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he+can+always+turn+a+tip

Толкование Перевод

1 turn

I n infml
1)

She's had one of her turns again — Она снова приболела

Don't lock the door, grandpa, when you're having a bath. What if you took one of your turns in there — Дед, не закрывай дверь в ванной, когда моешься. Вдруг тебе станет плохо

"I had another funny turn this morning" "Well, don't you think it's time you saw a doctor" — "Меня опять утром тошнило" - "А может, тебе лучше показаться врачу?"

2)

You gave me quite a turn — Как ты меня напугал

It gave me quite a turn — Я даже вздрогнула

The poor child is frightened to fall asleep again, she's had such a turn — Бедняжка так напугалась, что боится уснуть

It gave him a turn to hear her voice — Он изменился в лице, когда услышал ее голос

3)

I got quite a turn when I saw who was waiting for me at the station — Я изумилась, когда увидела, кто меня ждет на станции

4)

Take no notice, she's just having one of her turns — Не обращай внимания, просто на нее опять нашло
II vi AmE sl
Is there a chance that he would turn? — А он не будет стучать?

Him turn? You must be kidding! — Чтобы он стучал? Ты, наверное, смеешься
III vt AmE sl
1)

He can always turn a tip — Он всегда может заработать на чай

2)

It was the booze that turned him — Его погубила выпивка

He was trying to turn a young kid — Он пытался совратить подростка

The new dictionary of modern spoken language > turn
2 hand

hænd
1. noun
1) (the part of the body at the end of the arm.) mano

2) (a pointer on a clock, watch etc: Clocks usually have an hour hand and a minute hand.) manecilla, aguja

3) (a person employed as a helper, crew member etc: a farm hand; All hands on deck!) trabajador, operario

4) (help; assistance: Can I lend a hand?; Give me a hand with this box, please.) mano, ayuda

5) (a set of playing-cards dealt to a person: I had a very good hand so I thought I had a chance of winning.) mano, cartas

6) (a measure (approximately centimetres) used for measuring the height of horses: a horse of 14 hands.) palmo

7) (handwriting: written in a neat hand.) caligrafía

2. verb
(often with back, down, up etc)

1) (to give (something) to someone by hand: I handed him the book; He handed it back to me; I'll go up the ladder, and you can hand the tools up to me.) dar, entregar

2) (to pass, transfer etc into another's care etc: That is the end of my report from Paris. I'll now hand you back to Fred Smith in the television studio in London.) devolver, pasar

•

- handful
- handbag
- handbill
- handbook
- handbrake
- handcuff
- handcuffs
- hand-lens
- handmade
- hand-operated
- hand-out
- hand-picked
- handshake
- handstand
- handwriting
- handwritten
- at hand
- at the hands of
- be hand in glove with someone
- be hand in glove
- by hand
- fall into the hands of someone
- fall into the hands
- force someone's hand
- get one's hands on
- give/lend a helping hand
- hand down
- hand in
- hand in hand
- hand on
- hand out
- hand-out
- handout
- hand over
- hand over fist
- hands down
- hands off!
- hands-on
- hands up!
- hand to hand
- have a hand in something
- have a hand in
- have/get/gain the upper hand
- hold hands with someone
- hold hands
- in good hands
- in hand
- in the hands of
- keep one's hand in
- off one's hands
- on hand
- on the one hand... on the other hand
-... on the other hand
- out of hand
- shake hands with someone / shake someone's hand
- shake hands with / shake someone's hand
- a show of hands
- take in hand
- to hand

hand¹ n

1. mano

what have you got in your hand? ¿qué tienes en la mano?

he held my hand me cogió de la mano

2. manecilla / aguja

the minute hand el minutero

by hand a mano

it was painted by hand fue pintado a mano

to give someone a hand echarle una mano a alguien

hand in hand cogidos de la mano

hand² vb pasar / dar

could you hand me that book? ¿me podrías pasar ese libro?

she handed me my change me dio el cambio

hand

tr[hænd]

noun

1 mano nombre femenino

2 (worker) trabajador,-ra, operario,-a; (sailor) tripulante nombre masulino o femenino, marinero,-a

3 (of clock) manecilla, aguja

4 (handwriting) letra

5 (of cards) mano nombre femenino, cartas nombre femenino plural

6 (applause) aplauso

transitive verb

1 dar, entregar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

all hands on deck! ¡todos a cubierta!

at first hand de primera mano

at hand a mano

by hand a mano

hands off! ¡no toques!, ¡quita las manos!

hands up! ¡manos arriba!

to hand it to somebody familiar quitar el sombrero ante alguien, felicitar a alguien

on hand disponible

on the one hand... on the other hand por una parte... por otra parte

the job in hand figurative use lo que nos ocupa

to ask for somebody's hand figurative use pedir la mano de alguien

to force somebody's hand figurative use forzarle la mano a alguien

to get out of hand figurative use descontrolarse, desmadrarse

to give somebody a big hand dedicar a alguien una gran ovación

to have a hand in figurative use intervenir en, participar en

to have one's hands full familiar estar muy ocupado,-a

to have the upper hand llevar ventaja

to have time in hand figurative use sobrarle tiempo

to hold hands estar cogidos,-as de la mano

to keep one's hand in figurative use no perder la práctica

to know something like the back of one's hand figurative use conocer algo como la palma de la mano

to lend a hand echar una mano

to shake hands estrecharse la mano, darse la mano

to show one's hand figurative use poner las cartas sobre la mesa, poner las cartas boca arriba

to turn one's hand to figurative use dedicarse a, meterse en

to wash one's hands figurative use lavarse las manos

hand wash lavado a mano

farm hand SMALLAGRICULTURE/SMALL peón nombre masculino

a free hand carta blanca

hand ['hænd] vt

: pasar, dar, entregar

hand n

1) : mano f

made by hand: hecho a mano

2) pointer: manecilla f, aguja f (de un reloj o instrumento)

3) side: lado m

on the other hand: por otro lado

4) handwriting: letra f, escritura f

5) applause: aplauso m

6) : mano f, cartas fpl (en juegos de naipes)

7) worker: obrero m, -ra f; trabajador m, -dora f

8)

to ask for someone's hand (in marriage) : pedir la mano de alguien

9)

to lend a hand : echar una mano

hand (of a clock)

n.

• aguja s.f.

adj.

• de mano adj.

• manual adj.

n.

• manecilla s.f.

• manilla s.f.

• mano s.f.

• obrero, -era s.m.,f.

• peón s.m.

v.

• dar v.

(§pres: doy, das...) subj: dé-

pret: di-•)

• entregar v.

I hænd
noun

1) ( Anat) mano f

you couldn't see your hand in front of your face — no se veía nada

to be good o clever with one's hands — ser* hábil con las manos, ser* mañoso

he killed it with his bare hands — lo mató con sus propias manos

to give somebody one's hand — darle* la mano a algn

they were holding hands when they arrived — llegaron tomados or agarrados or (esp Esp) cogidos de la mano

we were all on our hands and knees, looking for the ring — estábamos todos a gatas, buscando el anillo

he wouldn't give it to me even if I went down on my hands and knees — no me lo daría ni aunque se lo pidiera de rodillas

to have/hold something in one's hands — tener*/llevar algo en la mano

look, no hands! — mira sin manos!

to hold out one's hand to somebody — tenderle* la mano a algn

to join hands — darse* la(s) mano(s)

hands off! — quita las manos de ahí!, no toques!

hands off our schools! — dejen en paz nuestros colegios!

can you put (your) hand on (your) heart and say it isn't true? — ¿puedes decir que no es verdad con la mano en el corazón?

to put one's hand up o to raise one's hand — levantar la mano

hands up all those in favor — que levanten la mano los que estén a favor

hands up! — manos arriba!, arriba las manos!

to raise one's hand to o against somebody — levantarle la mano a algn

from hand to hand — de mano en mano

2) ( in phrases)

at hand: help was at hand la ayuda estaba en camino; to learn about something at first hand enterarse de algo directamente or personalmente or de primera mano; to learn about something at second/third hand enterarse de algo a través de or por terceros; by hand: made/written by hand hecho/escrito a mano; it must be washed by hand hay que lavarlo a mano; he delivered the letter by hand entregó la carta en mano; hand in hand (tomados or agarrados or (esp Esp) cogidos) de la mano; poverty and disease go hand in hand la pobreza y la enfermedad van de la mano; in hand: glass/hat in hand con el vaso/sombrero en la mano, vaso/sombrero en mano; to pay cash in hand pagar* en metálico or en efectivo; let's get back to the matter in o (AmE also) at hand volvamos a lo que nos ocupa; to have something (well) in hand tener* algo controlado or bajo control; that boy needs taking in hand a ese chico va a haber que meterlo en cintura; on hand: we're always on hand when you need us si nos necesitas, aquí estamos; the police were on hand la policía estaba cerca; to have something on hand tener* algo a mano; out of hand: to get out of hand \<\<child\>\> descontrolarse; the situation is getting out of hand la situación se les (or nos etc) va de las manos; to reject something out of hand rechazar* algo de plano; to hand (BrE) ( within reach) al alcance de la mano, a (la) mano; ( available) disponible; she grabbed the first thing that came to hand agarró lo primero que encontró; hand in glove o (esp AmE) hand and glove: he was hand in glove with the enemy estaba confabulado con el enemigo; hand over fist a manos llenas, a espuertas (esp Esp); her/his left hand doesn't know what her/his right hand is doing borra con el codo lo que escribe con la mano; not to do a hand's turn (colloq) no mover* un dedo (fam), no dar* golpe (Esp, Méx fam); to ask for somebody's hand (in marriage) (frml) pedir* la mano de algn (en matrimonio); to beat somebody/win hands down ganarle a algn/ganar sin problemas; to bind somebody hand and foot atar or (AmL exc RPl) amarrar a algn de pies y manos; to bite the hand that feeds one ser* un desagradecido; to dirty o sully one's hands ( in criminal activity) ensuciarse las manos; she wouldn't dirty her hands with typing no se rebajaría a hacer de mecanógrafa: se le caerían los anillos; to force somebody's hand: I didn't want to, but you forced my hand no quería hacerlo, pero no me dejaste otra salida; to gain/have the upper hand: she gained the upper hand over her rival se impuso a su rival; she's always had the upper hand in their relationship siempre ha dominado ella en su relación; to get one's hands on somebody/something: just wait till I get my hands on him! vas a ver cuando lo agarre!; she can't wait to get her hands on the new computer se muere por usar la computadora nueva; to give somebody/have a free hand darle* a algn/tener* carta blanca; to give somebody the glad hand (AmE) saludar a algn efusivamente; to go hat o (BrE) cap in hand (to somebody): we had to go to them hat in hand asking for more money tuvimos que ir a mendigarles más dinero; to grab o grasp o seize something with both hands: it was a wonderful opportunity and she grabbed it with both hands era una oportunidad fantástica y no dejó que se le escapara de las manos; to have one's hands full estar* ocupadísimo, no dar* para más; to have one's hands tied tener* las manos atadas or (AmL exc RPl) amarradas; to have somebody eating out of one's hand hacer* con algn lo que se quiere; to keep one's hand in no perder* la práctica; to know a place like the back of one's hand conocer* un sitio al dedillo or como la palma de la mano; to live (from) hand to mouth vivir al día; to put o dip one's hand in one's pocket contribuir* con dinero; to put o lay one's hand(s) on something dar* con algo; to try one's hand (at something) probar* (a hacer algo); to turn one's hand to something: he can turn his hand to anything es capaz de hacer cualquier tipo de trabajo; to wait on somebody hand and foot hacerle* de sirviente/sirvienta a algn; to wash one's hands of something lavarse las manos de algo; many hands make light work — el trabajo compartido es más llevadero

3)

a) ( agency) mano f

the hand of God — la mano de Dios

to die by one's own hand — (frml) quitarse la vida

to have a hand in something — tener* parte en algo

the town had suffered at the hands of invaders — la ciudad había sufrido a manos de los invasores

that child needs a firm hand — ese niño necesita (una) mano firme

to rule with a heavy hand — gobernar* con mano dura

b) ( assistance) (colloq)

to give o lend somebody a (helping) hand — echarle or darle* una mano a algn

if you need a hand — si necesitas ayuda

c) hands pl (possession, control, care)

to change hands — cambiar de dueño or manos

in good/capable hands — en buenas manos

my life is in your hands — mi vida depende de ti

how did it come into your hands? — ¿cómo llegó a tus manos?

he/it fell into the hands of the enemy o into enemy hands — cayó en manos del enemigo

to put oneself in somebody's hands — ponerse* en manos de algn

to get something/somebody off one's hands — (colloq) quitarse algo/a algn de encima (fam)

on somebody's hands: she has the children on her hands all day long tiene a los niños a su cuidado todo el día; we've got a problem on our hands tenemos or se nos presenta un problema; out of somebody's hands: the matter is out of my hands el asunto no está en mis manos; to play into somebody's hands — hacerle* el juego a algn

4) ( side)

on somebody's right/left hand — a la derecha/izquierda de algn

on the one hand... on the other (hand)... — por un lado... por otro (lado)...

5) ( Games)

a) ( set of cards) mano f, cartas fpl

to show o reveal one's hand — mostrar* or enseñar las cartas, mostrar* el juego

to strengthen somebody's hand — afianzar* la posición de algn

to tip one's hand — (AmE colloq) dejar ver sus (or mis etc) intenciones

b) ( round of card game) mano f

6)

a) ( worker) obrero, -ra m,f; ( farm hand) peón m

b) ( Naut) marinero m

all hands on deck — todos a cubierta!

c) ( experienced person)

an old hand — un veterano, una veterana

7) ( applause) (colloq) (no pl)

a big hand for... — un gran aplauso para...

8) ( handwriting) (liter) letra f

the letter was in her own hand — la carta era de su puño y letra

9) ( on clock) manecilla f, aguja f

the hour hand — la manecilla or la aguja de las horas, el horario, el puntero (Andes)

the minute hand — el minutero, la manecilla or la aguja de los minutos

the second hand — el segundero, la manecilla or la aguja de los segundos

10) ( measurement) ( Equ) palmo m

II

transitive verb

to hand somebody something, to hand something TO somebody — pasarle algo a alguien

he was handed a stiff sentence — (AmE) le impusieron una pena severa

to hand it to somebody: you have to hand it to her; she knows her subject — hay que reconocérselo, conoce muy bien el tema

Phrasal Verbs:

- hand around

- hand down

- hand in

- hand off

- hand on

- hand out

- hand over

- hand round

[hænd]
1. N

1) (=part of body) mano f

to have sth in one's hand — tener algo en la mano

• to be clever or good with one's hands — ser hábil con las manos, ser un manitas

• a piece for four hands — (Mus) una pieza para (piano a) cuatro manos

• to hold hands — [children] ir cogidos de la mano, ir tomados de la mano (LAm); [lovers] hacer manitas

• on (one's) hands and knees — a gatas

• hands off! * — ¡fuera las manos!, ¡no se toca!

hands off those chocolates! — ¡los bombones ni tocarlos!

hands off pensions! — ¡no a la reforma de las pensiones!, ¡dejad las pensiones en paz!

to keep one's hands off sth — no tocar algo

• hands up! — (to criminal) ¡arriba las manos!; (to pupils) ¡que levanten la mano!

hand over fist —

to be making money hand over fist — ganar dinero a espuertas

to be losing money hand over fist — hacerle agua el dinero

- be hand in glove with sb

to work hand in glove with sb — trabajar en estrecha colaboración con algn

- live from hand to mouth

- my hands are tied

- I could do it with one hand tied behind my back

- he never does a hand's turn

- many hands make light work
shake 2., 1)
2) (=needle) [of instrument] aguja f; [of clock] manecilla f, aguja f

the big hand — la manecilla grande, el minutero

the little hand — la manecilla pequeña, el horario

3) (=agency, influence) mano f, influencia f

his hand was everywhere — se notaba su influencia por todas partes, su mano se notaba en todo

to have a hand in — tomar parte en, intervenir en

he had no hand in it — no tuvo arte ni parte en ello

4) (=worker) (in factory) obrero(-a) m / f; (=farm hand) peón m; (=deck hand) marinero m (de cubierta)

• all hands on deck! — (Naut) ¡todos a cubierta!

• to be lost with all hands — hundirse con toda la tripulación

- be an old hand

5) (=help) mano f

would you like a hand with moving that? — ¿te echo una mano a mover eso?

• to give or lend sb a hand — echar una mano a algn

can you give or lend me a hand? — ¿me echas una mano?

6) (=handwriting) letra f, escritura f

he writes a good hand — tiene buena letra

in one's own hand — de su (propio) puño y letra

7) (Cards) (=round) mano f, partida f; (=cards held) mano f

a hand of bridge/poker — una mano or una partida de bridge/póker

8) (=measurement) [of horse] palmo m

he's 15 hands high — mide 15 palmos de alto

9) * (=round of applause)

they gave him a big hand — le aplaudieron calurosamente

let's have a big hand for...! — ¡muchos aplausos para...!

10) (phrases with verb)

• to ask for sb's hand (in marriage) — pedir la mano de algn

• to change hands — cambiar de mano or de dueño

• just wait till I get my hands on him! — ¡espera (a) que le ponga la mano encima!

• to lay hands on — (=get) conseguir; (Rel) imponer las manos a

I don't know where to lay my hands on... — no sé dónde conseguir...

she read everything she could lay her hands on — leía todo lo que caía en sus manos

• to put or set one's hand to sth — emprender algo

• to raise one's or a hand to or against sb — poner a algn la mano encima

• to take a hand in sth — tomar parte or participar en algo

• to try one's hand at sth — probar algo

- get one's hand in

- give with one hand and take away with the other

- keep one's hand in

- sit on one's hands

- turn one's hand to sth

he can turn his hand to anything — vale tanto para un barrido como para un fregado

- wait on sb hand and foot
eat 2., force 2., 1), join 1., 1), show 1., 1), throw up 2., 1), wash 2., 1), win 2., 3)
11) (phrases with adjective)

• to rule with a firm hand — gobernar con firmeza

• to have a free hand — tener carta blanca

to give sb a free hand — dar carta blanca a algn

• to have one's hands full (with sth/sb) — no parar un momento (con algo/algn), estar muy ocupado (con algo/algn)

I've got my hands full with the kids — con los niños no paro un momento

I've got my hands full running the firm while the boss is away — estoy muy ocupado llevando la empresa mientras el jefe está fuera

• don't worry, she's in good hands — no te preocupes, está en buenas manos

• with a heavy hand — con mano dura

• to give sb a helping hand — echar una mano a algn

• with a high hand — despóticamente

• if this should get into the wrong hands... — si esto cayera en manos de quien no debiera...

- get or gain the upper hand

- have the upper hand

12) (=after preposition)

• don't worry, help is at hand — no te preocupes, disponemos de or contamos con ayuda

winter was at hand — se acercaba el invierno

keep the book close at hand — ten el libro a mano

we're close at hand in case she needs help — nos tiene a mano or muy cerca si necesita ayuda

at first hand — de primera mano

I heard it only at second hand — lo supe solo de modo indirecto

at the hands of — a manos de

they suffered a series of defeats at the hands of the French — sufrieron una serie de derrotas a manos de los franceses

• made by hand — hecho a mano

to raise an animal by hand — criar un animal uno mismo

to send a letter by hand — enviar una carta en mano

delivered by hand — entregado en mano

by hand — (on envelope) en su mano

to take sb by the hand — coger or tomar a algn de la mano

• they were going along hand in hand — iban cogidos de la mano

it goes hand in hand with — está estrechamente relacionado con

these plans should go hand in hand — estos proyectos deben realizarse al mismo ritmo

gun in hand — el revólver en la mano, empuñando el revólver

to be in sb's hands — estar en manos de algn

it's in his hands now — depende de él ahora

I put myself in your hands — me pongo en tus manos

to have £50 in hand — tener 50 libras en el haber

I like to have sth in hand — me gusta tener algo en reserva

money in hand — dinero m disponible

the cases I have in hand at the moment — los casos que tengo entre manos en este momento

the situation is in hand — tenemos la situación controlada or bajo control

he has them well in hand — sabe manejarlos perfectamente

let's concentrate on the job in hand — centrémonos en el trabajo que tenemos entre manos

to take sth in hand — tomar algo a cuestas

to take sb in hand — (=take charge of) hacerse cargo de algn; (=discipline) imponer disciplina a algn

• to play into sb's hands — hacer el juego a algn

to fall into the hands of the enemy — caer en manos del enemigo

to put sth into a lawyer's hands — poner un asunto en manos de un abogado

to take justice into one's own hands — tomar la justicia por su propia mano

• to get sth off one's hands — (=get rid of) deshacerse de algo; (=finish doing) terminar de hacer algo

to take sth off sb's hands — desembarazar a algn de algo

the children are off our hands now — nuestros hijos ya han volado del nido

• on the right/left hand — a derecha/izquierda, a mano derecha/izquierda

on the one hand... on the other hand — por una parte... por otra parte, por un lado... por otro lado

on the other hand, she did agree to do it — pero el caso es que ella (sí) había accedido a hacerlo

on every hand, on all hands — por todas partes

there are experts on hand to give you advice — hay expertos a su disposición para ofrecerle asesoramiento

I've got him on my hands all day — está conmigo todo el día

we've got a difficult job on our hands — tenemos entre manos una difícil tarea

he's got time on his hands — tiene todo el tiempo del mundo

to have sth left on one's hands — tener que quedarse con algo

he was left with the goods on his hands — tuvo que quedarse con todo el género, el género resultó ser invendible

• to dismiss sth out of hand — descartar algo sin más

the situation was getting out of hand — la situación se estaba escapando de las manos

the children were getting out of hand — los niños se estaban desmandando

• to have sth to hand — tener algo a mano

I don't have the information to hand just now — ahora mismo no tengo a mano la información

I hit him with the first thing that came to hand — le golpeé con lo primero que tenía a mano or que pillé

your letter of the 23rd is to hand — frm he recibido su carta del día 23
cap 1., 1)
2.

VT (=pass)

to hand sb sth, hand sth to sb — pasar algo a algn

he handed me the book — me pasó el libro

- you've got to hand it to him

3.

CPD [lotion, cream] para las manos

hand baggage N (US) — = hand luggage

hand controls NPL — controles mpl manuales

hand drier, hand dryer N — secamanos m inv automático

hand gel — gel m (limpiador) de manos

hand grenade N — granada f (de mano)

hand lotion N — loción f para las manos

hand luggage N — equipaje m de mano

hand print N — manotada f

hand puppet N — títere m

hand signal N — (Aut) señal f con el brazo

with both indicators broken, he had to rely on hand signals — con los intermitentes rotos tenía que hacer señales con el brazo or la mano

they had to communicate in hand signals — tuvieron que comunicarse por señas

hand towel N — toalla f de manos
hand-wash
- hand around

- hand back

- hand down

- hand in

- hand off

- hand on

- hand out

- hand over

- hand round

- hand up

* * *

I [hænd]
noun

1) ( Anat) mano f

you couldn't see your hand in front of your face — no se veía nada

to be good o clever with one's hands — ser* hábil con las manos, ser* mañoso

he killed it with his bare hands — lo mató con sus propias manos

to give somebody one's hand — darle* la mano a algn

they were holding hands when they arrived — llegaron tomados or agarrados or (esp Esp) cogidos de la mano

we were all on our hands and knees, looking for the ring — estábamos todos a gatas, buscando el anillo

he wouldn't give it to me even if I went down on my hands and knees — no me lo daría ni aunque se lo pidiera de rodillas

to have/hold something in one's hands — tener*/llevar algo en la mano

look, no hands! — mira sin manos!

to hold out one's hand to somebody — tenderle* la mano a algn

to join hands — darse* la(s) mano(s)

hands off! — quita las manos de ahí!, no toques!

hands off our schools! — dejen en paz nuestros colegios!

can you put (your) hand on (your) heart and say it isn't true? — ¿puedes decir que no es verdad con la mano en el corazón?

to put one's hand up o to raise one's hand — levantar la mano

hands up all those in favor — que levanten la mano los que estén a favor

hands up! — manos arriba!, arriba las manos!

to raise one's hand to o against somebody — levantarle la mano a algn

from hand to hand — de mano en mano

2) ( in phrases)

at hand: help was at hand la ayuda estaba en camino; to learn about something at first hand enterarse de algo directamente or personalmente or de primera mano; to learn about something at second/third hand enterarse de algo a través de or por terceros; by hand: made/written by hand hecho/escrito a mano; it must be washed by hand hay que lavarlo a mano; he delivered the letter by hand entregó la carta en mano; hand in hand (tomados or agarrados or (esp Esp) cogidos) de la mano; poverty and disease go hand in hand la pobreza y la enfermedad van de la mano; in hand: glass/hat in hand con el vaso/sombrero en la mano, vaso/sombrero en mano; to pay cash in hand pagar* en metálico or en efectivo; let's get back to the matter in o (AmE also) at hand volvamos a lo que nos ocupa; to have something (well) in hand tener* algo controlado or bajo control; that boy needs taking in hand a ese chico va a haber que meterlo en cintura; on hand: we're always on hand when you need us si nos necesitas, aquí estamos; the police were on hand la policía estaba cerca; to have something on hand tener* algo a mano; out of hand: to get out of hand \<\<child\>\> descontrolarse; the situation is getting out of hand la situación se les (or nos etc) va de las manos; to reject something out of hand rechazar* algo de plano; to hand (BrE) ( within reach) al alcance de la mano, a (la) mano; ( available) disponible; she grabbed the first thing that came to hand agarró lo primero que encontró; hand in glove o (esp AmE) hand and glove: he was hand in glove with the enemy estaba confabulado con el enemigo; hand over fist a manos llenas, a espuertas (esp Esp); her/his left hand doesn't know what her/his right hand is doing borra con el codo lo que escribe con la mano; not to do a hand's turn (colloq) no mover* un dedo (fam), no dar* golpe (Esp, Méx fam); to ask for somebody's hand (in marriage) (frml) pedir* la mano de algn (en matrimonio); to beat somebody/win hands down ganarle a algn/ganar sin problemas; to bind somebody hand and foot atar or (AmL exc RPl) amarrar a algn de pies y manos; to bite the hand that feeds one ser* un desagradecido; to dirty o sully one's hands ( in criminal activity) ensuciarse las manos; she wouldn't dirty her hands with typing no se rebajaría a hacer de mecanógrafa: se le caerían los anillos; to force somebody's hand: I didn't want to, but you forced my hand no quería hacerlo, pero no me dejaste otra salida; to gain/have the upper hand: she gained the upper hand over her rival se impuso a su rival; she's always had the upper hand in their relationship siempre ha dominado ella en su relación; to get one's hands on somebody/something: just wait till I get my hands on him! vas a ver cuando lo agarre!; she can't wait to get her hands on the new computer se muere por usar la computadora nueva; to give somebody/have a free hand darle* a algn/tener* carta blanca; to give somebody the glad hand (AmE) saludar a algn efusivamente; to go hat o (BrE) cap in hand (to somebody): we had to go to them hat in hand asking for more money tuvimos que ir a mendigarles más dinero; to grab o grasp o seize something with both hands: it was a wonderful opportunity and she grabbed it with both hands era una oportunidad fantástica y no dejó que se le escapara de las manos; to have one's hands full estar* ocupadísimo, no dar* para más; to have one's hands tied tener* las manos atadas or (AmL exc RPl) amarradas; to have somebody eating out of one's hand hacer* con algn lo que se quiere; to keep one's hand in no perder* la práctica; to know a place like the back of one's hand conocer* un sitio al dedillo or como la palma de la mano; to live (from) hand to mouth vivir al día; to put o dip one's hand in one's pocket contribuir* con dinero; to put o lay one's hand(s) on something dar* con algo; to try one's hand (at something) probar* (a hacer algo); to turn one's hand to something: he can turn his hand to anything es capaz de hacer cualquier tipo de trabajo; to wait on somebody hand and foot hacerle* de sirviente/sirvienta a algn; to wash one's hands of something lavarse las manos de algo; many hands make light work — el trabajo compartido es más llevadero

3)

a) ( agency) mano f

the hand of God — la mano de Dios

to die by one's own hand — (frml) quitarse la vida

to have a hand in something — tener* parte en algo

the town had suffered at the hands of invaders — la ciudad había sufrido a manos de los invasores

that child needs a firm hand — ese niño necesita (una) mano firme

to rule with a heavy hand — gobernar* con mano dura

b) ( assistance) (colloq)

to give o lend somebody a (helping) hand — echarle or darle* una mano a algn

if you need a hand — si necesitas ayuda

c) hands pl (possession, control, care)

to change hands — cambiar de dueño or manos

in good/capable hands — en buenas manos

my life is in your hands — mi vida depende de ti

how did it come into your hands? — ¿cómo llegó a tus manos?

he/it fell into the hands of the enemy o into enemy hands — cayó en manos del enemigo

to put oneself in somebody's hands — ponerse* en manos de algn

to get something/somebody off one's hands — (colloq) quitarse algo/a algn de encima (fam)

on somebody's hands: she has the children on her hands all day long tiene a los niños a su cuidado todo el día; we've got a problem on our hands tenemos or se nos presenta un problema; out of somebody's hands: the matter is out of my hands el asunto no está en mis manos; to play into somebody's hands — hacerle* el juego a algn

4) ( side)

on somebody's right/left hand — a la derecha/izquierda de algn

on the one hand... on the other (hand)... — por un lado... por otro (lado)...

5) ( Games)

a) ( set of cards) mano f, cartas fpl

to show o reveal one's hand — mostrar* or enseñar las cartas, mostrar* el juego

to strengthen somebody's hand — afianzar* la posición de algn

to tip one's hand — (AmE colloq) dejar ver sus (or mis etc) intenciones

b) ( round of card game) mano f

6)

a) ( worker) obrero, -ra m,f; ( farm hand) peón m

b) ( Naut) marinero m

all hands on deck — todos a cubierta!

c) ( experienced person)

an old hand — un veterano, una veterana

7) ( applause) (colloq) (no pl)

a big hand for... — un gran aplauso para...

8) ( handwriting) (liter) letra f

the letter was in her own hand — la carta era de su puño y letra

9) ( on clock) manecilla f, aguja f

the hour hand — la manecilla or la aguja de las horas, el horario, el puntero (Andes)

the minute hand — el minutero, la manecilla or la aguja de los minutos

the second hand — el segundero, la manecilla or la aguja de los segundos

10) ( measurement) ( Equ) palmo m

II

transitive verb

to hand somebody something, to hand something TO somebody — pasarle algo a alguien

he was handed a stiff sentence — (AmE) le impusieron una pena severa

to hand it to somebody: you have to hand it to her; she knows her subject — hay que reconocérselo, conoce muy bien el tema

Phrasal Verbs:

- hand around

- hand down

- hand in

- hand off

- hand on

- hand out

- hand over

- hand round

English-spanish dictionary > hand
3 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
4 nose

1. noun
1) Nase, die

[win] by a nose — mit einer Nasenlänge [gewinnen]

follow one's nose — (fig.) (be guided by instinct) seinem Instinkt folgen; (go forward) der Nase nachgehen

get up somebody's nose — (coll.): (annoy somebody) jemandem auf den Wecker gehen (salopp)

hold one's nose — sich (Dat.) die Nase zuhalten

pay through the nose — tief in die Tasche greifen müssen (ugs.)

poke or thrust etc. one's nose into something — (fig.) seine Nase in etwas (Akk.) stecken (fig. ugs.)

put somebody's nose out of joint — (fig. coll.) jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen (ugs.)

rub somebody's nose in it — (fig.) es jemandem ständig unter die Nase reiben (ugs.)

speak through one's nose — näseln; durch die Nase sprechen

turn up one's nose at something — (fig. coll.) die Nase über etwas (Akk.) rümpfen

under somebody's nose — (fig. coll.) vor jemandes Augen (Dat.)

keep one's nose out of something — (fig. coll.) sich aus etwas [he]raushalten

keep your nose out of this! — halt [du] dich da raus!

2) (of ship, aircraft) Nase, die
2. transitive verb
1) (detect, smell out)

nose [out] — aufspüren

2)

nose one's way — sich (Dat.) vorsichtig seinen Weg bahnen
3. intransitive verb
(move) sich vorsichtig bewegen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/106516/nose_about">nose about

- nose out

* * *
[nəuz] 1. noun
1) (the part of the face by which people and animals smell and usually breathe: She held the flower to her nose; He punched the man on the nose.) die Nase

2) (the sense of smell: Police dogs have good noses and can follow criminals' trails.) die Nase

3) (the part of anything which is like a nose in shape or position: the nose of an aeroplane.) die Spitze
2. verb
1) (to make a way by pushing carefully forward: The ship nosed (its way) through the ice.) sich vorsichtig vortasten

2) (to look or search as if by smelling: He nosed about (in) the cupboard.) das schnüffeln

•

- -nosed
- nosey
- nosy
- nosily
- nosiness
- nose-bag
- nosedive
- nose job 3. verb
(to make such a dive: Suddenly the plane nosedived.)

- follow one's nose
- lead by the nose
- nose out
- pay through the nose
- turn up one's nose at
- under a person's very nose
- under very nose
- under a person's nose
- under nose
* * *

nose

[nəʊz, AM noʊz]

I. n

1. (organ) Nase f

runny \nose laufende [o ÖSTERR rinnende] Nase

to blow one's \nose sich dat die Nase putzen

to breathe/speak through one's \nose durch die Nase atmen/sprechen

2. (front) Nase f, Schnauze f fam; of aircraft Flugzeugnase f

\nose to tail dicht an dicht

3. no pl (smell) Geruchssinn m

to have a keen \nose einen guten Geruchssinn haben

4. ( form: of wine) Aroma nt, Bouquet nt geh

5. (perfumer) Parfümeur, Parfümeuse m, f

6.

▶ with one's \nose in the air mit hoch erhobener Nase

▶ to get up sb's \nose BRIT, AUS ( fam) jdm auf den Wecker gehen fam

▶ to have a [good] \nose for sth ( fam) einen [guten] Riecher für etw akk haben

▶ to keep one's \nose clean ( fam) seine Weste sauber halten fam

▶ to keep one's \nose out of sth ( fam) seine Nase aus etw dat heraushalten

▶ to keep [or put] one's \nose to the grindstone ( fam) sich akk dahinterklemmen fam

▶ on the \nose AM ( fam) genau, exakt

at eight on the \nose genau um 8 Uhr

▶ to poke [or stick] one's \nose into sth ( fam) seine Nase in etw akk hineinstecken

▶ to put sb's \nose out of joint ( fam) jdn aus der Fassung [o aus dem Konzept] bringen

▶ [right] under sb's \nose, [[AM right out] from] under sb's \nose [direkt] vor jds Nase

▶ to win by a \nose knapp gewinnen

II. vi

to \nose forwards sich akk vorsichtig vorwärtsbewegen

▪ to \nose through sth sich dat einen Weg durch etw akk bahnen

III. vt

▪ to \nose sth somewhere a car etw irgendwohin bugsieren fam

to \nose one's way forwards/in/out/up sich akk vorsichtig seinen Weg vorwärts/hinein-/hinaus-/hinaufbahnen

* * *
[nəʊz]
1. n

1) Nase f

to hold one's nose — sich (dat) die Nase zuhalten

to speak through one's nose — durch die Nase sprechen

the tip of one's nose — die Nasenspitze

my nose is bleeding — ich habe Nasenbluten

follow your nose — immer der Nase nach

she always has her nose in a book — sie hat dauernd den Kopf in einem Buch (vergraben)

to do sth under sb's (very) nose — etw vor jds Augen tun

it was right under his nose all the time —

I just followed my nose — ich bin immer der Nase nach gegangen

she leads him by the nose — er tanzt ganz nach ihrer Pfeife

don't let him lead you by the nose — lass dich von ihm nicht unterbuttern!

he can't see beyond or further than the end of his nose — er kann nicht weiter sehen, als sein eigener Schatten reicht

to get up sb's nose (fig inf) — jdm auf den Geist or auf die Nerven gehen (inf)

to poke or stick one's nose into sth (fig) — seine Nase in etw (acc) stecken

you keep your nose out of this (inf) — halt du dich da raus (inf)

to cut off one's nose to spite one's face (prov) — sich ins eigene Fleisch schneiden

to look down one's nose at sb/sth — auf jdn/etw herabblicken

with one's nose in the air — mit hocherhobenem Kopf, hochnäsig

to pay through the nose (inf) — viel blechen (inf), sich dumm und dämlich zahlen

to win by a nose (horse) — um eine Nasenlänge gewinnen

to put sb's nose out of joint — jdn vor den Kopf stoßen

his nose is out of joint over this — er fühlt sich dadurch vor den Kopf gestoßen

to keep one's nose clean (inf) — sauber bleiben (inf), eine saubere Weste behalten (inf)

to pay on the nose — sofort bezahlen

2) (= sense of smell) Nase f; (fig) Riecher m (inf), Nase f

to have a nose for sth (fig) — eine Nase or einen Riecher (inf) für etw haben

3) (of wines) Blume f

4) (of plane) Nase f; (of car) Schnauze f; (of boat) Bug m; (of torpedo) Kopf m

nose to tail (cars) — Stoßstange an Stoßstange

2. vt

the car/ship nosed its way through the fog — das Auto/Schiff tastete sich durch den Nebel

the car nosed its way into the stream of traffic — das Auto schob sich in den fließenden Verkehr vor

I nosed the car toward(s) the gate — ich manövrierte das Auto langsam zum Tor

3. vi

a boat nosed through the mist — ein Boot tastete sich durch den Nebel

the car nosed forward — das Auto schob sich langsam vor

to nose into sb's affairs (fig) — seine Nase in jds Angelegenheiten (acc) stecken (inf)

* * *

nose [nəʊz]

A s

1. ANAT Nase f: → blow¹ C 9, pick¹ B 13

2. fig Nase f, Riecher m umg ( beide:

for für)

3. → bouquet 2

4. besonders TECH

a) Nase f, Vorsprung m, (MIL Geschoss)Spitze f, Schnabel m

b) Mündung f

c) Schneidkopf m (eines Drehstahls etc)

5. (Schiffs)Bug m

6. AUTO Schnauze f (Vorderteil des Autos)

7. FLUG Nase f, (Rumpf)Bug m, Kanzel f

B v/t

1. riechen, wittern

2. beschnüffeln

3. mit der Nase berühren oder stoßen

4. fig

a) seinen Weg vorsichtig suchen:

the car nosed its way through the fog das Auto tastete sich durch den Nebel

b) ein Auto etc vorsichtig fahren:

nose the car out of the garage

5. durch die Nase oder näselnd aussprechen

6. umg → nose out 2

C v/i

1. auch nose about, nose around umg (herum)schnüffeln (after, for nach; among in dat)

2. nose into umg seine Nase stecken in (akk)

3. the car nosed through the fog das Auto tastete sich durch den NebelBesondere Redewendungen: bite ( oder snap) sb’s nose off umg jemanden anschnauzen oder anfahren;

cut off one’s nose to spite one’s face sich ins eigene Fleisch schneiden;

follow one’s nose

a) immer der Nase nach gehen,

b) fig seinem Instinkt folgen;

get nose of umg Wind bekommen von;

get up sb’s nose Br umg jemandem auf den Wecker fallen oder gehen;

keep one’s nose clean umg sich nichts zuschulden kommen lassen;

keep your nose out of my affairs umg halte dich aus meinen Angelegenheiten heraus!;

lead sb by the nose umg jemanden ‚unter seiner Fuchtel haben, jemanden gängeln;

look down one’s nose at umg die Nase rümpfen über (akk);

pay through the nose umg sich dumm und dämlich zahlen;

poke ( oder put, stick, thrust) one’s nose into umg seine Nase in eine Sache stecken;

put sb’s nose out of joint umg

a) jemanden ausstechen,

b) jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen;

see no further than (the end of) one’s nose umg

a) kurzsichtig sein,

b) fig nicht weiter sehen als seine Nase (reicht);

turn up one’s nose umg die Nase rümpfen (at über akk);

win by a nose (Pferderennsport) um eine Nasenlänge gewinnen (a. fig);

(as) plain as the nose on your face umg sonnenklar;

on the nose bes US umg (ganz) genau, engS. pünktlich;

under sb’s (very) nose

a) direkt vor jemandes Nase,

b) vor jemandes Augen; → grindstone 1, powder B 1, thumb B 4

ENT abk MED ear, nose, and throat HNO-…

* * *
1. noun
1) Nase, die

[win] by a nose — mit einer Nasenlänge [gewinnen]

follow one's nose — (fig.) (be guided by instinct) seinem Instinkt folgen; (go forward) der Nase nachgehen

get up somebody's nose — (coll.): (annoy somebody) jemandem auf den Wecker gehen (salopp)

hold one's nose — sich (Dat.) die Nase zuhalten

pay through the nose — tief in die Tasche greifen müssen (ugs.)

poke or thrust etc. one's nose into something — (fig.) seine Nase in etwas (Akk.) stecken (fig. ugs.)

put somebody's nose out of joint — (fig. coll.) jemanden vor den Kopf stoßen (ugs.)

rub somebody's nose in it — (fig.) es jemandem ständig unter die Nase reiben (ugs.)

speak through one's nose — näseln; durch die Nase sprechen

turn up one's nose at something — (fig. coll.) die Nase über etwas (Akk.) rümpfen

under somebody's nose — (fig. coll.) vor jemandes Augen (Dat.)

keep one's nose out of something — (fig. coll.) sich aus etwas [he]raushalten

keep your nose out of this! — halt [du] dich da raus!

2) (of ship, aircraft) Nase, die
2. transitive verb
1) (detect, smell out)

nose [out] — aufspüren

2)

nose one's way — sich (Dat.) vorsichtig seinen Weg bahnen
3. intransitive verb
(move) sich vorsichtig bewegen

Phrasal Verbs:

- nose about

- nose out

* * *

(wine) n.

Bukett -es (Wein) n. n.

Bug -e (Flugzeug) m.

Nase -n f.

English-german dictionary > nose
5 hand

1. [hænd] n
I

1. рука, кисть руки

cupped hands - горсть; пригоршня

the back of the hand - тыльная сторона руки

the palm of the hand - ладонь

with one's own hand - собственноручно (тж. юр.)

with one's bare hands - голыми руками

piece for four hands - пьеса для игры в четыре руки

laying on of the hands - церк. рукоположение

hands off! - руки прочь!

hands up! - а) руки вверх!; б) поднимите руки (на уроке и т. п.)

to take [to hold] smb.'s hand - взять [держать] кого-л. за руку

to lead smb. by the hand - вести кого-л. за руку

to drink from cupped hands - пить из горсти

to vote by show of hands - голосовать поднятием руки

to go on one's hands and knees - ползти на четвереньках

he writes with his left hand - он левша

he has his hands tied - у него связаны руки (тж. перен.)

2. 1) лапа, передняя нога ( обезьяны)

the monkey has four hands - у обезьяны четыре лапы

2) лапа (сокола, попугая)

3) клешня ( рака)

3. указатель ( изображающий руку с вытянутым указательным пальцем)

4. сторона, направление, положение

on either hand - по обе стороны

on all hands, on every hand - со всех сторон

fact admitted on all hands - общепризнанный факт

to strengthen one's hand - укрепить свои позиции (на переговорах и т. п.)

at his right [left] hand sat the President - справа [слева] от него сидел президент

5. источник (сведений, информации и т. п.)

a story heard at second hand - история, услышанная от третьего лица

he has it from several hands - ему говорили об этом несколько человек

6. стрелка (часов, барометра и т. п.)

7. крыло ( семафора)

8. ком.

1) пучок, связка

a hand of tobacco - связка листового табака

a hand of bananas - гроздь бананов

2) окорок

a hand of pork - свиной окорок

9. повод, поводья, узда

10. ладонь, хенд (мера длины, равная четырём дюймам; ≈ 10,16 см)

a horse 16 hands high - лошадь высотой в 160 см

11. фактура (ткани и т. п.)

the smooth hand of leather - мягкость /гладкость/ кожи

the fabric has a cashmerelike hand - на ощупь ткань напоминает кашемир

II

1. часто pl рабочий, работник ( занятый физическим трудом)

hands wanted! - требуется рабочая сила!; требуются рабочие!

factory hand - рабочий на фабрике

farm hand - помощник на ферме; сельскохозяйственный рабочий

2. 1) матрос

2) pl мор. команда, экипаж ( судна)

all hands on deck! - все наверх!

all hands to quarters! - все по своим местам!

3. pl группа, компания

all hands joined in the game - все присутствующие включились в игру

4. автор; исполнитель

a book written by various hands - книга нескольких авторов

a picture by the same hand - картина (кисти) того же художника

5. мастер своего дела; искусник, умелец; дока; человек, имеющий большой опыт в чём-л.

to be a new hand at smth. - быть новичком в чём-л.

he is quite a hand with the violin - он прекрасно играет на скрипке

she is a great hand at thinking up new games - она мастерица придумывать новые игры

he is a real hand at geometry - он отлично разбирается в геометрии

I am no great hand at poetry - я не силён в поэзии

he is a fine hand at cooking - он отличный повар

he is no new hand at it - он не новичок в этом деле

he is an old parliamentary hand - у него большой опыт парламентской деятельности

6. умение, ловкость, мастерство; манера исполнения

the hand of a true craftsman - рука настоящего мастера

to be in hand with smth. - ловко /искусно/ делать что-л.

to get one's hand in - набраться опыта; набить руку

to try one's hand in painting - попробовать себя в живописи

he can turn his hand to anything - он мастер на все руки

his hand is in - у него это хорошо получается

a pianist has to practise every day to keep his hand in - пианист должен упражняться ежедневно, чтобы сохранить беглость пальцев

his hand is out - а) он устал; б) он отвык

his hand had been out at tennis for so long that he could not get it in again - он так долго не играл в теннис, что совсем разучился

it does not lie to his hand - это не очень хорошо у него получается

7. 1) почерк

to write a very legible hand - писать очень разборчиво, иметь очень разборчивый почерк

he has a beautiful small hand - у него прекрасный мелкий почерк

2) подпись

a note of hand - расписка

under the hand of - за подписью

under hand and seal - юр. за подписью и печатью

8. помощь

a helping hand - а) помощь; б) помощник

to give /to lend/ a hand - оказать помощь, помочь

lend me a hand with my coat - помоги мне надеть пальто

to bear a hand - помогать, содействовать

9. роль, участие, доля

to have a hand in smth. - участвовать в чём-л.; приложить руку к чему-л.

he had no hand in the affair - он не принимал в этом участия

I had to take a hand - я вынужден был вмешаться

10. театр. разг. аплодисменты

to give smb. a big hand - громко /дружно/ аплодировать кому-л.

to get a hand - сорвать аплодисменты

III

1. 1) контроль; власть, твёрдая рука

believers in the strong hand - поборники суровых мер

to act with a heavy /high/ hand - действовать безжалостно; подавлять безжалостной рукой

to rule with a firm hand - править твёрдой рукой

to put down a revolt with a heavy hand - жестоко подавить восстание

to keep a strict hand over smb. - держать кого-л. в ежовых рукавицах, держать кого-л. в руках

2) обыкн. pl владение; распоряжение

to change hands - перейти в другие руки; переходить из рук в руки

to fall into the enemy's hands - попасть в руки врага

to put oneself in smb.'s hands - довериться, вверить кому-л. свою судьбу

the hotel has changed hands - в отеле новый владелец /хозяин/

my fate is in your hands - моя судьба в ваших руках

3) pl попечение, забота

to take smth. on one's hands - принять на себя заботы о чём-л.

to be in good hands - быть в хороших руках

to get off one's hands - сбыть с рук

he has a family on his hands - у него на руках семья

2. 1) согласие, обещание

here's my hand on it! - вот вам моя рука!, даю вам слово!

2) согласие или предложение вступить в брак

to ask smb.'s hand - просить чьей-л. руки

he offered her his hand - он предложил ей руку (и сердце)

3. карт.

1) карты, находящиеся на руках у одного игрока

to have a good hand - иметь хорошие карты

I'm holding my hand! - я - пас

2) игрок, рука

3) партия; кон

even hands - «при своих»

to win the hand - выиграть партию

let's have a hand at bridge - давайте сыграем в бридж

♢

the hand of God - десница божья, провидение, божья воля

at /амер. on/ hand - а) под рукой, рядом, неподалёку; б) готовый, доступный; there is always a doctor at hand - врач всегда в вашем распоряжении; всегда можно вызвать врача; в) близко, вскоре (тж. close at hand, near at hand)

Christmas was close at hand - близилось рождество

dawn is at hand - близится рассвет

winter is at hand - зима на носу

at the hand of - от руки

he died at the hand of a murderer - он погиб от руки убийцы

by hand - ручным способом, вручную

lace made by hand - кружева ручной работы

to send a letter by hand - послать письмо с нарочным

to bring up /to feed/ a child [a calf] by hand - искусственно вскармливать ребёнка [телёнка]

in hand - а) в руках; в наличии; в чьём-л. распоряжении; cash in hand - наличные деньги; he still has some money in hand - у него ещё остались деньги; I have five minutes in hand - у меня ещё пять минут в запасе; б) под контролем; to bear smb. in hand - держать кого-л. в руках /в своей власти/; I'll take it in hand - я этим займусь; я беру это на себя; to keep a car /a horse/ well in hand - хорошо смотреть /ухаживать/ за машиной /за лошадью/; to keep /to have/ oneself well in hand - не распускаться, не давать воли чувствам; держать себя в руках; в) в работе; в стадии рассмотрения

the matter in hand - повестка дня; текущая /рассматриваемая/ проблема; вопрос, о котором идёт речь

the work is in hand - работа ведётся

off hand - экспромтом; не раздумывая

off one's hands - ≅ с плеч долой

I got it off my hands - я больше за это не отвечаю

he can't get the work off his hands - он никак не может разделаться с этой работой

on hand - на руках; в наличии

to have too many goods (left) on hand /on one's hands/ - иметь в наличии слишком много товаров, затовариться

work on hand - текущая работа

I'm on hand if you need me - я буду рядом /здесь/ - позовите, если понадоблюсь

to have an hour on one's hands - иметь в распоряжении свободный час

out of hand - а) немедленно, быстро, экспромтом; недолго думая, с места в карьер; без долгих слов; to do smth. out of hand - сделать что-л. без промедления /экспромтом/; to reject smth. out of hand - отказать наотрез; отклонить (предложение и т. п.) без обсуждения; б) бесконтрольно; his wrath got out of hand - им овладела слепая ярость; в) отбившийся от рук; these children are quite out of hand - дети совсем распустились; г) сделанный, законченный (о работе, деле и т. п.)

the case has been out of hand for some time - дело было закончено некоторое время назад

to hand - а) поблизости, в пределах досягаемости; б) находящийся в чьём-л. распоряжении

the first excuse to hand - первое попавшееся объяснение

to come to hand - попасть в руки; прийти, поступить (о письме и т. п.); появиться; подвернуться

your parcel came to hand this morning - ваша посылка пришла сегодня утром

new evidence came to hand - появились новые доказательства

take what comes next to hand - бери, что хочешь

to one's hand - на свой манер, на свой лад

to bring up to one's hand - воспитать /переделать/ на свой лад

under hand - скрытно, тайком

hand in hand - а) взявшись за руки; б) вместе, сообща

hand to hand - ≅ лицом к лицу

to fight hand to hand - сойтись /схватиться/ врукопашную

hand over hand, hand over fist - а) быстро /живо/ и легко; to come up hand over hand - приближаться на всех парах ( о корабле); б) стабильно; медленно, но верно

to climb hand over fist - карабкаться вверх, перебирая руками /перехватывая руки/

to drink hand to fist - пить запоем

hand over head - смело, очертя голову

hand in /and/ glove (with) - в тесной связи; в тесном сотрудничестве

they are hand in glove - они всегда заодно; они спелись

hand and foot - а) по рукам и ногам; to bind hand and foot - связать по рукам и ногам; б) не за страх, а за совесть

to serve hand and foot - служить не за страх, а за совесть

heart and hand см. heart I ♢

from hand to hand - из рук в руки

to live from hand to mouth - с трудом перебиваться; кое-как сводить концы с концами

on the one hand..., on the other hand - с одной стороны..., с другой стороны

at /on/ any hand - во всяком случае

for one's own hand - для собственной пользы

he fought for his own hand - он защищал собственные интересы

in the turning of a hand - уст. вмиг, в одно мгновение

hands down - легко, без труда

to win (with) hands down - легко добиться победы

a man of quick hands - ловкий, быстрый, исполнительный человек

to make a hand - преуспеть

to make a (good) hand of smth. - нагреть руки /поживиться/ на чём-л.

to show one's hand - голосовать, поднимая руки

to tip one's hand - преждевременно сообщать свои планы, раскрывать свои карты

to stand one's hand - сл. заплатить за выпивку, угостить кого-л. спиртным

to wring one's hands - ломать /заламывать/ руки (от отчаяния и т. п.)

to kiss one's hand to smb. - послать кому-л. воздушный поцелуй

to join hands - объединиться, объединить усилия

to strike hands - ударить по рукам, договориться

to shake hands with smb. - жать руку кому-л., здороваться или прощаться с кем-л. за руку

throw up one's hands - опустить руки, признать своё поражение, спасовать

to lay hands on smth. - завладеть чем-л.

to lay hands on smb. - захватить, арестовать кого-л.

to put one's hand on smth. - иметь что-л. под рукой

I can't put my hand on a pencil - у меня нет под рукой карандаша

to set /to put/ one's hands to a task - взяться за работу

I don't know what to put my hands to fist - не знаю, с чего мне начать

to put /to dip/ one's hand in the till - запускать руку в кассу

to wash one's hands of smb. - снимать с себя ответственность (за кого-л.), умывать руки

to have one's hands full - ≅ хлопот полон рот

to have a light hand - быть деликатным /тактичным/

to have clean hands - быть неподкупным /честным/

to put the last hand to smth. - отделать что-л. начисто, завершить что-л.

to get the better hand - получить преимущество

to get /to have/ the upper hand - одержать верх, одолеть, взять верх

to lay violent hands on oneself - книжн. наложить на себя руки

not to do a hand's turn - ничего не делать; ≅ не ударить палец о палец

not to move hand or foot - ничего не делать /не предпринимать/; ≅ не ударить палец о палец

play into the hand's of smb. /into smb.'s hands/ - играть на руку кому-л.; ≅ лить воду на чью-л. мельницу

to sit on one's hands - а) сидеть сложа руки, выжидать; б) не аплодировать

to be on /upon/ the mending hand - выздоравливать

to spend money with both hands - сорить деньгами; швырять деньги направо и налево

to be flippant with one's hands - давать волю рукам
2. [hænd] a
1. 1) ручной

hand crank - заводная рукоятка

hand baggage - ручная кладь

hand brake - ручной тормоз

2) сделанный вручную, ручным способом

hand getting - горн. ручная добыча /выемка/

3) переносный

4) наручный, для ношения на руке

2. в грам. знач. нареч. вручную

hand knitted - связанный вручную, ручной вязки

hand made - ручной работы

hand sewn - сшитый вручную
3. [hænd] v
1. передавать; вручать

to hand smb. a discharge - разг. уволить кого-л.

she was handed the prize for reading - ей вручили приз за чтение, она получила приз за чтение

2. дотрагиваться, касаться

3. (into, out of, to) провести за руку; помочь (войти, пройти)

to hand a lady into a car - посадить даму в машину

4. (обыкн. hand it to smb.)

1) разг. отдавать должное

you have to hand it to him, he could work - надо отдать ему должное, работать он умел; чего-чего, а умения работать у него не отнимешь

2) признать себя побеждённым, уступить

5. мор. убрать ( паруса)

НБАРС > hand
6 put on

transitive verb

1) anziehen [Kleidung, Hose usw.]; aufsetzen [Hut, Brille]; draufsetzen, (ugs.) draufmachen [Deckel, Verschluss usw.]; (fig.) aufsetzen [Miene, Lächeln, Gesicht]

put it on — (coll.) [nur] Schau machen (ugs.)

his modesty is all put on — seine Bescheidenheit ist nur gespielt od. (ugs.) ist reine Schau

2) (switch or turn on) anmachen [Radio, Motor, Heizung, Licht usw.]; (cause to heat up) aufsetzen [Wasser, Essen, Kessel, Topf]; (fig.): (apply) ausüben [Druck]

3) (gain)

put on weight/two pounds — zunehmen/zwei Pfund zunehmen

4) (add)

put on speed — beschleunigen

put 8p on [to] the price — den Preis um 8 Pence erhöhen

5) (stage) spielen [Stück]; zeigen [Show, Film]; veranstalten [Ausstellung]; see also academic.ru/571/act">act 1. 5)

6) (arrange) einsetzen [Sonderzug, -bus]

7) see put forward 3)

8) (coll.): (tease) veräppeln (ugs.)

* * *

1) (to switch on (a light etc): Put the light on!) anmachen

2) (to dress oneself in: Which shoes are you going to put on?) anziehen

3) (to add or increase: The car put on speed; I've put on weight.) zunehmen

4) (to present or produce (a play etc): They're putting on `Hamlet' next week.) ansetzen

5) (to provide (eg transport): They always put on extra buses between 8.00 and 9.00 a.m.) einsetzen

6) (to make a false show of; to pretend: She said she felt ill, but she was just putting it on.) vortäuschen

7) (to bet (money) on: I've put a pound on that horse to win.) setzen auf

* * *

◆ put on

vt

1. (wear)

▪ to \put on on ⇆ sth clothes, shoes etw anziehen

to \put on on one's thinking cap gründlich nachdenken

to \put on on a happy face ein fröhliches Gesicht machen

to \put on on a frown ( fig) die Stirn runzeln

to \put on on make-up Make-up auflegen

I'll \put on on a plaster for you ich mach dir ein Pflaster drauf fam

to \put on on a smile ( fig) lächeln, ein Lächeln aufsetzen

why are you \put onting on that silly voice? warum redest du so albern?

there's no need to \put on on that injured expression du brauchst nicht so gekränkt zu schauen

2. (pretend)

▪ to \put on sth ⇆ on etw vorgeben

it's all \put on on es ist alles nur Schau

I can't tell whether he's really upset, or if he's just \put onting it on ich weiß nicht, ob er wirklich gekränkt ist, oder ob er nur so tut

to \put on on an air of innocence/a display of anger eine unschuldige/böse Miene aufsetzen

3. (turn on)

▪ to \put on on ⇆ sth etw einschalten [o anmachen]

to \put on on the brakes bremsen

to \put on the kettle on das Wasser für den Tee/Kaffee aufsetzen

to \put on on the light das Licht anschalten [o ÖSTERR aufdrehen]

to \put on on Mozart Mozart auflegen

4. (provide)

▪ to \put on sth ⇆ on etw bereitstellen

additional buses had to be \put on on after the concert nach dem Konzert mussten zusätzliche Busse eingesetzt werden; ( fam)

she \put on on a fantastic spread for her birthday sie zauberte für ihren Geburtstag ein wahres Festmahl

to \put on on an exhibition eine Ausstellung veranstalten

to \put on on a play ein Theaterstück aufführen

to \put on sth on the market etw auf den Markt bringen

to \put on sth on the menu etw auf die Karte setzen

to \put on on a party eine Party geben

to \put on on a protest eine Protestkundgebung veranstalten

5. (increase)

ten pence was \put on on the price of cigarettes der Preis von Zigaretten wurde um zehn Pence erhöht; (gain weight)

to \put on on a few pounds ein paar Pfund zunehmen

to \put on on weight zunehmen

6. (bet)

to \put on money on a horse Geld auf ein Pferd setzen

to \put on a bet on a race beim Rennen setzen; ( fig)

I wouldn't \put on my money on it darauf würde ich nichts geben

7. (start cooking)

▪ to \put on on ⇆ sth etw aufsetzen [o aufstellen]

I'll just \put on the potatoes on ich setze schnell die Kartoffeln auf

to \put on the dinner on mit dem Kochen anfangen, anfangen zu kochen

8. (allow to speak on phone)

to \put on sb on [the telephone [or line]] jdm den Hörer weitergeben

* * *

put on v/t

1. Kleider anziehen, den Hut, die Brille aufsetzen, (sich) einen Ring anstecken: → clothes 1

2. Rouge auflegen: → face A 1

3. Fett ansetzen: → weight A 3

4. Gestalt annehmen

5. vortäuschen, -spielen, heucheln:

put it on umg

a) angeben,

b) übertreiben,

c) schwer draufschlagen (auf den Preis),

d) heucheln;

they are putting it on sie tun nur so;

put it on thick umg dick auftragen;

his modesty is all put on seine Bescheidenheit ist nur Mache; → act A 7, agony 1, air¹ A 9, dog Bes Redew

6. eine Summe aufschlagen (on auf den Preis)

7. die Uhr vorstellen, den Zeiger vorrücken

8. a) an-, einschalten, das Gas etc aufdrehen, den Dampf anlassen, das Tempo beschleunigen

b) einen Topf etc aufsetzen

9. Kraft, auch Arbeitskräfte, einen Sonderzug etc einsetzen

10. eine Schraube, die Bremse anziehen

11. THEAT ein Stück ansetzen, herausbringen

12. put sb on to

a) jemandem einen Tip geben für, jemanden auf eine Idee bringen,

b) TEL jemanden mit jemandem verbinden

13. eine Schallplatte auflegen, spielen: → music 1, record C 9 a

* * *

transitive verb

1) anziehen [Kleidung, Hose usw.]; aufsetzen [Hut, Brille]; draufsetzen, (ugs.) draufmachen [Deckel, Verschluss usw.]; (fig.) aufsetzen [Miene, Lächeln, Gesicht]

put it on — (coll.) [nur] Schau machen (ugs.)

his modesty is all put on — seine Bescheidenheit ist nur gespielt od. (ugs.) ist reine Schau

2) (switch or turn on) anmachen [Radio, Motor, Heizung, Licht usw.]; (cause to heat up) aufsetzen [Wasser, Essen, Kessel, Topf]; (fig.): (apply) ausüben [Druck]

3) (gain)

put on weight/two pounds — zunehmen/zwei Pfund zunehmen

4) (add)

put on speed — beschleunigen

put 8p on [to] the price — den Preis um 8 Pence erhöhen

5) (stage) spielen [Stück]; zeigen [Show, Film]; veranstalten [Ausstellung]; see also act 1. 5)

6) (arrange) einsetzen [Sonderzug, -bus]

7) see put forward 3)

8) (coll.): (tease) veräppeln (ugs.)

* * *

adj.

umgehängt adj. v.

überziehen (Kleid) v.

English-german dictionary > put on

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