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from+the+earliest+times

  • 1 drevje

    drevje; drevě Grammatical information: adv. Proto-Slavic meaning: `earlier, before'
    Page in Trubačev: V 106-107
    Old Church Slavic:
    drevlje `before, earlier, once' [adv]
    Russian:
    drevě `from the earliest times, long ago' [adv];
    drěve `from the earliest times, long ago' [adv];
    drevlje `once, before' [adv];
    drěvlje `once, before' [adv]
    Czech:
    dřív(e) `before, earlier' [adv]
    Old Czech:
    dřév(e) `before, earlier' [adv];
    dřiev(e) `before, earlier' [adv]
    Slovak:
    driev `before, earlier' [adv]
    Polish:
    drzewiej (obs.) `once, before, earlier' [adv]
    Old Polish:
    drzewie `once, before, earlier' [adv]
    Slovene:
    drẹ̑vi `tonight' [adv]

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > drevje

  • 2 drevě

    drevje; drevě Grammatical information: adv. Proto-Slavic meaning: `earlier, before'
    Page in Trubačev: V 106-107
    Old Church Slavic:
    drevlje `before, earlier, once' [adv]
    Russian:
    drevě `from the earliest times, long ago' [adv];
    drěve `from the earliest times, long ago' [adv];
    drevlje `once, before' [adv];
    drěvlje `once, before' [adv]
    Czech:
    dřív(e) `before, earlier' [adv]
    Old Czech:
    dřév(e) `before, earlier' [adv];
    dřiev(e) `before, earlier' [adv]
    Slovak:
    driev `before, earlier' [adv]
    Polish:
    drzewiej (obs.) `once, before, earlier' [adv]
    Old Polish:
    drzewie `once, before, earlier' [adv]
    Slovene:
    drẹ̑vi `tonight' [adv]

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > drevě

  • 3 издревле

    1) General subject: anciently, in Ancient times (Переводчик_Варкрафт_Фантаст90), from of old, from the earliest times, from time immemorial, long since, of yore, since olden times
    2) Religion: since the old days

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > издревле

  • 4 prisci

    1.
    priscus, a, um, adj. [for prius-cus, like pris-tinus for prius-tinus, and magis for magius, a comparative form], of or belonging to former times, of many years ago, old, olden, ancient, primitive, antique. Like the Greek archaios, it denotes that which existed before our time, while pristinus is applied also to those things which have existed in our day (class.; cf.: vetus, antiquus).
    I.
    Lit.:

    credendum est veteribus et priscis viris,

    Cic. Univ. 11:

    prisca illa et antiqua rei publicae forma,

    Vell. 2, 89, 3:

    illud erat insitum priscis illis, quos cascos appellat Ennius,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 27:

    nam Joves pluris in priscis Graecorum litteris invenimus,

    id. N. D. 3, 16, 42:

    severitas,

    id. Har. Resp. 13, 27:

    et illud quod loquitur priscum visum iri putat,

    id. de Or. 3, 11, 42:

    priscae sanctimoniae virgo,

    Tac. A. 3, 69: prisci Latini proprie appellati sunt ii, qui prius quam conderetur Roma, fuerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 226 Müll.: priscae Latinae coloniae appellatae sunt, ut distinguerent a novis, quae postea a populo dabantur, Fest. p. 241 Müll.:

    tempus,

    Ov. F. 1, 197.— Priscus has the accessory idea of venerable, and from the Augustan period is frequently applied to whatever dates from the earliest times, the golden age of Rome:

    prisca gens mortalium,

    Hor. Epod. 2, 2:

    priscus Inachus,

    id. C. 2, 3, 21:

    Pudor,

    id. C. S. 57:

    prisco more,

    Ov. F. 2, 282:

    prisco ritu,

    Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 3:

    priscum illud acumen, Brute, tuum,

    Juv. 4, 102:

    fides,

    Verg. A. 9, 79; Mart. 1, 40, 2.— Subst.: prisci, ōrum, m., the ancients:

    cum colerent prisci studiosius agros,

    Ov. F. 3, 779.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Former, previous ( poet.):

    quid si prisca redit Venus?

    Hor. C. 3, 9, 17:

    nomen,

    Ov. M. 14, 850; Spart. Hadr. 5.—
    B.
    Old-fashioned, i. e. strict, severe ( poet.):

    prisci praecepta parentis,

    Cat. 64, 159: Cato, Hor. C. 3, 21, 11:

    prisca supercilia,

    Verg. Cop. 34.—Hence, adv.: priscē, in the old-fashioned manner, strictly, severely (class. but rare):

    utrum me secum severe, et graviter, et prisce agere malit, an remisse, ac leniter, et urbane,

    Cic. Cael. 14, 33.
    2.
    Priscus, i, m., a Roman surname, the elder.
    I.
    Of the first Tarquin: Priscus Tarquinius est dictus, quia prius fuit quam Superbus Tarquinius, Paul. ex Fest. p. 226 Müll.; Liv. 1, 34.—
    II.
    Tarquinius Numicius Priscus, Liv. 2, 63.—
    III.
    Helvidius Priscus, Suet. Vesp. 15.—
    IV.
    Two Latin poets:

    Priscus uterque,

    Ov. P. 4, 16, 10 Burm. ad loc.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > prisci

  • 5 Priscus

    1.
    priscus, a, um, adj. [for prius-cus, like pris-tinus for prius-tinus, and magis for magius, a comparative form], of or belonging to former times, of many years ago, old, olden, ancient, primitive, antique. Like the Greek archaios, it denotes that which existed before our time, while pristinus is applied also to those things which have existed in our day (class.; cf.: vetus, antiquus).
    I.
    Lit.:

    credendum est veteribus et priscis viris,

    Cic. Univ. 11:

    prisca illa et antiqua rei publicae forma,

    Vell. 2, 89, 3:

    illud erat insitum priscis illis, quos cascos appellat Ennius,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 27:

    nam Joves pluris in priscis Graecorum litteris invenimus,

    id. N. D. 3, 16, 42:

    severitas,

    id. Har. Resp. 13, 27:

    et illud quod loquitur priscum visum iri putat,

    id. de Or. 3, 11, 42:

    priscae sanctimoniae virgo,

    Tac. A. 3, 69: prisci Latini proprie appellati sunt ii, qui prius quam conderetur Roma, fuerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 226 Müll.: priscae Latinae coloniae appellatae sunt, ut distinguerent a novis, quae postea a populo dabantur, Fest. p. 241 Müll.:

    tempus,

    Ov. F. 1, 197.— Priscus has the accessory idea of venerable, and from the Augustan period is frequently applied to whatever dates from the earliest times, the golden age of Rome:

    prisca gens mortalium,

    Hor. Epod. 2, 2:

    priscus Inachus,

    id. C. 2, 3, 21:

    Pudor,

    id. C. S. 57:

    prisco more,

    Ov. F. 2, 282:

    prisco ritu,

    Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 3:

    priscum illud acumen, Brute, tuum,

    Juv. 4, 102:

    fides,

    Verg. A. 9, 79; Mart. 1, 40, 2.— Subst.: prisci, ōrum, m., the ancients:

    cum colerent prisci studiosius agros,

    Ov. F. 3, 779.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Former, previous ( poet.):

    quid si prisca redit Venus?

    Hor. C. 3, 9, 17:

    nomen,

    Ov. M. 14, 850; Spart. Hadr. 5.—
    B.
    Old-fashioned, i. e. strict, severe ( poet.):

    prisci praecepta parentis,

    Cat. 64, 159: Cato, Hor. C. 3, 21, 11:

    prisca supercilia,

    Verg. Cop. 34.—Hence, adv.: priscē, in the old-fashioned manner, strictly, severely (class. but rare):

    utrum me secum severe, et graviter, et prisce agere malit, an remisse, ac leniter, et urbane,

    Cic. Cael. 14, 33.
    2.
    Priscus, i, m., a Roman surname, the elder.
    I.
    Of the first Tarquin: Priscus Tarquinius est dictus, quia prius fuit quam Superbus Tarquinius, Paul. ex Fest. p. 226 Müll.; Liv. 1, 34.—
    II.
    Tarquinius Numicius Priscus, Liv. 2, 63.—
    III.
    Helvidius Priscus, Suet. Vesp. 15.—
    IV.
    Two Latin poets:

    Priscus uterque,

    Ov. P. 4, 16, 10 Burm. ad loc.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Priscus

  • 6 priscus

    1.
    priscus, a, um, adj. [for prius-cus, like pris-tinus for prius-tinus, and magis for magius, a comparative form], of or belonging to former times, of many years ago, old, olden, ancient, primitive, antique. Like the Greek archaios, it denotes that which existed before our time, while pristinus is applied also to those things which have existed in our day (class.; cf.: vetus, antiquus).
    I.
    Lit.:

    credendum est veteribus et priscis viris,

    Cic. Univ. 11:

    prisca illa et antiqua rei publicae forma,

    Vell. 2, 89, 3:

    illud erat insitum priscis illis, quos cascos appellat Ennius,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 27:

    nam Joves pluris in priscis Graecorum litteris invenimus,

    id. N. D. 3, 16, 42:

    severitas,

    id. Har. Resp. 13, 27:

    et illud quod loquitur priscum visum iri putat,

    id. de Or. 3, 11, 42:

    priscae sanctimoniae virgo,

    Tac. A. 3, 69: prisci Latini proprie appellati sunt ii, qui prius quam conderetur Roma, fuerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 226 Müll.: priscae Latinae coloniae appellatae sunt, ut distinguerent a novis, quae postea a populo dabantur, Fest. p. 241 Müll.:

    tempus,

    Ov. F. 1, 197.— Priscus has the accessory idea of venerable, and from the Augustan period is frequently applied to whatever dates from the earliest times, the golden age of Rome:

    prisca gens mortalium,

    Hor. Epod. 2, 2:

    priscus Inachus,

    id. C. 2, 3, 21:

    Pudor,

    id. C. S. 57:

    prisco more,

    Ov. F. 2, 282:

    prisco ritu,

    Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 3:

    priscum illud acumen, Brute, tuum,

    Juv. 4, 102:

    fides,

    Verg. A. 9, 79; Mart. 1, 40, 2.— Subst.: prisci, ōrum, m., the ancients:

    cum colerent prisci studiosius agros,

    Ov. F. 3, 779.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Former, previous ( poet.):

    quid si prisca redit Venus?

    Hor. C. 3, 9, 17:

    nomen,

    Ov. M. 14, 850; Spart. Hadr. 5.—
    B.
    Old-fashioned, i. e. strict, severe ( poet.):

    prisci praecepta parentis,

    Cat. 64, 159: Cato, Hor. C. 3, 21, 11:

    prisca supercilia,

    Verg. Cop. 34.—Hence, adv.: priscē, in the old-fashioned manner, strictly, severely (class. but rare):

    utrum me secum severe, et graviter, et prisce agere malit, an remisse, ac leniter, et urbane,

    Cic. Cael. 14, 33.
    2.
    Priscus, i, m., a Roman surname, the elder.
    I.
    Of the first Tarquin: Priscus Tarquinius est dictus, quia prius fuit quam Superbus Tarquinius, Paul. ex Fest. p. 226 Müll.; Liv. 1, 34.—
    II.
    Tarquinius Numicius Priscus, Liv. 2, 63.—
    III.
    Helvidius Priscus, Suet. Vesp. 15.—
    IV.
    Two Latin poets:

    Priscus uterque,

    Ov. P. 4, 16, 10 Burm. ad loc.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > priscus

  • 7 Girard, Philippe de

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1775 France
    d. 1845
    [br]
    French developer of a successful flax-heckling machine for the preparation of fibres for power-spinning.
    [br]
    Early drawing and spinning processes failed to give linen yarn the requisite fineness and homogeneity. In 1810 Napoleon offered a prize of a million francs for a successful flax-spinning machine as part of his policy of stimulating the French textile industries. Spurred on by this offer, Girard suggested three improvements. He was too late to win the prize, but his ideas were patented in England in 1814, although not under his own name. He proposed that the fibres should be soaked in a very hot alkaline solution both before drawing and immediately before they went to the spindles. The actual drawing was to be done by passing the dried material through combs or gills that moved alternately; gill drawing was taken up in England in 1816. His method of wet spinning was never a commercial success, but his processes were adopted in part and developed in Britain and spread to Austria, Poland and France, for his ideas were essentially good and produced a superior product. The successful power-spinning of linen thread from flax depended primarily upon the initial processes of heckling and drawing. The heckling of the bundles or stricks of flax, so as to separate the long fibres of "line" from the shorter ones of "tow", was extremely difficult to mechanize, for each strick had to be combed on both sides in turn and then in the reverse direction. It was to this problem that Girard next turned his attention, inventing a successful machine in 1832 that subsequently was improved in England. The strick was placed between two vertical sheets of combs that moved opposite to each other, depositing the tow upon a revolving cylinder covered with a brush at the bottom of the machine, while the holder from which the strick was suspended moved up and down so as to help the teeth to penetrate deeper into the flax. The tow was removed from the cylinder at the bottom of the machine and taken away to be spun like cotton. The long line fibres were removed from the top of the machine and required further processing if the yarn was to be uniform.
    When N.L.Sadi Carnot's book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, was published in 1824, Girard made a favourable report on it.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    M.Daumas (ed.), 1968, Histoire générale des techniques, Vol. III: L'Expansion du
    Machinisme, Paris.
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of'Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press. T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest
    Times to AD 1900, Oxford.
    W.A.McCutcheon, 1966–7, "Water power in the North of Ireland", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 39 (discusses the spinning of flax and mentions Girard).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Girard, Philippe de

  • 8 Wollaston, William Hyde

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 6 August 1766 East Dereham, Norfolk, England
    d. 22 December 1828 London, England
    [br]
    English chemist and metallurgist who discovered palladium and rhodium, pioneer in the fabrication of platinum.
    [br]
    Wollaston qualified in medicine at Cambridge University but gave up his practice in 1800 to devote himself to chemistry and metallurgy, funded from the profits from making malleable platinum. In partnership with Smithson Tennant, a friend from his Cambridge days, he worked on the extraction of platinum by dissolving it in aqua regia. In 1802 he found that in addition to platinum the solution contained a new metal, which he named palladium. Two years later he identified another new metal, rhodium.
    Wollaston developed a method of forming platinum by means of powder metallurgy and was the first to produce malleable and ductile platinum on a commercial scale. He produced platinum vessels for sulphuric acid manufacture and scientific apparatus such as crucibles. He devised an elegant method for forming fine platinum wire. He also applied his inventive talents to improving scientific apparatus, including the sextant and microscope and a reflecting goniometer for measuring crystal angles. In 1807 he was appointed Joint Secretary of the Royal Society with Sir Humphry Davy, which entailed a heavy workload and required them to referee all the papers submitted to the Society for publication.
    Wollaston's output of platinum began to decline after 1822. Due to ill health he ceased business operations in 1828 and at last made public the details of his secret platinum fabrication process. It was fully described in the Bakerian Lecture he delivered to the Royal Society on 28 November 1828, shortly before his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1793.
    Bibliography
    His scientific papers were published in various journals, nearly all listed in the Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers.
    Further Reading
    There is no good general biography, the best general account being the entry in
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
    D.McDonald, 1960, A History of Platinum from the Earliest Times to the Eighteen- Eighties, London (provides a good discussion of his work on platinum).
    M.E.Weeks, 1939, "The discovery of the elements", Journal of Chemical Education: 184–5.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Wollaston, William Hyde

  • 9 O

    1.
    O, o, the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the Gr. o and ô. The Latin language possessed both the sound and the sign from the earliest times; whereas the Etruscan language never possessed the o, and the Umbrian seems not to have received it as an alphabetical character till a later period. The oldest monuments of the Latin tongue frequently employ o where the classic language has u. So on the Column. Rostr. MACESTRATOS ( acc. plur.), EXFOCIONT, CONSOL, PRIMOS ( nom. sing.), CAPTOM; in the epitaphs of the Scipios, HONC OINO, COSENTIONT, DVONORO OPTVMO VIRO (bonorum optumum virum); in the S. C. de Bacch. IN OQVOLTOD al. And even in the later inscrr. and MSS., we sometimes find o for u:

    POPLICO, POPOLVM, TABOLEIS, in the Tab. Bantina: FACIONDAM DEDERONT,

    Inscr. Orell. 1585:

    MONDO, HOC TOMOLO,

    ib. 4858:

    fondus, fornacatibus, solitodo, etc., in good MSS. (v. Freund,

    Cic. Mil. p. 18). And, on the contrary, u for o in the old forms, fruns, funtes, for frons, fontes, v. h. vv.: RVBVSTIS for robustis, in the Cenot. Pisan.; v. Inscr. Orell. 642:

    NVMENCLATOR,

    Inscr. Grut. 630, 5:

    CONSVBRINVS,

    ib. 1107, 1:

    SACERDVS,

    ib. 34, 5:

    VNV LOCV,

    ib. 840, 1. O appears in class. Lat. particularly in connection with qu and v: quom, avos. This interchange of o and u seems to have been effected rather by dialectical and local than by organic and historical causes; just as in the modern Italian dialects a preference is shown on the one hand for o and on the other for u, and in one and the same dialect the Latin o has passed over into u and the u into o. —On the commutation of o and e, see the letter E.—We have o for au in Clodius, plodo, plostrum, sodes, etc. (also in polulum for paululum, Cato, R. R. 10, 2).— O inserted in the archaic forms:

    Patricoles, Hercoles, v. Ritschl ap. Rhein. Mus. 8, p. 475 sq., and 9, p. 480. As an abbreviation, O. stands for omnis and optimus: I. O. M., Jovi Optimo Maximo: O. E. B. Q. C., ossa ejus bene quiescant condita,

    Inscr. Orell. 4489; cf.:

    O. I. B. Q., ossa illius bene quiescant,

    ib. 4483; 4490:

    O. N. F., omnium nomine faciundae,

    ib. 4415:

    O. T. B. Q., ossa tua bene quiescant: O. V., optimo viro,

    ib. 4135;

    also: optimi viri,

    ib. 5037.
    2.
    ō (long also before an initial vowel:

    o ego,

    Ov. M. 8, 51; Hor. A. P. 301;

    but also short: ŏ Alexi,

    Verg. E. 2, 65), interj. The commonest exclamation of joy, astonishment, [p. 1232] desire, grief, indignation, etc.; O! Oh! constr. usually with voc. or acc.; less freq. with nom., gen., utinam, si.
    1.
    With voc.: o Romule, Romule die, Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41 Vahl. (Ann. v. 115 Vahl.): o Tite, tute Tuti, id. ap. Prisc. p. 947 P. (Ann. v. 113 Vahl.); cf.: o Tite, si quid te adjuero, id. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 339 Vahl.):

    o mi Furni!

    Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2:

    o paterni generis oblite,

    id. Pis. 26, 62.—
    2.
    With acc.:

    o faciem pulchram... o infortunatum senem,

    Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 5 and 7:

    o miseras hominum mentes,

    Lucr. 2, 14:

    o me perditum, o me afflictum!

    Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 3:

    o hominem nequam!

    id. Att. 4, 13, 2:

    o praeclarum custodem ovium, ut aiunt, lupum!

    id. Phil. 3, 11, 27:

    o rem totam odiosam,

    id. Att. 6, 4, 1:

    o Bruti amanter seriptas, litteras,

    id. ib. 15, 10.—
    3.
    With nom. (rare): o pietas animi, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 88 (Ann. v. 8 Vahl.): o Patricoles, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38 (Trag. v. 14 Vahl.):

    o vir fortis atque amicus!

    Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 10:

    o ego ter felix,

    Ov. M. 8, 51; so,

    o ego,

    Hor. A. P. 301:

    o multum miseri,

    Ov. M. 4, 155:

    o qualis facies!

    Juv. 10, 157.—
    4.
    With utinam:

    o utinam Obrutus esset!

    Ov. H. 1, 5; id. M. 1, 363 al.—
    5.
    With si: quamquam, o si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset! yet oh! if, etc., Verg. A. 11, 415.—
    6.
    With gen.:

    o nuntii beati,

    Cat. 9, 5.—By poets also placed after a word:

    o lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrūm,

    Verg. A. 2, 281:

    quid o tua fulmina cessant!

    Ov. M. 2, 279.—Three times repeated: o pater, o genitor, o sanguen dis oriundum, Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41 (Ann. v. 117 Vahl.); cf.: o pater, o patria, o Priami domus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 118 Vahl.):

    o soror, o conjux, o femina sola superstes,

    Ov. M. 1, 351.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > O

  • 10 o

    1.
    O, o, the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the Gr. o and ô. The Latin language possessed both the sound and the sign from the earliest times; whereas the Etruscan language never possessed the o, and the Umbrian seems not to have received it as an alphabetical character till a later period. The oldest monuments of the Latin tongue frequently employ o where the classic language has u. So on the Column. Rostr. MACESTRATOS ( acc. plur.), EXFOCIONT, CONSOL, PRIMOS ( nom. sing.), CAPTOM; in the epitaphs of the Scipios, HONC OINO, COSENTIONT, DVONORO OPTVMO VIRO (bonorum optumum virum); in the S. C. de Bacch. IN OQVOLTOD al. And even in the later inscrr. and MSS., we sometimes find o for u:

    POPLICO, POPOLVM, TABOLEIS, in the Tab. Bantina: FACIONDAM DEDERONT,

    Inscr. Orell. 1585:

    MONDO, HOC TOMOLO,

    ib. 4858:

    fondus, fornacatibus, solitodo, etc., in good MSS. (v. Freund,

    Cic. Mil. p. 18). And, on the contrary, u for o in the old forms, fruns, funtes, for frons, fontes, v. h. vv.: RVBVSTIS for robustis, in the Cenot. Pisan.; v. Inscr. Orell. 642:

    NVMENCLATOR,

    Inscr. Grut. 630, 5:

    CONSVBRINVS,

    ib. 1107, 1:

    SACERDVS,

    ib. 34, 5:

    VNV LOCV,

    ib. 840, 1. O appears in class. Lat. particularly in connection with qu and v: quom, avos. This interchange of o and u seems to have been effected rather by dialectical and local than by organic and historical causes; just as in the modern Italian dialects a preference is shown on the one hand for o and on the other for u, and in one and the same dialect the Latin o has passed over into u and the u into o. —On the commutation of o and e, see the letter E.—We have o for au in Clodius, plodo, plostrum, sodes, etc. (also in polulum for paululum, Cato, R. R. 10, 2).— O inserted in the archaic forms:

    Patricoles, Hercoles, v. Ritschl ap. Rhein. Mus. 8, p. 475 sq., and 9, p. 480. As an abbreviation, O. stands for omnis and optimus: I. O. M., Jovi Optimo Maximo: O. E. B. Q. C., ossa ejus bene quiescant condita,

    Inscr. Orell. 4489; cf.:

    O. I. B. Q., ossa illius bene quiescant,

    ib. 4483; 4490:

    O. N. F., omnium nomine faciundae,

    ib. 4415:

    O. T. B. Q., ossa tua bene quiescant: O. V., optimo viro,

    ib. 4135;

    also: optimi viri,

    ib. 5037.
    2.
    ō (long also before an initial vowel:

    o ego,

    Ov. M. 8, 51; Hor. A. P. 301;

    but also short: ŏ Alexi,

    Verg. E. 2, 65), interj. The commonest exclamation of joy, astonishment, [p. 1232] desire, grief, indignation, etc.; O! Oh! constr. usually with voc. or acc.; less freq. with nom., gen., utinam, si.
    1.
    With voc.: o Romule, Romule die, Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41 Vahl. (Ann. v. 115 Vahl.): o Tite, tute Tuti, id. ap. Prisc. p. 947 P. (Ann. v. 113 Vahl.); cf.: o Tite, si quid te adjuero, id. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 339 Vahl.):

    o mi Furni!

    Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2:

    o paterni generis oblite,

    id. Pis. 26, 62.—
    2.
    With acc.:

    o faciem pulchram... o infortunatum senem,

    Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 5 and 7:

    o miseras hominum mentes,

    Lucr. 2, 14:

    o me perditum, o me afflictum!

    Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 3:

    o hominem nequam!

    id. Att. 4, 13, 2:

    o praeclarum custodem ovium, ut aiunt, lupum!

    id. Phil. 3, 11, 27:

    o rem totam odiosam,

    id. Att. 6, 4, 1:

    o Bruti amanter seriptas, litteras,

    id. ib. 15, 10.—
    3.
    With nom. (rare): o pietas animi, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 88 (Ann. v. 8 Vahl.): o Patricoles, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38 (Trag. v. 14 Vahl.):

    o vir fortis atque amicus!

    Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 10:

    o ego ter felix,

    Ov. M. 8, 51; so,

    o ego,

    Hor. A. P. 301:

    o multum miseri,

    Ov. M. 4, 155:

    o qualis facies!

    Juv. 10, 157.—
    4.
    With utinam:

    o utinam Obrutus esset!

    Ov. H. 1, 5; id. M. 1, 363 al.—
    5.
    With si: quamquam, o si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset! yet oh! if, etc., Verg. A. 11, 415.—
    6.
    With gen.:

    o nuntii beati,

    Cat. 9, 5.—By poets also placed after a word:

    o lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrūm,

    Verg. A. 2, 281:

    quid o tua fulmina cessant!

    Ov. M. 2, 279.—Three times repeated: o pater, o genitor, o sanguen dis oriundum, Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41 (Ann. v. 117 Vahl.); cf.: o pater, o patria, o Priami domus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 118 Vahl.):

    o soror, o conjux, o femina sola superstes,

    Ov. M. 1, 351.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > o

  • 11 dawny

    adj
    former; ( starożytny) ancient
    * * *
    a.
    1. (= stary, przeszły) old, long-ago; (= starożytny) ancient; (= pierwotny) early, primitive; (= długo trwający) long, longtime; (= tradycyjny) long-standing.
    2. (= były) former, past, one-time.
    3. od najdawniejszych czasów from the earliest times, since the dawn of time; dawnymi czasy in the old days, in years past; dawne dzieje old times; od dawna for a long time; po dawnemu the old-fashioned way; z dawien dawna lit. since time immemorial.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > dawny

  • 12 Barlow, Edward

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    baptized 15 December 1636 near Warrington, Cheshire, England d. 1716
    [br]
    English priest and mechanician who invented rack striking, repeating mechanisms for clocks and watches and, with others, patented a horizontal escapement for watches.
    [br]
    Barlow was the son of Edward Booth, but he adopted the surname of his godfather, the Benedictine monk Ambrose Barlow, as a condition of his will. In 1659 he entered the English College at Lisbon, and after being ordained a priest he was sent to the English mission. There he resided at Parkhall in Lancashire, the seat of Mr Houghton, with whom he later collaborated on the horizontal escapement.
    At a time when it was difficult to produce a light to examine the dial of a clock or watch at night, a mechanism that would indicate the hours and subdivisions of the hour audibly and at will was highly desirable. The count wheel, which had been used from the earliest times to control the striking of a clock, was unsuitable for this purpose as it struck the hours in sequence. If the mechanism was set off manually to determine the time, the strike would no longer correspond with the indications on the dial. In 1675 Barlow invented rack striking, where the hour struck was determined solely by the position of the hour hand. With this mechanism it was therefore possible to repeat the hour at will, without upsetting the sequence of striking. In 1687 Barlow tried to patent a method of repeating for watches, but it was rejected by James II in favour of a system produced by the watchmaker Daniel Quare and which was simpler to operate. He was successful in obtaining a patent for a horizontal escapement for watches in 1695, in collaboration with William Hough ton and Thomas Tompion. Although this escapement was little used, it can be regarded as the forerunner of the cylinder escapement that George Graham introduced c. 1725.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1695 (with William Houghton and Thomas Tompion), British patent no. 344 (a horizontal escapement).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1885, Vol. 1, Oxford, S.V.Barlow.
    Britten's Old Clocks \& Watches and Their Makers, 1982, rev. Cecil Clutton, 9th edn, London, pp. 148, 310, 313 (provides a technical description of rack striking, repeating work and the horizontal escapement).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Barlow, Edward

  • 13 Cotton, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1819 Seagrave, Leicestershire, England
    d. after 1878
    [br]
    English inventor of a power-driven flat-bed knitting machine.
    [br]
    Cotton was originally employed in Loughborough and became one of the first specialized hosiery-machine builders. After the introduction of the latch needle by Matthew Townsend in 1856, knitting frames developed rapidly. The circular frame was easier to work automatically, but attempts to apply power to the flat frame, which could produce fully fashioned work, culminated in 1863 with William Cotton's machine. In that year he invented a machine that could make a dozen or more stockings or hose simultaneously and knit fashioned garments of all kinds. The difficulty was to reduce automatically the number of stitches in the courses where the hose or garment narrowed to give it shape. Cotton had early opportunities to apply himself to the improvement of hosiery machines while employed in the patent shop of Cartwright \& Warner of Loughborough, where some of the first rotaries were made. He remained with the firm for twenty years, during which time sixty or seventy of these machines were turned out. Cotton then established a factory for the manufacture of warp fabrics, and it was here that he began to work on his ideas. He had no knowledge of the principles of engineering or drawing, so his method of making sketches and then getting his ideas roughed out involved much useless labour. After twelve years, in 1863, a patent was issued for the machine that became the basis of the Cotton's Patent type. This was a flat frame driven by rotary mechanism and remarkable for its adaptability. At first he built his machine upright, like a cottage piano, but after much thought and experimentation he conceived the idea of turning the upper part down flat so that the needles were in a vertical position instead of being horizontal, and the work was carried off horizontally instead of vertically. His first machine produced four identical pieces simultaneously, but this number was soon increased. Cotton was induced by the success of his invention to begin machine building as a separate business and thus established one of the first of a class of engineering firms that sprung up as an adjunct to the new hosiery manufacture. He employed only a dozen men and turned out six machines in the first year, entering into an agreement with Hine \& Mundella for their exclusive use. This was later extended to the firm of I. \& R.Morley. In 1878, Cotton began to build on his own account, and the business steadily increased until it employed some 200 workers and had an output of 100 machines a year.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1863, British patent no. 1,901 (flat-frame knitting machine).
    Further Reading
    F.A.Wells, 1935, The British Hosiery and Knitwear Industry: Its History and Organisation, London (based on an article in the Knitters' Circular (Feb. 1898).
    A brief account of the background to Cotton's invention can be found in T.K.Derry and T.I. Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; C. Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    F.Moy Thomas, 1900, I. \& R.Morley. A Record of a Hundred Years, London (mentions cotton's first machines).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cotton, William

  • 14 Deverill, Hooton

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. c.1835 England
    [br]
    English patentee of the first successful adaptation of the Jacquard machine for patterned lacemaking.
    [br]
    After John Levers had brought out his lacemaking machine in 1813, other lacemakers proceeded to elaborate their machinery so as to imitate the more complicated forms of handwork. One of these was Samuel Draper of Nottingham, who took out one patent in 1835 for the use of a Jacquard mechanism on a lace making machine, followed by another in 1837. However, material made on his machine cost more than the handmade article, so the experiment was abandoned after three years. Then, in Nottingham in 1841, Hooton Deverill patented the first truly successful application of the Jacquard to lacemaking. The Jacquard needles caused the warp threads to be pushed sideways to form the holes in the lace while the bobbins were moved around them to bind them together. This made it possible to reproduce most of the traditional patterns of handmade lace in both narrow and wide pieces. Lace made on these machines became cheap enough for most people to be able to hang it in their windows as curtains, or to use it for trimming clothing. However, it raised in a most serious form the problem of patent rights between the two patentees, Deverill and Draper, threatening much litigation. Deverill's patent was bought by Richard Birkin, who with his partner Biddle relinquished the patent rights. The lacemaking trade on these machines was thus thrown open to the public and a new development of the trade took place. Levers lace is still made in the way described here.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1841, British patent no. 8,955 (adaptation of Jacquard machine for patterned lacemaking).
    Further Reading
    W.Felkin, 1867, History of Machine-Wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufacture (provides an account of Deverill's patent).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of'Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (a modern account).
    T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest
    Times to AD 1900, Oxford.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Deverill, Hooton

  • 15 Heilmann, Josué (Joshua)

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1796 Alsace
    d. 1848
    [br]
    Alsatian inventor of the first machine for combing cotton.
    [br]
    Josué Heilmann, of Mulhouse, was awarded 5,000 francs offered by the cotton spinners of Alsace for a machine that would comb cotton. It was a process not hitherto applied to this fibre and, when perfected, enabled finer, smoother and more lustrous yarns to be spun. The important feature of Heilmann's method was to use a grip or nip to hold the end of the sliver that was being combed. Two or more combs passed through the protruding fibres to comb them thoroughly, and a brush cylinder and knife cleared away the noils. The combed section was passed forward so that the part held in the nip could then be combed. The combed fibres were joined up with the length already finished. Heilmann obtained a British patent in 1846, but no machines were put to work until 1851. Six firms of cotton spinners in Lancashire paid £30,000 for the cotton-combing rights and Marshall's of Leeds paid £20,000 for the rights to comb flax. Heilmann's machine was used on the European continent for combing silk as well as flax, wool and cotton, so it proved to be very versatile. Priority of his patent was challenged in England because Lister had patented a combing machine with a gripper or nip in 1843; in 1852 the parties went to litigation and cross-suits were instituted. While Heilmann obtained a verdict of infringement against Lister for certain things, Lister also obtained one against Heilmann for other matters. After this outcome, Heilmann's patent was bought on speculation by Messrs Akroyd and Titus Salt for £30,000, but was afterwards resold to Lister for the same amount. In this way Lister was able to exploit his own patent through suppressing Heilmann's.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1846, British patent no. 11,103 (cotton-combing machine).
    Further Reading
    For descriptions of his combing machine see: W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol.
    IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Heilmann, Josué (Joshua)

  • 16 Möller, Anton

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. c. 1580 Danzig, Poland
    [br]
    Polish may have been involved with the invention of the ribbon loom.
    [br]
    Around 1586, Anton Möller related that he saw in Danzig a loom on which four to six pieces of ribbon could be woven at once. Some accounts say he may have invented this loom, which required no skill to use beyond the working of a bar. The city council was afraid that a great many workers might be reduced to begging because of this invention, so they had it suppressed and the inventor strangled or drowned. It seems to have been in use in London c. 1616 and at Leiden in Holland by 1620, but its spread was handicapped both by popular rioting and by restrictive legislation. By 1621 the capacity of the loom had been increased to twenty-four ribbons, and it was later increased to fifty. It made its appearance in Lancashire around 1680 and the way the shuttles were operated could have given John Kay the inspiration for his flying shuttle.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London (includes a good description and illustration of the invention).
    to AD 1900, Oxford; C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vol. III, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both provide brief accounts of the introduction of the ribbon loom).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Möller, Anton

  • 17 τρία

    τρία, τά: gen. τριῶν: dat. τρισί, also
    A

    τριοῖσι Hippon. 51

    , and

    τρίεσσι Delph.3(5).80.21

     (iv B. C.); [dialect] Aeol.

    τρίσσι Inscr.Perg. 245

     B 18 ([place name] Pitana): acc. τρεῖς (written τρες IG12.24.16, 44.15, 188.37, 1085, al.), τρία: [dialect] Dor. nom.

    τρέες Leg.Gort.9.48

    ;

    τρῆς IG12(3).1640

     ([place name] Thera);

    τρῖς SIG236

    A10 (Delph., iv B. C.), Tab.Heracl.1.23; acc.

    τρίινς Leg.Gort.5.54

    , al. (for Τρίνς, lengthd. to correspond with the other cases);

    τρῖς IG12.838

    ,839 (vi B. C.), SIG 239 D ii 28 (Delph., iv B. C.), Berl.Sitzb.1927.158 ([place name] Cyrene):—three, Il.15.187, etc.; τρία ἔπεα three words, prov. in Pi.N.7.48,—for from the earliest times three was a sacred and lucky number, esp. with the Pythagoreans (cf. τριάς), Arist.Cael. 268a11; so

    τῶν τριῶν μίαν λαβεῖν εὔσοιαν S.Fr. 122

    ; εἰ καὶ τῶν τριῶν ἓν οἴσομαι ib. 908; cf.

    σωτήρ 1.2

    :— διὰ τριῶν ἀπόλλυμαι I am thrice, i. e. utterly, undone, E.Or. 434 (cf. τριάζω) ; ἡ διὰ τριῶν ἀγωγή the 'trivium', Simp. in Ph.1171.34;

    ἵνα δήσῃ τρία τρία

     by threes,

    POxy.121.19

     (iii A. D.). (I.-E. stem tr[icaron]-, fuller form trey-, nom. tréy-es (Skt. tráyas, Lat. tres), whence τρέες, [var] contr. τρῆς and τρεῖς (written τρες IG12.295.11); acc. tri-ns (Goth. prins, Skt. tr[imacracute]n), whence τρῖς and τρίινς; in Gr. the nom. τρεῖς functions as acc. (as in [dialect] Att.), or the acc. τρῖς as nom. (ll. cc.).)

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τρία

  • 18 издревле

    нареч. уст.
    of yore, from of old, from the earliest times; (ср. тж. издавна)

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > издревле

  • 19 с давних времён

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > с давних времён

  • 20 с древнейших времён

    General subject: from the earliest times

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > с древнейших времён

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