fugitive

fugitive

deserter, runaway slave.

* * *

fŭgĭtīvus, a, um, adj. [fugio], fleeing away, fugitive; usually subst.: fŭgĭtī-vus, i, m., a fugitive, runaway, deserter.

Adj.: dicitur mihi tuus servus anagnostes fugitivus cum Vardaeis esse, runaway slave, Vat. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 9, 2; so,

servus,

Sall. C. 56, 5; Just. 2, 5, 5 al.:

(apes) fugitivae fiunt,

i. e. they fly away, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 21:

canis,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 85:

piscis,

Juv. 4, 50:

lapis fugitivus appellatus,

Plin. 36, 15, 23, § 99:

retraham ad me illud fugitivum argentum,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 11:

teque ipsum vitas fugitivus et erro,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 113.—

With ab:

neque tam fugitivi illi a dominis, quam tu ab jure et ab legibus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112.—

With gen.:

futurum te fugitivum rei familiaris statimque ad nos evolaturum,

Plin. Ep. 9, 28, 4:

Jugurtha finium suorum regnique fugitivus,

Flor. 3, 1, 12:

illius loci (columbae),

Plin. 18, 16, 41, § 142.—

Subst.

A runaway or fugitive slave: non fugitivost hic homo;

conmeminit domi,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 20:

quis sit fugitivus, definit Orfilius: Fugitivus est, qui extra domini domum fugae causa, quo se a domino celaret, mansit. Caelius autem fugitivum esse ait eum, qui ea mente discedat, ne ad dominum redeat, etc.,

Dig. 21, 1, 17:

vivebat cum fugitivis, cum facinorosis, cum barbaris,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 22, 63; id. Verr. 2, 3, 26, § 66; id. Phil. 11, 7, 16; Caes. B. C. 3, 19, 2; 3, 110, 4; Liv. 30, 43, 11; Quint. 7, 4, 14; Hor. S. 2, 5, 26; Gell. 11, 18, 14 al.—As a vituperative term:

fur, fugitive, fraus populi, fraudulente, etc.,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 131; Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 2; id. Phorm. 5, 7, 38. —

In milit. lang., a runaway soldier, a deserter:

ea res per fugitivos L. Aemilii hostibus nuntiatur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 23, 2; Sall. H. Fragm. 3, 67 Dietsch; cf.:

tempus discernit emansorem a fugitivo,

Dig. 48, 19, 16, § 5.

* * *

prŏfŭgus, a, um, adj. [profugio], that flees or has fled, fugitive (not in Cic. or Cæs.; cf. fugitivus).

In gen.:

profugus domo,

Liv. 1, 1:

ex urbe,

Tac. H. 4, 49:

ex Peloponneso,

Liv. 1, 8:

e proelio,

Tac. H. 2, 46:

a proelio,

Flor. 4, 2:

ad rebelles,

Tac. A. 1, 57.—Of animals:

boves profugae,

Prop. 5, 1, 4:

juvenci,

Val. Fl. 3, 57:

taurus profugus altaribus,

Tac. H. 3, 56; cf.

currus,

Ov. M. 15, 506.—With gen.:

Tiridates regni profugus,

Tac. A. 15, 1:

bis vinculorum (Hannibalis) profugus,

escaped from, Plin. 7, 28, 29, § 104.—

Transf., fleeing hither and thither, vagabond, roving, wandering, unsettled ( poet.):

profugi Scythae,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 9:

Scythes,

id. 4, 14, 42; Vulg. Gen. 4, 12.—

In partic., that flees from his native country, fugitive, banished, exiled:

Hannibal patriā profugus,

Liv. 34, 60:

Trojani, qui profugi incertis sedibus vagabantur,

Sall. C. 6, 1:

fato profugus,

Verg. A. 1, 2:

classis,

Ov. M. 13, 627.—

Subst.: prŏ-fŭgus, i, and prŏfŭga, ae, m.

A fugitive, banished person, exile ( poet.):

profugus patriam deseras,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 75:

profugo affer opem,

Ov. P. 2, 9, 6; 3, 6, 40:

servi alieni profugae,

App. M. 6, p. 175, 7; cf. Prisc. p. 622 P.—

An apostate:

reus suae religionis aut profugus,

Min. Fel. 35, 6.

rē̆-trăho, xi, ctum, 3, v. a.

To draw back, withdraw; to call back (class.).

Lit.:

me retrahis,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 8;

aliquem,

Cic. Sen. 23, 83; Liv. 30, 20; 21, 63 (in the last two passages with revocare);

10, 25: bos domitus et procurrentem (bovem) retrahit, et cunctantem producit,

holds back, Col. 6, 2, 10: aliquem hinc, Lucceius ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 14, 1:

Hannibalem in Africam (Scipio),

Cic. Fin. 2, 17, 56:

aliquem in urbem,

Caes. B. C. 1, 9:

manum,

Cic. Cael. 26, 63:

pedem,

Verg. A. 10, 307:

quo fata trahunt retrahuntque,

id. ib. 5, 709:

castra intra penitus,

Liv. 36, 17 Drak.:

occulere aut retrahere aliquid (pecuniae),

to keep back, withhold, id. 32, 38 fin.:

se,

Cic. Cael. 27, 64; Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 58:

se ab ictu,

Ov. M. 3, 87:

se a convivio,

Cels. 1, 1, 5; Capitol. Anton. Phil. 14, 2.—

Mid.: (corpuscula complexa) inter se retrahuntur,

Lucr. 2, 155:

in servitutem retrahi,

Tac. A. 13, 26. —

In partic., to drag back, bring back a fugitive, Caes. B. G. 5, 7; Liv. 2, 12; 25, 7:

ut retractus, non reversus, videretur,

Cic. Phil. 6, 4, 10; Sall. C. 39, 5:

ex fugā, 47, 4: fugientem,

Just. 38, 9, 6; 38, 10, 13. —

Hence, comically, of fugitive money,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 11; cf. also infra, B.—

Trop., to draw back, withdraw, remove, etc.:

postquam poëta vetus poëtam non potest Retrahere ab studio,

to withdraw, remove, Ter. Phorm. prol. 2:

aliquem a re publicā,

Cic. Sest. 15, 34:

Thebas ab interitu,

Nep. Epam. 8, 4:

aliquem ex magnis detrimentis,

Suet. Aug. 71:

ex viginti trecentisque millibus ad centum quinquaginta retraxit,

i. e. he reduced them to one hundred and fifty thousand, Suet. Caes. 41 Oud.:

verba,

to keep back, suppress, Sen. Ep. 3, 6; so,

vires ingenii,

id. ib. 79, 3: noctes, to shorten, Manil. 4, 253:

stellae splendorem suum,

Vulg. Joel, 2, 10: genus ejusmodi calliditatis et calumniae retrahetur in odium judicis, is drawn or converted into, results in, Cic. Part. 39, 137:

imaginem nocturnae quietis ad spem haud dubiam retraxit,

Tac. A. 16, 1.—

With reference to the signif. A. 2: illa (verba), quae jam majoribus nostris ademit oblivio fugitiva,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 5 Müll. —

To draw again or anew; to bring forth or to light again, make known again (so perh. only in Tac.).

Lit.:

Caesar Antistium Veterem absolutum adulterii increpitis judicibus ad dicendam majestatis causam retraxit,

Tac. A. 3, 38:

aliquem postero die ad eosdem cruciatus,

id. ib. 15, 57:

Treviros in arma,

id. H. 4, 70 fin. —

Trop.:

oblitterata aerarii monimenta,

Tac. A. 13, 23:

potiorem civitatis partem ad societatem Romanam,

id. H. 4, 56 fin. — Hence, rĕtractus, a, um, P. a., drawn back, lying back, remote, distant: emporium in intimo sinu Corinthiaco, Liv. 36, 21:

in trorsus sinus maris,

id. 26, 42.— Comp.:

retractior a mari murus,

Liv. 34, 9:

retractius paulo cubiculum,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 6:

retracti introrsum oculi,

deep-set, Sen. Contr. 1, 6.

* * *

* * *

fleeing, fugitive, banished, migratory.

at or ast, conj. [Curtius connects the Sanscr. ati, ultra, nimis, the Gr. eti, the Lat. et, and at in atavus; Vanicek connects with these at, atque, and atqui. Thus the original idea of addition is prominent in eti, et, and atque; and the idea of opposition in at and atqui, which agree with at-ar in meaning as well as in form. After the same analogy, the Gr. pleon, more, has become plên, but; and the Lat. magis has passed into the same meaning in the Fr. mais and the Ital. mai. The confusion in MSS. between at, ac, and et, and between atque and atqui, was prob. caused as much by their connection in idea as in form] (it was sometimes, for the sake of euphony, written ad; cf. Quint. 12, 10; 12, 32; 1, 7, 5; Charis. p. 203 P., where, instead of at conjunctionem esse, ad vero praepositionem, the reading should be, ad conjunctionem esse, at vero praepositionem, Fr.; v. the pass. in its connection; cf. also Vel. Long. p. 2230 P.; Cassiod. p. 2287 P.; Mar. Vict. p. 2458 P. The form ast is found in the old laws; it occurs once in Trag. Rel., but never in Com. Rel. nor in Lucil.; at is found in Plautus about 280 times, and ast about 10 times; in Ter. at about 100 times, and ast once; in Hor. at 60 times, ast 3 times; in Verg. at 168 times, ast 16; in Juv. at 17 times, ast 7; Catull., Tibull., and Prop. use only at, and Pers. (Jahn) only ast; in prose, Cic. uses [p. 186] ast in his epistles. It joins to a previous thought a new one, either antithetical or simply different, and especially an objection; while sed denotes a direct opposition; and autem marks a transition, and denotes at once a connection and an opposition).

In adding a diff., but not entirely opp. thought, a qualification, restriction, etc., moreover, but, yet; sometimes an emphasized (but never merely copulative) and.

In gen.: SEI PARENTEM PVER VERBERIT AST OLE PLORASSIT PVER DIVEIS PARENTOM SACER ESTO, if the son strike his father, and the father complain, let the son, etc., Lex Serv. Tullii ap. Fest. s. v. plorare, p. 230 Müll.; Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 24: Philosophari est mihi necesse, at paucis, but only in a few words, Enn., Trag. Rel. p. 65 Rib.:

DIVOS ET EOS QVI CAELESTES, SEMPER HABITI COLVNTO... AST OLLA PROPTER QVAE etc.,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19; 3, 4, 11: hinc Remus auspicio se devovet atque secundam Solus avem servat. At Romulus pulcer in alto Quaerit Aventino, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 83 Vahl.); Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 22:

si ego hic peribo, ast ille, ut dixit, non redit,

id. ib. 3, 5, 25:

paret Amor dictis carae genetricis. At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem Inrigat,

Verg. A. 1, 691:

(Aeneas) finem dedit ore loquendi. At, Phoebi nondum patiens, immanis in antro Bacchatur vates,

id. ib. 6, 77; 11, 709 sq.: quo (odore) totum nati corpus perduxit;

at illi Dulcis compositis spiravit crinibus aura,

id. G. 4, 416; so id. ib. 4, 460; 4, 513; id. A. 3, 259; 3, 675; 7, 81; 8, 241; 9, 793; Prop. 4, 4, 15; 4, 7, 11; Luc. 3, 664; 4, 36 al.—Also in prose (chiefly post-Aug.):

una (navis) cum Nasidianis profugit: at ex reliquis una praemissa Massiliam, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 7:

ubi facta sunt, in unum omnia miscentur. At pastilli haec ratio est, etc.,

Cels. 5, 17; 6, 18:

quamquam insideret urbem proprius miles, tres urbanae, novem praetoriae cohortes Etruriā ferme Umbriāque delectae aut vetere Latio et coloniis antiquitus Romanis. At apud idonea provinciarum sociae triremes etc.,

Tac. A. 4, 5; 4, 6:

negavit aliā se condicione adlecturum, quam si pateretur ascribi albo, extortum sibi a matre. At illa commota etc.,

Suet. Tib. 51; id. Calig. 15; 44; id. Vesp. 5; id. Dom. 4; id. Galb. 7 al.—In the enumeration of particulars:

Cum alio cantat, at tamen alii suo dat digito litteras, Naev., Com. Rel. p. 20 Rib.: dant alios aliae (silvae) fetus: dant utile lignum Navigiis pinos... At myrtus validis hastilibus et bona bello Cornus,

Verg. G. 2, 447:

Nam neque tum stellis acies obtunsa videtur... At nebulae magis etc.,

id. ib. 1, 401; 3, 87; id. A. 7, 691:

Hic altā Sicyone, ast hic Amydone relictā, Hic Andro, etc.,

Juv. 3, 69.— The Vulg. often uses at as a mere continuative, where even et or atque might stand: sciscitabur ab iis ubi Christus nasceretur. At illi dixerunt ei: In etc., Matt. 2, 5; 4, 20; 8, 32; 14, 29; 15, 34 et persaep.—In transition,

Esp.,

To a new narration, like the Gr. de; so the commencement of the fourth book of the Æneid: At regina gravi jam dudum saucia curā, etc. (the third book closes with the narrative of Æneas); so the beginning of the third book of the Thebaid of Statius: At non Aoniae moderator perfidus aulae, etc.; Verg. A. 4, 504; 5, 35; 5, 545; 5, 700; 5, 779; 6, 679; 7, 5; 8, 370; 8, 608; 9, 503; 10, 689; 11, 597; 12, 134 et saep.—Also in the postAug. histt. and other prose writers; so after speaking of the Ubii etc., Tac. says: At in Chaucis coeptavere seditionem praesidium agitantes etc., A. 1, 38; so ib. 4, 13; 12, 62; 14, 23 et saep.—

To a wonderful, terrible, unexpected, or exciting occurrence or circumstance:

clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit, etc.... At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones Effugiunt,

Verg. A. 2, 225; 3, 225:

Lacte madens illic suberat Pan ilicis umbrae, Et facta agresti lignea falce Pales etc. At quā Velabri regio patet etc.,

Tib. 2, 5, 33; Verg. G. 4, 471:

consurgit Turnus in ensem et ferit. Exclamant Troes trepidique Latini, Arrectaeque amborum acies. At perfidus ensis Frangitur in medio,

id. A. 12, 731; 10, 763:

adusque Supremum tempus, ne se penuria victūs Opprimeret metuebat. At hunc liberta securi divisit medium,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 99: Magnus quanto mucrone minatur Noctibus hibernis et sidera terret Orion. At sonipes habitus etc., Stat. S. 1, 1, 46.—

To a passionate appeal, etc., in which case the antecedent clause is not expressed, but must be considered as existing in the mind of the speaker; cf. in Gr. alla su, su de.

In passing to an interrogation, exhortation, request:

At, scelesta, viden ut ne id quidem me dignum esse existumat?

Plaut. As. 1, 2, 23; id. Aul. 1, 1, 8:

At qui nummos tristis inuncat?

Lucil. 15, 21 Müll.: Me. Sauream non novi. Li. At nosce sane, Plaut. As. 2, 4, 58: Ca. Non adest. Ps. At tu cita, id. Ps. 1, 1, 30:

satis habeo, at quaeso hercle etiam vide,

id. Merc. 5, 4, 53 (Ritschl, sat habeo. Sed):

at unum hoc quaeso... Ut, etc.,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 89:

at tu, qui laetus rides mala nostra caveto Mox tibi,

Tib. 1, 2, 87:

Hunc ut Peleus vidit, At inferias, juvenum gratissime Crantor, Accipe, ait,

Ov. M. 12, 367:

at tu, nauta, vagae ne parce malignus arenae Ossibus et capiti inhumato Particulam dare,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 23.—In prose:

at vide quid succenseat,

Cic. Fam. 7, 24, 2:

itaque pulsus ego civitate non sum, quae nulla erat: at vide, quam ista tui latrocinii tela contempserim,

id. Part. Or. 4, 1, 28; id. Dom. 44; App. M. 6, p. 179, 18.—

In expressions of passion, astonishment, indignation, pain, etc.:

At ut scelesta sola secum murmurat,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 13: Sc. Nunc quidem domi certost: certa res est Nunc nostrum opservare ostium, [ubi] ubist. Pa. At, Sceledre, quaeso, Ut etc., id. Mil. 2, 4, 46:

At o deorum quidquid in caelo regit Terras et humanum genus, Quid iste fert tumultus?

Hor. Epod. 5, 1:

At tibi quanta domus rutila testudine fulgens, etc.,

Stat. S. 2, 4, 11.—In prose:

horum omnium studium una mater oppugnat: at quae mater?

Cic. Clu. 70; id. Verr. 2, 2, 45:

at per deos immortales! quid est, quod de hoc dici possit,

id. ib. 2, 1, 46:

institui senatores, qui omnia indicum responsa perscriberent. At quos viros!

id. Sull. 42; id. Deiot. 19, 33:

tangit et ira deos: at non impune feremus,

Ov. M. 8, 279; 10, 724:

at tibi Colchorum, memini, regina vacavi,

id. H. 12, 1.—

In indignant imprecations:

At te di omnes cum consilio, Calve, mactāssint malo! Pomp., Com. Rel. p. 245 Rib.: At te Juppiter diique omnes perdant!

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 37:

At te di deaeque faxint cum isto odio, Laches,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 59:

At te di perdant,

id. Eun. 3, 1, 41:

At tibi di dignum factis exitium duint,

id. And. 4, 1, 42:

At vobis male sit,

Cat. 3, 13:

At tibi, pro scelere, exclamat, pro talibus ausis Di... persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant Debita!

Verg. A. 2, 535.—In prose:

At vos, ait, devota capita, respiciant di perjuriorum vindices,

Just. 14, 4, 10.—

Rarely of friendly inclination, disposition:

At tibi di bene faciant omnes,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 18:

At tibi di semper, adulescens, quisquis es, faciant bene,

id. Men. 5, 7, 32:

At tu, Catulle, destinatus obdura,

Cat. 8, 19.—

In entreaty:

At vos, o superi, miserescite regis,

Verg. A. 8, 572:

at tu, pater deūm hominumque, hinc saltem arce hostes,

Liv. 1, 12.—

In adding an entirely opposite thought, but, but indeed, but on the other hand, on the contrary, etc. (the strictly class. signif. of the word).

In gen.: at differentiam rerum significat: ut cum dicimus, Scipio est bellator, at M. Cato orator, Paul. ex Fest. p. 11 Müll.: splendet saepe, ast idem nimbis interdum nigret, Att., Trag. Rel. p. 170 Rib.: So. Mentire nunc. Me. At jam faciam, ut verum dicas dicere, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 189: So. Per Jovem juro med etc. Me. At ego per Mercurium juro, tibi etc., id. ib. 1, 1, 280:

Atque oppido hercle bene velle illud visus sum, Ast non habere quoi commendarem caprum,

id. Merc. 2, 1, 22:

fecit idem Themistocles... at idem Pericles non fecit,

Cic. Att. 7, 11, 3:

non placet M. Antonio consulatus meus, at placuit P. Servilio,

id. Phil. 2, 5, 12:

majores nostri Tusculanos Aequos... in civitatem etiam acceperunt, at Karthaginem et Numantiam funditus sustulerunt,

id. Off. 1, 11, 35: brevis a naturā nobis vita data est;

at memoria bene redditae vitae sempiterna,

id. Phil. 14, 12, 32; id. Cat. 2, 2, 3; id. Leg. 2, 18:

crebras a nobis litteras exspecta, ast plures etiam ipse mittito,

id. Att. 1, 16 fin.: Rejectis pilis comminus gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani phalange factā impetus gladiorum exceperunt, Caes. B. G. 1, 52:

Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo alius alii varie adsentiebantur. At M. Porcius Cato hujusce modi orationem habuit,

Sall. C. 52, 1:

hac iter Elysium nobis, at laeva... ad impia Tartara mittit,

Verg. A. 6, 542: T. Ante leves ergo pascentur in aethere cervi... M. At nos hinc alii sitientīs ibimus Afros, id. E. 1, 65: Dam. Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella... Men. At mihi sese offert ultro meus ignis Amyntas, id. ib. 3, 66; 7, 35; 7, 55; id. G. 1, 219; 1, 242; 1, 370; 2, 151; 2, 184; 3, 331; 4, 18; 4, 180; id. A. 2, 35; 2, 687; 3, 424; 5, 264;

6, 489: Ast ego nutrici non mando vota,

Pers. 2, 39:

ast illi tremat etc.,

id. 6, 74:

Ast vocat officium,

id. 6, 27:

At Jesus audiens ait,

Vulg. Matt. 9, 12; 9, 22; 12, 3; 12, 48 et persaep.—

In order to strengthen a contrast, sometimes (esp. in Plaut. and Ter.) with contra, e contrario, potius, etiam, vero.

With contra:

Summis nitere opibus, at ego contra ut dissimilis siem,

Lucil. 26, 19 Müll.:

Ergo quod magnumst aeque leviusque videtur... At contra gravius etc.,

Lucr. 1, 366; so id. 1, 570; 1, 1087; 2, 235: L. Opimius ejectus est e patriā: At contra bis Catilina absolutus est, Cic. Pis. 95; id. Verr. 5, 66; id. Sex. Rosc. 131; id. Quinct. 75:

At tibi contra Evenit, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 27:

(Cornutus) taedio curarum mortem in se festinavit: at contra reus nihil infracto animo, etc.,

Tac. A. 4, 28.—

With e contrario: apud nos mercenarii scribae existimantur;

at apud illos e contrario nemo ad id officium admittitur, nisi, etc.,

Nep. Eum. 1, 5:

in locis siccis partibus sulcorum imis disponenda sunt semina, ut tamquam in alveolis maneant. At uliginosis e contrario in summo porcae dorso collocanda, etc.,

Col. 11, 3, 44.—

With potius:

at satius fuerat eam viro dare nuptum potius,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 44:

at potius serves nostram, tua munera, vitam,

Ov. H. 3, 149.—

With etiam: At etiam, furcifer, Male loqui mi audes? but do you even? etc., Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 31; id. Trin. 4, 2, 151; id. Rud. 3, 4, 6:

At etiam cubat cuculus. Surge, amator, i domum,

but he is yet abed, id. As. 5, 2, 73; so id. Capt. 2, 3, 98; id. Mil. 4, 4, 6:

Exi foras, sceleste. At etiam restitas, Fugitive!

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 1; 5, 6, 10: Proinde aut exeant, aut quiescant, etc.... at etiam sunt, Quirites, qui dicant, a me in exsilium ejectum esse Catilinam, on the contrary, there are indeed people who say. etc., Cic. Cat. 2, 6, 12; id. Phil. 2, 30, 76; id. Quinct. 56; id. Verr. 5, 77; id. Dom. 70 al.—

With vero, but certainly:

At vero aut honoribus aucti aut etc.,

Cic. N. D. 3, 36, 87; id. Off. 2, 20, 70; 2, 23, 80; id. Fin. 1, 10, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 17 al.—

With certe:

Numquam ego te, vitā frater amabilior, Aspiciam posthac. At certe semper amabo,

Cat. 65, 11; 66, 25. —

So, quidem—at (very rare) = quidem —autem, Cic. Off. 1, 22, 75.—

Ironically: Th. Quid valeam? Ly. At tu aegrota, si lubet, per me aetatem quidem, Plaut. Curc. 4, 3, 22:

at, credo, mea numina tandem Fessa jacent,

Verg. A. 7, 297; 7, 363; Ov. H. 1, 44.—

Very freq. in adding an objection, from one's own mind or another's, against an assertion previously made, but, on the contrary, in opposition to this; sometimes, but one may say, it may be objected, and the like:

Piscium magnam atque altilium vim interfecisti. At nego,

Lucil. 28, 43 Müll.:

Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publicā perniciosos cives morte multārunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At numquam in hac urbe etc.,

Cic. Cat. 1, 11, 28:

Appellandi tempus non erat? At tecum plus annum vixit. In Galliā agi non potuit? At et in provinciā jus dicebatur et etc.,

id. Quinct. 41:

Male judicavit populus. At judicavit. Non debuit. At potuit. Non fero. At multi clarissimi cives tulerunt,

id. Planc. 11:

sunt, quos signa, quos caelatum argentum delectant. At sumus, inquiunt, civitatis principes,

id. Part. Or. 5, 2, 36; id. Fin. 4, 25, 71; id. Verr. 2, 2 fin.:

quid porro quaerendum est? Factumne sit? At constat: A quo? At patet,

id. Mil. 6, 15; id. Phil. 2, 9: convivium vicinorum cotidie compleo, quod ad multam noctem, quam maxime possumus, vario sermone producimus. At non est voluptatum tanta quasi titillatio in senibus. Credo: sed ne desideratio quidem, [p. 187] id. Sen. 14, 47:

multo magnus orator praestat minutis imperatoribus. At prodest plus imperator. Quis negat?

id. Brut. 73, 256; id. Div. 2, 29, 62; 2, 31, 67; 2, 32, 69 al.:

Maxime Juppiter! At in se Pro quaestu sumptum facit hic,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 18 al. — In this case freq. strengthened,

By pol, edepol, hercule: At pol ego neque florem neque flocces volo mihi, Caecil., Com. Rel. p. 67 Rib.: So. Non edepol volo profecto. Me. At pol profecto ingratiis, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 215; so id. As. 2, 2, 34; 4, 2, 14; id. Capt. 3, 4, 64; id. Cas. 2, 3, 15; id. Cist. 4, 2, 70; id. Trin. 2, 4, 73: Ha. Gaudio ero vobis. Ad. At edepol nos voluptati tibi, id. Poen. 5, 4, 61; 3, 1, 68:

At hercule aliquot annos populus Romanus maximā parte imperii caruit,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 54; id. Sex. Rosc. 50:

at hercle in eā controversiā, quae de Argis est, superior sum,

Liv. 34, 31:

At, Hercule, reliquis omnibus etc.,

Plin. 7, 50, 51, § 169:

At, hercules, Diodorus et in morbo etc.,

id. 29, 6, 39, § 142:

At hercule Germanicum Druso ortum etc.,

Tac. A. 1, 3; 1, 17; 1, 26;

3, 54: At, hercules, si conscius fuissem etc.,

Curt. 6, 10, 20 al. —

By enim, which introduces a reason for the objection implied in at, but certainly, but surely, but indeed, etc., alla gar: At enim tu nimis spisse incedis, Naev., Com. Rel. p. 16 Rib.; Turp. id. p. 93: at enim nimis hic longo sermone utimur;

Diem conficimus,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 78:

At enim istoc nil est magis etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 21:

At enim vereor, inquit Crassus, ne haec etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 49, 188:

cum dixisset Sophocles, O puerum pulchrum, Pericle. At enim praetorem, Sophocle, decet non solum manus, sed etiam oculos abstinentes habere, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 40, 144 Beier; so id. Mur. 35, 74; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52 al.:

at enim inter hos ipsos existunt graves controversiae,

id. Quinct. 1; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51; 20, 60; id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; id. Ac. 2, 17, 52:

At enim cur a me potissimum hoc praesidium petiverunt?

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 15:

At enim quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas rei publicae decretum erit?

Sall. C. 51, 25 Kritz:

At enim quid ita solus ego circum curam ago?

Liv. 6, 15; 34, 32:

At enim eo foedere, quod etc.,

id. 21, 18; 34, 31; 39, 37: At enim nova nobis in fratrum filias conjugia;

sed etc.,

Tac. A. 12, 6.—

By tamen: Jam id peccatum primum magnum, magnum, at humanum tamen, Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 53: Hi secretis sermonibus... conveniunt;

nam publice civitas talibus inceptis abhorrebat. At tamen interfuere quidam etc.,

Tac. H. 4, 55:

At certe tamen, inquiunt, quod etc.,

Cat. 10, 14.—

With a preced. negative, sometimes no antithesis is appended by at, but it is indicated that if what has been said is not true, yet at least something else is true, but yet; sometimes with tamen, but yet; or certe, but at least, yet at least:

Nolo victumas: at minimis me extis placare volo,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 95:

Si tibi non cordi fuerant conubia nostra,... At tamen in vostras potuisti ducere sedes,

Cat. 64, 158 sq.:

Non cognoscebantur foris, at domi: non ab alienis, at a suis,

Cic. Ac. 2, 11, 56:

Liceat haec nobis, si oblivisci non possumus, at tacere,

id. Fl. 25, 61:

Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma, At sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi,

Verg. A. 1, 543; so id. ib. 4, 615, and 6, 406. —With certe:

Haec erant... quorum cognitio studiosis juvenibus si non magnam utilitatem adferet, at certe, quod magis petimus, bonam voluntatem,

Quint. 12, 11, 31; Cels. 2, 15; Suet. Calig. 12, al.—

The antithesis is sometimes not so much in the clause appended by at, as in the persons or things introduced in it; so,

Esp. freq. in conditional clauses with si, si non, si minus, etiam si, etc.; cf. Herm. ad Viger. 241: Si ego hic peribo, ast ille, ut dixit, non redit; At erit mi hoc factum mortuo memorabile, if I perish here, but he does not return, yet etc., Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 26; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 131:

si ego digna hac contumeliā Sum maxime, at tu indignus qui faceres tamen,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 25:

Si tu oblitus es, at di meminerunt,

Cat. 30, 11:

si non eo die, at postridie,

Cato, R. R. 2, 1:

si non paulo, at aliquanto (post petīsses),

Cic. Quinct. 40; 97; id. Mil. 93 al.:

quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens, at in posteritatem impendeat,

id. Cat. 1, 22; id. Verr. 5, 69; id. Clu. 15: qui non possit, etiam si sine ullā suspitione, at non sine argumento male dicere, id. Cael. 3, 8.—

With etsi:

ei, etsi nequāquam parem illius ingenio, at pro nostro tamen studio meritam gratiam referamus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 14; Tac. Or. 19.—

With quod si:

Quod si nihil cum potentiore juris humani relinquitur inopi, at ego ad deos confugiam,

Liv. 9, 1; Tac. A. 1, 67.—

At, like autem and de, sometimes serves simply to introduce an explanation: cum Sic mutilus miniteris. At illi foeda cicatrix etc., now an ugly scar etc., Hor. S. 1, 5, 60. —

And also like de in Hom. and Hdt., it sometimes introduces an apodosis,

With si: Bellona, si hobie nobis victoriam duis, ast ego templum tibi voveo, if to-day thou bestow victory, then I etc., ean—de, Liv. 10, 19.—

With quoniam: Nunc, quoniam tuum insanabile ingenium est, at tu tuo supplicio doce etc., since your disposition is past cure, at least etc., epei—de, Liv. 1, 28.

At is sometimes repeated at the beginning of several clauses,

In opposition each to the preceding clause: Soph. Tu quidem haut etiam octoginta's pondo. Paegn. At confidentiā Militia illa militatur multo magis quam pondere. At ego hanc operam perdo, Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 47 sq.:

Si ego hic peribo, ast ille, ut dixit, non redit: At erit mi hoc factum mortuo memorabile,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 25 sq.; id. As. 5, 2, 6 sqq. (Cic., in Quir. 7 and 10, opposes at to sed, and Tac., in A. 12, 6, sed to at).—

In opposition to some common clause preceding:

At etiam asto? At etiam cesso foribus facere hisce assulas?

Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 20: Quid tum esse existimas judicatum? Certe gratīs judicāsse. At condemnārat; at causam totam non audierat;

at in contionibus etc.,

Cic. Caecin. 113:

Sit flagitiorum omnium princeps: at est bonus imperator, at felix,

id. Verr. 5, 4; id. Sest. 47; id. Fragm. B. 16, 5 B. and K.: Nefarius Hippias Pisistrati filius arma contra patriam ferens;

at Sulla, at Marius, at Cinna recte, imo jure fortasse,

id. Att. 9, 10, 3: At non formosa est, at non bene culta puella;

At, puto, non votis saepe petita meis?

Ov. Am. 3, 7, 1 sq. Merk.:

At quam sunt similes, at quam formosus uterque!

id. F. 2, 395: rideri possit eo quod Rusticius tonso toga defluit: at est bonus ut melior vir Non alius quisquam; at tibi amicus;

at ingenium ingens Inculto latet hoc sub corpore,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 30 sqq. (cf. sed—

sed,

Cat. 64, 141; Juv. 5, 61; 8, 149; and a similar use of alla in Hellenistic Greek, as alla—alla, 2 Cor. 2, 17: alla—alla —alla, 1 Cor. 6, 11).—

Though regularly occupying the first place in its clause or sentence, it sometimes stands second (cf. atque fin.):

Saepius at si me, Lycida formose, revisas,

Verg. E. 7, 67; id. G. 3, 331:

Tutior at quanto merx est in classe secundā,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 47:

Mentior at si quid, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 8, 37:

Gramineis ast inde toris discumbitur,

Val. Fl. 8, 255:

Major at inde etc.,

Stat. Th. 4, 116.—See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 417-451; Wagner, Quaest. XXXVII. ad Verg. IV. pp. 581- 585.

fraus, fraudis ( gen. plur. fraudium, Cic. Off. 3, 18, 75; id. Pis. 19, 44; Dig. 9, 2, 23, § 4 al.:

fraudum,

Tac. A. 6, 21; Gell. 14, 2, 6; Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 214; archaic form dat. sing. frudi, Lucr. 6, 187 Lachm.; cf. acc. frudem, id. 2, 187; acc. to Cod. Quadrat.; nom. plur. frudes, Naev. B. Pun. 1, 1), f. [perh. root dhru-, bend, injure; Sanscr. dhru-ti, deception; cf. Gr. titrôskô, wound, thrauô, break, and Lat. frustum, frustra, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 150; Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 222], a cheating, deceit, imposition, fraud (class. in sing. and plur.; syn.: dolus, fallacia, calliditas, etc.).

Lit.:

cum duobus modis, id est aut vi aut fraude fiat injuria, fraus quasi vulpeculae, vis leonis videtur: utrumque homini alienissimum, sed fraus odio digna majore,

Cic. Off. 1, 13 fin.:

nonne ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum ex fraude, fallaciis, mendaciis constare totus videtur?

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

fraus fidem in parvis sibi praestruit, ut, cum operae pretium sit, cum mercede magna fallat,

Liv. 28, 42:

hostes sine fide tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli quaerunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 14, 1:

fraude ac dolo aggressus est (urbem),

Liv. 1, 53, 4:

per summam fraudem et malitiam,

Cic. Quint. 18, 56:

in fraudem obsequio impelli,

id. Lael. 24, 89:

metuo in commune, ne quam fraudem frausus siet,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 20:

fraudis, sceleris, parricidii, perjurii plenus,

id. Rud. 3, 2, 37:

Litavici fraude perspecta,

Caes. B. G. 7, 40, 6:

legi fraudem facere,

i. e. to circumvent, evade, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 9; cf.: contra legem facit, qui id facit, quod lex prohibet;

in fraudem vero legis, qui salvis verbis legis sententiam ejus circumvenit. Fraus enim legi fit, ubi, quod fieri noluit, fieri autem non vetuit, id fit, etc.,

Dig. 1, 3, 29 and 30:

quod emancipando filium fraudem legi fecisset,

Liv. 7, 16 fin.:

facio fraudem senatusconsulto,

Cic. Att. 4, 12:

inventum deverticulum est in fraude earum (legum), gallinaceos quoque pascendi,

Plin. 10, 50, 71, § 140:

si quid in fraudem creditorum factum sit,

Dig. 42, 8, 6, § 8 al.:

sese dedere sine fraude constituunt,

without deception, honorably, Caes. B. C. 2, 22, 1:

sine fraude Punicum emittere praesidium,

Liv. 24, 47, 8 (in another sense under II. C. 2.):

audax Iapeti genus (Prometheus) Ignem fraude malā gentibus intulit,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 28:

aliter enim ad sororis filios quam concordiae fraude pervenire non poterat,

by the deceitful pretence of unanimity, Just. 24, 2:

bestiae cibum ad fraudem suam positum aspernuntur,

Liv. 41, 23.—In plur.:

exagitabantur omnes ejus fraudes atque fallaciae,

deceptions, Cic. Clu. 36, 101:

qui fons est fraudium, maleficiorum, scelerum omnium,

id. Off. 3, 18, 75:

noctem peccatis et fraudibus objice nubem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 62:

(Europe) scatentem Beluis pontum mediasque fraudes Palluit audax,

id. C. 3, 27, 28.

Transf.

Concr., of persons as a term of reproach, a cheater, deceiver, a cheat (ante-class and rare):

fur, fugitive, fraus populi, Fraudulente,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 131:

gerro, iners, fraus, heluo, ganeo,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 10.—

In gen., a bad action, offence, crime (class.):

otio aptus in fraudem incidi,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 32 Brix ad loc.:

est enim periculum, ne aut neglectis iis (rebus divinis) impia fraude, aut susceptis anili superstitione obligemur,

Cic. Div. 1, 4 fin.:

si C. Rabirius fraudem capitalem admisit, quod arma contra L. Saturninum tulit,

id. Rab. Perd. 9, 26:

scelus frausque,

id. de Or. 1, 46, 202:

suscepta fraus,

id. Pis. 18 fin.:

nocituram postmodo te natis fraudem committere,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 31.—In plur.:

re publica violanda fraudes inexpiabiles concipere,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 72.—

In pass. signif., a being deceived, selfdeception, delusion, error, mistake (class.):

is me in hanc illexit fraudem,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 42:

imperitos in fraudem illicis,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 8 Ruhnk.; cf.: oculi, supercilia, frons, vultus denique totus... hic in fraudem homines impulit;

hic eos, quibus erat ignotus, decepit, fefellit, induxit,

Cic. Pis. 1, 1:

nos in fraudem induimus frustraminis ipsi,

Lucr. 4, 417:

quemquam pellicere in fraudem,

id. 5, 1005:

jacere in fraudem,

id. 4, 1206: in fraudem deducere, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 4:

in fraudem incidere,

Cic. Att. 11, 16, 1; cf.:

in fraudem in re publica delabi,

id. de Or. 3, 60, 226:

ne tibi dent in eo flammarum corpora fraudem,

Lucr. 2, 187:

ne tibi sit frudi, quod nos inferne videmus, etc.,

id. 6, 187:

quem (Euryalum) jam manus omnis Fraude loci et noctis... oppressum rapit,

deception as to, ignorance of, Verg. A. 9, 397.—

Injury, detriment, damage.

Prop., produced by deception or ignorance: aliud fraus est, aliud poena;

fraus enim sine poena esse potest, poena sine fraude esse non potest. Poena est noxae vindicta, fraus et ipsa noxa dicitur et quasi poenae quaedam praeparatio,

Dig. 50, 16, 131.—

Injury, hurt, harm, in gen. (in the best prose confined to the phrases, sine fraude and fraudi esse; v. infra):

tuis nunc cruribus scapulisque fraudem capitalem hinc creas,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 23:

id mihi fraudem tulit,

Cic. Att. 7, 26, 2:

esse alicui fraudi aut crimini,

to tend to his injury, id. Mur. 35, 73; cf.:

quae res nemini umquam fraudi fuit,

id. Clu. 33, 91; id. Att. 5, 21, 12; id. Phil. 5, 12, 34; 8, 11, 33; id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

latum ad populum est, ne C. Servilio fraudi esset, quod, etc.,

Liv. 30, 19, 9 al.: sine fraude, or archaic SE (SED) FRAVDE, without injury, without damage, without risk (= sine damno, sine noxa): SI PLVS MINVSVE SECVERVNT SE FRAVDE ESTO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 49;

v. sine: rex respondit: QVOD SINE FRAVDE MEA POPVLIQVE ROMANI QVIRITIVM FIAT, FACIO,

Liv. 1, 24, 5:

ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere,

Sall. C. 36, 2; cf. Liv. 26, 12, 5; Hor. C. 2, 19, 20; id. C. S. 41:

quis deus in fraudem, quae dura potentia nostra Egit?

Verg. A. 10, 72:

jam nosces, ventosa ferat cui gloria fraudem,

id. ib. 11, 708.

Fraus, personified, a deity, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44. In the service of Mercury, as the god of thieves, Mart. Cap. 1, § 51.

fraus, fraudis ( gen. plur. fraudium, Cic. Off. 3, 18, 75; id. Pis. 19, 44; Dig. 9, 2, 23, § 4 al.:

fraudum,

Tac. A. 6, 21; Gell. 14, 2, 6; Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 214; archaic form dat. sing. frudi, Lucr. 6, 187 Lachm.; cf. acc. frudem, id. 2, 187; acc. to Cod. Quadrat.; nom. plur. frudes, Naev. B. Pun. 1, 1), f. [perh. root dhru-, bend, injure; Sanscr. dhru-ti, deception; cf. Gr. titrôskô, wound, thrauô, break, and Lat. frustum, frustra, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 150; Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 222], a cheating, deceit, imposition, fraud (class. in sing. and plur.; syn.: dolus, fallacia, calliditas, etc.).

Lit.:

cum duobus modis, id est aut vi aut fraude fiat injuria, fraus quasi vulpeculae, vis leonis videtur: utrumque homini alienissimum, sed fraus odio digna majore,

Cic. Off. 1, 13 fin.:

nonne ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum ex fraude, fallaciis, mendaciis constare totus videtur?

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

fraus fidem in parvis sibi praestruit, ut, cum operae pretium sit, cum mercede magna fallat,

Liv. 28, 42:

hostes sine fide tempus atque occasionem fraudis ac doli quaerunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 14, 1:

fraude ac dolo aggressus est (urbem),

Liv. 1, 53, 4:

per summam fraudem et malitiam,

Cic. Quint. 18, 56:

in fraudem obsequio impelli,

id. Lael. 24, 89:

metuo in commune, ne quam fraudem frausus siet,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 20:

fraudis, sceleris, parricidii, perjurii plenus,

id. Rud. 3, 2, 37:

Litavici fraude perspecta,

Caes. B. G. 7, 40, 6:

legi fraudem facere,

i. e. to circumvent, evade, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 9; cf.: contra legem facit, qui id facit, quod lex prohibet;

in fraudem vero legis, qui salvis verbis legis sententiam ejus circumvenit. Fraus enim legi fit, ubi, quod fieri noluit, fieri autem non vetuit, id fit, etc.,

Dig. 1, 3, 29 and 30:

quod emancipando filium fraudem legi fecisset,

Liv. 7, 16 fin.:

facio fraudem senatusconsulto,

Cic. Att. 4, 12:

inventum deverticulum est in fraude earum (legum), gallinaceos quoque pascendi,

Plin. 10, 50, 71, § 140:

si quid in fraudem creditorum factum sit,

Dig. 42, 8, 6, § 8 al.:

sese dedere sine fraude constituunt,

without deception, honorably, Caes. B. C. 2, 22, 1:

sine fraude Punicum emittere praesidium,

Liv. 24, 47, 8 (in another sense under II. C. 2.):

audax Iapeti genus (Prometheus) Ignem fraude malā gentibus intulit,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 28:

aliter enim ad sororis filios quam concordiae fraude pervenire non poterat,

by the deceitful pretence of unanimity, Just. 24, 2:

bestiae cibum ad fraudem suam positum aspernuntur,

Liv. 41, 23.—In plur.:

exagitabantur omnes ejus fraudes atque fallaciae,

deceptions, Cic. Clu. 36, 101:

qui fons est fraudium, maleficiorum, scelerum omnium,

id. Off. 3, 18, 75:

noctem peccatis et fraudibus objice nubem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 62:

(Europe) scatentem Beluis pontum mediasque fraudes Palluit audax,

id. C. 3, 27, 28.

Transf.

Concr., of persons as a term of reproach, a cheater, deceiver, a cheat (ante-class and rare):

fur, fugitive, fraus populi, Fraudulente,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 131:

gerro, iners, fraus, heluo, ganeo,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 10.—

In gen., a bad action, offence, crime (class.):

otio aptus in fraudem incidi,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 32 Brix ad loc.:

est enim periculum, ne aut neglectis iis (rebus divinis) impia fraude, aut susceptis anili superstitione obligemur,

Cic. Div. 1, 4 fin.:

si C. Rabirius fraudem capitalem admisit, quod arma contra L. Saturninum tulit,

id. Rab. Perd. 9, 26:

scelus frausque,

id. de Or. 1, 46, 202:

suscepta fraus,

id. Pis. 18 fin.:

nocituram postmodo te natis fraudem committere,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 31.—In plur.:

re publica violanda fraudes inexpiabiles concipere,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 72.—

In pass. signif., a being deceived, selfdeception, delusion, error, mistake (class.):

is me in hanc illexit fraudem,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 42:

imperitos in fraudem illicis,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 8 Ruhnk.; cf.: oculi, supercilia, frons, vultus denique totus... hic in fraudem homines impulit;

hic eos, quibus erat ignotus, decepit, fefellit, induxit,

Cic. Pis. 1, 1:

nos in fraudem induimus frustraminis ipsi,

Lucr. 4, 417:

quemquam pellicere in fraudem,

id. 5, 1005:

jacere in fraudem,

id. 4, 1206: in fraudem deducere, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 4:

in fraudem incidere,

Cic. Att. 11, 16, 1; cf.:

in fraudem in re publica delabi,

id. de Or. 3, 60, 226:

ne tibi dent in eo flammarum corpora fraudem,

Lucr. 2, 187:

ne tibi sit frudi, quod nos inferne videmus, etc.,

id. 6, 187:

quem (Euryalum) jam manus omnis Fraude loci et noctis... oppressum rapit,

deception as to, ignorance of, Verg. A. 9, 397.—

Injury, detriment, damage.

Prop., produced by deception or ignorance: aliud fraus est, aliud poena;

fraus enim sine poena esse potest, poena sine fraude esse non potest. Poena est noxae vindicta, fraus et ipsa noxa dicitur et quasi poenae quaedam praeparatio,

Dig. 50, 16, 131.—

Injury, hurt, harm, in gen. (in the best prose confined to the phrases, sine fraude and fraudi esse; v. infra):

tuis nunc cruribus scapulisque fraudem capitalem hinc creas,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 23:

id mihi fraudem tulit,

Cic. Att. 7, 26, 2:

esse alicui fraudi aut crimini,

to tend to his injury, id. Mur. 35, 73; cf.:

quae res nemini umquam fraudi fuit,

id. Clu. 33, 91; id. Att. 5, 21, 12; id. Phil. 5, 12, 34; 8, 11, 33; id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

latum ad populum est, ne C. Servilio fraudi esset, quod, etc.,

Liv. 30, 19, 9 al.: sine fraude, or archaic SE (SED) FRAVDE, without injury, without damage, without risk (= sine damno, sine noxa): SI PLVS MINVSVE SECVERVNT SE FRAVDE ESTO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 49;

v. sine: rex respondit: QVOD SINE FRAVDE MEA POPVLIQVE ROMANI QVIRITIVM FIAT, FACIO,

Liv. 1, 24, 5:

ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere,

Sall. C. 36, 2; cf. Liv. 26, 12, 5; Hor. C. 2, 19, 20; id. C. S. 41:

quis deus in fraudem, quae dura potentia nostra Egit?

Verg. A. 10, 72:

jam nosces, ventosa ferat cui gloria fraudem,

id. ib. 11, 708.

Fraus, personified, a deity, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44. In the service of Mercury, as the god of thieves, Mart. Cap. 1, § 51.

fŭgĭo, fūgi, fŭgĭtum ( gen. plur. part. sync. fugientum, Hor. C. 3, 18, 1; part. fut. fugiturus, Ov. H. 2, 47 al.), 3, v. n. and a. [root FUG; Gr. PHUG, pheugô; Sanscr. bhuj; syn.: flecto, curvo; v. fuga], to flee or fly, to take flight, run away.

Lit.:

propera igitur fugere hinc, si te di amant,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 78; cf.:

a foro,

id. Pers. 3, 3, 31:

senex exit foras: ego fugio,

I am off, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 47:

cervam videre fugere, sectari canes,

id. Phorm. prol. 7:

qui fugisse cum magna pecunia dicitur ac se contulisse Tarquinios,

Cic. Rep. 2, 19:

Aeneas fugiens a Troja,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 33, § 72:

omnes hostes terga verterunt, nec prius fugere destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhenum pervenerint,

Caes. B. G. 1, 53, 1:

oppido fugit,

id. B. C. 3, 29, 1:

ex ipsa caede,

to flee, escape, id. B. G. 7, 38, 3; cf.:

ex proelio Mutinensi,

Cic. Fam. 10, 14, 1:

e conspectu,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 107: Uticam, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 13: fenum habet in cornu;

longe fuge,

id. S. 1, 4, 34: nec furtum feci nec fugi, run away (of slaves), id. Ep. 1, 16, 46; cf.:

formidare servos, Ne te compilent fugientes,

id. S. 1, 1, 78; Sen. Tranq. 8.—

Prov.: ita fugias ne praeter casam,

i. e. in fleeing from one danger beware of falling into another, Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 3 Ruhnk. —

In partic., like the Gr. pheugein, to become a fugitive, leave one's country, go into exile:

fugiendum de civitate, cedendum bonis aut omnia perferenda,

Quint. 6, 1, 19; so,

ex patria,

Nep. Att. 4, 4:

a patria,

Ov. Tr. 1, 5, 66:

in exilium,

Juv. 10, 160; cf. under II. A. b.—

Transf., in gen., to pass quickly, to speed, to hasten away, flee away; cf.:

numquam Vergilius diem dicit ire, sed fugere, quod currendi genus concitatissimum est,

Sen. Ep. 108 med. (mostly poet. and of inanim. and abstr. things):

tenuis fugiens per gramina rivus,

Verg. G. 4, 19:

Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia captat Flumina,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 68:

concidunt venti fugiuntque nubes,

id. C. 1, 12, 30:

spernit humum fugiente pennā,

hasting away, rapidly soaring, id. ib. 3, 2, 24:

nullum sine vulnere fugit Missile,

Stat. Th. 9, 770:

insequitur fugientem lumine pinum (i. e. navem),

Ov. M. 11, 469:

fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,

Lucr. 4, 389:

fugiunt freno non remorante dies,

Ov. F. 6, 772:

sed fugit interea, fugit irreparabile tempus,

Verg. G. 3, 284:

annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40:

hora,

id. C. 3, 29, 48:

aetas,

id. ib. 1, 11, 7.—Of persons:

evolat ante omnes rapidoque per aëra cursu Callaicus Lampon fugit,

hastens away, Sil. 16, 335. Here perh. belongs: acer Gelonus, Cum fugit in Rhodopen atque in deserta Getarum, i. e. swiftly roves (as a nomade), Verg. G. 3, 462 (acc. to another explan., flees, driven from his abode).—

Pregn., to vanish, disappear, to pass away, perish:

e pratis cana pruina fugit,

Ov. F. 6, 730:

fugiunt de corpore setae,

id. M. 1, 739; cf.:

jam fessae tandem fugiunt de corpore vires,

Verg. Cir. 447;

for which: calidusque e corpore sanguis Inducto pallore fugit,

Ov. M. 14, 755:

fugerat ore color,

id. H. 11, 27:

nisi causa morbi Fugerit venis,

Hor. C. 2, 2, 15:

fugiunt cum sanguine vires,

Ov. M. 7, 859:

amor,

Prop. 1, 12, 12:

memoriane fugerit in annalibus digerendis, an, etc.,

Liv. 9, 44, 4:

gratissima sunt poma, cum fugiunt,

i. e. when they wilt, become wilted, Sen. Ep. 12; cf.: vinum fugiens, under P. a.—

Trop. (rare but class.):

nos naturam sequamur, et ab omni, quod abhorret ab oculorum auriumque approbatione, fugiamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 128; cf.: omne animal appetit quaedam et fugit a quibusdam;

quod autem refugit, id contra naturam est, etc.,

id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Quint. 11, 1, 54:

ad verba,

to have recourse to, Petr. 132.

Act., to flee from, seek to avoid; to avoid, shun any thing.

Lit. (mostly poet.): erravi, post cognovi, et fugio cognitum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 160 Vahl.):

cum Domitius concilia conventusque hominum fugeret,

Caes. B. C. 1, 19, 2:

neminem neque populum neque privatum fugio,

Liv. 9, 1, 7:

vesanum fugiunt poëtam qui sapiunt,

Hor. A. P. 455:

percontatorem,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 69:

hostem,

id. S. 1, 3, 10:

lupus me fugit inermem,

id. C. 1, 22, 12:

nunc et ovis ultro fugiat lupus,

Verg. E. 8, 52:

(Peleus) Hippolyten dum fugit abstinens,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 18:

scriptorum chorus omnis amat nemus et fugit urbes,

id. Ep. 2, 77; id. S. 1, 6, 126:

data pocula,

Ov. M. 14, 287; cf.

vina,

id. ib. 15, 323.— Pass.:

sic litora vento Incipiente fremunt, fugitur cum portus,

i. e. is left, Stat. Th. 7, 140. —

In partic. (cf. supra, I. A. b.), to leave one's country:

nos patriam fugimus,

Verg. E. 1, 4:

Teucer Salamina patremque cum fugeret,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 22.—Hence:

quis exsul Se quoque fugit?

Hor. C. 2, 16, 20.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu), to flee away from, to escape, = effugio ( poet.;

but cf. infra, B. 2.): hac Quirinus Martis equis Acheronta fugit,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 16:

insidiatorem,

id. S. 2, 5, 25:

cuncta manus avidas fugient heredis,

id. C. 4, 7, 19.—And in a poetically inverted mode of expression: nullum Saeva caput Proserpina fugit (= nemo tam gravis est, ad quem mors non accedat), none does cruel Proserpine flee away from, avoid (i. e. none escapes death), Hor. C. 1, 28, 20.—

Trop., to flee from, avoid, shun (very freq. and class.):

conspectum multitudinis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 30, 1:

ignominiam ac dedecus,

Cic. Rep. 5, 4:

nullam molestiam,

id. ib. 3, 5; cf.

laborem,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 114; Verg. A. 3, 459 (opp. ferre):

recordationes,

Cic. Att. 12, 18:

vituperationem tarditatis,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 101; cf.:

majoris opprobria culpae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 10:

judicium senatus,

Liv. 8, 33, 8:

vitium,

Quint. 2, 15, 16:

hanc voluptatem (with reformidare),

id. 8, 5, 32:

disciplinas omnes (Epicurus),

id. 2, 17, 15:

nuptias,

Ter. And. 4, 4, 27; cf.:

usum conjugis,

Ov. M. 10, 565:

conubia,

id. ib. 14, 69:

amplexus senis,

Tib. 1, 9, 74:

nec sequar aut fugiam, quae diligit ipse vel odit,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 72:

spondeum et dactylum (opp. sequi),

Quint. 9, 4, 87.— Pass.:

simili inscitiā mors fugitur, quasi dissolutio naturae,

Cic. Leg. 1, 11, 31:

quemadmodum ratione in vivendo fugitur invidia, sic, etc.,

Auct. Her. 4, 38, 50:

quod si curam fugimus, virtus fugienda est,

Cic. Lael. 13, 47:

fugiendas esse nimias amicitias,

id. ib. 13, 45:

fugienda semper injuria est,

id. Off. 1, 8, 25; id. Verr. 2, 3, 43, § 103:

vitiosum genus fugiendum,

id. Or. 56, 189; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 128:

petenda ac fugienda,

id. 3, 6, 49.—

Like the Gr. pheugein, with inf. (mostly poet.), to avoid doing something, to omit, forbear, beware, = omittere, cavere:

illud in his rebus longe fuge credere, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 1052:

o fuge te tenerae puerorum credere turbae,

Tib. 1, 4, 9:

quid sit futurum cras, fuge quaerere,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 13; cf.

also: fuge suspicari, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 4, 22:

mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis?

Verg. A. 9, 200; cf. Ov. H. 9, 75:

fugeres radice vel herbā Proficiente nihil curarier,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 150; cf.:

neque illud fugerim dicere, ut Caelius, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 38, 153:

huic donis patris triumphum decorare fugiendum fuit?

id. Mur. 5, 11.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu; cf. supra, II. A. 2.), to escape ( poet. also of things as subjects):

tanta est animi tenuitas, ut fugiat aciem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 50; Ov. F. 2, 80:

sed tamen admiror, quo pacto judicium illud Fugerit,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 100:

quos viros vigilantia fugit,

whom any vigilance escapes, Verg. G. 2, 265; cf. id. E. 9, 54.—

Esp. freq., res me fugit, it escapes me, escapes my notice; I do not observe it, do not know it (cf.:

latet, praeterit): novus ille populus vidit tamen id, quod fugit Lacedaemonium Lycurgum,

Cic. Rep. 2, 12; cf.:

illos id fugerat,

id. Fin. 4, 23, 63:

hominem amentem hoc fugit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 27:

quem res nulla fugeret,

id. Rep. 2, 1:

quae (ratio) neque Solonem Atheniensem fugerat, neque nostrum senatum,

id. ib. 2, 34;

1, 16: non fugisset hoc Graecos homines, si, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 59, 253:

neminem haec utilitas fugit,

Quint. 2, 5, 17:

nisi quae me forte fugiunt, hae sunt fere de animo sententiae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 11, 22; Quint. 9, 2, 107; 7, 1, 40:

nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam militari, quae hujus viri scientiam fugere possit,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

quae (partitio) fugiet memoriam judicis,

Quint. 4, 5, 3; cf. Gell. 1, 18, 6.—With a subject-clause:

de Dionysio, fugit me ad te antea scribere,

Cic. Att. 7, 18, 3; 5, 12, 3:

illud alterum quam sit difficile, te non fugit,

id. ib. 12, 42, 2.—Hence, fŭgĭens, entis, P. a., fleeing, fleeting, vanishing.

Lit.:

accipiter,

Lucr. 3, 752:

membra deficiunt, fugienti languida vitā,

id. 5, 887:

vinum,

growing flat, spoiling, Cic. Off. 3, 23, 91:

ocelli,

dying, Ov. Am. 3, 9, 49:

portus fugiens ad litora,

running back, retreating, Prop. 4 (5), 6, 15.—

Subst. in the later jurid. lang., like the Gr. ho pheugôn, the defendant:

omnimodo hoc et ab actore et a fugiente exigi,

Cod. Just. 2, 58, § 4 (for which, reus, § 7).—

Trop., with gen.:

nemo erat adeo tardus aut fugiens laboris, quin, etc.,

averse to labor, indolent, Caes. B. C. 1, 69, 3:

doloris,

Lact. 3, 8, 13:

solitudinis (with appeteus communionis ac societatis),

id. 6, 10, 18.— Comp., sup., and adv. do not occur.

fŭgĭtīvārĭus, ii, m. [fugitivus].

One employed to catch and bring back fugitive slaves, a slave-catcher, Flor. 3, 19, 7; Dig. 19, 5, 18.—

Transf.: (cochleae) aquā finiendae, ne fugitivarius sit parandus, that they may not crawl away, Varr. [p. 789] R. R. 3, 14, 1.—

A concealer of runaway slaves, Cod. Th. 10, 12, 1.

ignōro, āvi, ātum, 1 (old form of inf. pres. pass. ignorarier, Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 38), v. a. and n. [ignarus], not to know (a person or thing), to have no knowledge of, to be unacquainted with, to be ignorant of, to mistake, misunderstand (a person or thing—class.; cf. nescio).—Constr. with acc., with acc. and inf., or rel. clause, with de, quin, or absol.

With acc.:

siquidem istius regis (Anci) matrem habemus, ignoramus patrem,

Cic. Rep. 2, 18:

erras si id credis et me ignoras, Clinia,

do not know me, mistake me, Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 52:

isti te ignorabant,

id. Eun. 5, 8, 59; cf.:

qui illum ignorabant,

Cic. Ac. 2, 2, 4:

et illum et me vehementer ignoras,

id. Rab. Post. 12, 33; Just. 13, 2, 11; Liv. 26, 12:

cum exercitu tirone, ignoto adhuc duci suo ignorantique ducem,

id. 21, 43, 14; cf.

§ 18: illi iniqui jus ignorant,

Plaut. Am. prol. 37:

si haec ignoremus, multa nobis et magna ignoranda sint,

Cic. Rep. 1, 13:

istam voluptatem Epicurus ignorat?

id. Fin. 2, 3, 7:

quod tu quidem minime omnium ignoras,

id. Or. 68, 227:

ignoro causam (belli), detestor exitum,

id. Phil. 8, 2, 7 fin.:

Juppiter, ignoro pristina furta tua,

Prop. 2, 2, 4:

motus astrorum,

Juv. 3, 43.—In pass., not to be [p. 882] known or recognized:

ignoratur parens,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 10:

fugitive, etiam nunc credis, te ignorarier?

id. ib. 5, 7, 38:

sciscitantes quisnam esset, nam ignorabatur,

Suet. Vit. 17:

ignoratus Romanos palantes repente aggreditur,

unknown, undiscovered, Sall. J. 54, 9; cf.:

servili habitu per tenebras ignoratus evasit,

Tac. H. 4, 36; 3, 23; 74:

haec omnia ignorari possunt,

Quint. 3, 5, 6; Ov. Tr. 1, 5, 18:

Archimedis ignoratum a Syracusanis indagavi sepulcrum,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 64:

Cn. Octavii eloquentia, quae fuerat ante consulatum ignorata,

id. Brut. 47, 176:

aut ignoratae premit artis crimine turpi,

Hor. A. P. 262.— Hence, to be changed, disguised: pallam illam ad phrygionem ut referas, ut reconcinnetur.... Men. Hercle;

eādem ea ignorabitur, ne uxor cognoscat te habere,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 74:

non esse eam dices faxo: ita ignorabitur,

id. ib. 3, 2, 3.—

With acc. and inf.:

quis ignorabat, Q. Pompeium fecisse foedus, eādem in causā esse Mancinum?

Cic. Rep. 3, 18;

Quint. prooem. § 1: neque ignoro, toto illo tempore vix tantum effici, quantum, etc.,

id. 1, 1, 17; 2, 4, 38; 3, 6, 78; cf.:

neque illud ignoro, in iisdem fere esse et ornatum,

id. 8, 6, 3.—

With rel. or interrog.-clause:

cum id quam vere fiat ignores,

Cic. Lael. 26, 97:

ignorante rege, uter eorum esset Orestes,

id. ib. 7, 24:

ipsa vero sapientia, si se ignorabit, sapientia sit necne, etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 8, 24:

non ignoro, quanti ejus nomen putetis,

id. N. D. 3, 31, 78:

non ignorans, quanta ex dissensionibus incommoda oriri consuessent,

Caes. B. G. 7, 33, 1:

quid optandum foret ignorasse,

Juv. 10, 103.—

With de:

ignorat etiam de filio,

Cic. Att. 8, 14, 3.—

With quin:

quis ignorat quin, etc.,

Cic. Fl. 27, 64; Quint. 12, 7, 8; Sulp. Sev. Dial. 1, 3, 8. —

Absol.:

an vero vos soli ignoratis? vos hospites in hac urbe versamini,

Cic. Mil. 12, 33; Quint. 9, 4, 119:

cur ego, si nequeo ignoroque, poëta salutor?

Hor. A. P. 87:

ita nunc ignorans suo sibi servit patri,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 50.—

With inf. (very rare):

laetitiae causas ignorat dicere miles, Laetaturque tamen,

Claud. Nupt. Hon. 186. —

To take no notice of, pay no attention to, ignore, disregard (rare):

mille modis amor ignorandust,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 30:

quorum ego nec benevolentiam erga me ignorare, nec auctoritatem aspernare debeam,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 1, 4:

haec tamen ignorat quid sidus triste minetur Saturni,

Juv. 6, 569.—Hence, ignōrans, antis, P. a., not knowing, unaware, ignorant of a thing (very rare):

ille, eventus belli non ignorans,

Caes. B. G. 6, 42, 1.— Adv.: ignō-ranter, ignorantly:

ignoranter vel simpliciter non faciunt, quod, etc.,

Cypr. Ep. 63.