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hand+spreading

  • 21 Н-217

    ПОКАЗЫВАТЬ/ПОКАЗАТЬ HOC (НОСЫ) (кому) obs, coll VP subj: human to make a derisive gesture, tease s.o. by spreading the fingers of one hand and touching the thumb to the tip of the nose, keeping the four fingers straight up
    X показал Y-y нос - X thumbed his nose at Y.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Н-217

  • 22 показать нос

    • ПОКАЗЫВАТЬ/ПОКАЗАТЬ HOC (НОСЫ) (кому) obs, coll
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    ⇒ to make a derisive gesture, tease s.o. by spreading the fingers of one hand and touching the thumb to the tip of the nose, keeping the four fingers straight up:
    - X показал Y-y нос≈ X thumbed his nose at Y.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > показать нос

  • 23 показать носы

    • ПОКАЗЫВАТЬ/ПОКАЗАТЬ HOC (НОСЫ) (кому) obs, coll
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    ⇒ to make a derisive gesture, tease s.o. by spreading the fingers of one hand and touching the thumb to the tip of the nose, keeping the four fingers straight up:
    - X показал Y-y нос≈ X thumbed his nose at Y.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > показать носы

  • 24 показывать нос

    • ПОКАЗЫВАТЬ/ПОКАЗАТЬ HOC (НОСЫ) (кому) obs, coll
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    ⇒ to make a derisive gesture, tease s.o. by spreading the fingers of one hand and touching the thumb to the tip of the nose, keeping the four fingers straight up:
    - X показал Y-y нос≈ X thumbed his nose at Y.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > показывать нос

  • 25 показывать носы

    • ПОКАЗЫВАТЬ/ПОКАЗАТЬ HOC (НОСЫ) (кому) obs, coll
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    ⇒ to make a derisive gesture, tease s.o. by spreading the fingers of one hand and touching the thumb to the tip of the nose, keeping the four fingers straight up:
    - X показал Y-y нос≈ X thumbed his nose at Y.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > показывать носы

  • 26 Spanne

    f; -, -n
    1. zeitlich: eine kurze Spanne a short space of time; eine Spanne von fünf Tagen a five-day period
    2. (Gewinn) margin, Am. auch spread
    3. Längenmaß: span
    * * *
    die Spanne
    (Gewinnspanne) margin; spread;
    (Zeitraum) period
    * * *
    Spạn|ne ['ʃpanə]
    f -, -n
    (altes Längenmaß) span; (geh = Zeitspanne) while; (= Verdienstspanne) margin
    * * *
    die
    1) (the space or time covered (by something) or the extent of spreading: a spread of several miles.) spread
    2) (the full time for which anything lasts: Seventy or eighty years is the normal span of a man's life.) span
    * * *
    Span·ne
    <-, -n>
    [ˈʃpanə]
    f
    1. ÖKON (Handelsspanne) [trade] margin; (Gewinnspanne) [profit] margin; (Zinsspanne) margin [of interest]
    \Spanne in den Zinssätzen gap in interest rates
    \Spanne zwischen Geld und Brief difference between asked and bid
    2. (geh: Zeitspanne) span, space
    eine \Spanne [Zeit] a span [or space] of time
    * * *
    die; Spanne, Spannen
    1) (ZeitSpanne) span of time
    2) (veralt.): (Längenmaß) span
    * * *
    Spanne f; -, -n
    eine kurze Spanne a short space of time;
    eine Spanne von fünf Tagen a five-day period
    2. (Gewinn) margin, US auch spread
    3. Längenmaß: span
    * * *
    die; Spanne, Spannen
    1) (ZeitSpanne) span of time
    2) (veralt.): (Längenmaß) span
    * * *
    -n n.
    hand span (unit of measure) n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Spanne

  • 27 wehren

    I v/refl defend o.s., stand up for o.s.; sich gegen etw. wehren resist s.th.; sich ( dagegen) wehren, etw. zu tun refuse to do s.th.; er weiß sich zu wehren he can handle it; ich wehre mich dagegen, dass... I refuse to accept that...; sich mit Händen und Füßen wehren ( gegen) put up a fierce struggle (against), fight tooth and nail (not to do s.th.)
    II v/t: jemandem etw. wehren altm. prevent s.o. doing s.th.; wehret den Anfängen! nip it in the bud!
    * * *
    sich wehren
    to fend; to fight back; to struggle; to defend oneself
    * * *
    weh|ren ['veːrən]
    1. vt (obs)
    See:
    2. vr
    to defend oneself; (= sich aktiv widersetzen) to (put up a) fight

    sich gegen einen Plan etc wéhren — to fight (against) a plan etc

    dagegen weiß ich mich zu wéhren — I know how to deal with that

    3. vi +dat (geh)
    to fight; (= Einhalt gebieten) to check

    wehret den Anfängen! — these things must be nipped in the bud, these things must be stopped before they get out of hand

    * * *
    weh·ren
    [ˈve:rən]
    I. vr
    ▪ sich akk [gegen jdn/etw] \wehren to defend oneself [against sb/sth]
    ▪ sich akk gegen etw akk \wehren to fight against sth
    ▪ sich akk dagegen \wehren, etw zu tun to resist doing sth
    II. vi (geh: Einhalt gebieten)
    ▪ etw dat \wehren to prevent a thing spreading
    dieser Entwicklung muss schon in den Anfängen gewehrt werden this development must be nipped in the bud
    * * *
    1.
    1) defend oneself; put up a fight

    sich tapfer wehren — defend oneself or resist bravely

    2)

    sich [dagegen] wehren, etwas zu tun — resist having to do something

    2.
    intransitives Verb (geh.)

    jemandem/einer Sache wehren — fight somebody/fight [against] something

    * * *
    A. v/r defend o.s., stand up for o.s.;
    sich (dagegen) wehren, etwas zu tun refuse to do sth;
    er weiß sich zu wehren he can handle it;
    ich wehre mich dagegen, dass … I refuse to accept that …;
    sich mit Händen und Füßen wehren (gegen) put up a fierce struggle (against), fight tooth and nail (not to do sth)
    B. v/t:
    jemandem etwas wehren obs prevent sb doing sth;
    wehret den Anfängen! nip it in the bud!
    * * *
    1.
    1) defend oneself; put up a fight

    sich tapfer wehren — defend oneself or resist bravely

    2)

    sich [dagegen] wehren, etwas zu tun — resist having to do something

    2.
    intransitives Verb (geh.)

    jemandem/einer Sache wehren — fight somebody/fight [against] something

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > wehren

  • 28 bola

    f.
    1 ball (esfera).
    bola de billar billiard ball
    bola de cristal crystal ball
    bola de nieve snowball
    contar bolas to fib, to tell fibs
    3 rumor (informal).
    corre la bola por ahí de que te has echado novio they say you've got yourself a boyfriend
    4 shoe polish. ( Latin American Spanish)
    5 shoeblacking, shoe polish, shoe cream.
    6 scoop of ice cream.
    7 polishing, shoe polishing.
    8 tall story, cock-and-bull story, snow job.
    9 lie, porky, porky pie.
    * * *
    1 (gen) ball
    2 familiar fib, lie
    \
    no rascar bola (incompetente) to make a mess of everything 2 (gandul) not to do a stroke
    bola de nieve snowball
    bola de cristal crystal ball
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) ball
    2) lie, fib
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=cuerpo esférico) ball; [de helado] scoop; (=canica) marble

    bola de fuego — (Mil) fireball; (Meteo) ball lightning

    bola de tempestad, bola de tormenta — storm signal

    pie 2), queso 1)
    2) (Dep) ball; [de petanca] boule
    - andar como bola huacha

    ¡dale bola! — what, again!

    - parar bolas

    no me paró bolas — he didn't take any notice, he didn't pay attention

    - pasar la bola

    bola de billar — billiard ball, snooker ball

    bola de partido — Esp (Tenis) match ball

    bola de set — Esp (Tenis) set point

    3) [en lana, algodón] bobble

    hacerse bolas — [jersey, abrigo] to get bobbly; Méx * [persona] to get o.s. tied up in knots

    4) Esp (=músculo) [del brazo] biceps; [de la pantorrilla] calf muscle
    5) ** (=cabeza) nut *, noggin (EEUU) **
    6) pl bolas *** (=testículos) balls ***

    aquí todo el mundo va o está en bolas — everyone goes round naked o in the nude here

    - hasta las bolas

    me tiene hasta las bolas con sus tonterías — I'm pissed off with his fooling around ***, I've had it up to here with his fooling around *

    - pillar a algn en bolas
    7) * (=mentira) fib

    ¡vaya bola que nos metiste! — what a fib you told us!

    ¡qué bola más grande! — what a whopper! *

    ¿no te habrás tragado esa bola? — you didn't swallow that one, did you? *, you didn't fall for it, did you? *

    8) (=rumor)

    ¿quién ha corrido la bola de que se van a vivir al extranjero? — who's been spreading the word that they're going to move abroad?

    9) Méx
    10) (Naipes) (grand) slam
    11) (Náut) signal (with discs)
    12) (Tip) golf ball
    13) (Mec) ball bearing
    14) Méx (=jaleo) row, hubbub; (=pelea) brawl
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( cuerpo redondo) ball; ( de helado) scoop
    b) (Dep) ball; ( de petanca) boule; ( canica) (Col, Per) marble

    parar or poner bolas — (Col fam) to pay attention, listen up (AmE colloq)

    c) bolas femenino plural (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) ( testículos) balls (pl) (colloq or vulg)

    estar en bolas — (fam o vulg) to be stark naked (colloq)

    hacerse bolas con algo — (Méx) to get in a mess over something

    pillar a alguien en bolas — (fam o vulg) to catch somebody with their pants (AmE) o (BrE) trousers down (colloq)

    d) (fam) ( músculo - del brazo) biceps; (- de la pantorrilla) calf muscle

    sacar bola — (Esp) to flex one's muscles

    2) (fam) ( mentira) lie, fib (colloq)

    contar/decir bolas — to fib (colloq), to tell fibs (colloq)

    se tragó la bola! — she swallowed it! (colloq)

    3) (Andes, RPl fam) ( atención)
    4) (Méx fam) ( montón)
    5) (Méx) revolution, uprising ( esp the Mexican Revolution)

    armarse la bola — (Méx)

    * * *
    = fib, fibbing, ball.
    Ex. Democracy's most acute failures tend to result from power brokers who tell big fibs about the distribution of power.
    Ex. When it comes to fibbing, women are far ahead of their male counterparts, a new survey has revealed.
    Ex. People are positively delighted to find that there are motion picture loops on how to throw a ball properly, art slides, and all this sort of thing.
    ----
    * bañarse en bolas = skinny dip.
    * bola de alcanfor = mothball, moth crystal, camphor ball.
    * bola de barro = mudpie.
    * bola de cristal = crystal ball.
    * bola de cristal con nieve dentro = snow globe.
    * bola de hacer punto = knitting yarn.
    * bola de molienda = grinding ball.
    * bola de naftalina = mothball, moth crystal, camphor ball.
    * bola para el control del cursor en pantalla = trackball.
    * decir bolas = fib.
    * echar la bola a rodar = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling.
    * efecto bola de nieve = snowball effect.
    * en bolas = stark naked, in the nod, in the buff.
    * hacer una bola con Algo = ball + Nombre + up.
    * mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.
    * mirar la bola de cristal = gaze into + crystal ball.
    * parada de bola = fielding.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( cuerpo redondo) ball; ( de helado) scoop
    b) (Dep) ball; ( de petanca) boule; ( canica) (Col, Per) marble

    parar or poner bolas — (Col fam) to pay attention, listen up (AmE colloq)

    c) bolas femenino plural (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) ( testículos) balls (pl) (colloq or vulg)

    estar en bolas — (fam o vulg) to be stark naked (colloq)

    hacerse bolas con algo — (Méx) to get in a mess over something

    pillar a alguien en bolas — (fam o vulg) to catch somebody with their pants (AmE) o (BrE) trousers down (colloq)

    d) (fam) ( músculo - del brazo) biceps; (- de la pantorrilla) calf muscle

    sacar bola — (Esp) to flex one's muscles

    2) (fam) ( mentira) lie, fib (colloq)

    contar/decir bolas — to fib (colloq), to tell fibs (colloq)

    se tragó la bola! — she swallowed it! (colloq)

    3) (Andes, RPl fam) ( atención)
    4) (Méx fam) ( montón)
    5) (Méx) revolution, uprising ( esp the Mexican Revolution)

    armarse la bola — (Méx)

    * * *
    = fib, fibbing, ball.

    Ex: Democracy's most acute failures tend to result from power brokers who tell big fibs about the distribution of power.

    Ex: When it comes to fibbing, women are far ahead of their male counterparts, a new survey has revealed.
    Ex: People are positively delighted to find that there are motion picture loops on how to throw a ball properly, art slides, and all this sort of thing.
    * bañarse en bolas = skinny dip.
    * bola de alcanfor = mothball, moth crystal, camphor ball.
    * bola de barro = mudpie.
    * bola de cristal = crystal ball.
    * bola de cristal con nieve dentro = snow globe.
    * bola de hacer punto = knitting yarn.
    * bola de molienda = grinding ball.
    * bola de naftalina = mothball, moth crystal, camphor ball.
    * bola para el control del cursor en pantalla = trackball.
    * decir bolas = fib.
    * echar la bola a rodar = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling.
    * efecto bola de nieve = snowball effect.
    * en bolas = stark naked, in the nod, in the buff.
    * hacer una bola con Algo = ball + Nombre + up.
    * mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.
    * mirar la bola de cristal = gaze into + crystal ball.
    * parada de bola = fielding.

    * * *
    A
    se hacen bolas con la masa form the dough into balls
    el gato estaba hecho una bolita en el sofá the cat was curled up (in a little ball) on the sofa
    se me hizo una bola en el estómago I got a knot in my stomach
    tengo una bola en el estómago de haber comido tan rápido I ate too fast, my stomach feels heavy
    te vas a poner como una bola you're going to get very fat
    algunos tejidos se hacen bolas some materials get o go bobbly
    máquina de escribir de bola golf ball typewriter
    dorarle la bola a algn ( fam); to sweet-talk sb ( colloq)
    2 ( Dep) ball; (de petanca) boule; (canica) (Col, Per) marble
    andar como bola huacha ( Chi fam): ando como bola huacha I'm at a loss, I don't know what to do with myself
    como bola sin manija ( RPl fam): me tiene como bola sin manija he has me running about from pillar to post
    desde que se mudaron los amigos anda como bola sin manija since his friends moved away he's been at a complete loss o he's been wandering around like a lost soul o he hasn't known what to do with himself
    echarse la bolita ( Méx); to pass the buck
    parar or poner bolas ( Col fam); to pay attention, listen up ( AmE colloq)
    pare bolas, que le estoy hablando pay attention when I'm talking to you
    le advertí, pero no me puso bolas I warned him, but he didn't take the slightest notice ( colloq)
    (pelado) como una bola de billar ( RPl); as bald as a coot ( colloq), bald as a cue ball ( AmE) o ( BrE) billiard ball
    tener la cabeza como una bola de billar to be as bald as a coot ( colloq), to be as bald as a cue ball ( AmE) o ( BrE) billiard ball
    3 bolas fpl (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) (testículos) balls (pl) ( famor vulg)
    darle por or romperle las bolas a algn ( vulg); to get on sb's nerves ( colloq), piss sb off (sl)
    me da por las bolas que me empujen it really gets on my nerves o up my nose when people push me ( colloq), it really pisses me off when people push me (sl)
    estar en bolas ( fam o vulg); to be stark naked ( colloq)
    estar hasta las bolas ( vulg); to be pissed off (sl)
    hacerse bolas con algo ( Méx); to get in a mess over sth
    pillar a algn en bolas to catch sb on the hop ( colloq), to catch sb with their pants ( AmE) o ( BrE) trousers down ( colloq)
    4 ( fam) (músculo — del brazo) biceps; (— de la pantorrilla) calf muscle
    sacar bola to flex one's muscles
    se me subió la bola I got a cramp ( AmE), I got cramp ( BrE)
    Compuestos:
    crystal ball
    snowball
    match point
    set point
    B ( fam) (mentira) lie, fib ( colloq); (rumor) rumor*
    me metió una bola he told me a fib
    contar/decir bolas to fib ( colloq), to tell fibs ( colloq)
    ¡se tragó la bola! she swallowed it! ( colloq), she fell for it! ( colloq)
    corre la bola de que … (the) word is that …, word has it that …, it's going round that …
    C
    (Andes, RPI fam) (atención): se lo dije pero él no me dio bola or pero él, ni bola I told him, but he didn't take the slightest bit o ( BrE) a blind bit of notice ( colloq)
    D
    ( Méx fam) (montón): una bola de niños loads of o a whole bunch of kids ( colloq)
    una bola de libros stacks o loads of books ( colloq)
    E
    ( Méx fam) (brillo): ¿le doy bola? shall I polish o shine your shoes?
    F ( Méx) revolution, uprising ( esp the Mexican Revolution)
    armarse la bola ( Méx): cuando marcaron el penalty se armó la bola when they scored from the penalty all hell broke loose ( colloq)
    ¿por qué se armó la bola? — porque no había boletos what was all the fuss about? — there were no tickets left ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    bola sustantivo femenino
    1 ( cuerpo redondo) ball;
    ( de helado) scoop;
    (Dep) ball;
    ( de petanca) boule;
    ( canica) (Col, Per) marble;

    bola de nieve snowball;
    bola de partido/de set match/set point
    2
    ◊ bolas sustantivo femenino plural (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) ( testículos) balls (pl) (colloq or vulg);

    estar en bolas (fam or vulg) to be stark naked (colloq);
    hacerse bolas con algo (Méx) to get in a mess over sth
    3 (fam) ( mentira) lie, fib (colloq);

    contar/decir bolas to fib (colloq), to tell fibs (colloq)
    4 (Méx fam) ( montón):
    ◊ una bola de loads of (colloq)

    bola sustantivo femenino
    1 ball
    (canica) marble
    2 fam (mentira) fib
    ♦ Locuciones: correr la bola, to spread a rumour
    (desprevenido) without warning
    no dar pie con bola, to be unable to do anything right
    vulgar en bolas, (desnudo) naked
    ' bola' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    billar
    - borla
    - terráquea
    - terráqueo
    - efecto
    - granizo
    - hueco
    - ratón
    English:
    ball
    - bowl
    - crystal ball
    - dip
    - dumpling
    - mothball
    - pellet
    - scoop
    - snowball
    - crumple
    - crystal
    - fib
    - into
    - putt
    - roll-on
    - track
    * * *
    bola nf
    1. [esfera] ball;
    [de helado] scoop;
    tengo una bola en el estómago my stomach feels bloated;
    si sigues comiendo pasteles te pondrás como una bola if you carry on eating cakes, you'll get fat;
    dejar rodar la bola to let it ride
    bola de alcanfor mothball;
    bola de cristal crystal ball;
    bola de fuego fireball;
    bola de nieve snowball;
    Fig
    2. [pelota] ball;
    [canica] marble; Esp Fam
    no tocar o [m5]rascar bola: se pasó el partido entero sin tocar o [m5] rascar bola he didn't do a single thing in the whole match;
    no dio pie con bola he didn't do o get a thing right
    bola de billar billiard ball;
    bola de break [en tenis] break point;
    Ven bolas criollas bowls [singular];
    bola de juego [en tenis] game point;
    bola jugadora [en billar] cue ball;
    bola de partido [en tenis] match point;
    bola de set [en tenis] set point
    3. Fam [mentira] fib;
    contar bolas to fib, to tell fibs;
    me intentó meter una bola she tried to tell me a fib;
    esa bola no me la trago I'm not going to fall for that one
    4. Fam [rumor]
    corre la bola por ahí de que te has echado novio they say you've got yourself a boyfriend;
    ¡corre la bola!, nos van a poner un examen mañana they're going to give us an exam tomorrow, pass it on!
    5. Fam [músculo]
    sacar bola to make one's biceps bulge
    6. bola de nieve [planta] snowball tree
    7. muy Fam
    bolas [testículos] balls;
    Ven Fam
    echarle bolas: tienes que echarle bolas al asunto you really need to put some oomph o guts into it;
    Fam
    en bolas [desnudo] stark naked, Br starkers;
    pillar a alguien en bolas [sin nada, desprevenido] to catch sb out;
    ¡me has pillado en bolas!, ¡no tengo ni idea! you've got me there, I haven't a clue!;
    el profesor nos pilló en bolas the teacher caught us unprepared;
    RP muy Fam
    hinchar o [m5] romper las bolas [molestar] to be a pain in the Br arse o US butt
    8. Am [betún] shoe polish
    9. Chile [cometa] kite [large and round]
    10. Méx Fam [grupo de gente] crowd;
    en bola [en grupo] in a crowd, as a group
    11. Méx [riña] tumult, uproar
    12. Cuba, Chile
    bolas croquet
    13. Fam
    Esp
    a mi/tu/su bola: nosotros trabajando y él, a su bola we were working and there he was, just doing his own thing;
    Bol, RP
    andar como bola sin manija to wander around;
    Ven
    de bola que sí sure, you bet your life;
    Méx
    estar o [m5] meterse en bola to participate;
    Méx
    hacerse bolas to get muddled up;
    RP
    estar hecho bola to be shattered o Br knackered;
    RP
    dar bola a alguien to pay attention to sb;
    nadie le da bola al nuevo compañero nobody takes any notice of our new colleague;
    nunca le dio bola a su hijo she never showed any interest in her son;
    Andes, Ven
    parar bola a alguien to pay attention to sb;
    RP
    tener bolas [ser valiente] to have guts;
    [ser lento] to be slow o thick
    14. ver bolo2
    * * *
    f
    1 ball;
    no dar pie con bola get everything wrong;
    dejar que ruede la bola fig let things take their course
    2 TÉC ball bearing
    3 de helado scoop
    4 fam ( mentira) fib fam
    5
    :
    bolas pl pop balls pop, nuts pop ;
    en bolas fam stark naked
    * * *
    bola nf
    1) : ball
    bola de nieve: snowball
    2) fam : lie, fib
    3) Mex fam : bunch, group
    una bola de rateros: a bunch of thieves
    4) Mex : uproar, tumult
    * * *
    bola n
    1. (esfera) ball
    2. (mentira) lie

    Spanish-English dictionary > bola

  • 29 mancha

    f.
    1 stain, spot.
    tienes una mancha en la camisa you've got a stain on your shirt
    2 blotch (in skin).
    3 blemish.
    este suspenso supondrá una mancha en su expediente this fail will be a blot on his academic record
    4 tache.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: manchar.
    * * *
    1 stain, spot
    2 figurado blemish
    \
    sin mancha flawless, spotless
    mancha solar sunspot
    * * *
    noun f.
    mark, stain, spot
    * * *
    SF
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de suciedad) spot, mark; ( difícil de quitar) stain

    no le pude quitar or (AmL) sacar la mancha — I couldn't get the stain out

    b) ( borrón) blot

    extenderse como una mancha de aceite — noticia to spread like wildfire

    2)
    a) ( en la piel) mark
    b) (en el pelaje, las plumas) patch
    3) ( en pulmón) shadow
    4) ( de vegetación) patch
    5) (liter) (imperfección, mácula) stain

    sin mancha — < alma> pure; < reputación> spotless

    6) (Per fam) ( pandilla) gang
    7) (RPl) ( juego)
    * * *
    = deposit, spot, blemish, blob, stain, blotch, taint, blot, mottle.
    Ex. Can you wonder that it should carry such deposits of jam, egg, butter, coffee and personal dirt?.
    Ex. If the spot stays yellow the paper is decidedly acid; an in-between colour (green, grey, grey-green, yellow-green) indicates mild acidity; while if the spot goes purple, the paper is near-neutral or alkaline.
    Ex. The third and final stage of proof correction was the press proof, when a sheet was read for residual blemishes.
    Ex. Reciprocal RT references work both ways and are marked with a kind of blob in the shape of a distorted inverted comma.
    Ex. Even though the facsimilist's paper is of the same period as that of the rest of the book, he is most unlikely to be able to match it precisely in all its characteristics thickness, texture, colour, chain-lines, watermark, and the propinquity of worm-holes and stains.
    Ex. Typing errors cannot be obliterated with a normal erasing fluid as this would print and appear as a blotch on the copies.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The classification of literature in the Dewey Decimal Classification: the primacy of language and the taint of colonialism' = El artículo se titula "La clasificación de la literatura en la Clasificación Decimal de Dewey: la primacía del lenguaje y el daño del colonialismo".
    Ex. Some editorial departments claim indexes are unnecessary and a typographical blot.
    Ex. The preservation and size of iron mottles in the paste suggests that clays were minimally processed before vessel manufacture.
    ----
    * mancha de la piel = age spot.
    * mancha de petróleo = oil slick, oil spill.
    * mancha de sangre = blood stain.
    * mancha de tinta = set-off, inkblot.
    * mancha en + Posesivo + honor = blot on + Posesivo + escutcheon.
    * mancha producida por goteo = drip mark.
    * mancha resistente = stubborn stain.
    * manchas = staining.
    * ser una mancha para = be a blot on.
    * sin mancha = unblemished, untainted, stainless.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de suciedad) spot, mark; ( difícil de quitar) stain

    no le pude quitar or (AmL) sacar la mancha — I couldn't get the stain out

    b) ( borrón) blot

    extenderse como una mancha de aceite — noticia to spread like wildfire

    2)
    a) ( en la piel) mark
    b) (en el pelaje, las plumas) patch
    3) ( en pulmón) shadow
    4) ( de vegetación) patch
    5) (liter) (imperfección, mácula) stain

    sin mancha — < alma> pure; < reputación> spotless

    6) (Per fam) ( pandilla) gang
    7) (RPl) ( juego)
    * * *
    = deposit, spot, blemish, blob, stain, blotch, taint, blot, mottle.

    Ex: Can you wonder that it should carry such deposits of jam, egg, butter, coffee and personal dirt?.

    Ex: If the spot stays yellow the paper is decidedly acid; an in-between colour (green, grey, grey-green, yellow-green) indicates mild acidity; while if the spot goes purple, the paper is near-neutral or alkaline.
    Ex: The third and final stage of proof correction was the press proof, when a sheet was read for residual blemishes.
    Ex: Reciprocal RT references work both ways and are marked with a kind of blob in the shape of a distorted inverted comma.
    Ex: Even though the facsimilist's paper is of the same period as that of the rest of the book, he is most unlikely to be able to match it precisely in all its characteristics thickness, texture, colour, chain-lines, watermark, and the propinquity of worm-holes and stains.
    Ex: Typing errors cannot be obliterated with a normal erasing fluid as this would print and appear as a blotch on the copies.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The classification of literature in the Dewey Decimal Classification: the primacy of language and the taint of colonialism' = El artículo se titula "La clasificación de la literatura en la Clasificación Decimal de Dewey: la primacía del lenguaje y el daño del colonialismo".
    Ex: Some editorial departments claim indexes are unnecessary and a typographical blot.
    Ex: The preservation and size of iron mottles in the paste suggests that clays were minimally processed before vessel manufacture.
    * mancha de la piel = age spot.
    * mancha de petróleo = oil slick, oil spill.
    * mancha de sangre = blood stain.
    * mancha de tinta = set-off, inkblot.
    * mancha en + Posesivo + honor = blot on + Posesivo + escutcheon.
    * mancha producida por goteo = drip mark.
    * mancha resistente = stubborn stain.
    * manchas = staining.
    * ser una mancha para = be a blot on.
    * sin mancha = unblemished, untainted, stainless.

    * * *
    A
    una mancha de grasa/sangre a grease/blood stain
    la mancha no salió the stain didn't come out
    manchas de humedad damp patches
    no le pude quitar or ( AmL) sacar la mancha I couldn't get rid of the stain, I couldn't get the stain out
    este mantel está lleno de manchas this tablecloth is covered in stains
    la sábana tiene manchas de óxido the sheet has rust marks on it
    2 (borrón) blot
    extenderse como una mancha de aceite «noticia» to spread like wildfire
    ¿qué le hace una mancha más al tigre? ( Arg); what difference does/will it make?
    Compuestos:
    patch of ice
    oil slick
    sunspot
    B
    2 (en el pelaje, las plumas) patch
    negro con manchas blancas black with white patches
    las manchas del tigre the tiger's stripes o markings
    las manchas del leopardo the leopard's spots o markings
    Compuesto:
    yellow spot
    E ( liter) (imperfección, mácula) stain
    un alma sin mancha a pure soul
    una reputación sin mancha a spotless reputation
    una mancha imborrable en el honor de la familia an indelible stain on the family honor
    F ( Per fam) (pandilla) gang
    G
    ( RPl) (juego): la mancha tag
    * * *

     

    Del verbo manchar: ( conjugate manchar)

    mancha es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    mancha    
    manchar
    mancha sustantivo femenino
    1

    ( difícil de quitar) stain;

    manchas de humedad damp patches;
    mancha de petróleo oil slick

    2

    b) (en el pelaje, las plumas) patch;

    ( del leopardo) spot
    3 (liter) (imperfección, mácula) stain;
    ◊ sin mancha ‹ alma› pure;


    ‹ reputación› spotless
    4 (Per fam) ( pandilla) gang
    manchar ( conjugate manchar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( ensuciar) to mark, get … dirty;
    ( de algo difícil de quitar) to stain
    2 ‹reputación/honra/memoria› to tarnish
    verbo intransitivo
    to stain
    mancharse verbo pronominal
    a) [ropa/mantel] to get dirty;

    ( de algo difícil de quitar) to get stained;
    manchase DE or con algo to get stained with sth


    mancha sustantivo femenino
    1 (de grasa, pintura, etc) stain
    2 (en la piel) spot: le ha salido una mancha roja en la mano, she has a red spot on her hand
    manchar verbo transitivo to stain: su implicación mancha el nombre de la Universidad, his involvement is a disgrace to the University
    ' mancha' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    canal
    - guiso
    - lamparón
    - manchar
    - penetrar
    - pinta
    - quitar
    - quitarse
    - rebelde
    - sacar
    - salpicadura
    - aparecer
    - aureola
    - borrón
    - cerco
    - dejar
    - desaparecer
    - gotera
    - ir
    - manchego
    - salir
    - tenaz
    English:
    blemish
    - blob
    - blot
    - blotch
    - Channel Tunnel
    - chunnel
    - come off
    - come out
    - fleck
    - get off
    - get out
    - mark
    - patch
    - removal
    - remove
    - rub off
    - scrub away
    - shift
    - show
    - show up
    - slick
    - smear
    - smudge
    - smut
    - somewhere
    - spot
    - stain
    - stubborn
    - sunspot
    - untarnished
    - wash out
    - wipe off
    - birth
    - blood
    - channel
    - cross
    - dab
    - marking
    - sun
    - wash
    * * *
    mancha nf
    1. [de suciedad] stain, spot;
    [de tinta] blot;
    me he echado una mancha en la camisa I've stained my shirt, I've got a stain on my shirt;
    no consiguió que se fuera la mancha she couldn't get the stain out;
    una mancha de petróleo [en el mar] an oil slick;
    una mancha de aceite an oil stain;
    extenderse como una mancha de aceite to spread like wildfire
    2. [de color] spot, mark;
    un caballo con manchas negras a horse with black patches;
    RP
    ¿qué le hace una mancha más al tigre? what difference does one more make?, one more won't make any difference
    3. [en la piel] [por reacción] blotch;
    [de la vejez] liver spot;
    le han salido unas manchas en la piel he's come out in blotches
    mancha de nacimiento birthmark
    4. Astron mancha solar sunspot
    5. [deshonra] blemish, blot;
    este suspenso supondrá una mancha en su expediente this fail will be a blot on his academic record;
    tiene un historial sin mancha she has a spotless record
    6. Perú Fam [grupo de amigos] gang
    7. RP
    la mancha [juego] tag
    * * *
    :
    Canal de la Mancha English Channel;
    la Mancha La Mancha
    * * *
    mancha nf
    1) : stain, spot, mark
    mancha de sangre: bloodstain
    2) : blemish, blot
    una mancha en su reputación: a blemish on his reputation
    3) : patch
    * * *
    1. (en general) stain
    2. (en la pared, tierra) patch [pl. patches]
    3. (de animal) spot

    Spanish-English dictionary > mancha

  • 30 volar

    adj.
    volar.
    v.
    1 to fly.
    hubo una pelea y empezaron a volar sillas y botellas there was a fight and the chairs and bottles started to fly
    echar(se) a volar to fly away o off
    salir volando to fly off; (pájaro, insecto) to blow away (papeles, sombrero, ceniza)
    El chico voló ayer The boy flew=traveled by air yesterday.
    El avión voló ayer The plane flew yesterday.
    2 to disappear, to vanish (informal) (desaparecer).
    3 to fly (off), to rush (off).
    volar a hacer algo to rush off to do something
    hacer algo volando to do something at top speed
    me voy volando I must fly o dash
    4 to fly by.
    5 to blow up (hacer estallar) (en guerras, atentados).
    La fábrica de gas voló The gas factory blew up.
    Los aviones volaron la ciudad enemiga The planes blew up the enemy city.
    6 to pilot, to fly.
    El chico voló el avión The boy piloted the plane.
    7 to dynamite, to bomb out.
    Ellos volaron la mina They dynamited the mine.
    8 to evaporate, to vaporize.
    9 to swipe, to thieve, to steal, to rob.
    10 to drive mad, to drive crazy, to derange.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ CONTAR], like link=contar contar
    2 figurado (papeles etc) to be blown away
    4 familiar figurado (desaparecer) to disappear, vanish
    6 figurado (noticia etc) to spread rapidly
    1 figurado (hacer explotar - edificio) to blow up, demolish; (- caja fuerte) to blow open; (- en minería) to blast
    3 (en caza) to flush
    1 (papeles etc) to be blown away
    2 figurado (irritarse) to blow up, lose one's temper
    \
    echarse a volar to fly away, fly off
    hacer algo volando familiar to do something as quick as a flash, do something in a jiffy
    ¡volando! familiar jump to it!
    * * *
    verb
    4) burst, explode
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=en el aire) [avión, pájaro, persona] to fly

    ¿a qué hora vuelas mañana? — what time is your flight tomorrow?, what time do you fly tomorrow?

    "vuela con Iberia" — "fly (with) Iberia"

    • echar a volar — [+ pájaro] to set free, let go; [+ globo, cometa] to fly

    [+ noticia] to spread

    • echarse a volar — [pájaro] (por primera vez) to (begin to) fly; (=levantar el vuelo) to take off

    • volar en globo — to balloon

    volar alto —

    desde pequeño se le notaban las ganas de volar solo — since he was a child you could see how much he wanted to do things his own way

    burro 2., 1)
    2)

    • hacer volar algo/a algn — to blow sth/sb up

    • hacer volar algo en pedazos — to blow sth to pieces o to smithereens

    3)

    volando: ¡venga, volando, que nos vamos! — come on, get a move on, we're going! *

    ¡voy para allá volando! — I'll be right there! *

    pasó volando en la moto — he whizzed o sped past on his motorbike

    • volar a hacer algo — to rush to do sth

    4) (=pasar rápido) [noticia] to travel fast; [tiempo] to fly; [días, semanas, meses] to fly by

    ¡cómo vuela el tiempo! — (how) time flies!

    5) *
    (=desaparecer) [objeto, persona] to go, disappear

    cuando me di cuenta, el bolso ya había volado — before I knew it, the bag was gone o had gone o had disappeared

    en una semana volaron las diez botellas — the ten bottles went o disappeared in the space of a week

    6) (Arquit) to stick out
    7) (Méx)
    * [alcohol, diluyente] to evaporate
    8) * (con drogas) to trip *, get high *
    2. VT
    1) (=hacer volar) [+ cometa, globo] to fly
    (Caza) [+ pájaro] to flush out
    2) (=hacer explotar) [+ edificio, vehículo] to blow up; [+ caja fuerte] to blow (open)
    3) (Tip) [+ letra, número] to put in superscript
    4) (Chile, Méx, Ven)
    * (=robar) to pinch *, nick *
    5) (LAm)
    * (=irritar) [+ persona] to irritate
    6) (CAm)
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) pájaro/avión to fly
    2)
    a) tiempo to fly
    b) volando gerundio <comer/cambiarse> in a rush, in a hurry

    se fue volando — he/she rushed off

    quedar(se) volando — (Méx fam) asunto/persona to be left up in the air

    3)
    b) (fam) ( desaparecer) to vanish, disappear
    c) (Méx fam)

    a volar: niños, a volar OK you kids, go away o get out of here; toma el dinero y a volar take the money and run; mandar a volar a alguien — (Méx) to tell somebody to get lost (colloq)

    2.
    volar vt
    1) <puente/edificio> to blow up; < caja fuerte> to blow
    2) (Méx, Ven fam) ( robar) to swipe (colloq), to nick (BrE colloq)
    3.
    volarse v pron
    1) (AmS fam) (de rabia, fiebre)

    estaba que se volaba de rabia — she was beside herself with rage o anger

    2)
    a) (Col fam) preso to escape
    b) (Col, Méx fam) alumno to play hooky (esp AmE colloq), to skive off (school) (BrE colloq)
    3) (Méx fam)
    a) ( coquetear) to flirt
    b) ( robar) to swipe (colloq), nick (BrE colloq)
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) pájaro/avión to fly
    2)
    a) tiempo to fly
    b) volando gerundio <comer/cambiarse> in a rush, in a hurry

    se fue volando — he/she rushed off

    quedar(se) volando — (Méx fam) asunto/persona to be left up in the air

    3)
    b) (fam) ( desaparecer) to vanish, disappear
    c) (Méx fam)

    a volar: niños, a volar OK you kids, go away o get out of here; toma el dinero y a volar take the money and run; mandar a volar a alguien — (Méx) to tell somebody to get lost (colloq)

    2.
    volar vt
    1) <puente/edificio> to blow up; < caja fuerte> to blow
    2) (Méx, Ven fam) ( robar) to swipe (colloq), to nick (BrE colloq)
    3.
    volarse v pron
    1) (AmS fam) (de rabia, fiebre)

    estaba que se volaba de rabia — she was beside herself with rage o anger

    2)
    a) (Col fam) preso to escape
    b) (Col, Méx fam) alumno to play hooky (esp AmE colloq), to skive off (school) (BrE colloq)
    3) (Méx fam)
    a) ( coquetear) to flirt
    b) ( robar) to swipe (colloq), nick (BrE colloq)
    * * *
    volar1
    1 = fly, take to + the sky.

    Ex: For example, pilots flying on international routes sometimes have problems in understanding weather reports spoken in English but with a heavy local accent.

    Ex: A new flying invention has been unveiled in the US, which could see humans take to the sky.
    * condición de estar apto para volar = airworthiness.
    * echar a volar = take + flight.
    * el tiempo vuela = time flies (by).
    * escuchar las moscas volar = hear a pin drop.
    * ir volando = hot-foot it to.
    * más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando = a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
    * que vuela bajo = low-flying.
    * salir volando = bolt, make + a bolt for, dash off, shoot off.
    * volar con ala delta = hang-glide.
    * volar del nido = fly + the nest, leave + the nest.
    * volar en el aire = fly in + the air.

    volar2
    2 = blast.

    Ex: By blasting the face of the falls and excavating an underground cavern, the utility company channeled water through pipes to turbines at the base of the falls.

    * volar con dinamita = dynamite.

    * * *
    volar [ A10 ]
    vi
    A «pájaro/avión» to fly
    volaremos a una altura de 10.000 metros we shall be cruising at an altitude of 10,000 meters
    no me gusta volar, prefiero el tren I don't like flying, I prefer to go by train
    B
    1 «tiempo» to fly
    ¡cómo vuela el tiempo! doesn't time fly!
    estos dos años han volado these two years have flown by o have flown past o have gone by very fast
    las malas noticias vuelan bad news travels fast
    2 volando ger ‹comer/cambiarse› in a rush, in a hurry
    tengo que irme volando I have to rush off
    las vacaciones se me han pasado volando the holidays have flown o ( colloq) whizzed past
    las entradas se acaban volando the tickets sell out very quickly o in no time at all
    tuve que comer volando I had to eat in a rush o to bolt my food
    volando pica ( Méx fam); he's/she's a quick worker! ( colloq)
    3 volando ger ( Méx fam) (inestable) unsteady; (sin resolver, sin definir) up in the air
    está volando y se va a caer it isn't steady o it's unsteady and it's going to fall
    el asunto de la casa está volando the matter of the house is still up in the air o is still undecided
    C
    1
    (con el viento): volaron todos los papeles my papers blew all over the place, the wind blew my papers all over the place
    el sombrero voló his hat blew off/away
    2 ( fam) (desaparecer) to vanish, disappear
    los bombones en seguida volaron the chocolates vanished o disappeared in no time
    hoy día el sueldo vuela nowadays my salary seems to disappear o go in no time
    3
    ( Méx fam): a volar: niños, a volar OK you kids, go away o get out of here
    a volar con tus ideas raras you and your weird ideas, get out of here! ( colloq)
    toma el dinero y a volar take the money and run
    mandar a volar a algn ( Méx); to kick sb out ( colloq)
    4 ( Méx fam) (evaporarse) to evaporate
    D ( Arquit) to project
    E
    ( AmS fam) (de rabia, fiebre): estaba que volaba de rabia she was beside herself with rage o with anger
    tiene una fiebre que vuela he has a really high temperature, he has a very bad fever
    ■ volar
    vt
    A ‹puente/edificio› to blow up; ‹caja fuerte› to blow
    B (Méx, Ven fam) (robar) to swipe ( colloq), to nick ( BrE colloq)
    C ( Méx fam) (volver loco) to drive … mad
    si se lo dices, lo vuelas if you tell him, it'll drive him mad o he'll go crazy ( colloq)
    A ( Col fam) «preso» to escape; «alumno» to play hooky ( esp AmE) ( colloq), to skive off (school) ( BrE colloq)
    el marido se voló con otra her husband ran away o ran off with another woman
    B ( Méx fam) (volverse loco) to go crazy ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    volar ( conjugate volar) verbo intransitivo
    1 [pájaro/avión] to fly
    2
    a) [ tiempo] to fly;

    ◊ ¡cómo vuela el tiempo! doesn't time fly!;

    las malas noticias vuelan bad news travels fast
    b)

    ◊ volando ger ‹comer/cambiarse› in a rush, in a hurry;

    se fue volando he/she rushed off;
    sus clases se me pasan volando her classes seem to go so quickly
    3


    b) (fam) ( desaparecer) [dinero/pasteles] to vanish, disappear

    verbo transitivo
    1 ‹puente/edificio› to blow up;
    ‹ caja fuerte› to blow
    2 (Méx, Ven fam) ( robar) to swipe (colloq), to nick (BrE colloq)
    volarse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) (Col fam) [ preso] to escape

    b) (Col, Méx fam) [ alumno] to play hooky (esp AmE colloq), to skive off (school) (BrE colloq)

    2
    a) (Méx fam) ( coquetear) to flirt

    b) (Méx, Ven fam) ( robar) to swipe (colloq), nick (BrE colloq)

    volar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (un avión, ave, insecto) to fly: la mosca echó a volar, the fly flew off
    2 (apresuradamente) volando, in a flash, in a hurry: nos fuimos volando, we rushed off
    3 fam (terminarse, desaparecer) to disappear, vanish: todo el dinero que tenía voló en cuestión de meses, he blew all his money in a question of months
    II vtr (usando explosivos: una casa, fábrica, etc) to blow up
    (: una caja blindada, etc) to blow open
    ' volar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aire
    - alto
    - bajo
    - barrenar
    - cometa
    - echar
    - grande
    - ras
    - vuela
    English:
    blast
    - blow
    - blow up
    - bomb
    - fly
    - foolish
    - fundamental
    - jet
    - nonstop
    - overcome
    - sail
    - soar
    - circle
    - cruise
    - full
    - low
    - nick
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [pájaro, insecto, avión, pasajero] to fly;
    volar a [una altura] to fly at;
    [un lugar] to fly to;
    volamos a 5.000 pies de altura we're flying at 5,000 feet;
    volar en avión/helicóptero to fly in a plane/helicopter;
    echar(se) a volar to fly away o off;
    hacer volar una cometa to fly a kite;
    salir volando to fly off;
    volar alto to go far
    2. [papeles, sombrero, ceniza] to blow away;
    hubo una pelea y empezaron a volar sillas y botellas there was a fight and the chairs and bottles started to fly;
    salir volando to blow away;
    volar por los aires [estallar] to be blown into the air
    3. [correr] to fly, to rush (off);
    volar a hacer algo to rush off to do sth;
    hacer algo volando to do sth at top speed;
    me visto volando y nos vamos I'll get dressed quickly and we can go;
    ¡tráeme volando algo para tapar la herida! bring me something to bandage the wound with immediately o now!;
    me voy volando I must fly o dash
    4. [pasar deprisa] [días, años] to fly by;
    [rumores] to spread quickly;
    aquí las noticias vuelan news travels fast around here
    5. Fam [desaparecer] to disappear, to vanish;
    los aperitivos volaron en un santiamén the snacks disappeared o vanished in an instant
    6. Arquit to project, to jut out
    7. RP Fam
    está que vuela [de fiebre] he has a raging temperature;
    [de enojo] he's fuming with rage
    ♦ vt
    1. [hacer estallar] [en guerras, atentados] to blow up;
    [caja fuerte, puerta] to blow open; [edificio en ruinas] to demolish [with explosives]; [en minería] to blast
    2. [hacer volar] [cometa] to fly
    3. [la caza] to rouse
    4. Imprenta [letra] to raise
    5. Am Fam
    volar algo a alguien [robar] to swipe o Br nick sth from sb;
    ten cuidado porque a mí allí me volaron la cartera be careful because I had my wallet swiped o Br nicked there
    * * *
    I v/i fly; fig
    vanish;
    las horas pasaron volando the hours flew past o by;
    irse volar rush off;
    echarse a volar fly away, fly off
    II v/t
    1 fly
    2 edificio blow up
    * * *
    volar {19} vi
    1) : to fly
    2) correr: to hurry, to rush
    el tiempo vuela: time flies
    pasar volando: to fly past
    3) divulgarse: to spread
    unos rumores volaban: rumors were spreading around
    4) desaparecer: to disappear
    el dinero ya voló: the money's already gone
    volar vt
    1) : to blow up, to demolish
    2) : to irritate
    * * *
    volar vb
    1. (en general) to fly [pt. flew; pp. flown]
    2. (desaparecer) to disappear
    3. (hacer estallar) to blow up [pt. blew; pp. blown]
    volando in a rush / in a hurry

    Spanish-English dictionary > volar

  • 31 गो _gō

    गो m. f. (Nom. गौः) [गच्छत्यनेन, गम् करणे डो Tv.]
    1 Cattle, kine (pl.)
    -2 Anything coming from a cow; such as milk, flesh, leather &c.
    -3 The stars; वि रश्मिभिः ससृजे सूर्यो गाः Rv.7.36.1.
    -4 The sky.
    -5 The thunder- bolt of Indra; Ki.8.1.
    -6 A ray of light; नान्यस्तप्ता विद्यते गोषु देव Mb.1.232.11; बालो$यं गिरिशिखरेषु चारयन् गाः त्रैलोक्यं तिमिरभरेण दुष्टमेतत् (रविः नैर्मल्यं नयति) । Rām. Ch. 7.6.
    -7 A diamond.
    -8 Heaven.
    -9 An arrow. -f.
    1 A cow; जुगोप गोरूपधरामिवोर्वीम् R.2.3; क्षीरिण्यः सन्तु गावः Mk.1.6.
    -2 The earth; दुदोह गां स यज्ञाय R.1.26; गामात्तसारां रघुरप्यवेक्ष्य 5.26;11.36; Bg.15.13; सेको$- नुगृह्णातु गाम् Mu.3.2; Me.3; cf. also the quotation for (
    -6).
    -3 Speech, words; कुलानि समुपेतानि गोभिः पुरुषतो$- र्थतः Mb.5.28; रघोरुदारामपि गां निशम्य R.5.12;2.59; Ki.4.2.
    -4 The goddess of speech, Sarasvatī.
    -5 A mother.
    -6 A quarter of the compass.
    -7 Water; सायं भेजे दिशं पश्चाद्गविष्ठो गां गतस्तदा Bhāg.1.1.36; also pl.; Bhāg.11.7.5.
    -8 The eye; गोकर्णा सुमुखी कृतेन इषुणा गोपुत्रसंप्रेषिता Mb.8.9.42.
    -9 A region of the sky. -m. A bull, an ox; असंजातकिणस्कन्धः सुखं स्वपिति गौर्गडिः K. P.1; Ms.4.72; cf. चरद्गव.
    -2 The hair of the body.
    -3 An organ of sense; अदान्तगोभिर्विशतां तमिस्रं पुनः पुनश्चर्वितचर्वणानाम् Bhāg..7.5.3.
    -4 The sign Taurus of the zodiac; Bṛi. S.49.
    -5 The sun.
    -6 The number 'nine' (in math.).
    -7 The moon.
    -8 A singer.
    -9 A billion.
    -1 A cow-sacrifice
    -11 A house; cf. गौर्वज्रं गौः प्रभा भूमिर्वाणी तोयं त्रिविष्टपम् । धेनुर्बस्तो वृषो दिग्गौर्नेत्रं लज्जा गुरू रमा ॥ इन्द्रियं श्रीरुमा... Enm.
    -Comp. -कण्टकः, -कम् 1 a road or spot trodden down by oxen and thus made im- passable.
    -2 the cow's hoof.
    -3 the print of a cow's hoof.
    -कर्ण a. having cow's ears.
    (-र्णः) 1 a cow's ear; गोकर्णसदृशौ कृत्वा करावाबद्धसारणौ Ks.6.57.
    -2 a mule.
    -3 a snake; Mb.8.9.42.
    -4 a span (from the tip of the thumb to that of the ring-finger); गोकर्णशिथिल- श्चरन् Mb.2.68.75; तालः स्मृतो मध्यमया गोकर्णश्चाप्यनामया Brahmāṇḍa P.
    -5 N. of a place of pilgrimage in the south, sacred to Śiva. श्रितगोकर्णनिकेतमीश्वरम् R.8.33.
    -6 a kind of deer.
    -7 a kind of arrow; Mb.8.9.42.
    -किराटा -किराटिका the Sārikā bird.
    -किलः, -कीलः 1 a plough
    -2 a pestle.
    -कुलम् 1 a herd of kine; वृष्टिव्याकुलगोकुलावनरसादुद्धृत्य गोवर्धनम् Gīt.4; गोकुलस्य तृषा- र्तस्य Mb.
    -2 a cow-house.
    -3 N. of a village (where Kṛiṣṇa was brought up).
    -कुलिक a.
    1 one who does not help a cow in the mud.
    -2 squint-eyed.
    -कुलोद्भवा an epithet of Durgā.
    -कृतम् cow-dung.
    -क्षीरम् cow's milk.
    -क्षुरम्, -रकम् a cow's hoof.
    -खरः a beast (पशु); यत्तीर्थबुद्धिः सलिले न कर्हिचिज्जनेष्वभिज्ञेषु स एव गोखरः Bhāg.1.84.13.
    -खा a nail.
    -गृष्टिः a young cow which has had only one calf.
    -गोयुगम् a pair of oxen.
    -गोष्ठम् a cow-pen, cattle-shed.
    -ग्रन्थिः 1 dried cowdung.
    -2 a cow-house.
    -ग्रहः capture of cattle (गवालम्भ); Mb.12.265.2.
    -ग्रासः the ceremony of offering a morsel (of grass) to a cow when performing an expiatory rite.
    -घातः, -घातकः, -घातिन् m. a cow-killer.
    -घृतम् 1 rain-water.
    -2 clarified butter coming from a cow.
    -घ्न a.
    1 destructive to cows.
    -2 one who has killed a cow.
    -3 one for whom a cow is killed, a guest.
    -चन्दनम् a kind of sandal-wood.
    -चर a.
    1 grazed over by cattle.
    -2 frequenting, dwelling, resorting to, haunting पितृसद्मगोचरः Ku.5.77.
    -3 within the scope, power, or range of; अवाङ्मनसगोचरम् R.1.15; so बुद्धि˚, दृष्टि˚, श्रवण˚ स्वगोचरे दीप्ततरा बभूव Bu. Ch.1.13.
    -4 moving on earth.
    -5 accessible to, attainable; त्याग- सूक्ष्मानुगः क्षेम्यः शौचगो ध्यागोचरः Mb.12.236.12.
    -6 circulating, having a particular meaning, prevalent.
    (-रः) 1 the range of cattle, pasturage; उपारताः पश्चिम- रात्रिगोचरात् Ki.4.1.
    -2 (a) a district, department, province, sphere. (b) an abode, dwelling-place, a place of resort; Śi.1.21; Ms.1.39.
    -3 range of the organs of sense, an object of sense; श्रवणगोचरे तिष्ठ be within ear-shot; नयनगोचरं या to become visible.
    -4 scope, range, in general; हर्तुर्याति न गोचरम् Bh.2.16.
    -5 (fig.) grip, hold, power, influence, control; कः कालस्य न गोचरा- न्तरगतः Pt.1.146; गोचरीभूतमक्ष्णोः U.6.26; Māl.5.24; अपि नाम मनागवतीर्णो$सि रतिरमणबाणगोचरम् Māl.1.
    -6 horizon.
    -7 field for action, scope; इन्द्रियाणि हयानाहुर्विषयांस्तेषु गोचरान् Kaṭh.3.4.
    -8 the range of the planets from the Lagna or from each other.
    ˚पीडा in- auspicious position of stars within the ecliptic; गोचर- पीडायामपि राशिर्बलिभिः शुभग्रहैर्दृष्टः (पीडां न करोति) Bṛi.S.41.13. (गोचरीकृ to place within the range (of sight), make current).
    -चर्मन् n.
    1 a cow's hide.
    -2 a particular measure of surface thus defined by Vasiṣṭha:-- दशहस्तेन वंशेन दशवंशान् समन्ततः । पञ्च चाभ्यधिकान् दद्यादेतद्गोचर्म चोच्यते ॥ ˚वसनः an epithet of Śiva.
    -चर्या seeking food like a cow; गोचर्यां नैगमश्चरेत् Bhāg.11.18.29.
    -चारकः cowherd.
    -चरणम् the tending or feeding of cows; Bhāg.1.38.8.
    -ज a.
    1 born in the earth (rice &c.).
    -2 produced by milk; अब्जा गोजा...... Kaṭh.5.2.
    -जरः an old ox or bull; नाद्रियन्ते यथापूर्वं कीनाशा इव गोजरम् Bhāg.3.3.13.
    -जलम् the urine of a bull or cow.
    -जागरिकम् auspi- ciousness, happiness. (
    -कः) a preparer of food, baker.
    -जात a. born in the heaven (gods); गोजाता अप्या मृळता च देवाः Rv.6.5.11.
    -जिह्वा N. of a plant (Mar. पाथरी).
    -जिह्विका the uvula.
    -जीव a. living on cattle (milk- man); Hch.1.7.
    -तल्लजः an excellent bull or cow.
    -तीर्थम् a cowhouse.
    -त्रम् [गां भूमिं त्रायते त्रै-क]
    1 a cow-pen.
    -2 a stable in general.
    -3 a family, race, lineage; गोत्रेण माठरो$स्मि Sk.; so कौशिकगोत्राः, वसिष्ठगोत्राः &c.; Ms.3.19,9.141.
    -4 a name, appellation; जगाद गोत्र- स्खलिते च का न तम् N.1.3; Ś.6.5; see ˚स्खलित below; मद्गोत्राङ्कं विरचितपदं गेयमुद्गातुकामा Me.88.
    -5 a multitude.
    -6 increase.
    -7 a forest.
    -8 a field.
    -9 a road.
    -1 possessions, wealth.
    -11 an umbrella, a parasol.
    -12 knowledge of futurity.
    -13 a genus, class, species.
    -14 a caste, tribe, caste according to families. (
    -त्रः) a mountain; 'गोत्रं नाम्नि कुले$प्यद्रौ' इति यादवः; Śi.9.8. Hence गोत्रोद्दलनः means Indra; cf. इन्द्रे तु गोत्रोद्दलनः कुलघ्ने गिरिदारणे Nm.
    (-त्रा) 1 a multitude of cows.
    -2 the earth.
    ˚उच्चारः recitation of family pedigree.
    ˚कर्तृ, -कारिन् m. the founder of a family.
    ˚कीला the earth.
    ˚ज a. born in the same family, gentile, a relation; Bhāg.3.7.24; Y.2.135.
    ˚पटः a genealogical table, pedigree.
    ˚प्रवरः the oldest member or founder of a family.
    -भिद् m. an epithet of Indra; हृदि क्षतो गोत्रभिदप्यमर्षणः R.3.53;6.73; Ku.2.52.
    ˚स्खलनम्, ˚स्खलितम् blundering or mistaking in calling (one) by his name, calling by a wrong name; स्मरसि स्मर मेखलागुणैरुत गौत्रस्खलितेषु बन्धनम् Ku.4.8.
    -द a. giving cows; Ms.4.231. (
    -दः) brain. (
    -दा) N. of the river Godāvarī.
    -दत्र a. Ved. giving cows. (
    -त्रः) an epithet of Indra. (
    -त्रम्) a crown (pro- tecting the head).
    -दन्त a. armed with a coat of mail.
    (-तम्) 1 yellow orpiment.
    -2 a white fossil substance.
    -दानम् 1 the gift of a cow.
    -2 the ceremony of tonsure or cutting the hair; रामलक्ष्मणयो राजन् गोदानं कारयस्व ह Rām.1.71.23; अथास्य गोदानविधेरनन्तरम् R.3. 33; (see Mallinātha's explanation of the word); कृत- गोदानमङ्गलाः U.1; अतोनं गोदानं दारकर्म च Kau. A.1.5; (Rām. explains the word differently).
    -3 the part of the head close to the right ear.
    -दाय a. intending to give cows.
    -दारणम् 1 a plough.
    -2 a spade, hoe.
    -दा, -दावरी N. of a river in the south.
    -दुह् m.,
    -दुहः 'cow-milker', a cowherd; सुदुघामिव गोदुहे R.1.4.1; चिरं निदध्यौ दुहतः स गोदुहः Śi.
    -दोहः 1 the milking of cows.
    -2 the milk of cows.
    -3 the time of milking cows.
    -दोहनम् 1 the time of milking cows.
    -2 the milking of cows; न लक्ष्यते ह्यवस्थानमपि गोदोहनं क्वचित् Bhāg.1.19. 4.
    -दोहनी a milk-pail.
    -द्रवः the urine of a bull or cow.
    -धनम् 1 a herd or multitude of cows, cattle.
    -2 possession of cows. (
    -नः) a broad-pointed arrow.
    -धरः a mountain.
    -धर्मः the law of cattle, rules relating to cattle; (open and unconcealed intercourse of the sexes); गोधर्मं सौरभेयाच्च सो$धीत्य निखिलं मुनिः । प्रावर्तत तदा कर्तुं श्रद्धावांस्तमशङ्कया ॥ Mb.1.14.26.
    -धुमः, -धूमः 1 wheat; Bṛi. Up.6.3.13.
    -2 the orange. ˚चूर्णम् wheat flour;
    -सम्भवम् a sour paste.
    -धूलिः 'dust of the cows', the time of sunset or evening twilight (so called be- cause cows, which generally return home at about sunset, raise up clouds of dust by their treading on the earth).
    -धेनुः a milch-cow with a calf.
    -भ्रः a mountain.
    -नन्दा an epithet of the wife of Śiva.
    -नन्दी the female of the Sārasa bird.
    -नर्दः 1 the (Indian) crane.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva (bellowing like a bull).
    -3 N. of a country.
    -नर्दीयः an epithet of Patañjali, author of the Mahābhāṣya.
    -नसः, -नासः 1 a kind of snake.
    -2 a kind of gem.
    -नसा the mouth of a cow.
    -नाथः 1 a bull.
    -2 an owner of land.
    -3 a herdsman.
    -4 an owner of kine.
    -नायः a cowherd; तद्यथा गोनायो$श्वनायः पुरुषनाय इत्येवं तदप आचक्षते$शनायेति Ch. Up.6.8.3.
    -नाशनः a wolf.
    -नासा the projecting snout of a cow or ox.
    -नासम् a kind of gem.
    -निष्यन्दः cow's urine.
    -पः 1 a cowherd (considered as belonging to a mixed tribe); गोपवेशस्य विष्णोः Me.15.
    -2 the chief of a cowpen.
    -3 the superintendent of a village.
    -4 a king.
    -5 a protector, guardian; Rv.1.61.1.
    ˚अनसी the wood of a thatch; गोपानसीषु क्षणमास्थितानाम् Śi.3.49.
    ˚अष्टमी the eighth day of the bright fortnight of Kārttika when Kṛiṣṇa is said to have worn the dress of a cowherd.
    ˚आटविका a cowherd.
    ˚कन्या 1 the daughter of a cowherd.
    -2 a nymph of Vṛindāvana.
    ˚अध्यक्षः, ˚इन्द्रः, ˚ईशः the chief of herdsmen, an epithet of Kṛiṣṇa.
    ˚चापः the rainbow.
    ˚दलः the betel-nut tree.
    ˚भद्रम् the fibrous root of a water-lily.
    ˚रसः gum myrrh.
    ˚राष्ट्राः (pl.) N. of a people. ˚वधूः f. a cowherd's wife; Bhāg.1.9.4. ˚वधूटी a young cowherdess, a young wife of a cowherd; गोपवधूटीदुकूलचौराय Bhāṣā P.1.
    (-पकः) 1 the superin- tendent of a district.
    -2 myrrh.
    (-पिका) 1 a cowher- dess; Bhāg.1.9.14-15.
    -2 protectress. (
    -पी) a cowherd's wife (especially applied to the cowherdesses of Vṛindāvana, the companions of Kṛiṣṇa in his juvenile sports).
    -2 a milk-maid.
    -3 a protectress.
    -4 Nature, elementary nature.
    -पतिः 1 an owner of cows.
    -2 a bull.
    -3 a leader, chief.
    -4 the sun; नीहारमिव गोपतिः Bhāg.1.12.1; Mb.1.173.32.
    -5 Indra; सुराङ्गना गोपतिचापगोपुरं पुरम् (जहुः) Ki.8.1.
    -6 N. of Kṛiṣṇa.
    -7 N. of Śiva.
    -8 N. of Varuṇa; एष पुत्रो महाप्रज्ञो वरुणस्येह गोपतेः Mb.5.98.11.
    -9 a king; नासतो विद्यते राजन् स ह्यरण्येषु गोपतिः Mb.12.135.26.
    -पथः N. of a Brāhmaṇa of Av.
    -पर्वतम् the name of the place where Pāṇini is said to have performed penance and propitiated Śiva; गोपर्वतमिति स्थानं शम्भोः प्रख्यापितं मया । यत्र पाणिनिना लेभे वैयाकरणिकाग्ऱ्यता ॥ अरुणाचलमाहात्म्यम्- उत्तरार्धः 2 अ. 68 श्लो.
    -पशुः a sacrificial cow.
    -पाः m. Ved.
    1 a herdsman.
    -2 protector, or guardian; मन्द्राग्रे- त्वरी भुवनस्य गोपा Av.2.1.57.
    -पानसी a curved beam which supports a thatch; गोपानसी तु वलभिच्छादने वक्रदारुणि Ak.2.2.15.
    -पालः 1 a cowherd; Ms.4.253.
    -2 a king.
    -3 an epithet of Śiva.
    -4 an epithet of Kṛ&iṣṇa. ˚धानी a cow-pen, cow-shed.
    -पालकः 1 a cowherd.
    -2 a king.
    -3 an epithet of Śiva; also of Kṛiṣṇa.
    -पालिः an epithet of Śiva.
    -पालिका, -पाली the wife of a cowherd; पार्थः प्रस्थापयामास कृत्वा गोपालिकावपुः Mb.1.221.19.
    -पालितः N. of a lexicographer.
    -पित्तम् bile of cows, ox-bile (from which the yellow pigment गोरोचना is prepared; गोपित्ततो रोचना Pt.1.94.).
    -पीतः a species of wagtail.
    -पीथः protection; अस्माकमृषीणां गोपीथे न उरुष्यतम् Rv.5.65.6. (
    -थम्) a holy place, a place of pilgrimage.
    -पुच्छम् a cow's tail.
    -2 a particular point of an arrow.
    (-च्छः) 1 a sort of monkey; Bhāg.8.2.22.
    -2 a sort of necklace consisting of two or four or thirty-four strings.
    -3 a kind of drum.
    -पुटिकम् the head of Śiva's bull.
    -पुत्रः 1 a young bull.
    -2 an epithet of Karṇa.
    -पुरम् 1 a town-gate; उत्तुङ्गसौधसुरमन्दिरगोपुरम् Māl.9.1.
    -2 a principal gate; दधतमुच्चशिलान्तरगोपुराः Ki.5.5.
    -3 the ornamental gate- way of a temple.
    -पुरीषम् cowdung.
    -प्रकाण्डम् an ex- cellent cow or bull.
    -प्रचारः pasture-ground, pasturage for cattle; ग्राम्येच्छया गोप्रचारो भूमी राजवशेन वा Y.2.166.
    -प्रत (ता) रः 1 a ford for cattle.
    -2 a place of pilgrimage on the Śarayū; यद्गोप्रतरकल्पो$भूत्संमर्दस्तत्र मज्जताम् । अतस्तदाख्यया तीर्थं पावनं भुवि पप्रथे ॥ R.15.11.
    -प्रदानम् same as गोदान.
    -प्रवेशः the time when cows return home, sunset or evening-twilight; गोप्रवेशसमये Bṛi. S.24.35.
    -फणा 1 a bandage hollowed out so as to fit the chin or nose &c.
    -2 a sling.
    -बालः the hair of cows.
    -भुज् m. a king; गोभुजां वल्लभा लक्ष्मीः Rāj. T.5.6.
    -भृत् m.
    1 a mountain.
    -2 a king.
    -मक्षिका a gadfly.
    -मघ a. granting cattle or cows कदा गोमघा हवनानि गच्छाः Rv.6.35.3.
    -मंडलम् 1 the globe.
    -2 a multitude of cows.
    -मण़्डीरः a kind of an aquatic bird; L. D. B.
    -मतम् = गव्यूति q. v.
    -मतल्लिका a tract- able cow, an excellent cow; अरिर्मधोरैक्षत गोमतल्लिकाम् Śi.12.41.
    -मथः a cowherd.
    -मध्यमध्य a. slender in the waist.
    -महिषदा N. of one of the Mātṛis attending on कार्तिकेय.
    -मांसम् beef.
    -मायु 1 a kind of frog.
    -2 a jackal; अनुहंकुरुते घनध्वनिं न हि गोमायुरुतानि केसरी Śi.16. 25.
    -3 bile of a cow.
    -4 N. of a Gandharva.
    -मीनः a kind of fish.
    -मुखः, -मुखम् [गोर्मुखमिव मुखमस्य] a kind of musical instrument; Bg.1.13; गोमुखानां च शृङ्गाणाम- नीकद्वयवर्तिनाम् Śiva. B.24.55.
    (-खः) 1 a crocodile, shark.
    -2 a hole of a particular shape in a wall made by thieves.
    (-खम्) 1 a house built unevenly.
    -2 spreading unguents, smearing; 'गोमुखं कुटिलाकारे वाद्यभाण्डे विलेपने' इति विश्वः; यस्यामलिन्देषु न चक्रुरेव मुग्धाङ्गना गोमयगो- मुखानि Śi.3.48. (
    -खम्, -खी) a cloth-bag of the shape of a gnomon containing a rosary, the beads of which are counted by the hand thrust inside.
    -2 a house built unevenly.
    -3 a particular method of sitting (a योगासन) (
    -खी) the chasm in the Himālaya mountains through which the Ganges flows.
    -मूढ a. stupid as a bull.
    -मूत्रम् cow's urine.
    -मूत्रकः a variety of lapis lazuli (बैदूर्य); Kau. A.2.11.
    -कम् a particular attitude (मण्डल) in गदायुद्ध; दक्षिणं मण्डलं सव्यं गोमूत्रकमथापि च । व्यचर- त्पाण्डवो राजन्नरिं संमोहयन्निव ॥ Mb.9.58.23. -a. zigzagging, going unevenly.
    -मूत्रिका 1 an artificial verse, the second of which repeats nearly all the syllables of the first. (Malli. thus defines it:-- वर्णानामेकरूपत्वं यद्येकान्तरमर्धयोः गोमूत्रिकेति तत्प्राहुर्दुष्करं तद्विदो विदुः ॥ see Śi.19.46.)
    -2 a form of calculation.
    -मृगः a kind of ox (गवय).
    -मेदः a gem brought from the Himālaya and Indus, des- cribed as of four different colours:-- white, pale-yellow, red, and dark-blue.
    -मेदकः 1 see गोमेद.
    -2 a kind of poison (काकोल).
    -3 smearing the body with unguents.
    -मेधः, -यज्ञः a cow-sacrifice; Rām.7.25.8.
    -यानम्, -रथः a carriage drawn by oxen; Rām.2.82.26; Ms. 11.174.
    -युक्त a. drawn by oxen.
    -युतम् 1 a cattle station.
    -2 a measure of two Krośas (गव्यूत); गोयुते गोयुते चैव न्यवसत्पुरुषर्षभः Mb.14.65.22.
    -रक्षः 1 a cow- herd.
    -2 keeping or tending cattle.
    -3 the orange.
    -4 an epithet of Śiva. ˚जम्बू f. wheat.
    -रक्षणम् tending cattle (with religious faith).
    -रङ्कुः 1 a water-fowl
    -2 a prisoner.
    -3 a naked man, a mendicant wandering about without clothes.
    -4 a chanter.
    -रवम् saffron.
    -रसः cow's milk.
    -2 curds.
    -3 buttermilk.
    -4 the flavour of a sentence; को रसो गोरसं विना Udb. ˚जम् buttermilk.
    -राजः an excellent bull.
    -राटिका, -राटी the Sārikā bird.
    -रुतम् a measure of dis- tance equal to two Krośas.
    -रूपम् the form of a cow. (
    -पः) N. of Śiva.
    -रोचम् yellow orpiment.
    -रोचना a bright yellow pigment prepared from the urine or bile of a cow, or found in the head of a cow.
    -लवणम् a measure of salt given to a cow.
    -लाङ्गु- (गू) लः a kind of monkey with a dark body, red cheeks and a tail like that of a cow; गोलाङ्गूलः कपोलं छुरयति रजसा कौसुमेन प्रियायाः Māl.9.3.
    -लोकः a part of heaven, cow-world.
    -लोभिका, -लोभी 1 a prostitute.
    -2 white Dūrvā grass.
    -3 Zedoary.
    -4 N. of a shrub.
    -वत्सः a calf. ˚आदिन m. a wolf.
    -वधः the killing of a cow; Ms.11.59.
    -वर्धनः a celebrated hill in वृन्दावन the country about Mathurā. ('This hill was lifted up and supported by Kṛiṣṇa upon one finger for seven days to shelter the cowherds from a storm of rain sent by Indra to test Kṛiṣṇa's divinity.') ˚धरः, ˚धरिन् m. an epithet of Kṛiṣṇa.
    -वरम् pounded cowdung.
    -वशा a barren cow.
    -वाटम्, -वासः a cow-pen.
    -वासन a. covered with an ox-hide.
    -विकर्तः, -विकर्तृ m.
    1 the killer of a cow; Mb.4.2.9.
    -2 a hus- bandman.
    -विततः a horse-sacrifice having many cows.
    -विन्दः 1 a cowkeeper, a chief herdsman.
    -2 N. of Kṛiṣṇa.
    -3 Bṛihaspati. ˚द्वादशी the twelfth day in the light half of the month of फाल्गुन
    -विष् f.,
    -विष्ठा cowdung.
    -विषाणिकः a kind of musical instrument; Mb.6.44.4.
    -विसर्गः day-break (when cows are let loose to graze in forests); Rām.7.111.9.
    -वीथिः f. N. of that portion of the moon's path which contains the asterisms भाद्रपदा, रेवती and अश्विनी, or according to some, हस्त, चित्रा and स्वाती Bṛi. S.9.2.
    -वीर्यम् the price received for milk.
    -वृन्दम् a drove of cattle.
    -वृन्दारकः an excellent bull or cow.
    -वृषः, -वृषभः an excellent bull; न तां शेकुर्नृपा वोढुमजित्वा सप्त गोवृषान् Bhāg 1.58.33. ˚ध्वजः an epithet of Śiva.
    -वैद्यः a quack docter.
    -व्रजः 1 a cow-pen.
    -2 a herd of cows.
    -3 a place where cattle graze.
    -व्रत, -व्रतिन् a. one who imitates a cow in fru- gality;...अत्र गोव्रतिनो विप्राः... ॥ यत्रपत्रशयो नित्यं येन केन- चिदाशितः । येन केनचिदाच्छन्नः स गोव्रत इहोच्यते ॥ Mb.5.99. 13-14.
    -शकृत् n. cowdung; Ms.2.182.
    -शतम् a present of a hundred cows to a Brāhmaṇa.
    -शालम्, -ला a cow-stall.
    -शीर्षः, -र्षम् a kind of sandal; Kau. A.2.11.
    -2 a kind of weapon (arrow ?); Mb.7.178. 23.
    -षड्गवम् three pairs of kine.
    -षन्, -षा a. Ved. acquiring or bestowing cows.
    -षा (सा) तिः 1 acquiring cattle; or fighting for cattle. गोषाता यस्य ते गिरः Rv.8.84.7.
    -2 giving cattle.
    -ष्टोमः a kind of sacri- fice fasting for one day.
    -संख्यः a cowherd.
    -सदृक्षः a species of ox (गवय).
    -सर्गः the time at which cows are usually let loose, day-break; see गोविसर्ग.
    -सवः a kind of cow-sacrifice (not performed in the Kali age); Mb.3.3.17.
    -सहस्रम् a kind of present (महादान). (
    -स्त्री) N. of two holidays on the fifteenth day of the dark half of कार्तिक and ज्येष्ठ.
    -सावित्री N. of a hymn (cf. गायत्री).
    -सूत्रिका a rope fastened at both ends having separate halters for each ox or cow.
    -स्तनः 1 the udder of a cow.
    -2 a cluster of blossoms, nosegay &c.
    -3 a pearl-necklace of four strings.
    -4 a kind of fort.
    -स्तना, -नी a bunch of grapes.
    -स्थानम्, -क्रम् a cow-pen.
    -स्वामिन् m.
    1 an owner of cows.
    -2 a religious mendicant.
    -3 an honorary title affixed to proper names; (e. g. वोपदेवगोस्वामिन्).
    -हत्या cow-slaughter.
    -हल्लम् (sometimes written हन्नम्) cow-dung.
    -हरः, -हरणम् stealing of cows; गोष्ठमुत्किरति गोहरं वदेत् Bṛi. S.89.9. (v. l.)
    -हित a. cherishing or protecting kine. (
    -तः) N. of Viṣṇu.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > गो _gō

  • 32 déborder

    déborder [debɔʀde]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. intransitive verb
       a. [récipient, liquide] to overflow ; [fleuve] to burst its banks ; [liquide bouillant] to boil over
    • tasse/boîte pleine à déborder cup/box full to overflowing
    2. transitive verb
    ( = dépasser) to extend beyond
    • se laisser déborder sur la droite (Military, politics, sport) to allow o.s. to be outflanked on the right
    * * *
    debɔʀde
    1.
    1) ( sortir de) [problème]; to go beyond [domaine]
    2) ( submerger) to overwhelm
    3) Armée, Politique, Sport to outflank
    4) ( saillir de) to jut out from

    2.
    déborder de verbe transitif indirect ( être plein de) to be overflowing with [personnes, détails]; to be brimming over with [joie, amour]; to be bursting with [santé]

    déborder de vie/d'activité — to be full of life/of activity


    3.
    verbe intransitif
    1) ( sortir des bords) [liquide, rivière] to overflow; ( en bouillant) to boil over
    2) ( laisser répandre) [récipient] to overflow; ( en bouillant) to boil over

    la coupe déborde — fig it's the last straw

    3) ( dépasser) to spill out (de of)

    la pierre déborde de dix centimètres — the stone juts out ten centimetres [BrE]

    elle déborde en coloriant — she goes over the lines when she's colouring [BrE] in


    4.
    se déborder verbe pronominal ( au lit) to become untucked
    * * *
    debɔʀde
    1. vi
    1) [cours d'eau] to overflow, [lait] to boil over

    Le lait a débordé de la casserole. — The milk boiled over.

    2) fig (= devenir incontrôlable) [colère, passion, conflit, joie, enthousiasme]
    3) (= dépasser) (en coloriant) to go over the lines

    déborder sur; A-t-on le droit de cueillir les fruits de l'arbre du voisin lorsqu'il déborde sur sa propriété? — Do you have the right to pick fruit from a neighbour's tree when it overhangs your property?

    Le conflit déborde sur le terrain politique et social. — The conflict is extending into political and social areas.

    4) SPORT, [ailier] to make a break
    2. vi

    déborder de (= avoir en abondance) [joie, zèle, enthousiasme] — to be bursting with, to be brimming over with, [énergie] to be bursting with

    3. vt
    1) MILITAIRE to outflank
    2) SPORT to outflank
    3) (= dépasser) to extend beyond
    * * *
    déborder verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( sortir de) [problème] to go beyond [domaine]; déborder le cadre de qch to go beyond the scope ou framework of sth; cette remarque/votre question déborde le sujet that remark/your question is outside the scope of the subject;
    2 ( submerger) to overwhelm [personne, groupe]; se laisser déborder to let oneself be overwhelmed (par qn/qch by sb/sth);
    3 Entr, Pol ( dépasser) to outflank; le chef du parti s'est fait/laissé déborder sur sa gauche the party leader was/let himself be outflanked by the left;
    4 Mil, Sport ( contourner) to outflank; se faire déborder sur l'aile gauche to be outflanked on the left wing;
    5 ( saillir de) to jut out from; certaines briques débordent le mur de deux centimètres some of the bricks jut out two centimetresGB from the wall;
    6 Cout ( ôter le bord) to cut the border off [tapis, napperon];
    7 ( tirer les draps) déborder qn to untuck sb's bed [enfant, malade].
    B déborder de vtr ind ( être plein de) to be overflowing with [personnes, détails]; to be brimming over with [joie, amour]; to be bursting with [santé]; déborder de vie/d'activité to be full of life/of activity; il débordait de gratitude he was overflowing with gratitude.
    C vi
    1 ( sortir des bords) [liquide, rivière] to overflow; ( en bouillant) to boil over; la rivière a débordé de son lit the river has overflowed; faire or laisser déborder le lait to let the milk boil over;
    2 ( laisser répandre) [récipient] to overflow; ( en bouillant) to boil over; la coupe déborde fig it's the last straw; ⇒ vase;
    3 ( dépasser) to spill out; les vêtements débordent de la valise the clothes are spilling out of the suitcase; son ventre débordait de sa ceinture his/her belly hung over his/her belt; la foule débordait sur la chaussée the crowd spilled out onto the street; les poubelles débordent the dustbins GB ou garbage cans US are overflowing; ton rouge à lèvres déborde your lipstick is smudged; la terrasse du café déborde sur le trottoir the café terrace spills out onto the pavement GB ou sidewalk US; la pierre déborde de dix centimètres the stone juts out ten centimetresGB; elle déborde en coloriant she goes over the lines when she's colouringGB in;
    4 ( s'épancher) fml sa joie déborde he's/she's bursting with joy; laisser déborder son cœur to give way to one's emotions.
    D se déborder vpr ( perdre ses couvertures) to become untucked; il s'est débordé en dormant his covers came off while he was asleep.
    [debɔrde] verbe intransitif
    1. [rivière] to overflow
    [bouillon, lait] to boil over
    son chagrin/sa joie débordait she could no longer contain her grief/her delight
    déborder de to overflow ou to be bursting with
    2. [récipient] to overflow, to run over
    3. [faire saillie] to stick ou to jut out, to project
    ————————
    [debɔrde] verbe transitif
    1. [dépasser] to stick ou to jut out from
    2. [s'écarter de]
    nous débordons un peu, il est midi et deux minutes we're going slightly over time, it's two minutes past twelve
    3. [submerger - troupe, parti, équipe] to outflank
    4. [tirer]
    ————————
    se déborder verbe pronominal intransitif
    se déborder en dormant to come untucked ou to throw off one's covers in one's sleep

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > déborder

  • 33 extensio

    span, hand-elbow; extension/stretching/spreading (L+S); swelling/tumor; strain

    Latin-English dictionary > extensio

  • 34 प्रसृत


    prá-sṛita
    mfn. come forth, issued from (abl. orﾠ comp.) ṠvetUp. MBh. Kāv. etc.;

    displaced (as the humours of the body) Suṡr. ;
    resounding (as tones) Kathās. (n. impers. with instr. « a sound rose from» ib.);
    held orﾠ stretched out TBr. Bhartṛ. Kathās. ;
    wide-spreading MuṇḍUp. Bhag. ;
    extending over orﾠ to (loc.) Kathās. ;
    intent upon, devoted to (comp.) R. Vajracch. ;
    prevailing, ordinary ṠBr. Kāṭh. ;
    intense, mighty, strong Uttarar. Daṡ. Kathās. ;
    set out, departed, fled Daṡ. Kathās. ;
    w.r. for pra-ṡrita, humble, modest, quiet MBh. R. etc.;
    m. the palm of the hand stretched out andﾠ hollowed as if to hold liquids GṛṠrS. ;
    ( alsoﾠ n. L.) a handful (as a measure = 2 Palas) ṠBr. ( alsoﾠ - mātra n.) ṠrS. Suṡr. ;
    pl. N. of a class of deities under the 6th Manu VP. ;
    (ā) f. the leg L. ;
    n. what has sprung up orﾠ sprouted, grass, plants, vegetables MBh. Pañcar. ;
    agriculture (prob. w.r. for pra-mṛita) L. ;
    - ja m. N. of a partic. class of sons MBh. ;
    - mātra n. seeﾠ above;
    -tâ̱gra-pradāyin mfn. offering the best of all that has grown MBh. ;
    -tâ̱gra-bhuj mfn. eating the best etc. ib.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > प्रसृत

  • 35 serpo

    serpo, psi, ptum, 3 (serpsit antiqui pro serpserit usi sunt, Fest. p. 348 Müll.), v. n. [root serp, kindr. with herpô, repo], to creep, crawl (freq. and class.).
    I.
    Lit. (only of animals; while repo is also used of persons who creep or go slowly;

    v. repo, I.): serpere anguiculos, nare anaticulas, evolare merulas, etc.,

    Cic. Fin. 5, 15, 42:

    alia animalia gradiendo, alia serpendo ad pastum accedunt,

    id. N. D. 2, 47, 122:

    serpentes quasdam (bestias), quasdam esse gradientes,

    id. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:

    (anguis) per humum,

    Ov. M. 15, 689:

    vipera imā humo,

    id. P. 3, 3, 102:

    draco In platanum,

    id. M. 12, 13:

    serpentia secla ferarum,

    i. e. the serpents, Lucr. 6, 766.—In late Lat. pass.:

    cum terra nullo serpatur angue,

    was crawled over, Sol. 22, 10.—
    B.
    Transf., of things, to move slowly or imperceptibly, to creep along, proceed gradually, etc. (mostly poet.):

    has (stellas) inter, torvus Draco serpit, Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 42, 106: sol serpens,

    Lucr. 5, 690.—

    Of streams: an te, Cydne, canam, qui leniter... placidis per vada serpis aquis,

    creepest, windest along, Tib. 1, 7, 14:

    in freta vicina Numicius,

    Ov. M. 14, 598: Ister tectis [p. 1681] in mare serpit aquis, id. Tr. 3, 10, 30:

    in sicco serpentem pulvere rivum,

    Luc. 9, 974:

    lacrimae serpunt per vulnera,

    Stat. Th. 11, 608:

    exsistit sacer ignis et urit corpore serpens,

    slowly spreading, Lucr. 6, 660; so,

    flamma per continua,

    Liv. 30, 6:

    aestus aetheris,

    Lucr. 5, 523; 6, 1120 (with repere):

    fallacem patriae serpere dixit equum (Trojanum),

    was creeping along, Prop. 3, 13 (4, 12), 64.—Of plants:

    vitis serpens multiplici lapsu et erratico,

    Cic. Sen. 15, 52; cf.:

    lithospermos (herba) jacet atque serpit humi,

    Plin. 27, 11, 74, § 99; so,

    chamaeleon,

    id. 22, 18, 21, § 45; cf.:

    liber per colla,

    Ov. M. 9, 389:

    caules per terram,

    Plin. 21, 16, 59, § 99:

    rami in terram,

    id. 27, 9, 58, § 82:

    radices inter se,

    id. 17, 20, 33, § 144:

    sine tempora circum Inter victrices hederam tibi serpere lauros,

    Verg. E. 8, 13; Laber. ap Macr. S. 2, 7; Col. 10, 119.—Of the growth of the hair:

    per tua lanugo cum serpere coeperit ora,

    Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 641.—Of fire:

    dein per continua serpens (flamma) omnia incendio hausit,

    Liv. 30, 6:

    sive ipsi (ignes) serpere possunt quo cibus vocat,

    Lucr. 5, 523; cf. id. 6, 660.—Of disease, etc.:

    si ulcus latius atque altius serpit,

    gradually spreads, Cels. 6, 18, 2 med.:

    dira contagia per vulgus,

    Verg. G. 3, 469:

    cancer,

    Ov. M. 2, 826:

    carcinoma,

    Plin. 29, 2, 10, § 37:

    atra lues in vultus,

    Mart. 1, 79, 2 al.:

    per membra senectus,

    Lucr. 1, 415:

    quies,

    Verg. A. 2, 269:

    somnus,

    Plin. 7, 24, 24, § 90.—
    II.
    Trop., to creep, crawl; to extend gradually or imperceptibly; to spread abroad, increase, prevail (a favorite trope of Cic.):

    neque enim serpit, sed volat in optimum statum res publica,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 18, 33:

    serpere occulte coepisti nihil dum aliis suspicantibus,

    id. de Or. 2, 50, 203:

    (hoc malum) obscure serpens multas jam provincias occupavit,

    id. Cat. 4, 3, 6:

    malum longius,

    id. Rab. Post. 6, 15; id. Phil. 1, 2, 5; id. Att. 1, 13, 3; id. de Or. 3, 24, 94:

    serpit deinde res,

    id. Lael. 12, 41; cf.:

    ne latius serperet res,

    Liv. 28, 15 fin.; so,

    latius,

    id. 40, 19 fin.; cf. Plin. Ep. 5, 4, 3:

    serpit nescio quo modo per omnium vitas amicitia,

    Cic. Lael. 23, 87:

    si semel suscipimus genus hoc argumenti, attende quo serpat,

    id. N. D. 1, 35, 98; 3, 20, 52:

    quam facile serpat injuria et peccandi consuetudo,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 22, § 53; cf. id. Div. in Caecil. 21, 68:

    serpit hic rumor,

    id. Mur. 21, 45:

    fama per coloniam,

    Plin. Ep. 9, 33, 5:

    per agmina murmur,

    Verg. A. 12, 239:

    murmura plebis,

    Stat. Th. 1, 168:

    cura altius,

    Plin. 14, 11, 13, § 87:

    serpente latius bello,

    Flor. 2, 2, 15; 2, 9, 4.—Of a low, grovelling poetic style:

    (poëta) Serpit humi tutus,

    crawls along the earth, Hor. A. P. 28 (cf.:

    sermones Repentes per humum,

    id. Ep. 2, 1, 251).—Hence, serpens, entis ( gen. plur. serpentium, Vitr. 8, 4; 9, 6; Nep. Hann. 11, 5; Hor. Epod. 1, 20; Cels. 5, 27, 3; but also, mostly poet. and later, serpentum, Verg. A. 8, 436; 12, 848; Ov. M. 7, 534; Luc. 9, 608 al.), f. (sc. bestia); less freq. and mostly poet. and eccl. Lat., m. (sc. draco), a creeping thing, a creeper, crawler (cf. reptilis).
    A.
    Kat exochên, i. e. a snake, serpent (syn.: anguis, coluber); fem.:

    quaedam serpentes ortae extra aquam, etc.,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 48, 124; Lucr. 4, 60; 4, 638; Ov. M. 1, 447; 1, 454; 2, 652; id. Am. 2, 13, 13; Hor. C. 1, 37, 27; Luc. 9, 397; Nep. Hann. 10, 4 al.— Masc., Lucr. 5, 33; Verg. A. 2, 214; 5, 273; 11, 753; Ov. M. 3, 38; 3, 325; 4, 570; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27; Luc. 9, 324; cf. Sall. J. 89, 5, and Quint. 2, 4, 19:

    igniti,

    Vulg. Num. 21, 6.—

    In apposition with draco,

    Suet. Tib. 72.— Also neutr. plur. serpentia, Vulg. Act. 10, 12. —
    2.
    Transf., the Serpent, as a constellation.
    a.
    Between the Great and the Little Bear, = anguis and draco, Ov. M. 2, 173; Hyg. Astr. 3, 1.—
    b.
    In the hand of Ophiuchus (Anguitenens, Anguifer), = anguis, Vitr. 9, 6; Hyg. Astr. 2, 14; 3, 13; cf. Plin. 2, 25, 23, § 93.—
    B.
    A creeping insect on the human body, a louse, Plin. 7, 51, 52, § 172; App. Flor. p. 354, 4.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > serpo

  • 36 Athar

    Indian term. A very coarse, plain weave fabric used as a floor covering and also for spreading on country carts intended for the conveyance of grain. Made in pieces of 12-in. wide, 30 yards long, on hand looms.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Athar

  • 37 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 38 πτερόν

    πτερόν Cf. πέτομαι
    Grammatical information: n.
    Meaning: `feather, wing, pinion', also metaph. of feather- and wing-like objects (Il.).
    Compounds: Compp., e.g. πτερο-φόρος `feathered, winged' (A., E.), ὑπό-πτερος `(swift) winged' (Pi., IA.; on the formation Schwyzer-Debrunner 532 w. n. 6 a. lit.); on ὑπο-πετρ-ίδιος s.v.
    Derivatives: 1. πτερό-εις `provided with feathers or wings' (ep. poet. Il.; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 27, 249 a. 278 w. lit., also Yorke Class Quart. 30, 151 f.); opposite ἄ-πτερος (Od.), a.o. of μῦθος (as opposite of ἔπεα πτερόεντα; diff., improbable, Hainsworth Glotta 38, 263ff.); 2. πτερω-τός `id.' (IA.), - τικός `belonging to plumage' (Vp); 3. - μα n. `plumage' (A. fr., Pl. Phdr. a.o.; rather enlarged from πτερόν than from πτερόομαι); 4. πτερό-της f. `winged condition' (Arist.); 5. πτέρ-ων m. n. of an unknown bird ( Com. Adesp.), - νις m. n. of a kind of hawk (Arist.); 6. πτερ-όομαι, - όω, also m. ἐκ-συν-, `to get wings, to become fledged' resp. `to feather, to wing' (IA.) with - ωσις f. `feathering, plumage' (Ar., Arist. etc.). -- Beside it πτέρυξ, -ῠγος f. `wing', like πτερόν often metaph. (Il.). Often as 2. member, e.g. τανύ-πτερυξ (Il.), also πτερόν - πτέρυγ-ος (Simon.) `spreading the wings'; extensively Sommer Nominalkomp. 70f. (cf. on τανύω). -- From πτέρυξ 1. dimin. πτερύγ-ιον n. des. of several winglike objects (Hp., Arist.); 2. - ώδης `wing-like' (Hp., Thphr.); 3. - ωτός `provided with wings' (Arist.); 4. - ωμα n. `poultry etc.' (late); 5. πτερυγ-ίζω, also w. ἀνα- a.o., `to move the wings' (Ar.); - όομαι, - όω meaning unclear (Lesb. lyr. resp. medic.), ἀπο- πτερόν `to lose the wings' (Vett. Val.); πτερ-ύσσω, also w. δια- a.o., `to flap with the wings' (Archil.[?], hell.), perh. from πτερόν; cf. Schwyzer 725 w. lit.
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [825] * pet(h₂)- `fly'
    Etymology: Beside πτερ-όν stand on the one hand Arm. t`er `side', with lengthened vowel t`i̇r `flight', t`r̄-čim, aor. t`r̄-eay `fly', on the other Skt. pátr-am n. `wing, feather', Lat. acci-piter, - tr-is `hawk', Germ., e.g. OHG fedara, OWNo. fjǫðr f. ' feather', all going back on IE * pter- resp. * petr- (the last also in ὑποπετριδίων ὀνείρων `winged dreams' [Alcm. 23, 49; cf. Kock ad loc.]?). The r-stem is still found in Hitt. patt-ar ( pitt-ar?) n., to which with heteroclit. gen. pl. - an-aš; a continuation of the alternating n-stem a.o. in Lat. penna f. `feather, wing' from * pet-n-ā. At the basis is the verb for `fly' in πέτομαι, πτέ-σθαι, s. v. -- A disyllabic form is seen in Skt. patar-á- `flying', beside which patár-u- `id.', which reminds of the u-stem in πτέρ-υ-ξ(?). As for -( υ)γ- no convincing example inside Greek can be found ( ὄρτυξ and other birdnames are too far off), several connections have been suggested: Skt. pataṅ-g-á- `flying' (for patan- cf. petn- above; on g s. ἀστράγαλος [but this is Pre-Greek]), Av. fra-ptǝrǝǰāt- `bird' (analysis uncertain: from * ptǝrǝ-g- `wing'?), Lat. protervus `turbulent' (from *pro-pterg-u̯os?), OLFr. fetheracco gen. pl. `alarum'. -- Controversial is the connection with Slav. (OCS, Russ. etc.) peró n. `feather', which cannot be directly equated with πτερόν and perh. rather belongs to Skt. parṇám n. `wing, feather, leaf' etc. After Petersson KZ 47, 272 πτερόν would be a cross of *περόν (= Slav. peró) and πτέρυξ. Here further Toch. B parwa pl. `feathers'; cf. v. Windekens Orbis 11, 194. -- Further details w. rich lit. in WP. 2, 20f., Pok. 826, W.-Hofmann s. accipiter, penna, prōtervus, Mayrhofer s. pataráḥ, pátram, parṇám, Vasmer s. peró; also Specht 216f. (much that is uncertain).
    Page in Frisk: 2,612-613

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πτερόν

  • 39 grijpen

    1 [beetpakken] grab (hold of) ⇒ seize, grasp, 〈 met een ruk〉 snatch
    2 [meesleuren] drag (along)
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   de dief werd gegrepen • the thief was nabbed
         hij greep zijn kans • he grabbed/seized his chance
         〈 figuurlijk〉 door iets gegrepen zijn • be (deeply) affected/moved by something
         voor het grijpen liggen • be there for the taking
         iets voor het grijpen hebben • have something for the asking
    1 [een grijpende beweging maken] grab ⇒ 〈 hand uitstrekken〉 reach (for)
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   〈 figuurlijk〉 de brand grijpt om zich heen • the fire is spreading
         ernaast grijpen • 〈 letterlijk〉 miss (it); 〈 figuurlijk〉 miss out (on it)
         〈 figuurlijk〉 dat is te hoog gegrepen • that is aiming too high
         naar iets grijpen • reach/make a grab for something
         naar de fles grijpen • reach for/turn to the bottle

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > grijpen

  • 40 Klic, Karol (Klietsch, Karl)

    [br]
    b. 31 May 1841 Arnau, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
    d. 16 November 1826 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Czech inventor of photogravure and rotogravure.
    [br]
    Klic, sometimes known by the germanized form of his name Karl Klietsch, gained a knowledge of chemistry from his chemist father. However, he inclined towards the arts, preferring to mix paints rather than chemicals, and he trained in art at the Academy of Painting in Prague. His father thought to combine the chemical with the artistic by setting up his son in a photographic studio in Brno, but the arts won and in 1867 Klic moved to Vienna to practise as an illustrator and caricaturist. He also acquired skill as an etcher, and this led him to print works of art reproduced by photography by means of an intaglio process. He perfected the process c.1878 and, through it, Vienna became for a while the world centre for high-quality art reproductions. The prints were made by hand from flat plates, but Klic then proposed that the images should be etched onto power-driven cylinders. He found little support for rotary gravure, or rotogravure, on the European continent, but learning that Storey Brothers, textile printers of Lancaster, England, were working in a similar direction, he went there in 1890 to perfect his idea. Rotogravure printing on textiles began in 1893. They then turned to printing art reproductions on paper by rotogravure and in 1895 formed the Rembrandt Intaglio Printing Company. Their photogra-vures attracted worldwide attention when they appeared in the Magazine of Art. Klic saw photogravure as a small-scale medium for the art lover and not for mass-circulation publications, so he did not patent his invention and thought to control it by secrecy. That had the usual result, however, and knowledge of the process leaked out from Storey's, spreading to other countries in Europe and, from 1903, to the USA. Klic lived on in a modest way in Vienna, his later years troubled by failing sight. He hardly earned the credit for the invention, let alone the fortune reaped by others who used, and still use, photogravure for printing long runs of copy such as newspaper colour supplements.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1927, Inland Printer (January): 614.
    Karol Klic. vynálezu hlubotisku, 1957, Prague (the only full-length biography; in Czech, with an introduction in English, French and German).
    S.H.Horgan, 1925, "The invention of photogravure", Inland Printer (April): 64 (contains brief details of his life and works).
    G.Wakeman, 1973, Victorian Book Illustration, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles, pp. 126–8.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Klic, Karol (Klietsch, Karl)

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