauch m UMWELT domestic consumption
    * * *
    m < Umwelt> domestic consumption
    * * *
    Inlandsverbrauch
    internal (domestic) consumption, home use (Br.) (consumption)

    Business german-english dictionary > Inlandsverbrauch

  • 62 batido de fruta

    (n.) = smoothie
    Ex. It has never been easier to make your own smoothies for consumption at home or work.
    * * *
    (n.) = smoothie

    Ex: It has never been easier to make your own smoothies for consumption at home or work.

    Spanish-English dictionary > batido de fruta

  • 63 compra

    f.
    purchase.
    por la compra de una enciclopedia te regalan un televisor if you buy an encyclopedia, they'll give you a television free
    esta impresora fue una excelente compra this printer was a really good buy
    algunos supermercados te llevan la compra a casa some supermarkets deliver your shopping to your home
    ir de compras to go shopping
    compra al contado cash purchase
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: comprar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: comprar.
    * * *
    1 purchase, buy
    \
    hacer la compra to do the shopping, go shopping
    ir a la compra to go shopping
    ir de compras to go shopping
    compra a crédito credit purchase
    compra a plazos hire purchase, US instalment buying
    compra al contado cash purchase
    * * *
    noun f.
    purchase, buying
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=proceso) purchase, purchasing, buying

    tengo que ir a la compra — I've got to do the shopping, I've got to go shopping

    compra a granel — (Com) bulk buying

    compra a plazos — hire purchase, installment plan (EEUU)

    compra proteccionista — (Com) support buying

    2) (=artículo) purchase
    * * *
    a) ( acción)

    hacer las compras or (Esp) la compra — to do the shopping o (colloq) shop

    b) ( cosa comprada) buy, purchase (frml)

    fue una buena/mala compra — it was a good/bad buy

    * * *
    = acquisition, procurement, purchase, purchasing, shopping, buy-out, buying, shopping order, buy-in, propertisation [propertization, -USA].
    Ex. Mergers and acquisitions are playing an increasing important part in corporate strategies, stimulated by the scramble for market position in the new Europe.
    Ex. In 1983 the EC funded contracts which entailed the procurement of goods and services amounting to 400 million pounds.
    Ex. These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.
    Ex. Research libraries use them to fill in titles that may have been missed in the initial round of purchasing.
    Ex. CACs have dealt with pre- shopping advice, education on consumers' rights and complaints about goods and services, advising the client and often obtaining expert assessments.
    Ex. The book and serial industry has recently witnessed several takeovers, buy-outs, and mergers.
    Ex. The library has a centre for buying, cataloguing and storing microform, audio-visual media and other non-book material.
    Ex. This would herald the age of computer commuting, with customers dialling for bank statements and shopping orders.
    Ex. The seminar will deal with the processes of developing and ensuring corporate buy-in to a digital preservation policy.
    Ex. Of course, the open source zealots are still likely to be up in arms about what they perceive to be propertisation of communal intellectual resources.
    ----
    * adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.
    * agente inteligente de compras = shopping agent.
    * anuncio de compra-venta = classified advertisement.
    * anuncio de compra-venta = classified ad.
    * asesoramiento antes de la compra = pre-shopping advice.
    * bolsa de la compra = shopping bag, grocery bag, carrier bag.
    * bolsa para la compra = shopping bag, carrier bag.
    * buena compra = good buy.
    * carrito de la compra = shopping trolley, shopping cart.
    * carro de la compra = shopping cart, shopping trolley.
    * catálogo comercial de compra por correo = mail order catalogue.
    * cesta de la compra = food bill, shopping basket, food basket.
    * cesta de la compra, la = cost of living index.
    * compañía de compra por alquiler = hire-purchase company.
    * compra a plazos apartando el producto = layaway, lay-by.
    * compra compulsiva = impulse shopping.
    * compra de acciones = shareholding.
    * compra de libros = book buying [book-buying], book supply, book purchasing.
    * compra desaforada = shopping spree.
    * compra desde casa = armchair shopping.
    * compra de una compañía por otra = corporate takeover.
    * compra en línea = online shopping.
    * compra impulsiva = impulse buy.
    * compra por correo = mail-order.
    * compras de última hora = last-minute shopping.
    * compra-venta de coches = auto dealer.
    * comprobante de compra = proof of purchase.
    * derecho preferente de compra = preemption [pre-emption].
    * descuento por compra al por mayor = bulk deal, bulk rate, bulk rate discount.
    * día de compras = shopping trip.
    * fiebre de las compras = shopping fever.
    * garantía de compra = proof of purchase.
    * hábito de compra = shopping habit, buying habit, purchasing habit, consumption habit.
    * hacer compras = do + shopping.
    * hacer una compra = make + a purchase.
    * ir de compras = go + shopping.
    * lista de compra = shopping list.
    * mejor compra = best buy.
    * oferta de compra de una compañía por otra = takeover bid.
    * opción de compra = buying option, purchasing option.
    * opción de compra de acciones = stock option.
    * orden de compra = purchase order.
    * plan de compra = purchase plan.
    * política de compras = purchasing policy.
    * precio de compra = purchase price.
    * precio especial por compra al por mayor = bulk deal.
    * préstamo para compra de coche = car loan.
    * presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].
    * presupuesto para la compra de material = materials budget.
    * prueba de compra = proof of purchase.
    * sección de compras = acquisitions department, order department.
    * servicio de compra por televisión = teleshopping service.
    * servicio de compras = acquisition(s) service.
    * tienda de compras por Internet = online store.
    * viaje de compras = shopping trip.
    * * *
    a) ( acción)

    hacer las compras or (Esp) la compra — to do the shopping o (colloq) shop

    b) ( cosa comprada) buy, purchase (frml)

    fue una buena/mala compra — it was a good/bad buy

    * * *
    = acquisition, procurement, purchase, purchasing, shopping, buy-out, buying, shopping order, buy-in, propertisation [propertization, -USA].

    Ex: Mergers and acquisitions are playing an increasing important part in corporate strategies, stimulated by the scramble for market position in the new Europe.

    Ex: In 1983 the EC funded contracts which entailed the procurement of goods and services amounting to 400 million pounds.
    Ex: These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.
    Ex: Research libraries use them to fill in titles that may have been missed in the initial round of purchasing.
    Ex: CACs have dealt with pre- shopping advice, education on consumers' rights and complaints about goods and services, advising the client and often obtaining expert assessments.
    Ex: The book and serial industry has recently witnessed several takeovers, buy-outs, and mergers.
    Ex: The library has a centre for buying, cataloguing and storing microform, audio-visual media and other non-book material.
    Ex: This would herald the age of computer commuting, with customers dialling for bank statements and shopping orders.
    Ex: The seminar will deal with the processes of developing and ensuring corporate buy-in to a digital preservation policy.
    Ex: Of course, the open source zealots are still likely to be up in arms about what they perceive to be propertisation of communal intellectual resources.
    * adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.
    * agente inteligente de compras = shopping agent.
    * anuncio de compra-venta = classified advertisement.
    * anuncio de compra-venta = classified ad.
    * asesoramiento antes de la compra = pre-shopping advice.
    * bolsa de la compra = shopping bag, grocery bag, carrier bag.
    * bolsa para la compra = shopping bag, carrier bag.
    * buena compra = good buy.
    * carrito de la compra = shopping trolley, shopping cart.
    * carro de la compra = shopping cart, shopping trolley.
    * catálogo comercial de compra por correo = mail order catalogue.
    * cesta de la compra = food bill, shopping basket, food basket.
    * cesta de la compra, la = cost of living index.
    * compañía de compra por alquiler = hire-purchase company.
    * compra a plazos apartando el producto = layaway, lay-by.
    * compra compulsiva = impulse shopping.
    * compra de acciones = shareholding.
    * compra de libros = book buying [book-buying], book supply, book purchasing.
    * compra desaforada = shopping spree.
    * compra desde casa = armchair shopping.
    * compra de una compañía por otra = corporate takeover.
    * compra en línea = online shopping.
    * compra impulsiva = impulse buy.
    * compra por correo = mail-order.
    * compras de última hora = last-minute shopping.
    * compra-venta de coches = auto dealer.
    * comprobante de compra = proof of purchase.
    * derecho preferente de compra = preemption [pre-emption].
    * descuento por compra al por mayor = bulk deal, bulk rate, bulk rate discount.
    * día de compras = shopping trip.
    * fiebre de las compras = shopping fever.
    * garantía de compra = proof of purchase.
    * hábito de compra = shopping habit, buying habit, purchasing habit, consumption habit.
    * hacer compras = do + shopping.
    * hacer una compra = make + a purchase.
    * ir de compras = go + shopping.
    * lista de compra = shopping list.
    * mejor compra = best buy.
    * oferta de compra de una compañía por otra = takeover bid.
    * opción de compra = buying option, purchasing option.
    * opción de compra de acciones = stock option.
    * orden de compra = purchase order.
    * plan de compra = purchase plan.
    * política de compras = purchasing policy.
    * precio de compra = purchase price.
    * precio especial por compra al por mayor = bulk deal.
    * préstamo para compra de coche = car loan.
    * presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].
    * presupuesto para la compra de material = materials budget.
    * prueba de compra = proof of purchase.
    * sección de compras = acquisitions department, order department.
    * servicio de compra por televisión = teleshopping service.
    * servicio de compras = acquisition(s) service.
    * tienda de compras por Internet = online store.
    * viaje de compras = shopping trip.

    * * *
    1
    (acción): hemos estado muy ocupados con la compra de la casa we've been very busy with buying the house o ( frml) with the house purchase
    has hecho una excelente compra that was a good buy
    ir de compras to go shopping
    hicimos algunas compras we did some shopping o we bought a few things
    hacer la compra ( Esp) or ( AmL) las compras para la semana to do the weekly shopping o ( colloq) shop
    la lista de la compra ( Esp) or ( AmL) las compras the shopping list
    jefe de compras chief buyer
    la compra de dos o más artículos le da derecho a participar en nuestro sorteo if you purchase two or more items you will be eligible o the purchase of two or more items makes you eligible to take part in our draw
    estar de compras ( fam euf); to be in the family way ( colloq euph)
    2 (cosa comprada) buy, purchase ( frml)
    este vestido fue una buena/mala compra this dress was a good/bad buy
    pon la compra en la cocina ( Esp); put what you've bought in the kitchen, put the shopping in the kitchen ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo comprar: ( conjugate comprar)

    compra es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    compra    
    comprar
    compra sustantivo femenino
    a) ( acción):


    hacer las compras or (Esp) la compra to do the shopping;
    compra por teléfono teleshopping
    b) ( cosa comprada) buy, purchase (frml);


    comprar ( conjugate comprar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹casa/regalo/comida› to buy, purchase (frml);

    comprale algo a algn ( a quien lo vende) to buy sth from sb;
    ( a quien lo recibe) to buy sth for sb
    b) (fam) ( sobornar) to buy (colloq)

    compra sustantivo femenino
    1 (acción) buying
    ir de compras, to go shopping
    2 (objeto comprado) purchase, buy
    (conjunto de alimentos) shopping
    comprar verbo transitivo
    1 to buy: compramos el ordenador a plazos, we bought the computer on hire purchase
    le compra el periódico a Lucía, (para Lucía) he buys the newspaper for Lucia
    (Lucía lo vende) he buys the newspaper from Lucia
    2 figurado (sobornar) to bribe, buy off
    ' compra' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adquisición
    - amortizar
    - bolsa
    - carrito
    - comprar
    - desorbitar
    - dos
    - las
    - negociar
    - opción
    - salida
    - súper
    - barato
    - cambiar
    - canasta
    - catálogo
    - clavar
    - ganga
    - gestionar
    - hacer
    - importe
    - mandado
    - pilón
    - práctico
    - realizar
    - talón
    English:
    bag
    - bring up
    - buy
    - deposit
    - first-time
    - for
    - insider dealing
    - insider trading
    - leverage
    - outsourcing
    - purchase
    - shopping
    - shopping bag
    - throw in
    - trolley
    - any
    - business
    - deal
    - dealer
    - first
    - free
    - hire
    - take
    - teleshopping
    - whichever
    * * *
    compra nf
    1. [adquisición] purchase;
    están considerando la compra de un automóvil they are thinking about o considering buying a car;
    por la compra de una enciclopedia te regalan un televisor if you buy an encyclopedia, they'll give you a television free;
    hacer Esp [m5] la compra o Am [m5] las compras to do the shopping;
    hago Esp [m5] la compra o Am [m5] las compras los viernes I do the shopping on Fridays;
    ir de compras to go shopping
    compra apalancada leverage buyout;
    compra al contado [en efectivo] cash purchase;
    Am compra en cuotas Br hire-purchase, US installment plan;
    compra al por mayor bulk buying;
    compra a plazos Br hire-purchase, US installment plan
    2. [objeto adquirido] purchase, buy;
    esta impresora fue una excelente compra this printer was a really good buy;
    algunos supermercados te llevan la compra a casa some supermarkets deliver your shopping to your home;
    deja la compra sobre la mesa leave the shopping on the table
    compra impulsiva o por impulso impulse buy
    * * *
    f
    1 acción purchase;
    hacer la compra, ir a la compra do the shopping;
    ir de compras go shopping
    2 ( cosa comprada) purchase, buy
    * * *
    compra nf
    1) : purchase
    2)
    ir de compras : to go shopping
    3)
    orden de compra : purchase order
    * * *
    compra n (adquisición) purchase / buy

    Spanish-English dictionary > compra

  • 64 repelente

    adj.
    1 repulsive (desagradable, repugnante).
    2 repellent.
    m.
    insect repellent.
    * * *
    1 repellent, repulsive
    \
    niño,-a repelente irónico little know-all
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=repulsivo) repellent, repulsive
    2) * (=sabelotodo)
    2.
    SM repellent, insect repellent
    * * *
    I
    2) < persona> repulsive, repellent; < niño> obnoxious
    II
    masculino insect repellent
    * * *
    = repellent, repulsive, obnoxious, rebarbative, aversive, creepy [creepier -comp., creepiest -sup.], creep.
    Ex. But, in the main, I find it often boring and sometimes repellent.
    Ex. A new indicator, representing the asymmetry of coauthorship links, was used to reveal the main 'attractive' and ' repulsive' centres of cooperation.
    Ex. During the war a law was passed to limit the consumption of newsprint by ' obnoxious newspapers' and even reducing it to nil = Durante la guerra se aprobó una ley para limitar el consumo de papel de periódico por los llamados "periódicos detestables" e incluso reducirlo a cero.
    Ex. The implacable reduction in the dissemination of public documents constitutes a rebarbative policy that threatens the quality of reference services in libraries.
    Ex. In fact, weeding aversive staff tend to spend a lot more time complaining about having nothing on the shelves.
    Ex. Today I got followed home by a creepy man with a high-pitched voice.
    Ex. The main character, Tom Johnson, realizes that no girls go out with creeps like him so he quickly changes and buys a guitar and learns how to play one.
    ----
    * repelente contra insectos = insect repellent.
    * repelente de insectos = insect repellent.
    * repelente de mosquitos = mosquito repellent.
    * * *
    I
    2) < persona> repulsive, repellent; < niño> obnoxious
    II
    masculino insect repellent
    * * *
    = repellent, repulsive, obnoxious, rebarbative, aversive, creepy [creepier -comp., creepiest -sup.], creep.

    Ex: But, in the main, I find it often boring and sometimes repellent.

    Ex: A new indicator, representing the asymmetry of coauthorship links, was used to reveal the main 'attractive' and ' repulsive' centres of cooperation.
    Ex: During the war a law was passed to limit the consumption of newsprint by ' obnoxious newspapers' and even reducing it to nil = Durante la guerra se aprobó una ley para limitar el consumo de papel de periódico por los llamados "periódicos detestables" e incluso reducirlo a cero.
    Ex: The implacable reduction in the dissemination of public documents constitutes a rebarbative policy that threatens the quality of reference services in libraries.
    Ex: In fact, weeding aversive staff tend to spend a lot more time complaining about having nothing on the shelves.
    Ex: Today I got followed home by a creepy man with a high-pitched voice.
    Ex: The main character, Tom Johnson, realizes that no girls go out with creeps like him so he quickly changes and buys a guitar and learns how to play one.
    * repelente contra insectos = insect repellent.
    * repelente de insectos = insect repellent.
    * repelente de mosquitos = mosquito repellent.

    * * *
    A
    (que ahuyenta): una loción repelente a repellent
    B ‹persona› repulsive, repellent, horrible; ‹niño› horrible, obnoxious
    insect repellent
    * * *

    repelente adjetivo ‹ persona› repulsive, repellent;
    ‹ niño› obnoxious
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    insect repellent
    repelente
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 (para insectos) repellent
    2 fam (persona redicha) affected person
    (sabelotodo) know-all
    II adjetivo
    1 (repugnante) repulsive, repellent
    2 fam (insoportable, intratable) unbearable, obnoxious
    (redicho) affected: es la niña repelente de la clase, she's the class know-all
    ' repelente' also found in these entries:
    English:
    icky
    - repellent
    - repellant
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. Fam [niño]
    es un niño repelente he's a disgusting little goody-goody
    2. [odioso] disgusting
    3. [de insectos] repellent
    ♦ nm
    repelente (contra insectos) insect repellent
    * * *
    I adj
    1 fig
    repellent, repulsive
    2 fam
    niño horrible
    II m repellent
    * * *
    : repellent, repulsive
    : repellent
    repelente de insectos: insect repellent
    * * *
    repelente1 adj
    1. (sabelotodo) know all
    2. (repulsivo) revolting
    1. (para insectos) repellent
    2. (persona) know all

    Spanish-English dictionary > repelente

  • 65 repugnante

    adj.
    disgusting.
    f. & m.
    loathsome person, repulsive person.
    * * *
    1 repugnant, repulsive, disgusting, revolting
    * * *
    adj.
    repugnant, disgusting
    * * *
    ADJ disgusting, revolting
    * * *
    adjetivo < olor> disgusting, revolting; < crimen> abhorrent, repugnant; < persona> ( físicamente) repulsive, revolting; ( moralmente) repugnant
    * * *
    = filthy [filthier -comp, filthiest -sup.], rank, repellent, revolting, repulsive, obnoxious, disgusting, rebarbative, abhorrent, minging, gross [grosser -comp., grossest -sup.], gruesome, nasty [natier -comp., nastiest -sup.], icky [ickier -comp., ickiest -sup.], creepy [creepier -comp., creepiest -sup.], loathsome.
    Ex. Printing houses -- apart from the few that had been built for the purpose rather than converted from something else -- were generally filthy and badly ventilated.
    Ex. And what I'm trying to suggest is that there's something shameful about a profession that has allowed this kind of blatant and rank ethnocentrism, racism, chauvinism, the whole schmier, to persist this long.
    Ex. But, in the main, I find it often boring and sometimes repellent.
    Ex. This was so that the stuffing could be teased out and cleared of lumps, and so that the pelts could be softened by currying and soaking them in urine; the smell is said to have been revolting.
    Ex. A new indicator, representing the asymmetry of coauthorship links, was used to reveal the main 'attractive' and ' repulsive' centres of cooperation.
    Ex. During the war a law was passed to limit the consumption of newsprint by ' obnoxious newspapers' and even reducing it to nil = Durante la guerra se aprobó una ley para limitar el consumo de papel de periódico por los llamados "periódicos detestables" e incluso reducirlo a cero.
    Ex. I find it disgusting but I guess that's human nature.
    Ex. The implacable reduction in the dissemination of public documents constitutes a rebarbative policy that threatens the quality of reference services in libraries.
    Ex. He debates what should the librarian's attitude be to materials considered personally abhorrent.
    Ex. Everyone is attractive to someone, there is no such thing as a minger, but there are many people who I think are minging.
    Ex. Janell has always had a soft spot in her heart for animals most people might find gross.
    Ex. We hear horrendous tales of shootings in schools and colleges and gruesome murder of parents.
    Ex. Anthony Datto thanked them for having permitted him to unburden himself and after a few desultory remarks about the nasty weather and nothing in particular, they parted.
    Ex. Neck buffs and balaclava's get the most icky, because you're usually breathing against them, and they tend to get a bit moist.
    Ex. Today I got followed home by a creepy man with a high-pitched voice.
    Ex. It is loathsome and grotesquely hypocritical that pro-lifers oppose abortion, but are unconcerned about the mistreatment of animals used in the food industry.
    * * *
    adjetivo < olor> disgusting, revolting; < crimen> abhorrent, repugnant; < persona> ( físicamente) repulsive, revolting; ( moralmente) repugnant
    * * *
    = filthy [filthier -comp, filthiest -sup.], rank, repellent, revolting, repulsive, obnoxious, disgusting, rebarbative, abhorrent, minging, gross [grosser -comp., grossest -sup.], gruesome, nasty [natier -comp., nastiest -sup.], icky [ickier -comp., ickiest -sup.], creepy [creepier -comp., creepiest -sup.], loathsome.

    Ex: Printing houses -- apart from the few that had been built for the purpose rather than converted from something else -- were generally filthy and badly ventilated.

    Ex: And what I'm trying to suggest is that there's something shameful about a profession that has allowed this kind of blatant and rank ethnocentrism, racism, chauvinism, the whole schmier, to persist this long.
    Ex: But, in the main, I find it often boring and sometimes repellent.
    Ex: This was so that the stuffing could be teased out and cleared of lumps, and so that the pelts could be softened by currying and soaking them in urine; the smell is said to have been revolting.
    Ex: A new indicator, representing the asymmetry of coauthorship links, was used to reveal the main 'attractive' and ' repulsive' centres of cooperation.
    Ex: During the war a law was passed to limit the consumption of newsprint by ' obnoxious newspapers' and even reducing it to nil = Durante la guerra se aprobó una ley para limitar el consumo de papel de periódico por los llamados "periódicos detestables" e incluso reducirlo a cero.
    Ex: I find it disgusting but I guess that's human nature.
    Ex: The implacable reduction in the dissemination of public documents constitutes a rebarbative policy that threatens the quality of reference services in libraries.
    Ex: He debates what should the librarian's attitude be to materials considered personally abhorrent.
    Ex: Everyone is attractive to someone, there is no such thing as a minger, but there are many people who I think are minging.
    Ex: Janell has always had a soft spot in her heart for animals most people might find gross.
    Ex: We hear horrendous tales of shootings in schools and colleges and gruesome murder of parents.
    Ex: Anthony Datto thanked them for having permitted him to unburden himself and after a few desultory remarks about the nasty weather and nothing in particular, they parted.
    Ex: Neck buffs and balaclava's get the most icky, because you're usually breathing against them, and they tend to get a bit moist.
    Ex: Today I got followed home by a creepy man with a high-pitched voice.
    Ex: It is loathsome and grotesquely hypocritical that pro-lifers oppose abortion, but are unconcerned about the mistreatment of animals used in the food industry.

    * * *
    1 ‹olor› disgusting, revolting
    2 ‹crimen› abhorrent, repugnant
    3 ‹persona› (físicamente) repulsive, revolting, repellent; (moralmente) repugnant
    * * *

    repugnante adjetivo ‹ olor› disgusting, revolting;
    ‹ crimen› abhorrent, repugnant;
    ‹ persona› ( físicamente) repulsive, revolting;
    ( moralmente) repugnant
    repugnante adjetivo
    1 (físicamente) disgusting, revolting, repulsive
    2 (moralmente) repugnant
    ' repugnante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    repelente
    - asco
    English:
    abhorrent
    - disgusting
    - loathsome
    - obnoxious
    - offensive
    - repugnant
    - revolting
    - foul
    - nauseating
    - repulsive
    * * *
    1. [sabor, olor] disgusting, revolting
    2. [acción, comportamiento] disgusting
    * * *
    adj disgusting, repugnant
    * * *
    : repulsive, repugnant, revolting
    * * *
    repugnante adj revolting

    Spanish-English dictionary > repugnante

  • 66 Eigenverbrauch

    Eigenverbrauch m GEN, STEUER private consumption
    * * *
    m <Geschäft, Steuer> private consumption
    * * *
    Eigenverbrauch
    home (private, own, personal, self-) consumption, office use;
    • Eigenvermögen (der Ehefrau) separate property;
    • nicht ins Gewicht fallendes Eigenverschulden supervening negligence;
    • Eigenversicherung self-insurance;
    • Eigenversorgung national self-sufficiency;
    • Eigenverwaltung haushaltsfreier Mittel appropriation-in-aid;
    • Eigenvorteil self-benefit;
    • Eigen wechsel promissory note;
    • Eigenwerbung institutional advertising, (Agentur) house advertising, self-advertising;
    • kleine landwirtschaftliche Eigenwirtschaft small holding (Br.).

    Business german-english dictionary > Eigenverbrauch

  • 67 comida

    f.
    1 food (food).
    comida basura junk food
    comida casera home cooking
    comidas para empresas business catering
    comida preparada convenience food
    comida rápida fast food
    2 meal (almuerzo, cena).
    comida de Navidad Christmas dinner
    comida de trabajo business lunch
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: comer.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: comedirse.
    * * *
    1 (alimento) food
    3 (almuerzo) lunch
    \
    comida basura junk food
    comida casera home cooking
    comida de negocios business lunch
    comida rápida fast food
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) food
    3) meal
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=alimento) food

    mamá está haciendo o preparando la comida — mum is making lunch

    comida precocinada, comida preparada — ready meals pl, precooked meals pl

    2) (=acto de comer) meal
    3) esp Esp (=almuerzo) lunch
    4) LAm (=cena) dinner, evening meal
    5) **

    comida de coco, comida de tarro, en la mili le han hecho una comida de coco o tarro — they brainwashed him when he was in the army

    este libro es una comida de coco o tarro — this book is pretty heavy stuff *

    * * *
    1) ( alimentos) food
    2)

    hago tres comidas al día — I have o eat three meals a day

    b) (AmL) (menú, platos) food

    hacer or preparar la comida — to get the food ready o cook the food

    3)
    a) (esp Esp, Méx) ( almuerzo) lunch, dinner (BrE)
    b) (esp AmL) ( cena) dinner, supper; ( en algunas regiones del Reino Unido) tea
    * * *
    = food, meal, eats, cuisine, food supply, grub, chow, nosh, foodstuffs, fare, supper, supply of food.
    Ex. Food, cookery and Mediterranean are isolates drawn from the facets of Domestic science, constituting phenomena studied.
    Ex. The pilot fish leads the shark to food, then lives off the crumbs of the shark's meals.
    Ex. Recounts the experience of some US book superstores in offering drinks and eats in order to make them user friendly.
    Ex. Diet books are now more flexible, and there is a resurgence of interest in vegetarian cuisine.
    Ex. This study investigated the mechanisms by which these changes have impacted on birds and their food supplies.
    Ex. Why grub has to be 'rustled up' is anyone's guess; that is just the way it was on the Wild West.
    Ex. The lowly chow of the rural poor has gone highbrow.
    Ex. Top it off with spicy guacamole and it's worth the nosh.
    Ex. Attention has focussed on the labelling of foodstuffs and the testing and approval of food additives.
    Ex. This stylish cafe, situated in a heritage-listed building that used to be a gun shop, offers original, restaurant-quality fare.
    Ex. A big pumpkin, cut into quarters and baked, is a sweet and warming supper.
    Ex. Previous studies in which squirrels were provisioned with an abundant supply of food found a reduction in the rate of caching.
    ----
    * atracarse de comida = stuff + Posesivo + face.
    * atracón de comida = binge eating.
    * bolsa de comida = box lunch.
    * buena comida, la = good food.
    * búsqueda de comida = foraging.
    * cama y comida = food and board, bed and board.
    * comida al aire libre = cookout.
    * comida basura = junk food.
    * comida caliente = cooked meal.
    * comida de dos platos y postre = three-course meal.
    * comida de empresa = company dinner.
    * comida de fuera = outside food.
    * comida de Navidad = Christmas dinner.
    * comida de trabajo = business meal, professional meal.
    * comida de tres platos = three-course meal.
    * comida ecológica = ecological food.
    * comida en conserva = tinned food, canned food.
    * comida enlatada = tinned food, canned food.
    * comida escolar = school lunch, school dinner.
    * comida grasa = fatty food.
    * comida infantil = baby food.
    * comida para animales = animal feed.
    * comida para llevar = takeaway meal, take-out meal, take-out.
    * comida para niños = baby food.
    * comida para pájaros = bird seed.
    * comida para perros = dog food.
    * comida para picar = finger food.
    * comida poco saludable = unhealthy foods.
    * comida precocinada = baked goods.
    * comida preparada = take-out.
    * comida principal = main meal.
    * comida rápida = fast food, junk food.
    * comidas = dining.
    * comida saludable = wholesome food, healthy food.
    * comida sana = wholesome food, healthy food.
    * comidas caseras = home cooking.
    * comidas selectas = delicatessen [deli, -abrev.].
    * comida tradicional de los negros del sur de los Estados Unidos = soul food.
    * comida y alojamiento = board and lodging.
    * comida y habitación = board and lodging.
    * decoración de los carritos de la comida = trolley dressing.
    * en las comidas = at meal times.
    * gasto en comida = food bill.
    * harto de comida = fullfed.
    * hora de la comida = mealtime [meal time].
    * industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.
    * preparar la comida = cook + meal.
    * puesto de café y comida = coffee and lunch corner.
    * puesto de comida = food stall.
    * restaurante de comida rápida = fast-food restaurant.
    * ser muy delicado con la comida = be a picky eater.
    * ser muy melindroso con la comida = be a picky eater.
    * ser muy tiquismiquis con la comida = be a picky eater.
    * sin incluir las comidas = self-catering.
    * * *
    1) ( alimentos) food
    2)

    hago tres comidas al día — I have o eat three meals a day

    b) (AmL) (menú, platos) food

    hacer or preparar la comida — to get the food ready o cook the food

    3)
    a) (esp Esp, Méx) ( almuerzo) lunch, dinner (BrE)
    b) (esp AmL) ( cena) dinner, supper; ( en algunas regiones del Reino Unido) tea
    * * *
    = food, meal, eats, cuisine, food supply, grub, chow, nosh, foodstuffs, fare, supper, supply of food.

    Ex: Food, cookery and Mediterranean are isolates drawn from the facets of Domestic science, constituting phenomena studied.

    Ex: The pilot fish leads the shark to food, then lives off the crumbs of the shark's meals.
    Ex: Recounts the experience of some US book superstores in offering drinks and eats in order to make them user friendly.
    Ex: Diet books are now more flexible, and there is a resurgence of interest in vegetarian cuisine.
    Ex: This study investigated the mechanisms by which these changes have impacted on birds and their food supplies.
    Ex: Why grub has to be 'rustled up' is anyone's guess; that is just the way it was on the Wild West.
    Ex: The lowly chow of the rural poor has gone highbrow.
    Ex: Top it off with spicy guacamole and it's worth the nosh.
    Ex: Attention has focussed on the labelling of foodstuffs and the testing and approval of food additives.
    Ex: This stylish cafe, situated in a heritage-listed building that used to be a gun shop, offers original, restaurant-quality fare.
    Ex: A big pumpkin, cut into quarters and baked, is a sweet and warming supper.
    Ex: Previous studies in which squirrels were provisioned with an abundant supply of food found a reduction in the rate of caching.
    * atracarse de comida = stuff + Posesivo + face.
    * atracón de comida = binge eating.
    * bolsa de comida = box lunch.
    * buena comida, la = good food.
    * búsqueda de comida = foraging.
    * cama y comida = food and board, bed and board.
    * comida al aire libre = cookout.
    * comida basura = junk food.
    * comida caliente = cooked meal.
    * comida de dos platos y postre = three-course meal.
    * comida de empresa = company dinner.
    * comida de fuera = outside food.
    * comida de Navidad = Christmas dinner.
    * comida de trabajo = business meal, professional meal.
    * comida de tres platos = three-course meal.
    * comida ecológica = ecological food.
    * comida en conserva = tinned food, canned food.
    * comida enlatada = tinned food, canned food.
    * comida escolar = school lunch, school dinner.
    * comida grasa = fatty food.
    * comida infantil = baby food.
    * comida para animales = animal feed.
    * comida para llevar = takeaway meal, take-out meal, take-out.
    * comida para niños = baby food.
    * comida para pájaros = bird seed.
    * comida para perros = dog food.
    * comida para picar = finger food.
    * comida poco saludable = unhealthy foods.
    * comida precocinada = baked goods.
    * comida preparada = take-out.
    * comida principal = main meal.
    * comida rápida = fast food, junk food.
    * comidas = dining.
    * comida saludable = wholesome food, healthy food.
    * comida sana = wholesome food, healthy food.
    * comidas caseras = home cooking.
    * comidas selectas = delicatessen [deli, -abrev.].
    * comida tradicional de los negros del sur de los Estados Unidos = soul food.
    * comida y alojamiento = board and lodging.
    * comida y habitación = board and lodging.
    * decoración de los carritos de la comida = trolley dressing.
    * en las comidas = at meal times.
    * gasto en comida = food bill.
    * harto de comida = fullfed.
    * hora de la comida = mealtime [meal time].
    * industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.
    * preparar la comida = cook + meal.
    * puesto de café y comida = coffee and lunch corner.
    * puesto de comida = food stall.
    * restaurante de comida rápida = fast-food restaurant.
    * ser muy delicado con la comida = be a picky eater.
    * ser muy melindroso con la comida = be a picky eater.
    * ser muy tiquismiquis con la comida = be a picky eater.
    * sin incluir las comidas = self-catering.

    * * *
    gastamos mucho en comida we spend a lot on food
    ¿te gusta la comida china? do you like Chinese food o cooking?
    comida para perros/gatos dog/cat food
    B
    hago tres comidas al día I have o eat three meals a day
    come mucho pan con la comida she eats a lot of bread with her meals o food
    aquí la comida fuerte es la del mediodía here the main meal is at midday
    2 (menú, platos) food
    en este bar no sirven comidas they don't serve o ( BrE) do meals in this bar
    está haciendo or preparando la comida he's getting the food ready o cooking the food
    Compuestos:
    junk food
    ● comida de negocios/de trabajo
    business/working lunch
    school lunch o dinner ( BrE)
    C
    1 (esp Esp, Méx) (almuerzo) lunch, dinner ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo comedirse: ( conjugate comedirse)

    me comida es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    se comida es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    comida sustantivo femenino


    comida basura/rápida junk/fast food


    ¿quién hace la comida en tu casa? who does the cooking in your house?;
    todavía no he hecho la comida I still haven't cooked the meal
    c) (esp Esp, Méx) ( almuerzo) lunch

    d) (esp AmL) ( cena) dinner, supper;

    ( en algunas regiones del Reino Unido) tea
    comido,-a adjetivo yo estoy comida, I've had lunch
    vinieron comidos, when they arrived they had already eaten
    ♦ Locuciones: sale lo comido por lo servido, (no compensar) it's not worthwhile
    ser pan comido, to be a piece of cake
    comida sustantivo femenino
    1 (alimentos) food: la comida escasea, food is scarce
    2 (ingesta de alimentos) meal
    (al mediodía) lunch: después de la comida siempre estamos un ratito de sobremesa, after dinner we always chat around the table
    La palabra comida puede referirse al alimento en general ( food), a cualquiera de las tres comidas del día ( meal) o a la comida del mediodía ( lunch), aunque algunos anglohablantes la llaman a veces dinner. ➣ Ver nota en dinner
    ' comida' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abalanzarse
    - aderezar
    - aderezo
    - alimento
    - almuerzo
    - ansiosa
    - ansioso
    - antojarse
    - aperitivo
    - apetitosa
    - apetitoso
    - atracarse
    - bocado
    - brocheta
    - ciega
    - ciego
    - comido
    - cruda
    - crudo
    - delicada
    - delicado
    - delito
    - desorbitada
    - desorbitado
    - destemplarse
    - enormidad
    - envidiar
    - estar
    - estropearse
    - fondón
    - fondona
    - fuerte
    - grasosa
    - grasoso
    - guarrear
    - harta
    - hartar
    - harto
    - hincar
    - indigestarse
    - ingerir
    - itacate
    - llenar
    - mesa
    - mierda
    - mucha
    - mucho
    - palillo
    - pasar
    - peculiar
    English:
    ample
    - beautiful
    - beg
    - binge
    - bite
    - bland
    - boiling
    - burn
    - can
    - canned
    - cater
    - caterer
    - complaint
    - concoct
    - consumption
    - cook
    - cooking
    - cool down
    - cool off
    - course
    - dainty
    - decay
    - defrost
    - dehydrated
    - delicacy
    - delicatessen
    - delightful
    - diet
    - dig into
    - digest
    - dinner
    - disagree
    - dish
    - doggy bag
    - eat up
    - enjoyable
    - excessive
    - fancy
    - far
    - fare
    - fast food
    - feed
    - filling station
    - finish up
    - fit
    - fix
    - food
    - forage
    - freeze
    - fresh
    * * *
    comida nf
    1. [alimento] food;
    la comida francesa/mexicana French/Mexican food;
    comida para perros/gatos dog/cat food
    comida basura junk food;
    comida casera home cooking;
    Méx comida chatarra junk food; Méx comida corrida set meal; Méx comida corriente set meal;
    comidas a domicilio = home delivery of food;
    comidas para empresas business catering;
    comida para llevar takeaway food;
    comida preparada ready meals;
    comida rápida fast food
    2. [acto de comer] meal;
    se sirven comidas [en letrero] food served
    3. Esp, Méx [al mediodía] lunch;
    dar una comida to have a lunch party;
    una comida de negocios o [m5] de trabajo a business lunch;
    4. esp Andes [a la noche] dinner
    * * *
    f
    1 (comestibles) food
    2 ocasión meal
    * * *
    comida nf
    1) : food
    2) : meal
    3) : dinner
    4)
    comida basura : junk food
    5)
    comida rápida : fast food
    * * *
    1. (alimentos) food
    ¿a qué hora quieres la comida? what time do you want lunch?

    Spanish-English dictionary > comida

  • 68 privat

    I Adj. private; (vertraulich) auch confidential; (persönlich) auch personal; (in Privatbesitz) auch privately owned; das ist meine private Meinung that’s my personal opinion; es ist ganz privat it’s strictly private; an privat to private individuals; von privat from private individuals; etwas Privates besprechen talk about something personal ( oder a personal matter); die private Wirtschaft the private sector; die Privaten umg. commercial TV, private channnels
    II Adv. privately, in private; jemanden ( nicht) privat kennen (not) know s.o. socially; jemanden privat kennen lernen get to know s.o. socially ( oder away from work); jemanden privat sprechen / besuchen speak to s.o. privately ( oder in private) / visit s.o. at home; jemanden privat unterbringen put s.o. up at a private place; haben Sie privat mit ihr zu tun? do you have any private contact with her?; privat ist sie ganz anders in private ( oder at home) she’s a different person; sich privat versichern get private insurance; ich bin privat versichert I am privately insured; jemanden privat behandeln MED. treat s.o. privately, give s.o. private treatment
    * * *
    private; intimate
    * * *
    pri|vat [pri'vaːt]
    1. adj
    private; Telefonnummer auch home attr

    etw an Privat verkaufen/von Privat kaufen (Comm) — to sell sth to/to buy sth from private individuals

    2. adv
    1) (= als Privatperson) privately

    privat ist der Chef sehr freundlich — the boss is very friendly out(side) of work

    jdn privat sprechen — to speak to sb privately or in private

    2) (von Privatpersonen) finanzieren, unterstützen privately
    3)

    (= individuell) jdn privat unterbringen — to put sb up privately

    4)

    (= nicht gesetzlich) privat versichert sein — to be privately insured

    privat liegen — to be in a private ward

    * * *
    1) (of, for, or belonging to, one person or group, not to the general public: The headmaster lives in a private apartment in the school; in my private (=personal) opinion; This information is to be kept strictly private; You shouldn't listen to private conversations.) private
    * * *
    pri·vat
    [priˈva:t]
    I. adj
    1. (jdm persönlich gehörend) private
    \privates Eigentum private property
    2. (persönlich) personal
    er hat alle Autos von \privat gekauft he bought all the cars from private individuals
    ich möchte nur an \privat verkaufen I only want to sell to private individuals
    \private Angelegenheiten private affairs
    \privater Anleger private investor
    \private Ausgaben private expenditure no pl
    \private Unterbringung von ausländischen Wertpapieren private negotiation of foreign securities
    \privater Verbrauch personal consumption
    \privater Verkauf eines Aktienpakets private sale of a block of shares
    3. (nicht öffentlich) private
    eine \private Schule a private [or BRIT a. public] school
    eine \private Vorstellung a private [or AM closed] performance
    II. adv
    1. (nicht geschäftlich) privately
    jdn \privat sprechen to speak to sb in private [or privately]
    \privat können Sie mich unter dieser Nummer erreichen you can reach me at home under this number
    sie ist an dem Wohl ihrer Mitarbeiter auch \privat interessiert she is also interested in the welfare of her staff outside of office hours
    2. FIN, MED
    \privat behandelt werden to have private treatment
    \privat liegen to be in a private ward
    sich akk \privat versichern to take out a private insurance
    etw \privat finanzieren to finance sth out of one's own savings
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv private; personal <opinion, happiness, etc.>

    an/von Privat — to/from private individuals pl

    2.
    adverbial privately
    * * *
    A. adj private; (vertraulich) auch confidential; (persönlich) auch personal; (in Privatbesitz) auch privately owned;
    das ist meine private Meinung that’s my personal opinion;
    es ist ganz privat it’s strictly private;
    an privat to private individuals;
    von privat from private individuals;
    etwas Privates besprechen talk about something personal ( oder a personal matter);
    die private Wirtschaft the private sector;
    die Privaten umg commercial TV, private channnels
    B. adv privately, in private;
    jemanden (nicht) privat kennen (not) know sb socially;
    jemanden privat kennenlernen get to know sb socially ( oder away from work);
    jemanden privat sprechen/besuchen speak to sb privately ( oder in private)/visit sb at home;
    jemanden privat unterbringen put sb up at a private place;
    haben Sie privat mit ihr zu tun? do you have any private contact with her?;
    privat ist sie ganz anders in private ( oder at home) she’s a different person;
    sich privat versichern get private insurance;
    ich bin privat versichert I am privately insured;
    jemanden privat behandeln MED treat sb privately, give sb private treatment
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv private; personal <opinion, happiness, etc.>

    an/von Privat — to/from private individuals pl

    2.
    adverbial privately
    * * *
    adj.
    private adj. adv.
    privately adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > privat

  • 69 consumir

    v.
    1 to consume (producto).
    en casa consumimos mucho aceite de oliva we use a lot of olive oil at home
    consumir drogas to take drugs
    consumir preferentemente antes de… best before…
    María consumió sus ahorros Mary consumed her savings.
    La malaria consumió a Pedro The swamp fever consumed Peter.
    La pasión consumió a Ricardo The passion consumed Richard.
    2 to use, to consume.
    esta estufa consume mucha electricidad this heater uses a lot of electricity
    mi coche consume cinco litros a los cien my car does twenty kilometers to the liter
    3 to destroy (destruir) (sujeto: fuego).
    le consumen los celos (figurative) he is eaten up by o consumed with jealousy
    4 to burn up.
    El auto consume mucha gasolina The car burns up too much fuel.
    * * *
    1 (gastar, usar) to consume, use
    2 (destruir) to destroy, consume
    3 (tomar) to take, consume
    4 figurado (carcomer, afligir) to consume; (poner nervioso) to get on one's nerves, infuriate
    1 (extinguirse) to burn out
    2 (secarse) to boil away
    3 (destruirse) to be destroyed
    4 figurado (afligirse) to waste away
    5 figurado (carcomerse) to be consumed, be devoured
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ comida, bebida, droga] to consume frm

    consumir preferentemente antes de... — best before...

    2) [+ energía, gasolina] to use, consume frm
    3) [+ tiempo] to take up
    4) (=extinguir) [+ salud] to destroy

    el cáncer lo está consumiendo — cancer is destroying him, he's being wasted away by cancer

    estos niños me están consumiendo la paciencia — these children are trying o taxing my patience, my patience is wearing thin with these children

    5) (=desesperar)

    los celos lo consumen — he is consumed o eaten up with jealousy

    6) And, CAm (=sumergir) to submerge
    2. VI
    1) (=comer) to eat; (=beber) to drink

    por favor, váyase si no va a consumir — please leave if you're not going to eat or drink

    2) (=gastar) to consume
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (frml) <comida/bebida> to eat/drink, consume (frml)

    no vamos a consumir nada — we're not going to have anything to eat/drink

    consúmase en el día — eat o consume within one day

    consumen cantidades industriales de mermelada — (hum) they get through vast quantities of jam (colloq & hum)

    b) <gasolina/energía/producto> to consume, use; < tiempo> to take up
    c) < salud> to ruin
    2) (destruir, acabar con)
    a) fuego/llamas to consume
    c) envidia/celos

    la envidia/los celos la consumían — he was consumed by o with envy/jealousy

    3) ( exasperar) to exasperate
    2.
    consumirse v pron
    a) enfermo/anciano to waste away

    consumirse de algo: se consumía de pena — she was being consumed by grief

    b) vela/cigarrillo to burn down
    c) líquido to reduce
    * * *
    = consume, expend, eat up, swallow up, use up, put away.
    Ex. Her eyes were dry and her head bleary from spending all week totally consumed with work.
    Ex. Command of various techniques for forecasting payments and managing funds is necessary to expend fully without overspending the annual materials budget.
    Ex. The importance of staff atitude is emphasized because the outreach effort has little chance of success without commitment -- it eats up time, energy, enthusiasm and imagination at a rapid rate.
    Ex. The growing complexity of computing environments requires creative solutions to prevent the gain in productivity promised by computing advances from being swallowed up by the necessity of moving information from one environment to another.
    Ex. Plug-in programs have grown widely, they add functionality to a WWW browser but also use up drive storage space or conflict with other types of programs.
    Ex. He put away twice as much wine as usual and it went to his head, so he stretched out on his bed for a nap.
    ----
    * consumir a uno un sentimiento de + Nombre = be consumed by + a feeling of + Nombre.
    * consumir energía = consume + energy, take up + energy.
    * consumir esfuerzo = take up + energy.
    * consumir poco a poco = eat away at.
    * consumir + Posesivo + tiempo = swallow up + Posesivo + time.
    * consumir rápidamente = devour.
    * que consume mucha energía = power-hungry.
    * que consume tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * ritual en el que se consumen alucinógenos = mushroom ritual.
    * sin consumir = nonconsumptive.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (frml) <comida/bebida> to eat/drink, consume (frml)

    no vamos a consumir nada — we're not going to have anything to eat/drink

    consúmase en el día — eat o consume within one day

    consumen cantidades industriales de mermelada — (hum) they get through vast quantities of jam (colloq & hum)

    b) <gasolina/energía/producto> to consume, use; < tiempo> to take up
    c) < salud> to ruin
    2) (destruir, acabar con)
    a) fuego/llamas to consume
    c) envidia/celos

    la envidia/los celos la consumían — he was consumed by o with envy/jealousy

    3) ( exasperar) to exasperate
    2.
    consumirse v pron
    a) enfermo/anciano to waste away

    consumirse de algo: se consumía de pena — she was being consumed by grief

    b) vela/cigarrillo to burn down
    c) líquido to reduce
    * * *
    = consume, expend, eat up, swallow up, use up, put away.

    Ex: Her eyes were dry and her head bleary from spending all week totally consumed with work.

    Ex: Command of various techniques for forecasting payments and managing funds is necessary to expend fully without overspending the annual materials budget.
    Ex: The importance of staff atitude is emphasized because the outreach effort has little chance of success without commitment -- it eats up time, energy, enthusiasm and imagination at a rapid rate.
    Ex: The growing complexity of computing environments requires creative solutions to prevent the gain in productivity promised by computing advances from being swallowed up by the necessity of moving information from one environment to another.
    Ex: Plug-in programs have grown widely, they add functionality to a WWW browser but also use up drive storage space or conflict with other types of programs.
    Ex: He put away twice as much wine as usual and it went to his head, so he stretched out on his bed for a nap.
    * consumir a uno un sentimiento de + Nombre = be consumed by + a feeling of + Nombre.
    * consumir energía = consume + energy, take up + energy.
    * consumir esfuerzo = take up + energy.
    * consumir poco a poco = eat away at.
    * consumir + Posesivo + tiempo = swallow up + Posesivo + time.
    * consumir rápidamente = devour.
    * que consume mucha energía = power-hungry.
    * que consume tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * ritual en el que se consumen alucinógenos = mushroom ritual.
    * sin consumir = nonconsumptive.

    * * *
    consumir [I1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ( frml); ‹comida/bebida› to consume ( frml)
    si no van a consumir nada no pueden ocupar la mesa if you're not going to have anything to eat/drink, you can't sit at a table
    consuma productos nacionales buy home-produced goods
    estos niños consumen cantidades industriales de mermelada ( hum); these children get through vast quantities of jam ( colloq hum)
    una vez abierto consúmase en el día once open, eat o consume within one day
    ¿cuánto vino se consumió en la recepción? how much wine was drunk at the reception?, how much wine did they get through at the reception? ( colloq)
    2 ‹gasolina/energía/producto› to consume, use; ‹tiempo› to take up
    este coche consume ocho litros a los 100 (kilómetros) this car does 100km on 8 liters of gasoline, ≈ this car does 35 miles to the gallon
    aquí consumimos grandes cantidades de papel we use o get through vast quantities of paper here
    estás consumiendo mi paciencia you're trying o taxing my patience, my patience is running out o wearing thin
    B (destruir, acabar con) «fuego/llamas» to consume; «incendio» to consume, destroy
    la terrible enfermedad que lo está consumiendo the terrible disease that is making him waste away
    la ambición la consume she is burning with ambition
    está consumido por los celos he's eaten up o consumed with jealousy
    1 «enfermo/anciano» to waste away consumirse DE algo:
    se consumía de celos he was consumed o eaten up with jealousy
    se consumía de pena she was being consumed by grief, she was pining away with grief
    consumirse EN algo:
    se consumía en deseos de volver a verla ( liter); he had a burning desire to see her again ( liter), he was consumed with desire to see her again ( liter)
    2 «vela/cigarrillo» to burn down
    3 «líquido» to reduce
    se deja hervir para que se consuma algo el líquido boil off o away some of the liquid, leave it on the boil to reduce the liquid o so that the liquid reduces
    4 (achicarse) to shrink
    * * *

     

    consumir ( conjugate consumir) verbo transitivo
    a) (frml) ‹comida/bebida› to eat/drink, consume (frml)

    b) ‹gasolina/energía/producto› to consume, use;

    ‹ tiempo› to take up
    c) ‹ salud› to ruin

    d) ( destruir) [fuego/llamas] to consume;

    [envidia/celos]:
    ◊ la envidia la consumía she was consumed by o with envy

    consumirse verbo pronominal
    a) [enfermo/anciano] to waste away;


    b) [vela/cigarrillo] to burn down


    consumir verbo transitivo to consume
    consumir antes de..., best before...
    ' consumir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abusar
    - agotar
    - reconcomer
    - consumido
    - gastar
    - tomar
    English:
    best
    - burn up
    - consume
    - eat into
    - eat up
    - swallow up
    - use
    - carry
    - drain
    - eat
    - swallow
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [producto] to consume;
    en casa consumimos mucho aceite de oliva we use a lot of olive oil at home;
    consumieron sus refrescos en el bar they had their drinks at the bar;
    está prohibido consumir bebidas alcohólicas en los campos de fútbol the consumption of alcohol is forbidden in football grounds;
    fue acusado de consumir drogas he was accused of taking drugs;
    consumir preferentemente antes de… [en envase] best before…
    2. [gastar] to use, to consume;
    esta estufa consume mucha electricidad this heater uses a lot of electricity;
    esta moto consume muy poco this motorbike uses very little Br petrol o US gas;
    mi coche consume 7 litros a los cien ≈ my car does 41 miles to the gallon
    3. [desgastar] to wear out;
    el rozamiento consume los neumáticos friction wears down the tyres
    4. [destruir] [sujeto: fuego] to destroy
    5. [destruir] [sujeto: enfermedad] to eat away at;
    el cáncer lo va consumiendo poco a poco he's gradually wasting away because of the cancer;
    los celos lo consumen he is eaten up by o consumed with jealousy;
    este calor me consume this heat is killing me o is too much for me
    ♦ vi
    to consume
    * * *
    v/t & v/i consume;
    consumir preferentemente antes de … COM best before …
    * * *
    : to consume
    * * *
    1. (usar) to consume / to use
    2. (comer, beber) to eat [pt. ate; pp. eaten] / to drink [pt. drank; pp. drunk]
    3. (destruir) to destroy

    Spanish-English dictionary > consumir

  • 70 Binnenbedarf

    Binnenbedarf
    domestic (home) demand;
    • Binnenfischerei fresh-water fishing;
    • Binnenflughafen domestic airport;
    • Binnenflugverkehr inland (internal) air traffic;
    • Binnenfrachtführer inland carrier;
    • Binnengewässer territorial (internal) waters, inland waterways;
    • Binnengrenze (EU) internal frontier (border);
    • Binnenhafen close (Br.) (inland) port, inner (landlocked) harbo(u)r, basin;
    • Binnenhandel country (home, interior, internal, inward, US, domestic, US) trade, interstate commerce (US);
    • Binnenindustrie home industry;
    • Binnenkonjunktur domestic activity (state of business), internal economic trend;
    • rückläufige Binnenkonjunktur domestic business slowdown;
    • Binnenkonnossement river bill of lading (Br.), inland-waterway bill of lading;
    • Binnenkonsum domestic consumption;
    • Binnenland interior, inland;
    • Binnenluftverkehr inland air traffic, domestic flights, cabotage.

    Business german-english dictionary > Binnenbedarf

  • 71 Endfertigung

    Endfertigung
    finishing process;
    • Endfinanzierung permanent financing;
    • Endgehalt final salary;
    • Endgerät (Computer) terminal;
    • Endhafen final (home) port;
    • Endhaltestelle (Bahn) terminus (Br.);
    • Endkandidatenliste (Wahlen) short-list;
    • Endkosten terminal costs;
    • Endkunde end customer;
    • Endlagerung (Atomphysik) final storage;
    • Endlosformular continuous stationery;
    • Endloslochstreifen continuous tape;
    • Endmontage final assembly;
    • Endmontageprodukt final assembled product;
    • Endnachfragestruktur pattern of final consumption, final consumption pattern;
    • Endnutzer end user;
    • Endpreis final price, price to consumer;
    • Endprodukt end-product (-item), final (finished) goods;
    • Endrechnung final invoice;
    • Endsaldo final (closing, ending) balance;
    • Endstation terminus (Br.), railhead, final stopping point, jumping-off place, terminal (US), (Flughafen) town air terminus, (Nebenlinie) bay;
    • Endsumme grand total, count;
    • Endtermin final date, dies ad quem (lat.);
    • Endtermin für die Frachtannahme festsetzen to close for cargo;
    • Endurteil definitive judgment, final decision (sentence), (Ehescheidung) final decree;
    • Endverbleibsnachweis final destination proof.

    Business german-english dictionary > Endfertigung

  • 72 desagradable

    adj.
    1 unpleasant.
    2 disagreeable, distasteful, unpleasant, displeasing.
    * * *
    1 disagreeable, unpleasant
    * * *
    adj.
    unpleasant, disagreeable
    * * *
    ADJ unpleasant, disagreeable más frm
    * * *
    adjetivo <respuesta/comentario> unkind; <ruido/sensación> unpleasant, disagreeable; <escena/sorpresa> unpleasant; <tiempo/clima> unpleasant, horrible
    * * *
    = off-putting, unwelcome, unpleasant, disagreeable, unkind, obnoxious, peevish, distasteful, unappealing, seamy [seamier -comp., seamiest -sup.], unsavoury [unsavory, -USA], unpalatable, unsightly, minging, abrasive, nasty [natier -comp., nastiest -sup.], unwholesome, insalubrious, invidious, ill-natured.
    Ex. Some children are prepared to patronize the shop, and use it in quite a different way, when they find the library (however well run) stuffy or off-putting.
    Ex. The faithful adherents of the ideology of the finding catalog were determined to combat the unwelcome intrusion of Panizzi's scheme before the Royal Commission.
    Ex. And, as if by way of indicating that he had thrown down the gauntlet, he added, 'I can be unpleasant. I warn you'.
    Ex. Then I came within this disagreeable person's atmosphere, and lo! before I know what's happened I'm involved in an unpleasant altercation.
    Ex. The enumeration at 940.5316: Children and other noncombatants; Pacifists; Enemy sympathizers seems a little unkind, if nothing else.
    Ex. During the war a law was passed to limit the consumption of newsprint by ' obnoxious newspapers' and even reducing it to nil = Durante la guerra se aprobó una ley para limitar el consumo de papel de periódico por los llamados "periódicos detestables" e incluso reducirlo a cero.
    Ex. In 1912 a group of women library students were accused of lacking a sense of proportion, being peevish and being absorbed in small details.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. In addition, it is pointed out that tourists often have a strange fascination for tragic, macabre or other equally unappealing historical sights.
    Ex. In general, the writer explains, crimes are depicted in such a way that they are associated with seamy characters who have little regard for conventional morality.
    Ex. Despite the unsavory characters, bawdiness, and amorality in several of his plays, Middleton was more committed to a single theological system than, for example, Shakespeare.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Spam is unpalatable any way it's served up: things you can do to reduce the amount of unwanted e-mail'.
    Ex. He went on to explain that while there were no unsightly slums, there was a fairly large district of rather nondescript homes intermingled with plain two- and three-family brick and frame dwellings, principally in the eastern reaches of the city.
    Ex. Everyone is attractive to someone, there is no such thing as a minger, but there are many people who I think are minging.
    Ex. She wanted to say: 'You are a conceited, obstinate, inflexible, manipulative, pompous, close-minded, insensitive, abrasive, opinionated, platitudinous oaf!'.
    Ex. Anthony Datto thanked them for having permitted him to unburden himself and after a few desultory remarks about the nasty weather and nothing in particular, they parted.
    Ex. The text raises the possibility that there might be something unwholesome in the Buddhist obsession with hell.
    Ex. Specific actions are those which are intended to reinforce the fight against specific medical conditions related to insalubrious living.
    Ex. Within the ranks of authorship therefore there are many types of author and it is invidious to claim that one sort is necessarily 'better' than another.
    Ex. Always snivelling, coughing, spitting; a stupid, tedious, ill-natured fellow, who was for ever fatiguing people.
    ----
    * algo desagradable a la vista = a blot on the landscape.
    * darle a Uno escalofríos por Algo desagradable = make + Nombre + flinch.
    * de sabor desagradable = unpalatable.
    * desagradable a la vista = eyesore.
    * encontrarse con una sorpresa desagradable = rude awakening + be in store, be in for a rude awakening.
    * esperar una sorpresa desagradable = rude awakening + be in store, be in for a rude awakening.
    * lo desagradable = unpleasantness.
    * situación desagradable = unpleasantness.
    * sorpresa desagradable = rude awakening.
    * * *
    adjetivo <respuesta/comentario> unkind; <ruido/sensación> unpleasant, disagreeable; <escena/sorpresa> unpleasant; <tiempo/clima> unpleasant, horrible
    * * *
    = off-putting, unwelcome, unpleasant, disagreeable, unkind, obnoxious, peevish, distasteful, unappealing, seamy [seamier -comp., seamiest -sup.], unsavoury [unsavory, -USA], unpalatable, unsightly, minging, abrasive, nasty [natier -comp., nastiest -sup.], unwholesome, insalubrious, invidious, ill-natured.

    Ex: Some children are prepared to patronize the shop, and use it in quite a different way, when they find the library (however well run) stuffy or off-putting.

    Ex: The faithful adherents of the ideology of the finding catalog were determined to combat the unwelcome intrusion of Panizzi's scheme before the Royal Commission.
    Ex: And, as if by way of indicating that he had thrown down the gauntlet, he added, 'I can be unpleasant. I warn you'.
    Ex: Then I came within this disagreeable person's atmosphere, and lo! before I know what's happened I'm involved in an unpleasant altercation.
    Ex: The enumeration at 940.5316: Children and other noncombatants; Pacifists; Enemy sympathizers seems a little unkind, if nothing else.
    Ex: During the war a law was passed to limit the consumption of newsprint by ' obnoxious newspapers' and even reducing it to nil = Durante la guerra se aprobó una ley para limitar el consumo de papel de periódico por los llamados "periódicos detestables" e incluso reducirlo a cero.
    Ex: In 1912 a group of women library students were accused of lacking a sense of proportion, being peevish and being absorbed in small details.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: In addition, it is pointed out that tourists often have a strange fascination for tragic, macabre or other equally unappealing historical sights.
    Ex: In general, the writer explains, crimes are depicted in such a way that they are associated with seamy characters who have little regard for conventional morality.
    Ex: Despite the unsavory characters, bawdiness, and amorality in several of his plays, Middleton was more committed to a single theological system than, for example, Shakespeare.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Spam is unpalatable any way it's served up: things you can do to reduce the amount of unwanted e-mail'.
    Ex: He went on to explain that while there were no unsightly slums, there was a fairly large district of rather nondescript homes intermingled with plain two- and three-family brick and frame dwellings, principally in the eastern reaches of the city.
    Ex: Everyone is attractive to someone, there is no such thing as a minger, but there are many people who I think are minging.
    Ex: She wanted to say: 'You are a conceited, obstinate, inflexible, manipulative, pompous, close-minded, insensitive, abrasive, opinionated, platitudinous oaf!'.
    Ex: Anthony Datto thanked them for having permitted him to unburden himself and after a few desultory remarks about the nasty weather and nothing in particular, they parted.
    Ex: The text raises the possibility that there might be something unwholesome in the Buddhist obsession with hell.
    Ex: Specific actions are those which are intended to reinforce the fight against specific medical conditions related to insalubrious living.
    Ex: Within the ranks of authorship therefore there are many types of author and it is invidious to claim that one sort is necessarily 'better' than another.
    Ex: Always snivelling, coughing, spitting; a stupid, tedious, ill-natured fellow, who was for ever fatiguing people.
    * algo desagradable a la vista = a blot on the landscape.
    * darle a Uno escalofríos por Algo desagradable = make + Nombre + flinch.
    * de sabor desagradable = unpalatable.
    * desagradable a la vista = eyesore.
    * encontrarse con una sorpresa desagradable = rude awakening + be in store, be in for a rude awakening.
    * esperar una sorpresa desagradable = rude awakening + be in store, be in for a rude awakening.
    * lo desagradable = unpleasantness.
    * situación desagradable = unpleasantness.
    * sorpresa desagradable = rude awakening.

    * * *
    ‹respuesta/comentario› unkind; ‹sabor/ruido/sensación› unpleasant, disagreeable; ‹escena› horrible
    estuvo realmente desagradable conmigo he was really unpleasant to me
    ¡no seas tan desagradable! dale una oportunidad don't be so mean o unkind! give him a chance
    ¡qué tiempo más desagradable! what nasty o horrible weather
    hacía un día bastante desagradable the weather was rather unpleasant, it was a rather unpleasant day
    se llevó una sorpresa desagradable she got a nasty o an unpleasant surprise
    * * *

     

    desagradable adjetivo
    unpleasant;
    ‹respuesta/comentario› unkind
    desagradable adjetivo unpleasant, disagreeable: hay un olor desagradable, there's an unpleasant smell
    es una persona muy desagradable, he's really disagreeable
    ' desagradable' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escopetazo
    - fresca
    - fresco
    - graznido
    - grosera
    - grosero
    - gustillo
    - horrorosa
    - horroroso
    - impresión
    - marrón
    - palma
    - sensación
    - terrible
    - terrorífica
    - terrorífico
    - chocante
    - ingrato
    - mal
    - shock
    English:
    bullet
    - business
    - creep
    - dirty
    - disagreeable
    - distasteful
    - emptiness
    - filthy
    - hard
    - ill-natured
    - miserable
    - nasty
    - off
    - off-putting
    - rude
    - thankless
    - ugly
    - unkind
    - unpleasant
    - unsavory
    - unsavoury
    - unwelcome
    - why
    - home
    - objectionable
    - offensive
    - painful
    - peevish
    - unpalatable
    - unwholesome
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [sensación, tiempo, escena] unpleasant;
    no voy a salir, la tarde está muy desagradable I'm not going to go out, the weather's turned quite nasty this afternoon;
    una desagradable sorpresa an unpleasant o a nasty surprise
    2. [persona, comentario, contestación] unpleasant;
    está muy desagradable con su familia he's very unpleasant to his family;
    no seas desagradable y ven con nosotros al cine don't be unsociable, come to the cinema with us
    ♦ nmf
    son unos desagradables they're unpleasant people
    * * *
    adj unpleasant, disagreeable
    * * *
    : unpleasant, disagreeable
    * * *
    desagradable adj unpleasant

    Spanish-English dictionary > desagradable

  • 73 innenlandsk forbruk

    domestic consumption, home market consumption

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > innenlandsk forbruk

  • 74 ménage

    ménage [menaʒ]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = nettoyage) housework
    • faire le ménage ( = nettoyer) to do the housework ; ( = licencier) to get rid of the deadwood
       b. ( = couple, communauté familiale) household
    * * *
    menaʒ
    nom masculin
    1) ( foyer) household
    2) ( couple) couple; ( rapports) relationship

    ils sont or vivent en ménage — they're living together

    4) ( entretien d'intérieur) housework

    faire le ménage — lit to do the cleaning; fig ( dans une organisation) to do the cleaning up

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    faire bon ménage — [personnes] to get on well ( avec with); [choses] to be compatible ( avec with)

    * * *
    menaʒ nm
    1) (= nettoyage) housework

    faire des ménages — to work as a cleaner (in people's homes)

    2) (= couple) couple, (= personnes mariées) married couple
    3) ADMINISTRATION (= famille) household
    * * *
    ménage nm
    1 Écon, Sociol, Stat household; une voiture par ménage one car per household; la consommation des ménages household consumption;
    2 ( couple) couple; ( rapports) relationship; vieux/jeune ménage old/young couple; ménage sans enfants childless couple; rien ne va plus dans leur ménage their relationship doesn't work any more; se mettre en ménage avec qn to set up home with sb; ils sont or vivent en ménage depuis deux ans they've been living together for two years; être heureux/malheureux en ménage to get on well/badly with one's partner; scènes de ménage domestic rows; il est pour la paix des ménages he doesn't want to interfere in other people's domestic quarrels;
    3 ( administration domestique) tenir or conduire son ménage to look after the house; monter son ménage to buy the household goods; pain/saucisson de ménage ordinary bread/sausage;
    4 ( entretien d'intérieur) housework; faire le ménage lit to do the cleaning; fig (dans un parti politique, une organisation) to do the cleaning up; le ménage n'a pas été fait dans le salon the living-room hasn't been cleaned; faire le ménage à fond to have a thorough clean; faire des ménages to do domestic cleaning work.
    ménage à trois ménage à trois.
    faire bon ménage [personne] to get on well (avec with); [chose] to be compatible (avec with).
    [menaʒ] nom masculin
    1. [couple] couple
    faire bon/mauvais ménage avec quelqu'un to get on well/badly with somebody
    2. [économie domestique] housekeeping
    [nettoyage] housework, cleaning
    ————————
    de ménage locution adjectivale
    1. [fabriqué à la maison] homemade
    2. [pour l'entretien] household, cleaning

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > ménage

  • 75 бытовой

    1) ( относящийся к быту) everyday (attr); home (attr); living (attr); (о машинах и т.п.) domestic

    бытовы́е усло́вия — conditions of life

    бытово́й укла́д — morals and manners pl

    бытово́е явле́ние — everyday occurrence

    бытовы́е ну́жды — everyday necessities (of life)

    бытова́я те́хника — household appliances

    бытово́й газ — domestic gas; ( в баллонах) household fuel gas

    бытово́е потребле́ние эне́ргии — residential energy consumption

    бытова́я электро́ника — consumer electronics

    бытова́я видеоаппарату́ра — home video equipment

    бытово́й компью́тер — home computer

    бытово́е обслу́живание — consumer services pl

    комбина́т бытово́го обслу́живания — consumer services centre

    преступле́ние на бытово́й по́чве — domestic crime / incident

    2) ( изображающий быт) genre [ʒɑːŋr] (attr); everyday (attr)

    бытова́я дра́ма — drama of everyday life

    бытова́я пье́са — play of manners

    бытово́й рома́н — novel of everyday life

    бытова́я жи́вопись — genre painting

    бытово́й жанр — genre art

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > бытовой

  • 76 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 77 Hausgebrauch

    m: für den Hausgebrauch for use in the home; umg., fig. for (one’s own) pleasure; für den Hausgebrauch reichen umg., fig. be enough to get by on, be good enough for one’s own simple needs ( oder requirements)
    * * *
    Haus|ge|brauch
    m

    für den Háúsgebrauch (Gerät) — for domestic or household use; Obst-, Gemüsenbau for one's own consumption

    sein Französisch reicht für den Háúsgebrauch (inf) — his French is (good) enough to get by (on)

    * * *
    Haus·ge·brauch
    m domestic use
    für den \Hausgebrauch for domestic use; (fam: für durchschnittliche Ansprüche) for average requirements
    * * *
    der domestic use

    das reicht für den Hausgebrauch — (ugs.) it's good enough to get by (coll.)

    * * *
    für den Hausgebrauch for use in the home; umg, fig for (one’s own) pleasure;
    für den Hausgebrauch reichen umg, fig be enough to get by on, be good enough for one’s own simple needs ( oder requirements)
    * * *
    der domestic use

    das reicht für den Hausgebrauch — (ugs.) it's good enough to get by (coll.)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Hausgebrauch

  • 78 товар

    эк.
    commodity, product, goods

    выпускать / производить товары — to turn out goods

    продвигать товар на рынок, создавать спрос на товар — to exploit a product

    беспошлинные товары, товары, не облагаемые пошлиной — duty-free / free goods

    дефицитные товары — scarce / bottleneck commodities / goods

    импортные товары — imports, import commodities, foreign wares

    инвестиционные / капитальные товары, товары производственного назначения — capital / investment goods

    модные товары — fancy / style-and-fashion goods

    наличные товар — present / spot goods

    неходовые товары — unmarketable / slow-moving goods

    основные товары — staple goods, basic commodities

    потребительские товары — consumer commodities / goods, articles of consumption

    промышленные товары — industrial commodities, manufactured goods

    транзитные товары — goods in transit, transit goods

    ходовые товары — marketable / fast-moving goods

    браковка / отказ от товаров — goods rejection

    список товаров, запрещённых к ввозу или вывозу — embargo list

    список товаров, не облагаемых пошлиной — free list

    товары в пути — goods en route / in transit

    товары, закупаемые или продаваемые на срок — futures

    товары, запрещённые к ввозу — prohibited / banned imports

    список запрещённых (к ввозу) товаров — banned / prohibited goods list

    товар, имеющийся в изобилии — abundant goods

    товары, которые могут быть экспортированы — exportable commodities

    товар, не подходящий для экспорта — unsuitable article for export

    товары, облагаемые пошлиной — dutiable / tax(able) articles / goods

    товары отечественного производства — home produce, home-made / domestic goods

    товар, отпускаемый в кредит — credit stock

    товары первой необходимости — prime necessities, essential goods / commodities

    товары, подлежащие обмену — exchangeable goods

    товары, предназначенные на экспорт — exportable goods

    товары, продаваемые по сниженной цене (в целях рекламы) — low-price special goods

    товары, сложенные на таможенном складе и не оплаченные пошлиной — goods in bond

    товары, сталкивающиеся с иностранной конкуренцией (на внутреннем рынке) — import-competiting products

    товары, чувствительные к иностранной конкуренции — import sensitive goods

    товары, являющиеся объектом мировой торговли — goods entering international trade

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > товар

  • 79 bento

       or " o-bento"
       meal in a box often made at home for lunchtime consumption either at school or work. Generally consists of rice, pickled vegetables, and other items such as pork, hamburg, fried shrimp, etc. A large industry specializes in preparing and selling bento.
       meal served in a box with different compartments
       Combination of side dishes with rice served in a plastic or wooden lunch box. It is the most common kind of food eaten for lunch outside home in Japan.
       ♦ traditional boxed lunch. They say that a Chinese dish you eat by taste, a western dish by aroma and a Bento by color.
       ♦ Traditional boxed meal, served in a lacquer or plastic box with individual compartments for each food

    Italiano-Inglese Cucina internazionale > bento

  • 80 Einfuhr

    Einfuhr f (Einf.) IMP/EXP, WIWI import, imp., importation, imp. (Zoll)
    * * *
    f (Einf.) <Imp/Exp, Vw> Zoll import (imp.), importation (imp.)
    * * *
    Einfuhr
    import[ation], imports, import trade;
    • bei der Einfuhr when imported;
    • vorübergehend zur Einfuhr zugelassen passed for temporary importation;
    • Einfuhren goods imported;
    • ausländische Einfuhren imports from abroad;
    • billige Einfuhren low- (cut-) priced imports;
    • gewerbliche Einfuhren commercial and industrial imports;
    • kontingentfreie Einfuhren non-quota imports;
    • kontingentierte Einfuhren quota imports;
    • liberalisierte Einfuhren liberalized imports;
    • sichtbare Einfuhr visible imports;
    • symbolische Einfuhr token imports;
    • übermäßige Einfuhr overimportation;
    • unentgeltliche Einfuhr imports free of payment;
    • unmittelbare Einfuhren direct imports;
    • unsichtbare Einfuhr invisible imports;
    • zollfreie Einfuhr free import (entry), duty-free admission;
    • vorübergehend zollfreie Einfuhr admission temporaire;
    • zollpflichtige Einfuhren dutiable imports;
    • mengenmäßig unbegrenzt zulässige Einfuhr liberalized import;
    • Einfuhr und Ausfuhr imports and exports;
    • sichtbare Einfuhr und Ausfuhr visible items of trade;
    • Einfuhr von Fleisch aus Drittländern import of meat from third countries;
    • Einfuhr zum eigenen Gebrauch home-use entry;
    • freie Einfuhr zum sofortigen persönlichen Gebrauch bestimmter Waren free consumption entry;
    • Einfuhr von Konsumgütern consumer imports;
    • Einfuhr aus Nicht-EU-Ländern import from non-member countries;
    • Einfuhr auf Partizipationsrechnung import on joint account;
    • Einfuhr embryonaler Stammzellen import of embryo stem cells;
    • Einfuhr unter Zollvermerkschein entry under bond;
    • Einfuhr im Zollvormerkverfahren temporary import;
    • Einfuhren begünstigen to encourage imports;
    • Einfuhr beschränken to reduce imports;
    • Einfuhr drosseln to curb imports;
    • Einfuhren erhöhen to increase imports;
    • Einfuhr kontingentieren to fix import quotas;
    • Einfuhr liberalisieren to decontrol imports;
    • Einfuhrabgabe levy (surcharge) on imports, import levy, countervailing excise (import) duty, tax on importation (Br.);
    • Einfuhragent import agent, importer;
    • Einfuhranstieg increase of imports;
    • plötzlicher (rasanter) Einfuhranstieg jump upsurge in imports;
    • Einfuhrantrag import application;
    • Einfuhrartikel articles of importation, imported articles, importations;
    • [nicht] kontingentierte Einfuhrartikel [non-]quota imports;
    • Einfuhraufschlag import markup;
    • Einfuhr-Ausfuhrbank Export-Import Bank of Washington (US);
    • Einfuhr ausgleichsabgabe, Einfuhrausgleichssteuer import equalization fee (tax, US);
    • Einfuhrausnahmetarif protective tariff;
    • Einfuhr bedarf, Einfuhrbedürfnisse import requirements;
    • Einfuhrbedürfnisse verringern to damp down import demands;
    • Einfuhrbeglaubigung documentation of imports;
    • Einfuhrbegrenzungsabkommen import limitation agreement;
    • Einfuhrbegünstigung encouragement of imports;
    • Einfuhrbelebung uptrend in imports;
    • Einfuhrbescheinigung import clearance, clearance inwards.

    Business german-english dictionary > Einfuhr

Страницы

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