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1 formal deduction
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > formal deduction
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2 formal deduction
Математика: формальный вывод -
3 formal deduction
мат. -
4 formal deduction
Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > formal deduction
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5 deduction
1) (логический) вывод, (умо)заключение2) матем. вычитаемое3) матем. вычитание4) дедукция, вывод от общего к частному5) вычет, скидка6) экон. удержание7) поправка ( к расчётной величине)•by deduction — по дедукции, от общего к частному
deduction by analogy — матем. вывод по аналогии
to draw a deduction — делать вывод, приходить к заключению
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6 formal logic
формальная (математическая, символическая) логиканаправление логики, изучающее чётко определённые логические операции над символами (аргументами), не касаясь их содержания.Syn:Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > formal logic
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7 logical deduction
см. тж. formal logicАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > logical deduction
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8 формальный вывод
formal deduction мат., formal derivationРусско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > формальный вывод
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9 формальный вывод
1) Engineering: formal infeed2) Mathematics: formal deduction, formal derivation, formal inference -
10 rule
1) правило, норма; норматив || устанавливать правила или нормы2) строит. прав'ило3) линейка || линовать, разлиновывать4) правление || управлять, руководить, командовать5) мат. закон6) графить, разграфлять•set closed under rule — множество, замкнутое относительно операции
- blind man's ruleto lay down the rule — формулировать [устанавливать] правило
- box rule- cut rule- em rule- slow-in- sum rule- three sigma rule -
11 вывод
conclusion, deduction, inference, derivation• Второй метод вывода уравнения (1) формулируется следующим образом. - A second method of obtaining (1) is as follows.• Вывод из всего этого состоит в том, что... - The outcome of all this is that...• Другой способ вывода этих формул основан на... - Another way of deriving these formulas is based on...• Заметьте, что этот вывод не ограничен (чем-л). - Notice that this derivation is not restricted to...• Из данного обсуждения не следует делать вывод, что... -It should not be inferred from this discussion that...• Из способа вывода данного уравнения будет видно, что... - From the way in which this equation has been obtained, it will be seen that...• Можно сделать вывод, что... - It may be concluded that...; It may be deduced that...• Относительно строгого вывода соотношения (12) читатель должен обратиться к работе Смита [1]. - For a rigorous derivation of (12) the reader is referred to Smith [1].• Подробный вывод показал бы, что... - A detailed derivation would show that...• Полный вывод дается Джонсом [1]. - The derivation is given in full by Jones [1].• Похоже, что неизбежно напрашивается вывод о том, что... - There seemed no escaping the conclusion that...• Практическим выводом (из этого) является то, что... - The practical implication is that...• При выводе большинства этих свойств отправной точкой служит наблюдение, что... - In establishing most of these properties the starting point is the observation that...• При выводе данного уравнения мы использовали тот важный факт, что... - In deriving the above equation we have used the important fact that...• Результат, представленный формулой (9), очень полезен при выводе свойств (чего-л). - The result (9) is very useful for deducing properties of...• Формальный вывод (соотношения, уравнения и т. п.) дается ниже. - A formal derivation is given below.• Формальный вывод (этого соотношения) приводится во втором параграфе. - A formal derivation is given in Section 2.• Эти два вывода совместно показывают, что... - These two results together show that...• Это приводит к выводу, что... - This carries the implication that...• Этот вывод (формулы) должен быть тщательно исследован, потому что... - The derivation should be studied closely because... -
12 allow
allow [ə'laʊ]∎ to allow sb to do sth permettre à qn de faire qch, autoriser qn à faire qch;∎ he wasn't allowed to see her il n'a pas été autorisé à la voir, il n'a pas eu le droit de la voir;∎ is he allowed sweets/help? est-ce qu'il a le droit de manger des sucreries/de recevoir de l'aide?;∎ he was allowed a final cigarette on lui a permis (de fumer) une dernière cigarette;∎ we weren't allowed in on ne nous a pas permis d'entrer;∎ the dog is not allowed in the house on ne laisse pas le chien entrer dans la maison, l'accès de la maison est interdit au chien;∎ smoking is not allowed (sign) défense de fumer;∎ gambling is not allowed les jeux d'argent sont interdits;∎ she allowed herself to be manipulated elle s'est laissé manipuler;∎ he decided to allow events to take their course il a décidé de laisser les événements suivre leur cours;∎ I won't allow such behaviour! je ne tolérerai pas une telle conduite!;∎ formal allow me to make a suggestion permettez-moi de faire une suggestion;∎ if I may be allowed to make a point si je peux me permettre (de faire) une remarque;∎ allow me! vous permettez?∎ the ramp allows people in wheelchairs to enter the building la rampe permet l'accès de l'immeuble aux personnes en fauteuil roulant∎ to allow sb a discount faire un escompte ou une remise à qn;∎ three hours are allowed for the exam trois heures sont accordées pour l'examen;∎ he is allowed £5 pocket money on lui accorde ou donne 5 livres d'argent de poche;∎ she allowed herself a cream cake as a special treat comme petit plaisir, elle s'est offert un gâteau à la crème;∎ how much time/money are we allowed? de combien de temps/d'argent disposons-nous?;∎ the bank allows 5 per cent interest on deposits la banque alloue ou attribue 5 pour cent d'intérêt sur les dépôts(d) (take into account) prévoir, compter;∎ allow a week for delivery il faut prévoir ou compter une semaine pour la livraison;∎ you need to allow a few extra inches for the hem il faut laisser ou prévoir quelques centimètres de plus pour l'ourlet∎ you must allow that she is gifted vous devez admettre ou reconnaître qu'elle est douée(a) (take into account) tenir compte de;∎ allowing for the bad weather compte tenu du mauvais temps;∎ we allowed for every possibility in our calculations nous avons tenu compte de ou paré à toute éventualité dans nos calculs;∎ we must allow for the fact that she has been ill il faut tenir compte du fait qu'elle a été malade∎ remember to allow for the time difference n'oublie pas de compter le décalage horaire;∎ we hadn't allowed for these extra costs nous n'avions pas prévu ces frais supplémentaires;∎ after allowing for travel expenses déduction faite des frais de voyageformal admettre, souffrir, autoriser;∎ the evidence allows of no other conclusion les éléments dont nous disposons n'autorisent aucune autre conclusion -
13 language
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absolute language
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algorithmical language
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algorithmic language
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applicative language
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artificial language
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assembler language
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block-structured language
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Boolean algebra-based language
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Boolean based language
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command language
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compilative language
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compiler language
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computer language
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computer-dependent language
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computer-independent language
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computer-oriented language
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computer-sensitive language
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context-free language
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control language
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conversational language
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core language
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data language
- data manipulation language -
data-base language
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data-definition language
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data-query language
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declarative language
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deduction-oriented language
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design language
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explicit language
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expression-oriented language
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extensible language
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FG-kernel language
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finite state language
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formal specification language
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function language
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functional language
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graphics-oriented language
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graphics language
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hardware-based language
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high-level language
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host language
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human language
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human-oriented language
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hybrid language
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imperative language
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input language
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instruction language
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interactive language
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interface language
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intermediate language
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interpretive language
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job control language
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kernel language
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knowledge representation language
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list-processing language
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low-level language
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machine language
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machine-dependent language
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machine-independent language
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machine-oriented language
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macro language
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meta language
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mnemonic language
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narrative language
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native language
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native-mode language
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natural language
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NC-AM language
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network control language
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nonprocedural language
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nucleus language
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object language
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object-oriented language
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original language
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parallel language
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plain language
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privacy language
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problem solving language
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problem-oriented language
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procedural language
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program development language
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program language
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programming language
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pseudo language
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query language
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real-time language
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reference language
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regular language
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relational language
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retrieval language
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robot language
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rule language
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semantic language
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sentential language
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simulation language
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source language
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specification description language
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specification language
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stratified language
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structured language
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symbolic language
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system language
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system-oriented language
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target language
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typed language
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unstratified language
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untyped language
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user-oriented language
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world-modeling language -
14 criterion
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15 theorem
- analytical hierarchy theorem - arithmetical hierarchy theorem - closed range theorem - formally provable theorem - implicit function theorem - initial value theorem - integral representation theorem - local limit theorem - maximal ergodic theorem - mean value theorem - normal form theorem - ratio limit theorem - rational root theorem - second mean value theorem - theorem of consistency proofs - theorem of corresponding states - three line theorem - three series theorem - uniform convergence theorem - uniform ergodic theorem - uniform mean value theoremtheorem implies — из теоремы следует, что…
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16 discursively
discursively [dɪs'kɜ:sɪvlɪ](a) (write, speak, argue) en passant d'un sujet à un autre(b) (in logic) par déductionUn panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > discursively
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17 Logic
My initial step... was to attempt to reduce the concept of ordering in a sequence to that of logical consequence, so as to proceed from there to the concept of number. To prevent anything intuitive from penetrating here unnoticed, I had to bend every effort to keep the chain of inference free of gaps. In attempting to comply with this requirement in the strictest possible way, I found the inadequacy of language to be an obstacle. (Frege, 1972, p. 104)I believe I can make the relation of my 'conceptual notation' to ordinary language clearest if I compare it to the relation of the microscope to the eye. The latter, because of the range of its applicability and because of the ease with which it can adapt itself to the most varied circumstances, has a great superiority over the microscope. Of course, viewed as an optical instrument it reveals many imperfections, which usually remain unnoticed only because of its intimate connection with mental life. But as soon as scientific purposes place strong requirements upon sharpness of resolution, the eye proves to be inadequate.... Similarly, this 'conceptual notation' is devised for particular scientific purposes; and therefore one may not condemn it because it is useless for other purposes. (Frege, 1972, pp. 104-105)To sum up briefly, it is the business of the logician to conduct an unceasing struggle against psychology and those parts of language and grammar which fail to give untrammeled expression to what is logical. He does not have to answer the question: How does thinking normally take place in human beings? What course does it naturally follow in the human mind? What is natural to one person may well be unnatural to another. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)We are very dependent on external aids in our thinking, and there is no doubt that the language of everyday life-so far, at least, as a certain area of discourse is concerned-had first to be replaced by a more sophisticated instrument, before certain distinctions could be noticed. But so far the academic world has, for the most part, disdained to master this instrument. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)There is no reproach the logician need fear less than the reproach that his way of formulating things is unnatural.... If we were to heed those who object that logic is unnatural, we would run the risk of becoming embroiled in interminable disputes about what is natural, disputes which are quite incapable of being resolved within the province of logic. (Frege, 1979, p. 128)[L]inguists will be forced, internally as it were, to come to grips with the results of modern logic. Indeed, this is apparently already happening to some extent. By "logic" is not meant here recursive function-theory, California model-theory, constructive proof-theory, or even axiomatic settheory. Such areas may or may not be useful for linguistics. Rather under "logic" are included our good old friends, the homely locutions "and," "or," "if-then," "if and only if," "not," "for all x," "for some x," and "is identical with," plus the calculus of individuals, event-logic, syntax, denotational semantics, and... various parts of pragmatics.... It is to these that the linguist can most profitably turn for help. These are his tools. And they are "clean tools," to borrow a phrase of the late J. L. Austin in another context, in fact, the only really clean ones we have, so that we might as well use them as much as we can. But they constitute only what may be called "baby logic." Baby logic is to the linguist what "baby mathematics" (in the phrase of Murray Gell-Mann) is to the theoretical physicist-very elementary but indispensable domains of theory in both cases. (Martin, 1969, pp. 261-262)There appears to be no branch of deductive inference that requires us to assume the existence of a mental logic in order to do justice to the psychological phenomena. To be logical, an individual requires, not formal rules of inference, but a tacit knowledge of the fundamental semantic principle governing any inference; a deduction is valid provided that there is no way of interpreting the premises correctly that is inconsistent with the conclusion. Logic provides a systematic method for searching for such counter-examples. The empirical evidence suggests that ordinary individuals possess no such methods. (Johnson-Laird, quoted in Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 130)The fundamental paradox of logic [that "there is no class (as a totality) of those classes which, each taken as a totality, do not belong to themselves" (Russell to Frege, 16 June 1902, in van Heijenoort, 1967, p. 125)] is with us still, bequeathed by Russell-by way of philosophy, mathematics, and even computer science-to the whole of twentieth-century thought. Twentieth-century philosophy would begin not with a foundation for logic, as Russell had hoped in 1900, but with the discovery in 1901 that no such foundation can be laid. (Everdell, 1997, p. 184)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Logic
См. также в других словарях:
Deduction — • An argument or reasoning process, that kind of mediate inference by which from truths already known we advance to a knowledge of other truths necessarily implied in the former; the mental product or result of that process. Also a method, the… … Catholic encyclopedia
Deduction — may refer to: in logic: Deductive reasoning, inference in which the conclusion is of no greater generality than the premises Natural deduction, an approach to proof theory that attempts to provide a formal model of logical reasoning as it… … Wikipedia
formal logic — the branch of logic concerned exclusively with the principles of deductive reasoning and with the form rather than the content of propositions. [1855 60] * * * Introduction the abstract study of propositions, statements, or assertively used … Universalium
Formal proof — See also: mathematical proof, proof theory, and axiomatic system A formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (called well formed formulas in the case of a formal language) each of which is an axiom or follows from the… … Wikipedia
Deduction theorem — In mathematical logic, the deduction theorem is a metatheorem of first order logic.[1] It is a formalization of the common proof technique in which an implication A → B is proved by assuming A and then proving B from this assumption.… … Wikipedia
deduction — /di duk sheuhn/, n. 1. the act or process of deducting; subtraction. 2. something that is or may be deducted: She took deductions for a home office and other business expenses from her taxes. 3. the act or process of deducing. 4. something that… … Universalium
Formal system — In formal logic, a formal system (also called a logical system,Audi, Robert (Editor). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy . Second edition, Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 978 0521631365 (hardcover) and ISBN 978 0521637220 (paperback).] … Wikipedia
Formal interpretation — A formal interpretation [http://books.google.com/books?id=weKqT3ka5g0C pg=PA74 lpg=PA74 dq=%22Formal+interpretation%22+%22formal+language%22 source=web ots=pLN ms7Wi2 sig=P JqwdzOqLcX4nMpP64qmacnkDU hl=en#PPA74,M1 Cann Ronnie, Formal Semantics:… … Wikipedia
Formal science — A formal science is a theoretical study that is concerned with theoretical formal systems, for instance, logic, mathematics, systems theory and the theoretical branches of computer science, information theory, economics, statistics, and… … Wikipedia
formal system — In logic, a formal language together with a deductive apparatus by which some well formed formulas can be derived from others. Each formal system has a formal language composed of primitive symbols that figure in certain rules of formation… … Universalium
Deduction — Die Deduktion (v. lat.: deducere = herabführen), auch deduktive Methode oder deduktiver Schluss, ist in der Philosophie und der Logik eine Schlussfolgerungsweise vom Allgemeinen auf das Besondere. Genauer gesagt, werden mit Hilfe der Deduktion… … Deutsch Wikipedia