hard-bought

1. v/i be useful

non mi serve I don't need it

a che serve questo? what's this for?

servire da bere a qualcuno pour someone a drink

2. v/t serve

mi serve aiuto I need help

* * *

servire v.tr.

1 to serve: servire una causa, la patria, to serve a cause, one's country; servire Dio, il demonio, to serve God, the devil; servire il Signore, to serve the Lord // servire messa, to serve at mass

2 ( rendere un servizio a) to serve; to attend to (s.o.): in che posso servirla?, can I help you?; la stanno servendo?, are you being served?; servire un cliente, to serve a customer; quel negozio serve molta gente, that shop has many customers (o caters for many people); la zona è ben servita dai mezzi, the area is well served by public transport // ''é lei il signor X?'' ''Per servirla'', ''Are you Mr X?'' ''At your service'' // servire qlcu. di tutto punto, (fig.) to wait on s.o. hand and foot // mi ha servito a dovere, (iron.) he really sorted me out

3 ( di persone di servizio) to wait on (s.o.): a quel pranzo eravamo serviti da tre camerieri, at that dinner we were waited on by three servants; è abituata a farsi servire, she's accustomed to being waited upon; lo servo da dieci anni, I have been in his service for ten years // servire due padroni, to serve two masters

4 (offrire, presentare cibi ecc.) to serve; to help (to sthg.): devo servire, signora?, shall I serve dinner, Madam?; servono sempre patate bollite con la carne, they always serve boiled potatoes with meat; ti servo un po' di gelato?, shall I help you to some ice-cream?; servire da bere a qlcu., to give s.o. sthg. to drink; servire qlco. di caldo, to serve up sthg. hot

5 ( le carte) to deal*

6 (mil.) servire un pezzo, to serve a gun

◆ v. intr.

1 ( prestar servizio) to serve: serve da molti anni presso quella famiglia, he has served in that family for many years // (mil.): servire nell'esercito, nella marina, to serve in the army, in the navy; in quale arma hai servito?, what branch of the armed forces were you in?

2 ( a tavola) to wait, to serve: non sa servire a tavola, he doesn't know how to wait (o to serve) at table

3 ( giovare, essere utile) to serve, to be of use: a che serve lavorare tanto?, what's the use (o the good) of working so hard?; non serve a niente, it is no use (o it is useless); non serve ripeterglielo, it's no use telling him again; quel libro gli è servito molto, that book has been of great use to him; questo libro servirà a fartelo capire, this book will help you to understand it; teniamolo, può sempre servire, let's keep it, it could always come in useful; servire allo scopo, to serve the purpose; a che serve questo utensile?, what do you use this tool for?; il cloro serve a sbiancare, chlorine is used for bleaching; ciò non serve che a irritarlo, it only irritates him

4 (far l'ufficio, le veci di) to serve: quest'asse ci servirà da tavolo, this board will serve us for a table (o we can use this board as a table); ci servì da traduttore, he translated for us (o he worked for us as a translator); servire di norma, di scusa, di pretesto, to serve as a rule, as an excuse, as a pretext

5 (al tennis ecc.) to serve: chi serve, a chi tocca servire?, whose serve (o service) is it?

6 (fam.) ( occorrere) to need (sthg.): mi serve una matita rossa, I need a red pencil; le serve nulla?, can I help you?; mi servirebbe un nuovo dizionario, I could do with a new dictionary.

◘ servirsi v.intr.pron.

1 ( usare) to use (sthg.), to make* use: per andare a lavorare mi servo dei mezzi pubblici, to go to work I use public transport; si servì del mio nome, he used my name; non so se me ne servirò, I don't know whether I shall use (o make use of) it

2 ( a tavola) to help oneself (to sthg.): serviti, help yourself; serviti di piselli, help yourself to the peas

3 ( fornirsi) to buy* (sthg.), to get* (sthg.); to be a steady customer; dove ti servi per la carne?, where do you buy (o get) your meat?; da anni mi servo in quel negozio, I've been a steady customer at that shop for years; non mi sono mai servita in quel negozio, I have never bought anything in that shop; in quel negozio ci si serve da soli, that shop is a self service; in quale banca ti servi?, who do you bank with?; mi servo da una bravissima sarta, I have a very good dressmaker.

* * *

1. vt

1) (essere al servizio di) to serve

2) (piatto) to serve

3) Carte to deal

4) (Calcio: giocatore) to pass the ball to

2. vi

1) (aus essere)

2) Tennis to serve

3. vip (servirsi)

1) (fare uso)

2) (a tavola) to help o.s.

3)

* * *

verbo transitivo

1) to serve [stato, patria, Dio, causa, ideale]

2) [maggiordomo, domestica] to serve [persona, famiglia]

3) [commerciante, cameriere] to serve [ cliente]

4) (distribuire da bere, mangiare a) to serve [ invitato]; (distribuire) to serve [ piatto]; to pour (out), to serve [ bevanda]

5) (avere come cliente) to work for

6) (assicurare un servizio a) to serve

7) gioc. to deal* [ carte]

8) sport (nel tennis) to serve

9) relig. to serve [ messa]

verbo intransitivo (aus. avere, essere)

1) (essere a servizio)

2) [ commesso] to serve

3)

4) (essere utile) [conoscenze, oggetto] to come* in useful

5) (avere la funzione)

6) (occorrere) to need

7) sport (nel tennis) to serve

8) mil.

verbo pronominale servirsi

1) (fare uso)

2) (sfruttare)

3) (prendere) to help oneself

4) (essere cliente)

••

* * *

servire

/ser'vire/ [3]

I verbo transitivo

 1 to serve [stato, patria, Dio, causa, ideale]

 2 [maggiordomo, domestica] to serve [persona, famiglia]

 3 [commerciante, cameriere] to serve [ cliente]; chi è da servire? who's next? in che cosa posso servirla? how can I help you?

 4 (distribuire da bere, mangiare a) to serve [ invitato]; (distribuire) to serve [ piatto]; to pour (out), to serve [ bevanda]; servire la cena a qcn. to serve dinner to sb.; che cosa le posso servire (da bere)? what would you like to drink? "il pranzo è servito" "lunch is served"

 5 (avere come cliente) to work for; il suo studio serve le più grandi aziende della città his firm works for the biggest companies of the town

 6 (assicurare un servizio a) to serve; la zona è servita bene dai mezzi pubblici the area is well served with public transport

 7 gioc. to deal* [ carte]

 8 sport (nel tennis) to serve

 9 relig. to serve [ messa]

II verbo intransitivo

 (aus. avere, essere)

 1 (essere a servizio) servire come domestica to work as a housemaid; serve in quella casa da molti anni she's been working in that house for many years

 2 [ commesso] to serve; servire al banco to serve at the counter

 3 servire a tavola to wait at o on table; chi sta servendo al tavolo 8? who's waiting on table 8? in questo ristorante sono lenti a servire in this restaurant the service is slow

 4 (essere utile) [conoscenze, oggetto] to come* in useful; a che serve questo attrezzo? what is this tool for? serve per fare it is used for doing; a questo servono gli amici that's what friends are for; a cosa serve piangere? what's the use of crying? non serve a niente [ oggetto] it's useless; [ azione] it's no good; li ho minacciati, ma non è servito a niente I threatened them but it didn't do any good; non serve a niente fare there is no point in doing, it's pointless o useless to do o doing; servire al proprio scopo to serve the purpose

 5 (avere la funzione) servire da qcs. [oggetto, stanza] to serve as sth.; il tavolo mi serve da scrivania the table serves me as a desk, I use the table as a desk; mi servi da testimone I need you as a witness; che ti serva da lezione! let that be a lesson to you!

 6 (occorrere) to need; ti serve qualcosa? do you need something o anything? è proprio quello che mi serve it's just what I need

 7 sport (nel tennis) to serve

 8 mil. servire nell'esercito to serve in the army

III servirsi verbo pronominale

 1 (fare uso) - rsi di to make* use of, to use; - rsi dei mezzi pubblici to use public transport

 2 (sfruttare) - rsi di una situazione to make use of a situation; -rsi di qcn. per raggiungere i propri scopi to use sb. for one's purposes; - rsi di uno stratagemma to employ a stratagem

 3 (prendere) to help oneself; si serva! help yourself!

 4 (essere cliente) - rsi dal macellaio sotto casa to shop at the local butcher's; per il vino ci serviamo da... we buy wine at o from...

IDIOMS

servire due padroni to serve two masters; per servirla! at your service!

1. zie·hen <zog, gezogen> [ʼtsi:ən]

1) ( hinter sich her schleppen) to pull;

die Kutsche wurde von vier Pferden gezogen the coach was drawn by four horses

2) ( bewegen)

den Hut \ziehen to raise [or to take off] one's hat;

den Choke/Starter \ziehen to pull out the choke/starter;

die Handbremse \ziehen to put on the handbrake;

jdn/etw irgendwohin \ziehen to pull sb/sth somewhere;

sie zog das Kind an sich she pulled the child to[wards] her;

die Knie in die Höhe \ziehen to raise one's knees;

die Stirn kraus/ in Falten ziehen to knit one's brow

3) ( Richtung ändern)

er zog das Auto in letzter Minute nach rechts at the last moment he pulled the car to the right;

der Pilot zog das Flugzeug nach oben the pilot put the plane into a climb;

etw ins Komische \ziehen to ridicule sth

4) ( zerren)

jdn an etw \ziehen dat to drag sb to sth;

das Kind zog mich an der Hand zum Karussell the child dragged me by the hand to the carousel;

warum ziehst du mich denn am Ärmel? why are you tugging at my sleeve?;

der Felix hat mich an den Haaren gezogen Felix pulled my hair

5) (ab\ziehen)

etw von etw \ziehen to pull sth [off sth];

den Ring vom Finger \ziehen to pull one's ring off [one's finger]

6) ( hervorholen)

etw [aus etw] \ziehen to pull sth [out of sth];

sie zog ein Feuerzeug aus der Tasche she took a lighter out of her pocket/bag

7) (heraus\ziehen)

jdn/etw \ziehen [aus] to pull sb/sth [out];

wer hat den Ertrinkenden aus dem Wasser gezogen? who pulled [or dragged] the drowning man out of the water?;

muss ich dich aus dem Bett \ziehen? do I have to drag you out of bed?;

die Fäden \ziehen to take out [or remove] the stitches;

den Revolver/das Schwert \ziehen to draw the revolver/sword;

einen Zahn \ziehen to take out [or extract] a tooth;

ein Los/eine Spielkarte \ziehen to draw a lottery ticket/a card;

einen Vergleich \ziehen to draw [or make] a comparison;

eine Wasserprobe \ziehen to take a sample of water;

die Wahrsagerin forderte mich auf, irgendeine Karte zu \ziehen the fortune teller told me to pick a card;

Zigaretten aus dem Automaten \ziehen to get [or buy] cigarettes from a machine;

hast du eine Straßenbahnkarte gezogen? have you bought a tram ticket?

8) ( betätigen)

etw \ziehen to pull sth;

er zog die Handbremse he put the handbrake on;

kannst du nicht die Wasserspülung \ziehen? can't you flush the toilet?

9) (verlegen, anlegen)

ein Kabel/eine Leitung \ziehen to lay a cable/wire;

einen Bewässerungskanal/einen Graben \ziehen to dig an irrigation canal/a ditch;

eine Mauer/einen Zaun \ziehen to erect [or build] a wall/a fence

10) (durch\ziehen)

durch etw \ziehen to pull sth through sth;

ich kann den Faden nie durchs Öhr \ziehen I can never thread a needle

11) etw auf etw \ziehen akk to pull sth onto sth;

neue Saiten auf die Gitarre \ziehen to restring a guitar;

Perlen auf eine Schnur \ziehen to thread pearls;

ein Bild auf Karton \ziehen to mount a picture onto cardboard

12) ( rücken)

etw irgendwohin \ziehen to pull sth somewhere;

er zog sich den Hut tief ins Gesicht he pulled his hat down over his eyes;

den Mantel fest um sich \ziehen to pull one's coat tight around oneself;

zieh bitte die Vorhänge vor die Fenster please draw the curtains;

die Rollläden nach oben \ziehen to pull up the blinds;

zieh doch eine Bluse unter den Pulli put on a blouse underneath the jumper;

er zog sich die Schutzbrille über die Augen he put on protective glasses

13) ( züchten)

Blumen/ Früchte/Pflanzen \ziehen to grow flowers/fruit/plants;

Tiere \ziehen to breed animals

14) ( erziehen) to bring up;

sie haben die Kinder gut gezogen they have brought the children up well

15) kunst ( zeichnen)

einen Kreis/eine Linie \ziehen to draw a circle/line

16) ( machen)

einen Draht/ eine Kerze/eine Kopie \ziehen to make a wire/candle/copy;

Computerprogramme schwarz \ziehen to pirate computer programs

17) ( dehnen)

einen Laut/ eine Silbe/ein Wort \ziehen to draw out a sound/syllable/word;

zieh doch die Worte nicht so stop drawling

18) (an\ziehen)

etw auf sich \ziehen akk to attract sth;

sie zog die Aufmerksamkeit/ Blicke auf sich she attracted attention;

jds Hass auf sich \ziehen to incur sb's hatred;

jdn ins Gespräch \ziehen to draw sb into the conversation

19) ( zur Folge haben)

etw nach sich \ziehen to have consequences

1) haben ( zerren) to pull;

an etw \ziehen dat to pull [or tug] on/at sth;

ich kann es nicht leiden, wenn der Hund so zieht I hate it when the dog pulls [on the lead] like that;

ein \ziehender Schmerz an aching pain

2) sein (um\ziehen)

irgendwohin/zu jdm \ziehen to move somewhere/in with sb;

nach München \ziehen to move to Munich;

sie zog zu ihrem Freund she moved in with her boyfriend

3) sein ( einen bestimmten Weg einschlagen)

irgendwohin \ziehen to move [or go] somewhere; Armee, Truppen, Volksmasse to march; Schafe, Wanderer to wander [or roam], to rove; Rauch, Wolke to drift; Gewitter to move; Vogel to fly;

durch die Stadt \ziehen to wander through the town/city;

in den Krieg/die Schlacht \ziehen to go to war/into battle;

Zigeuner \ziehen kreuz und quer durch Europa gypsies wander [or roam] all over Europe;

die Schwalben zogen nach Süden the swallows migrated south [or flew south for the winter];

Tausende von Schafen zogen über die Straße thousands of sheep roamed onto the road;

Aale und Lachse \ziehen zum Laichen flussaufwärts eels and salmon swim upstream to breed

4) haben ( angezündet bleiben) Kamin, Ofen, Pfeife to draw;

das Feuer zieht gut/ schlecht the fire is drawing well/poorly

5) haben ( saugen)

an etw \ziehen dat;

an einer Pfeife/ Zigarette/Zigarre \ziehen to pull [or puff] on a pipe/cigarette/cigar

6) sein ( eindringen) to penetrate;

mach die Tür zu, sonst zieht der Fischgeruch durchs ganze Haus! close the door, otherwise we will be able to smell the fish throughout the house;

Giftgas kann durch die kleinste Ritze \ziehen poisonous gas can penetrate [or ( fam) get through] the smallest crack;

die Imprägnierung muss richtig ins Holz \ziehen this waterproofing solution has to really sink into the wood

7) haben kochk Marinade to marinade; Tee to brew, to steep;

etw \ziehen lassen Teig to leave sth to stand; Tee to let sth brew [or steep];

8) haben (fam: beschleunigen) to pull

9) haben (fam: Eindruck machen)

[bei jdm] \ziehen to go down well [with sb];

hör auf, das zieht bei mir nicht! stop it, I don't like that sort of thing!;

diese Masche zieht immer this one always works [or ( fam) does the trick];

die Ausrede zieht bei mir nicht that excuse won't work with me

10) karten to play

11) schach to move;

mit dem Bauer \ziehen to move the pawn;

wer hat die letzte Karte gezogen? who drew the last card?

12) ( Waffe)

die Pistole \ziehen to draw a gun

13) ( umfüllen)

Wein auf Flaschen ziehen to bottle wine

einen \ziehen [o fahren] lassen (sl) to let off ( fam), to fart ( fam)

1) ( einen Luftzug verursachen)

es zieht there is a draught [or (Am) draft];

wenn es dir zieht, kannst du ja das Fenster schließen if you are in a draught [or if you find it draughty], go ahead and close the window;

es zieht hier an die Beine I can feel [or there is] a draught round my legs

2) ( Schmerz empfinden)

mir zieht es manchmal so im Knie sometimes my knee really hurts [or is really painful];

ich habe so einen \ziehenden Schmerz im ganzen Körper I ache [or my body aches] all over

vt impers haben ( drängen) to feel drawn to sth;

es zog ihn in die weite Welt the big wide world lured him away;

was zieht dich hierhin/nach Hause? what brings you here/home?;

mich zieht es stark zu ihm I feel very attracted to him;

am Sonntag zog es mich ins Grüne on Sunday I couldn't resist going to the country;

heute zieht mich aber auch gar nichts nach draußen wild horses wouldn't get me [or couldn't drag me] outside today ( fam)

1) ( sich hinziehen)

sich \ziehen Gespräch, Verhandlungen to drag on;

dieses Thema zieht sich durch das ganze Buch this theme runs through the entire book

2) ( sich erstrecken)

sich an etw dat entlang \ziehen to stretch along sth;

beiderseits der Autobahn zieht sich eine Standspur entlang there is a hard shoulder along both sides of the motorway;

der Sandstrand zog sich kilometerweit am Meer entlang the sandy beach stretched for miles along the shore;

sich in Schlingen durch etw \ziehen to wind [or twist] its way through sth

3) (sich hoch\ziehen)

sich [an etw dat] irgendwohin \ziehen to pull oneself up [onto sth];

sich aus etw \ziehen to pull oneself out of sth; s. a. Affäre, Patsche

4) ( sich dehnen) Holz, Rahmen to warp; Klebstoff to become tacky; Metall to bend

2. Zie·hen <-s> [ʼtsi:ən] nt

kein pl ache

- różnice pomiędzy Wschodem a Zachodem differences between the East and the West

- między Warszawą a Krakowem pociąg zatrzymuje się raz the train stops once between Warsaw and Cracow

- ja idę, a ty? I’m going, (and) what about you?

- ja poprę ten wniosek, a jak sądzę moi koledzy też I’ll support the motion, and I imagine my colleagues will as well

- przyjdź tu, a zobaczysz come here and you’ll see

- stary jesteś, a głupi you’re an old fool

- przyjdź dziś, a nie jutro come today, and not tomorrow

- to jest klon, a nie, przepraszam, to brzoza this is a maple tree – no, sorry, it’s a birch

- ciężko pracował, a niczego nie osiągnął he worked hard, but he achieved nothing

- Polska a Rosja w XIX wieku Poland and Russia in the 19th century

- język a literatura language and a. versus literature

- zmywałam naczynia, a on czytał gazetę I was washing the dishes, and a. while he was reading a newspaper

- kupił samochód, a powinien był przeznaczyć pieniędze na mieszkanie he bought a car, whereas a. but he should have spent the money on a flat

- masz osiemnaście lat, a on dopiero pięć you’re eighteen, whereas a. while he’s only five

- a poza tym (and) besides a. anyway

- na pewno nie zabłądzę, a poza tym mam mapę I won’t lose my way, besides a. anyway, I’ve got a map

- lubię wszystkie zupy, a najbardziej pomidorową I like all kinds of soup, and tomato soup most of all

- a co dopiero let alone

- dziecko nie potrafi utrzymać się na nogach, a co dopiero chodzić the baby can’t stand yet, let alone walk

- kraje europejskie, a zwłaszcza Niemcy i Norwegia the European countries, (and) especially Germany and Norway

- a zresztą, czy to nie wszystko jedno? (and) anyway, does it really matter?

- wcale a wcale się nie boję I’m not afraid in the least

- nic a nic z tego nie rozumiem I don’t understand it at all

- w ogrodzie było kwiatów a kwiatów there were masses a. a lot of flowers in the garden

- w takim a takim miejscu in such-and-such a place

- taki a taki such-and-such

- takie a takie nazwisko such-and-such a name

- o tej a o tej godzinie at such-and-such a time

- słowik śpiewał słodko a łagodnie the nightingale was singing sweetly and softly

- zasnął spokojnym a głębokim snem he fell into a deep, peaceful sleep

- a jak tam twoje egzaminy? and how are your exams going?

- a widzisz! to wszystko prawda (you) see? it’s all true

- a powiedz, ile masz lat (and) tell me how old you are

- a niech sobie idzie oh, let him/her go

- „poplamiłeś sobie spodnie” – „a co tam!” ‘you’ve stained your trousers’ – ‘ah, it’s nothing! a. not to worry!

- „Anna zdała egzamin” – „a jednak!” ‘Anna passed the exam’ – ‘well, well!’

- a nuż coś wygram I might win something

- a nuż ktoś przyjdzie? what if somebody comes?; somebody might come

- a nie mówiłem? didn’t I say so?; I told you (so)!

- ciągle się pyta, a co, a gdzie, a jak he keeps on asking what, and where, and how

■ a to…, a to first…, (and) then…

- ciągle się coś psuło: a to rozrusznik, a to skrzynia biegów something was always going wrong: first the starter, then the gearbox

- mnóstwo sukienek, a to z aksamitu, a to z jedwabiu lots of dresses, some of velvet, some of silk

iz.

1. Fin.

a. profit; \irabazi garbi net profit; \irabazi gordin gross profit; \irabaziak eta galerak profits and losses; \irabazi bidegabeak illicit profits | ill-begotten gains; \irabazi urriak lortu to bring in meagre profits

b. \irabaziak earnings; kapitalaren \irabaziak capital gains; \irabazien erdia eman zion he gave her half of his earnings; liburuen \irabaziak behartsuen artean banatu zituen he distributed the earnings from the books among the poor; urteroko \irabaziak yearly earnings

2. ( apustuari d.) winnings du/ad.

1. ( onura edo abantaila lortu)

a. ( lortu) to get, achieve, obtain

b. ( ardietsi) to gain, earn; betiko bizitza irabaz dezagun let us gain eternal life ; itzul-lanetan \irabazi duen entzutea a reputation gained from his translation work; zer \irabazi duzu hainbeste gezur esanda? what have you gained by lying so much?; barkamen osoa irabazteko in order to gain a full pardon

c. ( merezi izan) to deserve; ongi \irabazia du gaur egiten zaion omenaldia he richly deserves the homage they're paying to him today

d. ( saria) to win

e. ( lurralde, eskualde, itsasoari) to reclaim; holandarrek lurra \irabazi diote itsasoari the Dutch have reclaimed land from the sea

f. ( besteren onginahia lortu edo beretu) to gain; zer balio du gizonak mundua irabaz dezan, arima galtzen baldin badu? what good is it for a man to gain the world if he loses his soul

2. Fin.

a. ( soldata, bizimodua) to earn; egunoroko ogia \irabazi to earn one's daily bread; lan asko egiten du baina gutxi irabazten he works a lot but earns little; jateko adina \irabazi to earn enough to eat

b. ( interesa) to earn

c. ( dirua) to make, earn; nekearen nekez \irabazitako txanponak hard-earned money; etxea erosi zuen salmentan \irabazi zuenarekin he bought the house with what he made on the sale; ikazkintzan irabazten zituen sos apurrak the pittance he made from charcoal making

3. ( garaitu)

a. ( partidua, lasterketa) to win; nork irabazten du? who's winning?

b. ( lehiakidea) to leave behind, surpass, outstrip

c. ( kontrakoa) to beat; Galartzak Retegiri \irabazi dio oraingoan Galartza's beaten Retegi this time

〈de〉

1 [tijdruimte die iets beslaat] duration ⇒ length, 〈 met betrekking tot apparatuur〉 life, 〈 met betrekking tot gevangenisstraf, ambt〉 term

2 [tijd dat men het ergens uithoudt] 〈zie voorbeelden 2〉

♦voorbeelden:

1   van korte duur • short-lived

     het geschil is al van lange duur • the dispute is of long standing

     voor onbepaalde duur in staking gaan • strike for an indefinite period

     op de lange duur • in the long run, finally

     het leven is kort van duur • life is short

2   rust noch duur hebben • be very restless

————————

I 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉

1 [hoog van prijs] expensive ⇒ dear, costly

2 [zwaarwegend, bindend] solemn

3 [gewichtig doend] chic ⇒ 〈 informeel〉 posh

♦voorbeelden:

1   een dure aankoop • an expensive buy

     dure gewoontes • expensive/luxurious habits

     een duur hotel • an expensive/plush hotel

     aan de dure kant • on the pricey side

     〈 figuurlijk〉 dat was een dure les • that was a dearly earned lesson

     een dure tijd • a period/time of high prices

     dure vaklui • highly-paid craftsmen

     die auto is duur (in het gebruik) • that car is expensive to run

     de stookolie wordt weer duurder • heating oil is going up again

     hoe duur is die fiets? • how much is that bicycle?

     dat is te duur voor mij/me te duur • I can't afford it

     een te duur artikel • an overpriced article; 〈 informeel〉 a rip-off

     ergens duur mee uit zijn • get a bad bargain

2   hij zwoer een dure eed • he swore a solemn oath

     een dure plicht • a bounden duty

3   dure mensen • chic/posh people

     hij gebruikt graag dure woorden • he likes to use big words

II 〈 bijwoord〉

1 [voor/met veel geld] expensively ⇒ dearly

2 [zo dat men er zeer door gebonden is] greatly ⇒ highly

3 [gewichtig] expensively ⇒ with chic

♦voorbeelden:

1   onze duur betaalde/bevochten vrijheid • our dearly bought/hard-won freedom

     iets duur betalen • pay a high price for something 〈 ook figuurlijk〉; 〈 figuurlijk〉 pay dearly for something

     〈 figuurlijk〉 duur te staan komen • cost (someone) dearly

2   aan iemand duur verplicht zijn • be greatly indebted to someone

3   duur doen/praten/zich duur voordoen • show off

our dearly bought/hard-won freedom

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

[br]

[br]

Robert Owen's father was also called Robert and was a saddler, ironmonger and postmaster of Newtown in Montgomeryshire. Robert, the younger, injured his digestion as a child by drinking some scalding hot "flummery", which affected him for the rest of his life. He developed a passion for reading and through this visited London when he was 10 years old. He started work as a pedlar for someone in Stamford and then went to a haberdasher's shop on old London Bridge in London. Although he found the work there too hard, he stayed in the same type of employment when he moved to Manchester.

In Manchester Owen soon set up a partnership for making bonnet frames, employing forty workers, but he sold the business and bought a spinning machine. This led him in 1790 into another partnership, with James M'Connel and John Kennedy in a spinning mill, but he moved once again to become Manager of Peter Drink-water's mill. These were all involved in fine spinning, and Drinkwater employed 500 people in one of the best mills in the city. In spite of his youth, Owen claims in his autobiography (1857) that he mastered the job within six weeks and soon improved the spinning. This mill was one of the first to use Sea Island cotton from the West Indies. To have managed such an enterprise so well Owen must have had both managerial and technical ability. Through his spinning connections Owen visited Glasgow, where he met both David Dale and his daughter Anne Caroline, whom he married in 1799. It was this connection which brought him to Dale's New Lanark mills, which he persuaded Dale to sell to a Manchester consortium for £60,000. Owen took over the management of the mills on 1 January 1800. Although he had tried to carry out social reforms in the manner of working at Manchester, it was at New Lanark that Owen acquired fame for the way in which he improved both working and living conditions for the 1,500-strong workforce. He started by seeing that adequate food and groceries were available in that remote site and then built both the school and the New Institution for the Formation of Character, which opened in January 1816. To the pauper children from the Glasgow and Edinburgh slums he gave a good education, while he tried to help the rest of the workforce through activities at the Institution. The "silent monitors" hanging on the textile machines, showing the performance of their operatives, are famous, and many came to see his social experiments. Owen was soon to buy out his original partners for £84,000.

Among his social reforms were his efforts to limit child labour in mills, resulting in the Factory Act of 1819. He attempted to establish an ideal community in the USA, to which he sailed in 1824. He was to return to his village of "Harmony" twice more, but broke his connection in 1828. The following year he finally withdrew from New Lanark, where some of his social reforms had been abandoned.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

[br]

[br]

[br]

Sholes was born on his parents' farm, of a family that had originally come from England. After leaving school at 14, he was apprenticed for four years to the local newspaper, the Danville Intelligencer. He moved with his parents to Wisconsin, where he followed his trade as journalist and printer, within a year becoming State Printer and taking charge of the House journal of the State Legislature. When he was 20 he left home and joined his brother in Madison, Wisconsin, on the staff of the Wisconsin Enquirer. After marrying, he took the editorship of the Southport Telegraph, until he became Postmaster of Southport. His experiences as journalist and postmaster drew him into politics and, in spite of the delicate nature of his health and personality, he served with credit as State Senator and in the State Assembly. In 1860 he moved to Milwaukee, where he became Editor of the local paper until President Lincoln offered him the post of Collector of Customs at Milwaukee.

That position at last gave Sholes time to develop his undoubted inventive talents. With a machinist friend, Samuel W.Soule, he obtained a patent for a paging machine and another two years later for a machine for numbering the blank pages of a book serially. At the small machine shop where they worked, there was a third inventor, Carlos Glidden. It was Glidden who suggested to Sholes that, in view of his numbering machine, he would be well equipped to develop a letter printing machine. Glidden drew Sholes's attention to an account of a writing machine that had recently been invented in London by John Pratt, and Sholes was so seized with the idea that he devoted the rest of his life to perfecting the machine. With Glidden and Soule, he took out a patent for a typewriter on June 1868 followed by two further patents for improvements. Sholes struggled unsuccessfully for five years to exploit his invention; his two partners gave up their rights in it and finally, on 1 March 1873, Sholes himself sold his rights to the Remington Arms Company for $12,000. With their mechanical skills and equipment, Remingtons were able to perfect the Sholes typewriter and put it on the market. This, the first commercially successful typewriter, led to a revolution not only in office work, but also in work for women, although progress was slow at first. When the New York Young Women's Christian Association bought six Remingtons in 1881 to begin classes for young women, eight turned up for the first les-son; and five years later it was estimated that there were 60,000 female typists in the USA. Sholes said, "I feel that I have done something for the women who have always had to work so hard. This will more easily enable them to earn a living."

Sholes continued his work on the typewriter, giving Remingtons the benefit of his results. His last patent was granted in 1878. Never very strong, Sholes became consumptive and spent much of his remaining nine years in the vain pursuit of health.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

[br]

[br]

The sixth child of James Watt, merchant and general contractor, and Agnes Muirhead, Watt was a weak and sickly child; he was one of only two to survive childhood out of a total of eight, yet, like his father, he was to live to an age of over 80. He was educated at local schools, including Greenock Grammar School where he was an uninspired pupil. At the age of 17 he was sent to live with relatives in Glasgow and then in 1755 to London to become an apprentice to a mathematical instrument maker, John Morgan of Finch Lane, Cornhill. Less than a year later he returned to Greenock and then to Glasgow, where he was appointed mathematical instrument maker to the University and was permitted in 1757 to set up a workshop within the University grounds. In this position he came to know many of the University professors and staff, and it was thus that he became involved in work on the steam engine when in 1764 he was asked to put in working order a defective Newcomen engine model. It did not take Watt long to perceive that the great inefficiency of the Newcomen engine was due to the repeated heating and cooling of the cylinder. His idea was to drive the steam out of the cylinder and to condense it in a separate vessel. The story is told of Watt's flash of inspiration as he was walking across Glasgow Green one Sunday afternoon; the idea formed perfectly in his mind and he became anxious to get back to his workshop to construct the necessary apparatus, but this was the Sabbath and work had to wait until the morrow, so Watt forced himself to wait until the Monday morning.

Watt designed a condensing engine and was lent money for its development by Joseph Black, the Glasgow University professor who had established the concept of latent heat. In 1768 Watt went into partnership with John Roebuck, who required the steam engine for the drainage of a coal-mine that he was opening up at Bo'ness, West Lothian. In 1769, Watt took out his patent for "A New Invented Method of Lessening the Consumption of Steam and Fuel in Fire Engines". When Roebuck went bankrupt in 1772, Matthew Boulton, proprietor of the Soho Engineering Works near Birmingham, bought Roebuck's share in Watt's patent. Watt had met Boulton four years earlier at the Soho works, where power was obtained at that time by means of a water-wheel and a steam engine to pump the water back up again above the wheel. Watt moved to Birmingham in 1774, and after the patent had been extended by Parliament in 1775 he and Boulton embarked on a highly profitable partnership. While Boulton endeavoured to keep the business supplied with capital, Watt continued to refine his engine, making several improvements over the years; he was also involved frequently in legal proceedings over infringements of his patent.

In 1794 Watt and Boulton founded the new company of Boulton \& Watt, with a view to their retirement; Watt's son James and Boulton's son Matthew assumed management of the company. Watt retired in 1800, but continued to spend much of his time in the workshop he had set up in the garret of his Heathfield home; principal amongst his work after retirement was the invention of a pantograph sculpturing machine.

James Watt was hard-working, ingenious and essentially practical, but it is doubtful that he would have succeeded as he did without the business sense of his partner, Matthew Boulton. Watt coined the term "horsepower" for quantifying the output of engines, and the SI unit of power, the watt, is named in his honour.

[br]

"1. with, together with: Azize, Ali´yle gitti. Azize went with Ali. 2. and: Erol´la Mertol altıda geldiler. Erol and Mertol came at six. Bu olay İngiltere ile Fransa arasındaki ilişkileri etkilemez. This incident won´t affect relations between England and France. Ev ile sokak arasında bahçe var. There´s a garden between the house and the street. 3. with, by means of; by: Arabayla gidemedik. We couldn´t go by car. Onu kaşığınla ye! Eat that with your spoon! Hepsini on bin liraya aldım. I bought the lot for ten thousand liras. Çok çalışmakla bunu bitirebilirsiniz. You can finish this if you work hard. 4. as a result of, owing to, by, because of: Necibe´nin seyahatten vazgeçmesiyle her şey altüst oldu. Everything´s been upset by Necibe´s deciding not to go on the trip. Dikkatsizlikle tekneyi karaya oturttu. He ran the boat aground through carelessness. 5. used with an infinitive to specify the nature of an activity: Sevinç yaz tatilini okumakla geçirdi. Sevinç spent her summer vacation reading. Bir deneme yazmakla meşgul. He´s busy writing an essay. Bunu yapmakla büyük bir hata işlemişim. It seems that by doing this I´ve made a big mistake. 6. with, showing: Dikkatle dinlemedi. He didn´t listen attentively. Odadan hiddetle çıktı. He went out of the room in a fury. 7. with, having the possession of: Bengi, Almanya´ya amcasının rızasıyla gitti. Bengi went to Germany with her uncle´s consent. 8. by (with units of measure): Onları kiloyla sattık. We sold them by the kilo. 9. upon, on, when; at the moment of; at the time of: Sabahla dünya bambaşka göründü. When morning came the world looked completely different. Ayten´in evden ayrılmasıyla çocuklar çıldırdı. On Ayten´s leaving the house the children went wild. 10. (in certain set expressions) I hope you.../Have a...!/May you...: Selametle gidin. Have a safe trip! Bunu afiyetle ye. I hope you enjoy eating this. Devletle! Good luck! - beraber/birlikte 1. together with, along with, including, inclusive of: Haşim öbür çocuklarla birlikte okula gitti. Haşim went to school along with the other children. Termosifonun fiyatı KDV´yle birlikte bir milyon liraydı. The price of the water heater, VAT included, was one million liras. 2. when, at the same time that: Kışın gelmesiyle beraber odun pahalılaştı. When winter arrived wood became more expensive. 3. although: Sadece on iki yaşında olmakla beraber motorlar hakkında epey bilgisi var. Although he´s only twelve, he knows a fair bit about motors. Hakan itiraz etmekle beraber Mümtaz işin tümünü tek başına yaptı. Although Hakan objected, Mümtaz did all the work by himself. 4. as well as, apart from, besides: İyi bir şair olmakla birlikte çok yetenekli bir öğretmen. Apart from being a good poet he is also a very capable teacher."