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41 Cort, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1740 Lancaster, Englandd. 1800 Hampstead, near London, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the puddling process and grooved rollers for forming iron into bars.[br]His father was a mason and brickmaker but, anxious to improve himself, Cort set up in London in 1765 as a navy agent, said to have been a profitable business. He recognized that, at that time, the conversion of pig iron to malleable or wrought iron, which was needed in increasing quantities as developments in industry and mechanical engineering gathered pace, presented a bottleneck in the ironmaking process. The finery hearth was still in use, slow and inefficient and requiring the scarce charcoal as fuel. To tackle this problem, Cort gave up his business and acquired a furnace and slitting mill at Fontley, near Fareham in Hampshire. In 1784 he patented his puddling process, by which molten pig iron on the bed of a reverberatory furnace was stirred with an iron bar and, by the action of the flame and the oxygen in the air, the carbon in the pig iron was oxidized, leaving nearly pure iron, which could be forged to remove slag. In this type of furnace, the fuel and the molten iron were separated, so that the cheaper coal could be used as fuel. It was the stirring action with the iron bar that gave the name "puddling" to the process. Others had realized the problem and reached a similar solution, notably the brothers Thomas and George Cranage, but only Cort succeeded in developing a commercially viable process. The laborious hammering of the ball of iron thus produced was much reduced by an invention of the previous year, 1783. This too was patented. The iron was passed between grooved rollers to form it into bars. Cort entered into an agreement with Samuel Jellico to set up an ironworks at Gosport to exploit his inventions. Samuel's father Adam, Deputy Paymaster of the Navy, advanced capital for this venture, Cort having expended much of his own resources in the experimental work that preceded his inventions. However, it transpired that Jellico senior had, unknown to Cort, used public money to advance the capital; the Admiralty acted to recover the money and Cort lost heavily, including the benefits from his patents. Rival ironmasters were quick to pillage the patents. In 1790, and again the following year, Cort offered unsuccessfully to work for the military. Finally, in 1794, at the instigation of the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, Cort was paid a pension of £200 per year in recognition of the value of his improvements in the technology of ironmaking, although this was reduced by deductions to £160. After his death, the pension to his widow was halved, while some of his children received a pittance. Without the advances made by Cort, however, the iron trade could not have met the rapidly increasing demand for iron during the industrial revolution.[br]Bibliography1787, A Brief State of Facts Relative to the New Method of Making Bar Iron with Raw Pit Coal and Grooved Rollers (held in the Science Museum Library archive collection).Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1941, "Henry Cort's bicentary", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 21: 31–47 (there are further references to grooved rollers and the puddling process in Vol. 49 of the same periodical (1978), on pp. 153–8).R.A.Mott, 1983, Henry Con, the Great Finery Creator of Puddled Iron, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.LRD -
42 Cowper, Edward Alfred
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 10 December 1819 London, Englandd. 9 May 1893 Weybridge, Surrey, England[br]English inventor of the hot-blast stove used in ironmaking.[br]Cowper was apprenticed in 1834 to John Braithwaite of London and in 1846 obtained employment at the engineers Fox \& Henderson in Birmingham. In 1851 he was engaged in the contract drawings for the Crystal Palace housing the Great Exhibition, and in the same year he set up in London as a consulting engineer. Cowper designed the 211 ft (64.3 m) span roof of Birmingham railway station, the first large-span station roof to be constructed. Cowper had an inventive turn of mind. While still an apprentice, he devised the well-known railway fog-signal and, at Fox \& Henderson, he invented an improved method of casting railway chairs. Other inventions included a compound steam-engine with receiver, patented in 1857; a bicycle wheel with steel spokes and rubber tyre (1868); and an electric writing telegraph (1879). Cowper's most important invention by far was the hot-blast stove, the first application of C.W. Siemens's regenerative principle to ironmaking, patented in 1857. Waste gases from the blast furnace were burnt in an iron chamber lined with a honeycomb of firebricks. When they were hot, the gas was directed to a second similar chamber while the incoming air blast for the blast furnace was heated by passing it through the first chamber. The stoves alternatively received and gave up heat and the heated blast, introduced by J.B. Neilson, led to considerable fuel economies in blast-furnace operation; the system is still in use. Cowper played an active part in the engineering institutions of his time, becoming President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1880–1. He was commissioned by the Science and Art Department to catalogue the collections of machinery and inventions at the South Kensington Museum, whose science collections now form the Science Museum, London.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1880–1.Further ReadingObituary, 1893, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 172–3, London.W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 42, 75 (describes his hot-blast stoves).LRD -
43 Riley, James
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1840 Halifax, Englandd. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England[br]English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.[br]After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.Bibliography1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.Further ReadingA.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8."Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).JKA -
44 площадка
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45 момент инерции сечения
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > момент инерции сечения
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46 low
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47 Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian
[br]b. 15 February 1816 Newcastle upon Tyne, Englandd. 20 December 1904 Rounton Grange, Northallerton, Yorkshire, England[br]English ironworks proprietor, chemical manufacturer and railway director, widely renowned for his scientific pronouncements.[br]Following an extensive education, in 1835 Bell entered the Tyneside chemical and iron business where his father was a partner; for about five years from 1845 he controlled the ironworks. In 1844, he and his two brothers leased an iron blast-furnace at Wylam on Tyne. In 1850, with partners, he started chemical works at Washington, near Gateshead. A few years later, with his two brothers, he set up the Clarence Ironworks on Teesside. In the 1880s, salt extraction and soda-making were added there; at that time the Bell Brothers' enterprises, including collieries, employed 6,000 people.Lowthian Bell was a pioneer in applying thermochemistry to blast-furnace working. Besides his commercial interests, scientific experimentation and international travel, he found time to take a leading part in the promotion of British technical organizations; upon his death he left evidence of a prodigious level of personal activity.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated baronet 1885. FRS 1875. Légion d'honneur 1878. MP, Hartlepool, 1875–80. President: British Iron Trade Association; Iron and Steel Institute; Institution of Mechanical Engineers; North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Mining Engineers; Society of the Chemical Industry. Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1874 (the first recipient). Society of Arts Albert Medal 1895.BibliographyThe first of several books, Bell's Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting… (1872), was soon translated into German, French and Swedish. He was the author of more than forty technical articles.Further Reading1900–1910, Dictionary of National Biography.C.Wilson, 1984, article in Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. I, ed. J.Jeremy, Butterworth (a more discursive account).D.Burn, 1940, The Economic History of Steelmaking, 1867–1939: A Study in Competition, Cambridge (2nd edn 1961).JKABiographical history of technology > Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian
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48 Clerke, Sir Clement
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]d. 1693[br]English entrepreneur responsible, with others, for attempts to introduce coal-fired smelting of lead and, later, of copper.[br]Clerke, from Launde Abbey in Leicestershire, was involved in early experiments to smelt lead using coal fuel, which was believed to have been located on the Leicestershire-Derbyshire border. Concurrently, Lord Grandison was financing experiments at Bristol for similar purposes, causing the downfall of an earlier unsuccessful patented method before securing his own patent in 1678. In that same year Clerke took over management of the Bristol works, claiming the ability to secure financial return from Grandison's methods. Financial success proved elusive, although the technical problems of adapting the reverberatory furnace to coal fuel appear to have been solved when Clerke was found to have established another lead works nearby on his own account. He was forced to cease work on lead in 1684 in respect of Grandison's patent rights. Clerke then turned to investigations into the coal-fired smelting of other metals and started to smelt copper in coal-fired reverberatory furnaces. By 1688–9 small supplied of merchantable copper were offered for sale in London in order to pay his workers, possibly because of further financial troubles. The practical success of his smelting innovation is widely acknowledged to have been the responsibility of John Coster and, to a smaller extent, Gabriel Wayne, both of whom left Clerke and set up separate works elsewhere. Clerke's son Talbot took over administration of his father's works, which declined still further and closed c. 1693, at about the time of Sir Clement's death. Both Coster and Wayne continued to develop smelting techniques, establishing a new British industry in the smelting of copper with coal.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated baronet 1661.Further ReadingRhys Jenkins, 1934, "The reverberatory furnace with coal fuel", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 34:67–81.—1943–4, "Copper smelting in England: Revival at the end of the seventeenth century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24:78–80.J.Morton, 1985, The Rise of the Modern Copper and Brass Industry: 1690 to 1750, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 87–106.JD -
49 Darby, Abraham
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, Englandd. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.[br]Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.[br]Further ReadingA.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.LRD -
50 Glauber, Johann Rudolf
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1604 Karlstadt, Germanyd. March 1670 Amsterdam, Holland[br]German chemist and metallurgist.[br]The son of a barber, Glauber took up the study of alchemy and travelled widely in search of its secrets. Around 1639, the political uncertainties of the Thirty Years War persuaded him to leave Germany for a more settled life in Amsterdam. While there, he carried out most of the practical work for which he is famous, including his distillation furnace, which made it possible to reach higher temperatures and to heat substances in a variety of conditions. To earn a living he set up in the wine trade, but he continued his alchemical pursuits, under cover on account of the unpopularity of the would-be gold makers. After the end of the war, he returned to Germany, but in 1655 personal disputes and religious friction drove him back to Amsterdam. He set about constructing the largest and most elaborate chemical laboratory in Europe.Glauber's best-known writing, the Furni novi philosophici (1646–9) gives the clearest idea of his practical methods and was influential on some of the leading chemists of the time and later. His name survives today in Glauber's salt for hydrated sodium sulphate. Glauber described several methods for preparing the mineral acids, materials of great importance to the chemist, and obtained the concentrated acids by using his distilling furnace. He tried distilling any substance he could lay hands on, and in the course of this work became probably the first chemist to distil coal and, using hydrochloric acid, obtain benzene and phenol. Glauber was the best practical chemist of the age and the first industrial chemist.[br]Bibliography1646–9, Furni novi philosophiciFurther ReadingK.F.Gugel, 1955, Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604–1670), Leben und Werke, Würzburg (the fullest account of his life; with a bibliography).P.Walden, 1929, "Glauber", in Das Buch der grossen Chemiker, ed. G.Bugge, Berlin, pp. 151–72 (the best account of Glauber's practical methods).E.Farber, 1961, Great Chemists, New York, pp. 115–31 (an abridged translation of ibid.).LRD -
51 Martin, Pierre Emile
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 18 August 1824 Bourges, Franced. 23 May 1915 Fourchambault, France[br]French metallurgist, pioneer of open-hearth steelmaking.[br]His father Emile owned an iron-and steelworks at Sireuil, near Angoulême, and, through this, Pierre became interested in improving the steelmaking process. In England, C.W. Siemens had developed the regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery that produced a much higher furnace temperature. In 1863, the Martins applied this process in an open-hearth furnace built under licence from Siemens, with the aid of his engineers. They melted a mixture of pig-and wrought iron to produce steel with the required carbon content. Martin exhibited the product at the Paris Exhibition of 1867 and was awarded a gold medal. The open-hearth process was for a long time known as the Siemens-Martin process, but Martin did not share in the profits which others gained from its successful adoption. He had difficulty in obtaining patent rights as it was claimed that the principles of the process were already known and in use. The costs of litigation brought Martin to the brink of poverty, from which relief came only late in life, when in 1907 the Comité des Forges de France opened a subscription for him that was generously supported. A week before his death, the Iron and Steel Institute of London bestowed on him their Bessemer gold medal.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsIron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1915.Further ReadingObituary, 1915, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 91:466.LRD -
52 Moissan, Ferdinand-Frédéric-Henri
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 28 September 1852 Paris, Franced. 20 February 1907 Paris, France[br]French chemist, the first to isolate fluorine, and a pioneer in high-temperature technology.[br]His family, of modest means, moved in 1864 to Meaux, where he attended the municipal college; he returned to Paris before completing his education and apprenticed himself to a pharmacist. In 1872 he began work as a laboratory assistant at the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, while continuing studies in chemistry. He qualified as a pharmacist at the Ecole Supérieure de Pharmacie in 1879, and by this time he had decided that his main interest was inorganic chemistry. His early investigations concerned the oxides of iron and related metals; his work attracted the favourable attention of Sainte-Claire Deville and was the subject of his doctoral thesis. In 1882 Moissan married Leonie Lugan, whose father provided generous financial support, enabling him to pursue his researches with greater freedom and security. He became, successively, Professor of Toxicology at the Ecole in 1886 and of Inorganic Chemistry in 1899. In 1884 Moissan began both his investigation of the compounds of fluorine and his attempts to isolate the highly reactive element itself. Previous attempts by chemists had ended in failure and sometimes injury. Moissan's health, too, was affected, but in June 1886 he succeeded in isolating fluorine by electrolysing potassium fluoride in hydrogen fluoride at −50°C (−58°F) in platinum apparatus. He was then able to prepare further compounds of fluorine, some of technological importance, such as carbon tetrafluoride. At the same time, Moissan turned his attention to the making of artificial diamonds. To achieve this, he devised his celebrated electric-arc furnace; this was first demonstrated in December 1892 and consisted of two lime blocks placed one above the other, with a cavity for a crucible and two grooves for carbon electrodes, and could attain a temperature of 3,500°C (6,332°F). It seemed at first that he had succeeded in making diamonds, but this attempt is now regarded as a failure. Nevertheless, with the aid of his furnace he was able to produce and study many substances of technological importance, including refractory oxides, borides and carbides, and such metals as manganese, chromium, uranium, tungsten, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium and zirconium; many of these materials had useful applications in the chemical and metallurgical industries (e.g. calcium carbide became the main source of acetylene).[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize in Chemistry 1906.BibliographyThere are several listings of his more than 300 publications, such as Lebeau, cited below. Major works are Le Four électrique (1897, Paris) and Le Fluor et ses composés (1900, Paris).Further ReadingCentenaire de l'Ecole supérieure de pharmacie de l'Université de Paris 1803–1903,1904, Paris, pp. 249–57.B.Harrow, 1927, Eminent Chemists of Our Time, 2nd edn, New York, pp. 135–54, 374– 88.P.Lebeau, 1908, "Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Henri Moissan", Bulletin Soc. chim. de France (4 ser.) 3:i–xxxviii.LRDBiographical history of technology > Moissan, Ferdinand-Frédéric-Henri
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53 печь непрерывного спекания
Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > печь непрерывного спекания
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54 FAA
1) Авиация: Федеральное управление гражданской авиации, ФАА, Федеральное управление авиации США, Federal Aviation Administration of the US2) Военный термин: Foreign Assistance Act, Functional Area Assessment, family allowance, class A, field artillery, airborne, first article audit, fleet air arm, forward assembly area3) Техника: false alarm avoidance, fresh acid add4) Шутливое выражение: Federation Of Autistic Aviators, Fornicators Against Aviators6) Математика: For Almost All7) Сокращение: Federal Alcohol Administration, Federal Aviation Administration (USA), Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Aviation Authority, Film Artists' Association, Fleet Air Arm (UK Royal Navy), Forces Administrative Area, Foundation for American Agriculture, Fuerza Aerea Argentina (Argentine Air Force)8) Вычислительная техника: Federal Aviation Agency (US Government), Flow Admission Acknowledge (message, LFAP)9) Иммунология: Fasta Amino Acid10) Транспорт: Fix After Accident11) Фирменный знак: Free Air Adventures12) Деловая лексика: Закон о федеральном арбитраже (Federal Arbitration Act)13) Программирование: Fetch And Add14) Авиационная медицина: Federal Aviation Agency15) Общественная организация: Farm Animal Adoption16) Международные перевозки: free of all average -
55 faa
1) Авиация: Федеральное управление гражданской авиации, ФАА, Федеральное управление авиации США, Federal Aviation Administration of the US2) Военный термин: Foreign Assistance Act, Functional Area Assessment, family allowance, class A, field artillery, airborne, first article audit, fleet air arm, forward assembly area3) Техника: false alarm avoidance, fresh acid add4) Шутливое выражение: Federation Of Autistic Aviators, Fornicators Against Aviators6) Математика: For Almost All7) Сокращение: Federal Alcohol Administration, Federal Aviation Administration (USA), Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Aviation Authority, Film Artists' Association, Fleet Air Arm (UK Royal Navy), Forces Administrative Area, Foundation for American Agriculture, Fuerza Aerea Argentina (Argentine Air Force)8) Вычислительная техника: Federal Aviation Agency (US Government), Flow Admission Acknowledge (message, LFAP)9) Иммунология: Fasta Amino Acid10) Транспорт: Fix After Accident11) Фирменный знак: Free Air Adventures12) Деловая лексика: Закон о федеральном арбитраже (Federal Arbitration Act)13) Программирование: Fetch And Add14) Авиационная медицина: Federal Aviation Agency15) Общественная организация: Farm Animal Adoption16) Международные перевозки: free of all average -
56 Coster, John
[br]b. c. 1647 Gloucestershire, Englandd. 13 October 1718 Bristol, England[br]English innovator in the mining, smelting and working of copper.[br]John Coster, son of an iron-forge manager in the Forest of Dean, by the age of 38 was at Bristol, where he was "chief agent and sharer therein" in the new lead-smelting methods using coal fuel. In 1685 the work, under Sir Clement Clerke, was abandoned because of patent rights claimed by Lord Grandison, who financed of earlier attempts. Clerke's business turned to the coal-fired smelting of copper under Coster, later acknowledged as responsible for the subsequent success through using an improved reverberatory furnace which separated coal fume from the ores being smelted. The new technique, applicable also to lead and tin smelting, revitalized copper production and provided a basis for new British industry in both copper and brass manufacture during the following century. Coster went on to manage a copper-smelting works, and by the 1690s was supplying Esher copper-and brass-works in Surrey from his Redbrook, Gloucestershire, works on the River Wye. In the next decade he extended his activities to Cornish copper mining, buying ore and organizing ore sales, and supplying the four major copper and brass companies which by then had become established. He also made copper goods in additional water-powered rolling and hammer mills acquired in the Bristol area. Coster was ably assisted by three sons; of these, John and Robert were mainly active in Cornwall. In 1714 the younger John, with his father, patented an "engine for drawing water out of deep mines". The eldest son, Thomas, was more involved at Redbrook, in South Wales and the Bristol area. A few years after the death of his father, Thomas became partner in the brass company of Bristol and sold them the Redbrook site. He became Member of Parliament for Bristol and, by then the only surviving son, planned a large new smelting works at White Rock, Swansea, South Wales, before his death in 1734. Partners outside the family continued the business under a new name.[br]Bibliography1714, British patent 397, with John Coster Jr.Further ReadingRhys Jenkins, 1942, "Copper works at Redbrook and Bristol", Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 63.Joan Day, 1974–6, "The Costers: copper smelters and manufacturers", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 47:47–58.JD -
57 очаг
1) General subject: breeding ground, center, centre, chimney, fire-place, fireplace, focus (инфекции, землетрясения), furnace, hearth, hotbed, hothouse, nidus, nursery, pocket, seat, trouble spot, epicenter3) Biology: focus (болезненного процесса), locus4) Medicine: focus (патологического процесса), locus (pl loci)5) Literal: heart, hearth and home (культуры и т. п.)6) Military: flash-point, island7) Engineering: laboratory sole, location, nucleation site (реакции)9) Meteorology: storm centre (восстания, эпидемии)10) Automobile industry: nucleus11) Architecture: fire place12) Forestry: focus( of infection or infestation), locus (болезни)13) Oncology: (опухолевый) lesion14) Ecology: source area, core area (центр участка обитания животного)15) Seismology: focal point16) Makarov: site, storm centre (восстания, эпидемии и т.п.)17) Archaic: chimbley18) oil&gas: source -
58 площадь сечения колошника
Engineering: furnace-throat area (доменной печи), throat area (доменной печи)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > площадь сечения колошника
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59 рабочее пространство
1) General subject: hearth, laboratory2) Engineering: melting chamber, operating space, smelting chamber (печи), working chamber, working clearance (вокруг агрегата), workspace3) Railway term: chamber4) Accounting: work area, working area5) Mining: stall6) Metallurgy: furnace cavity (печи), hot laboratory, smelting room (плавильной печи), work space, working chamber (печи)7) Information technology: Workplace, working room, scratch space9) Silicates: hearth (стекловаренной печи)10) Mechanics: working space, working volume11) Automation: limits of reach, operating room, reach, steam space (цилиндра), work range, working envelope (робота), working range, working volume (напр. робота)12) Robots: Cartesian space (робота), motion space (робота), operational space (робота), working range (робота), working space (робота), workspace (робота)13) Aviation medicine: body field (эргономический термин), workspace (оператора)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рабочее пространство
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60 площадь сечения колошника
Русско-английский политехнический словарь > площадь сечения колошника
См. также в других словарях:
Furnace, Carmarthenshire — Furnace (or Welsh Ffwrnes) is a village and an area of the town of Llanelli in the county of Carmarthenshire, Wales [http://www.carmarthenshire.gov.uk/eng/index.asp?locID=3865 docID= 1 Carmarthenshire County Council: Area and density of Community … Wikipedia
Furnace, Argyll and Bute — Furnace (formerly Inverleacainn) is a village in Argyll, on the west coast of Scotland, on the north shore of Loch Fyne, the longest sea loch in the United Kingdom. Furnace is around eight miles southwest of Inveraray on the A83 road road.It is… … Wikipedia
Furnace Creek — Furnace Creek, CA U.S. Census Designated Place in California Population (2000): 31 Housing Units (2000): 18 Land area (2000): 30.908335 sq. miles (80.052218 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000):… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Furnace Creek, CA — U.S. Census Designated Place in California Population (2000): 31 Housing Units (2000): 18 Land area (2000): 30.908335 sq. miles (80.052218 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 30.908335 sq. miles… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
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Area code 760 — Area code 916rect 220 242 245 256 Area code 909rect 243 274 265 287 Area code 951rect 136 323 160 338 Area code 858rect 171 332 196 345 Area code 619poly 19 20 12 70 28 122 42 138 76 138 78 129 72 129 68 108 48 63 55 60 41 55 24 31 40 32 41 20… … Wikipedia
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Furnace Creek, California — Infobox Settlement official name = Furnace Creek, California settlement type = CDP imagesize = image caption = image imagesize = image caption = image mapsize = 250x200px map caption = Location in Inyo County and the state of California mapsize1 … Wikipedia
Furnace Town Living Heritage Museum — Infobox Museum name= Furnace Town Living Heritage Museum imagesize= map type= latitude= longitude= established= location= 3816 Old Furnace Town Snow Hill, Maryland type= History visitors= director= curator= publictransit= website=… … Wikipedia
furnace — furnacelike, adj. /ferr nis/, n., v., furnaced, furnacing. n. 1. a structure or apparatus in which heat may be generated, as for heating houses, smelting ores, or producing steam. 2. a place characterized by intense heat: The volcano was a… … Universalium