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  • 81 Clymer, George E.

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 1754 Bucks County, Pennsylvania, USA
    d. 27 August 1834 London, England
    [br]
    American inventor of the Columbian printing press.
    [br]
    Clymer was born on his father's farm, of a family that emigrated from Switzerland in the early eighteenth century. He attended local schools, helping out on the farm in his spare time, and he showed a particular talent for maintaining farm machinery. At the age of 16 he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner, which he followed in the same district for over twenty-five years. During that time, he showed his talent for mechanical invention in many ways, including the invention of a plough specially adapted to the local soils. Around 1800, he moved to Philadelphia, where his interest was aroused by the erection of the first bridge over the Schuylkill River. He devised a pump to remove water from the cofferdams at a rate of 500 gallons per day, superior to any other pumps then in use. He obtained a US patent for this in 1801, and a British one soon after.
    Clymer then turned his attention to the improvement of the printing press. For three and a half centuries after its invention, the old wooden-framed press had remained virtually unchanged except in detail. The first real change came in 1800 with the introduction of the iron press by Earl Stanhope. Modified versions were developed by other inventors, notably George Clymer, who after more than ten years' effort achieved his Columbian press. With its new system of levers, it enabled perfect impressions to be obtained with far less effort by the pressman. The Columbian was also notable for its distinctive cast-iron ornamentation, including a Hermes on each pillar and alligators and other reptiles on the levers. Most spectacular, it was surmounted by an American spread eagle, usually covered in gilt, which also served as a counterweight to raise the platen. The earliest known Columbian, surviving only in an illustration, bears the inscription Columbian Press/No.25/invented by George Clymer/Anno Domini 1813/Made in Philadelphia 1816. Few American printers could afford the US$400 selling price, so in 1817 Clymer went to England, where it was taken up enthusiastically. He obtained a British patent for it the same year, and by the following March it was being manufactured by the engineering firm R.W.Cope, although Clymer was probably making it on his own account soon afterwards. The Columbian was widely used for many years and continued to be made even into the twentieth century. The King of the Netherlands awarded Clymer a gold medal for his invention and the Tsar of Russia gave him a present for installing the press in Russia. Doubtless for business reasons, Clymer spent most of his remaining years in England and Europe.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Moran, 1973, Printing Presses, London: Faber \& Faber.
    —1969, contributed a thorough survey of the press in J. Printing Hist. Soc., no. 3.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Clymer, George E.

  • 82 Elkington, George Richard

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 17 October 1801 Birmingham England
    d. 22 September 1865 Pool Park, Denbighshire, England
    [br]
    English pioneer in electroplating.
    [br]
    He was apprenticed to his uncles, makers of metalware, in 1815 and showed such aptitude for business that he was taken into partnership. On their deaths, Elkington assumed sole ownership of the business. In conjunction with his cousin Henry (1810–52), by unrelenting enterprise, he established an industry for electroplating and electrogilding. Up until c.1840, silver-plated goods were produced by rolling or soldering thin sheets of silver to a base metal, such as copper. Back in 1801, the English chemist William Wollaston had deposited one metal upon another by means of an electric current generated from a voltaic pile or battery. In the 1830s, certain inventors, such as Bessemer used this result to produce plated articles and these efforts in turn induced the Elkingtons to apply the method in their trade. In 1836 and 1837 they took out patents for "mercurial gilding", and one patent of 1838 refers to a separate electric current. In 1840 they bought from John Wright, a Birmingham surgeon, his discovery of what proved to be the best electroplating solution: namely, solutions of cyanides of gold and silver in potassium cyanide. They also purchased rights to use the electric machine invented by J.S. Woolrich. Armed with these techniques, the Elkingtons produced in their large new works in Newhall Street a wide range of gold-and silver-plated decorative and artistic ware. Henry was particularly active on the artistic side of the business, as was their employee Alexander Parkes. For some twenty-five years, Britain enjoyed a virtual monopoly of this kind of ware, due largely to the enterprise of the Elkingtons, although by the end of the century rising tariffs had closed many foreign markets and the lead had passed to Germany. George spent all his working life in Birmingham, taking some part in the public life of the city. He was a governor of King Edward's Grammar School and a borough magistrate. He was also a caring employer, setting up houses and schools for his workers.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Elkington, George Richard

  • 83 Hansom, Joseph Aloysius

    SUBJECT AREA: Land transport
    [br]
    b. 26 October 1803 York, England
    d. 29 June 1883 Fulham, London, England
    [br]
    English architect and inventor, originator of the Hansom cab.
    [br]
    In 1816 he was apprenticed to his father, who was a joiner. After a year his abilities in design and construction were so marked that it was decided that he would have more scope as an architect. He was accordingly apprenticed to a Mr Phillips in York, becoming a clerk to Phillips in 1820. While he served his time he also worked on his own account and taught at a night school. In 1825 he married Hannah Glover and settled in Halifax, where he became Assistant to another architect. In 1828 he became a partner of Edward Welch, with whom he built a number of churches in the north of England. He designed the Town Hall for Birmingham and was responsible for the constructional work until 1833, but he had to become bond because the builders caused him to become bankrupt. He was appointed Manager of the business affairs of Dempster Hemming of Caldicote Hall, which included the landed estates, banking and coal-mining. It was during this period that he designed the "Patent Safety Cab" named after him and popular in Victorian days. The safety element consisted in lowering the centre of gravity by the use of the cranked axle. Hansom sold his rights for £10,000 to a company proposing to exploit the patent, but he was never paid, for the company got into difficulties; Hansom became its temporary Manager in 1839 and put matters right, for which he was paid £300, all he ever made out of the Hansom Cab. In 1842 he brought out the first issue of The Builder, but lack of capital caused him to retire from the journal. He devoted himself from then on to domestic and ecclesiastical architecture, designing many churches, colleges, convents and schools all over Britain and even in Australia and South America. Of note is St Walburga's church, Preston, Lancashire, whose spire is 306 ft (93 m) high. At various times he was in partnership with his younger brother, his eldest son, and with E.W.Pugin with whom he had a disagreement. He was a Catholic and much of his work was for the Catholic Church.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    1882, The Builder (8 July).
    1882, Illustrated London News (15 July).
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Hansom, Joseph Aloysius

  • 84 Whitney, Eli

    [br]
    b. 8 December 1765 Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 8 January 1825 New Haven, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the cotton gin and manufacturer of firearms.
    [br]
    The son of a prosperous farmer, Eli Whitney as a teenager showed more interest in mechanics than school work. At the age of 15 he began an enterprise business manufacturing nails in his father's workshop, even having to hire help to fulfil his orders. He later determined to acquire a university education and, his father having declined to provide funds, he taught at local schools to obtain the means to attend Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, in preparation for his entry to Yale in 1789. He graduated in 1792 and then decided to study law. He accepted a position in Georgia as a tutor that would have given him time for study; this post did not materialize, but on his journey south he met General Nathanael Greene's widow and the manager of her plantations, Phineas Miller (1764–1803). A feature of agriculture in the southern states was that the land was unsuitable for long-staple cotton but could yield large crops of green-seed cotton. Green-seed cotton was difficult to separate from its seed, and when Whitney learned of the problem in 1793 he quickly devised a machine known as the cotton gin, which provided an effective solution. He formed a partnership with Miller to manufacture the gin and in 1794 obtained a patent. This invention made possible the extraordinary growth of the cotton industry in the United States, but the patent was widely infringed and it was not until 1807, after amendment of the patent laws, that Whitney was able to obtain a favourable decision in the courts and some financial return.
    In 1798 Whitney was in financial difficulties following the failure of the initial legal action against infringement of the cotton gin patent, but in that year he obtained a government contract to supply 10,000 muskets within two years with generous advance payments. He built a factory at New Haven, Connecticut, and proposed to use a new method of manufacture, perhaps the first application of the system of interchangeable parts. He failed to supply the firearms in the specified time, and in fact the first 500 guns were not delivered until 1801 and the full contract was not completed until 1809.
    In 1812 Whitney made application for a renewal of his cotton gin patent, but this was refused. In the same year, however, he obtained a second contract from the Government for 15,000 firearms and a similar one from New York State which ensured the success of his business.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Mirsky and A.Nevins, 1952, The World of Eli Whitney, New York (a good biography). P.J.Federico, 1960, "Records of Eli Whitney's cotton gin patent", Technology and Culture 1: 168–76 (for details of the cotton gin patent).
    R.S.Woodbury, 1960, The legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts', Technology and Culture 1:235–53 (challenges the traditional view of Eli Whitney as the sole originator of the "American" system of manufacture).
    See also Technology and Culture 14(1973):592–8; 18(1977):146–8; 19(1978):609–11.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Whitney, Eli

  • 85 molde

    m.
    2 prototype, archetype.
    3 pattern.
    4 die.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: moldar.
    * * *
    1 mould (US mold)
    \
    romper el molde to break the mould (US mold)
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) mold
    2) cast
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Culin, Téc) mould, mold (EEUU); (=vaciado) cast; (Tip) form

    molde de corona — ring mould o (EEUU) mold

    2) (Cos) (=patrón) pattern; (=aguja) knitting needle
    3) (=modelo) model
    4)

    esto me viene de molde — this is just what I want o need, this is just the job *

    letra 1), pan 1)
    * * *
    a) ( para hornear) baking pan (AmE), baking tin (BrE); (para flanes, gelatina) mold*

    molde de pan — loaf pan (AmE) o (BrE) tin

    c) (Tec) cast

    un molde de yeso — (Art) a plaster cast

    de molde — just right, perfect

    d) (Impr) form

    de molde — just right, perfect

    romper moldes: un atleta que rompe los moldes an athlete who is in a class of his own; los jóvenes rompen todos los moldes — young people break all the molds

    2) (AmL) ( para coser) pattern; ( para tejer) (knitting) pattern
    * * *
    = mould [mold, -USA], cast.
    Ex. Indeed, I would guess that we measure the success of our Schools by how well they train their students to fit the existing mold.
    Ex. His sculptures were made by making casts of the cavities left in snow onto which the artist and a collaborator had urinated.
    ----
    * fabricante de moldes = die-sinker.
    * hacer del mismo molde = cast in + the same mould as.
    * hacer una plancha a partir de un molde = cast + plate + from mould.
    * hacer un molde = cast in + mould.
    * letra de molde = block letter.
    * letra de molde, carácter de imprenta = block capital.
    * molde de dos hojas = two-sheet mould.
    * molde de escayola = plaster cast.
    * molde de yeso = plaster mould [plaster-mould].
    * molde para hacer gofres = waffle iron.
    * molde para pasteles = cake pan.
    * molde tipográfico = type image.
    * romper el molde tradicional = break out of + the traditional mould.
    * sacar del mismo molde = cast in + the same mould as.
    * salirse del molde = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * * *
    a) ( para hornear) baking pan (AmE), baking tin (BrE); (para flanes, gelatina) mold*

    molde de pan — loaf pan (AmE) o (BrE) tin

    c) (Tec) cast

    un molde de yeso — (Art) a plaster cast

    de molde — just right, perfect

    d) (Impr) form

    de molde — just right, perfect

    romper moldes: un atleta que rompe los moldes an athlete who is in a class of his own; los jóvenes rompen todos los moldes — young people break all the molds

    2) (AmL) ( para coser) pattern; ( para tejer) (knitting) pattern
    * * *
    = mould [mold, -USA], cast.

    Ex: Indeed, I would guess that we measure the success of our Schools by how well they train their students to fit the existing mold.

    Ex: His sculptures were made by making casts of the cavities left in snow onto which the artist and a collaborator had urinated.
    * fabricante de moldes = die-sinker.
    * hacer del mismo molde = cast in + the same mould as.
    * hacer una plancha a partir de un molde = cast + plate + from mould.
    * hacer un molde = cast in + mould.
    * letra de molde = block letter.
    * letra de molde, carácter de imprenta = block capital.
    * molde de dos hojas = two-sheet mould.
    * molde de escayola = plaster cast.
    * molde de yeso = plaster mould [plaster-mould].
    * molde para hacer gofres = waffle iron.
    * molde para pasteles = cake pan.
    * molde tipográfico = type image.
    * romper el molde tradicional = break out of + the traditional mould.
    * sacar del mismo molde = cast in + the same mould as.
    * salirse del molde = think out(side) + (of) the box.

    * * *
    1 ( Coc) (para hornear) baking tin; (para flanes, gelatina) mold*
    molde de pan loaf tin
    3 ( Tec) cast
    un molde de yeso ( Art) a plaster cast
    el dentista me sacó el molde de los dientes the dentist made an impression of my teeth
    una obra que rompe con todos los moldes clásicos a work that breaks all the classical molds
    4 ( Impr) form letra
    de molde just right, perfect
    quedarse en el molde ( Arg); to keep one's mouth shut
    romper moldes: un atleta que rompe los moldes an athlete who is rewriting the record books o who is in a class of his own
    fue una fiesta que rompió moldes it was the party to end all parties
    ustedes los jóvenes rompen todos los moldes you young people break with all the traditions o break all the molds
    sacarle molde a algo ( Chi fam): su metida de pata fue como para sacarle molde it was a terrible o a classic o an unforgettable faux pas
    Compuesto:
    molde savarín or chimenea or de corona
    ring mold*
    B ( AmL) (para coser) pattern; (para tejer) (knitting) pattern
    * * *

     

    molde sustantivo masculino
    a) ( para hornear) baking pan (AmE), baking tin (BrE);

    (para flanes, gelatina) mold( conjugate mold);
    ◊ molde de pan loaf pan (AmE) o (BrE) tin

    b) (Tec) cast;


    c) (AmL) ( para coser) pattern

    molde sustantivo masculino mould, US mold
    (de cocina) tin
    ' molde' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    engrasar
    - letra
    - matriz
    - moldear
    - untar
    - vaciado
    - acaramelado
    - pan
    - sándwich
    English:
    cast
    - loaf
    - mold
    - mould
    - sandwich
    - baking
    - cake
    - pattern
    - plaster cast
    - print
    * * *
    molde nm
    1. [objeto hueco] mould;
    un molde de yeso a plaster cast
    2. [para tartas] baking Br tin o US pan;
    [para flanes] mould molde de pastel cake Br tin o US pan
    3. [norma] tradition;
    romper moldes: un estilo que rompe moldes a style that breaks with tradition o breaks the mould;
    una mujer acostumbrada a romper moldes en la política a woman used to breaking with political tradition;
    RP Fam
    quedarse en el o [m5] hacer molde to behave
    4. Imprenta form
    5. Am [para coser] pattern
    * * *
    m para metal, cera mold, Br
    mould; para bizcocho (cake) tin;
    romper moldes fig break the mold
    * * *
    molde nm
    1) : mold, form
    2)
    letras de molde : printing, block lettering
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > molde

  • 86 organización2

    2 = logistics, map, mapping, organisational setting, organising [organizing, -USA], setup [set-up], organisation [organization, -USA], work organisation, staging, set-up, structuring, implementation.
    Ex. Donald P Hammer, Executive Secretary of LITA, and Dorothy Butler, the Division's Administrative Secretary, handled all of the administrative details, arrangements, and logistics.
    Ex. A detailed study of a co-citation map, its core documents' citation patterns and the related journal structures, is presented.
    Ex. Recently, proponents of co-citation cluster analysis have claimed that in principle their methodology makes possible the mapping of science using the data in the Science Citation Index.
    Ex. Many students, after working with cases, have testified to the help they received in developing a clearer concept of the dynamics of human relationships in organizational settings.
    Ex. No course on management would be complete without articulating the principles of management (i.e., planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling).
    Ex. 'You know,' she had said amiably, 'there might be a better job for you here once things get rolling with this new regional setup'.
    Ex. This article discusses the history of the organisation of readers' camps for students of secondary schools in Slovakia which dates back to 1979.
    Ex. Quality of Work Life (QWL) can be defined as 'the degree to which members of a work organisation are able to satisfy important personal needs through their experiences in the organisation'.
    Ex. The author describes the success of a library in staging a series of music concerts as a public relations exercise.
    Ex. Areas of particular concern are: equipment set-up and use; helping develop search strategies, logon/logoff procedures; and emergency assistance when things go wrong.
    Ex. There are also suggestions for rules for structuring corporate body names.
    Ex. This software is important to the further implementation of the record format, especially in developing countries.
    ----
    * conocimientos básicos de búsqueda, recuperación y organización de la informa = information literacy.
    * desorganización = disorganisation [disorganization, -USA].
    * metaorganización = meta-organisation.
    * modelo de organización = organisational scheme.
    * organización bibliográfica = bibliographic organisation.
    * organización bibliotecaria = library organisation.
    * organización del trabajo = workflow [work flow], working arrangement.
    * organización de materias = subject organisation.
    * organización horizontal = flat organisation, horizontal organisation.
    * organización interna = organisational structure.
    * organización laboral = job structuring.
    * reorganización = respacing.
    * una organización de = a pattern of.

    Spanish-English dictionary > organización2

  • 87 Gillott, Joseph

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 1799 Sheffield, Yorkshire d. 1877
    [br]
    English maker of steel pens.
    [br]
    The name Joseph Gillott became synonymous with pen making at a time when the basic equipment for writing was undergoing a change. The quill pen had served writers for centuries, but attempts had been made since the seventeenth century to improve on it. The first major technical development was the steel nib, which began to be made c.1829. The steel nib was still little known in Birmingham in 1839, but ten years later it was in common use. Its stiffness was at first a drawback, but Gillott was among the first to improve its flexibility by introducing three slots, which later became standard practice. Mechanical methods of manufacture made the pen cheaper and improved its quality. In 1840 Gillott issued a "precept" informing the public that he was pen maker to the Queen and that he had been manufacturing pens for twenty years at his Victoria Works in Birmingham. He announced the successful reception by the public of his new patent pen. There were also special "warranted school" pens designed for the various grades of writing taught in schools. Finally, he warned against inferior imitations and recommended the public to buy only those pens stamped with his name.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.T.Bunce and S.Timmins, c.1880 Joseph Gillott 1799–1877: A Sketch of His Life.
    J.Whalley, 1975, Writing Implements and Accessories, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gillott, Joseph

  • 88 образовательные модули

    1. educational modules

     

    образовательные модули
    Совместно с Российским международным Олимпийским университетом в 2010 году были разработаны 11 учебно-методических модулей по школьным гуманитарным предметам - истории, литературе, музыке, ИЗО и др. - которые теперь будут интегрировать в себя Олимпийскую и Паралимпийскую тематику. Под руководством Департамента образования в настоящее время сочинские педагоги проводят семинары для школьных учителей-предметников в рамках апробации этих модулей по методологии Оргкомитета. Затем материалы будут направлены в Минобрнауки России для регламентации их использования в федеральных масштабах.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    educational modules
    In 2010, 11 educational and methodological modules for humanities subjects in schools were produced, with the collaboration of the Russian International Olympic University. The subjects covered were history, literature, music and art, amongst others, which will be integrated into the Olympic and Paralympic subject areas. Under the guidance of the Educational Department, Sochi’s teachers have been delivering workshops for subject teachers within the framework of testing these modules for compliance with Organizing Committee procedures. Then, all these materials will be submitted to the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for approval of their use at federal level.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > образовательные модули

  • 89 искусство

    1) General subject: art, art (Art, or fine arts, is often used to refer to those arts which use space, but not time, for their appreciation( such as painting and sculpture). This, for example, is what is covered by the subject 'art' in [UK] schools. cf. the arts -), artfulness, artifice, craft, feat, goldsmithery, hand, handiness, mediaevalism, proficiency, skill, subtility (спора), the arts (The arts is an 'umbrella' term for literature, music, painting, sculpture, crafts, theatre, opera, ballet, film etc. It usually implies seriousness, so that particular examples of these activities which are regarded as 'light' may), workmanship
    2) Rare: cunning
    3) Religion: mediaevalism (Devotion to the institutions, arts, and practices of the Middle Ages), medievalism (Devotion to the institutions, arts, and practices of the Middle Ages)
    4) Automobile industry: handiness (управления)
    5) Architecture: ability (в значении "умение"), skill (в значении "мастерство")
    6) Jargon: moxie
    7) Makarov: mastery

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > искусство

  • 90 öffentlich

    öffentlich I adj GEN public öffentlich II adv GEN publicly • öffentlich bekannt machen RECHT disclose publicly • öffentlich finanziert WIWI financed out of public funds • öffentlich gefördert GEN publicly funded • öffentlich nutzbar RECHT public domain • öffentlich verfügbar RECHT public domain • öffentlich versteigern GEN sell by auction • öffentlich zum Ausdruck bringen GEN express publicly (Meinung)
    * * *
    adj < Geschäft> public ■ durch öffentliche Mittel finanziert <Vw> financed out of public funds ■ in öffentlichem Eigentum sein <Pol, Vw> be under public ownership
    adv < Geschäft> publicly ■ öffentlich finanziert <Vw> financed out of public funds ■ öffentlich gefördert < Geschäft> publicly funded ■ öffentlich nutzbar < Recht> public domain ■ öffentlich verfügbar < Recht> public domain ■ öffentlich versteigern < Geschäft> sell by auction ■ öffentlich zum Ausdruck bringen < Geschäft> Meinung express publicly
    --------
    : nicht öffentlich
    1. < Geschäft> Versammlung closed; 2. < Recht> Beweisaufnahme in camera
    * * *
    öffentlich
    [in] public, open, popular;
    • nicht öffentlich private, close[d], exclusive, intramural, intra muros (lat.);
    • teilweise öffentlich semi-public;
    • öffentlich beglaubigt certified, notarized, legalized;
    • öffentlich verhandelt tried in open court;
    • nicht öffentlich [aber frei zugänglich] semi-public;
    • öffentlich anbieten to put up for auction;
    • öffentlich anschlagen to post, to placard;
    • Stelle öffentlich ausschreiben to advertise a post;
    • öffentlich beglaubigen to certify, to notarize, to legalize;
    • öffentlich bekannt geben to announce publicly (to the public);
    • Gesetz öffentlich bekannt machen to promulgate a law;
    • öffentlich bekannt sein to be a matter of common knowledge (known to the public);
    • öffentlich versteigern to sell at (by, put up for) auction;
    • öffentliche Abgaben rates and taxes;
    • öffentliches Amt bekleiden to hold a public office;
    • öffentliches Angebot offer to the public;
    • öffentliche Angelegenheiten matters of public concern, state affairs;
    • öffentliche Ankündigung public announcement, proclamation;
    • öffentliche Anlagen public parks (gardens);
    • öffentliche Anleihe public (government[al]) loan;
    • öffentliche Ansprache public speaking;
    • öffentliche Arbeiten public works;
    • öffentliches Ärgernis public nuisance;
    • öffentliche Ausschreibung public tender, bid invitation (US);
    • öffentliches Bedürfnis public necessity (want);
    • öffentliche Bedürfnisanstalt public lavatory (convenience, Br.), comfort station (US);
    • öffentliche Bekanntmachung public notice, proclamation;
    • öffentliche Belange public policy;
    • Verkehrsweg zur öffentlichen Benutzung freigeben to open (dedicate, US) a highway;
    • öffentlicher Bereich public sector;
    • öffentliche Berufsausübung common calling;
    • öffentlicher Betrieb public undertaking;
    • öffentlicher Bücherrevisor professional (public) auditor, chartered (Br.) (certified public, US) accountant;
    • öffentlicher Dienst civil (public) service, public-service business;
    • 30.000 Stellen im öffentlichen Dienst streichen to eliminate 30,000 public-service jobs;
    • öffentliche Dienststelle public office;
    • öffentliches Eigentum public property;
    • öffentliche Einrichtungen public facilities;
    • öffentliche Erklärung public statement;
    • öffentlicher Feiertag public (legal, bank, Br.) holiday;
    • öffentliche Fernsprechzelle telephone booth, public call-box (Br.);
    • öffentliche Finanzen public finance;
    • öffentliche Fürsorge national (Br.) (public, social, US) assistance;
    • öffentliches Gebäude public building;
    • öffentliche Gelder public funds (Br.) (money);
    • öffentliche Gelder bestimmungsgemäß ausgeben (verwenden) to use public money only for public purposes;
    • öffentliche Hand public authorities, mortmain;
    • öffentliche Hinterlegungsstelle public trustee office (Br.), legal custodian;
    • öffentliches Interesse public policy (interest);
    • öffentliches Krankenhaus public hospital;
    • öffentlicher Kredit public loan;
    • öffentliches Leben public life;
    • ins öffentliche Leben eintreten to enter public life;
    • öffentliche Meinung public opinion;
    • sich die öffentliche Meinung dienstbar machen to exploit public opinion;
    • öffentliche Mittel public funds;
    • öffentlicher Parkplatz public parking place;
    • gegen die öffentliche Ordnung verstoßen to break the peace, to violate law and order;
    • öffentlicher Platz public place;
    • öffentliches Rechnungswesen public accounts;
    • öffentliches Recht public law;
    • öffentliche Ruhe (Sicherheit) und Ordnung stören to break the peace;
    • öffentliche Ruhe und Sicherheit peace of the state;
    • öffentliche Schuld National Debt, government (public, US) debt;
    • öffentliche Schulen state (public, US, Scot.) schools;
    • in öffentlicher Sitzung (Gericht) in open court;
    • öffentlicher Speicher public warehouse (US);
    • öffentliches Transportunternehmen common carrier;
    • öffentliche Urkunde public (legal) document;
    • öffentliche Verhandlung hearing in open court, public trial;
    • öffentliches Verkehrsmittel public vehicle (transportation, US);
    • öffentliche Verkehrsmittel benutzen to ride in public transport;
    • öffentliche Verlautbarung public announcement;
    • öffentliche Versammlung open meeting;
    • öffentlicher Versorgungsbetrieb public utility [undertaking];
    • öffentliche Versteigerung public auction;
    • öffentliche Verwaltung public administration;
    • öffentliches Wohl public welfare;
    • öffentlicher Wohnungsbau public-sector housing.

    Business german-english dictionary > öffentlich

  • 91 Boole, George

    [br]
    b. 2 November 1815 Lincoln, England
    d. 8 December 1864 Ballintemple, Coounty Cork, Ireland
    [br]
    English mathematician whose development of symbolic logic laid the foundations for the operating principles of modern computers.
    [br]
    Boole was the son of a tradesman, from whom he learned the principles of mathematics and optical-component manufacturing. From the early age of 16 he taught in a number of schools in West Yorkshire, and when only 20 he opened his own school in Lincoln. There, at the Mechanical Institute, he avidly read mathematical journals and the works of great mathematicians such as Lagrange, Laplace and Newton and began to tackle a variety of algebraic problems. This led to the publication of a constant stream of original papers in the newly launched Cambridge Mathematical Journal on topics in the fields of algebra and calculus, for which in 1844 he received the Royal Society Medal.
    In 1847 he wrote The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, which applied algebraic symbolism to logical forms, whereby the presence or absence of properties could be represented by binary states and combined, just like normal algebraic equations, to derive logical statements about a series of operations. This laid the foundations for the binary logic used in modern computers, which, being based on binary on-off devices, greatly depend on the use of such operations as "and", "nand" ("not and"), "or" and "nor" ("not or"), etc. Although he lacked any formal degree, this revolutionary work led to his appointment in 1849 to the Chair of Mathematics at Queen's College, Cork, where he continued his work on logic and also produce treatises on differential equations and the calculus of finite differences.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Society Medal 1844. FRS 1857.
    Bibliography
    Boole's major contributions to logic available in republished form include George Boole: Investigation of the Laws of Thought, Dover Publications; George Boole: Laws of Thought, Open Court, and George Boole: Studies in Logic \& Probability, Open Court.
    1872, A Treatise on Differential Equations.
    Further Reading
    W.Kneale, 1948, "Boole and the revival of logic", Mind 57:149.
    G.C.Smith (ed.), 1982, George Boole \& Augustus de Morgan. Correspondence 1842– 1864, Oxford University Press.
    —, 1985, George Boole: His Life and Work, McHale.
    E.T.Bell, 1937, Men of Mathematics, London: Victor Gollancz.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Boole, George

  • 92 drill

    تَدْرِيب عَسْكرِيّ أو رِيَاضي \ drill: training (esp. in the armed forces; in the use of weapons, in marching, etc.) by regular practice. \ تَمْرين مَدْرَسيّ أو عِلْميّ \ drill: (in schools) a training exercise for any purpose: Language drills. \ حَفَرَ بِمثقَاب \ drill: to make (a hole) with a drill: Men were drilling for oil. They drilled a hole 6000 feet deep. \ مِثْقَاب \ drill: an instrument or machine for making holes in hard materials (rock, wood, metal, teeth, etc.).

    Arabic-English glossary > drill

  • 93 Sinclair, Sir Clive Maries

    [br]
    b. 30 July 1940
    [br]
    English electronic engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    The son of G.W.C.Sinclair, a machine tool engineer, the young Sinclair's education was disrupted by the failure of his father's business. Aged 12 he left Boxgrove preparatory school and went through twelve more schools before leaving St George's School, Weybridge, at the age of 17. His first job was as an editorial assistant on a hobbyist's magazine, Practical Wireless, and his next as an editor at Bernard Books, writing a series of technical manuals. In 1961 he registered Sinclair Radionics and in the following year announced its first product, a micro-amplifier. This was the first of a series of miniaturized radio products that he put on the market while retaining his editorial job. In 1972 he launched the Sinclair Executive calculator, selling originally at £79.95 but later at £24.95. In 1976, the Black Watch, an electronic watch with digital light-emitting diode (LED) display, was marketed, to be followed by the TV1A, a miniature television with a 2 in. (5 cm) monochrome screen. During the latter part of this period, Sinclair Radionics was supported by investment from the UK National Enterprise Board, who appointed an outside managing director; after making a considerable loss, they closed the company in 1979. However, Sinclair Electronics had already been set up and started to market the UK's first cheap computer kit, the MK 14, which was followed by the ZX 80 and later the ZX 81. Price was kept at a minimum by the extensive use of existing components, though this was a restriction on performance. The small memory was enhanced from one kilobyte to seventeen kilobytes with the addition of a separate memory unit. In January 1985 Sinclair produced the Sinclair C5, a small three-wheeled vehicle driven by a washing-machine engine, intended as a revolutionary new form of personal transport; perceived as unsafe and impractical, it did not prove popular, and the failure of this venture resulted in a contraction of Sinclair's business activities. Later in 1985, a rival electronics company, Amstrad, paid £35,000,000 for all rights to existing Sinclair computer products.
    In March 1992, the irrepressible Sinclair launched his latest brainchild, the Zike electric bicycle; a price of £499 was forecast. This machine, powered by an electric motor but with pedal assistance, had a top speed of 19 km/h (12 mph) and, on full power, would run for up to one hour. Its lightweight nickel-cadmium battery could be recharged either by a generator or by free-wheeling. Although more practical than the C5, it did not bring Sinclair success on the scale of his earlier micro-electronic products.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1983.
    Further Reading
    I.Adamson and R.Kennedy, 1986, Sinclair and the "Sunrise" Technology, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Sinclair, Sir Clive Maries

  • 94 تمرين

    تَمْرِين \ exercise: active use of the body: Walking, rowing and riding are all good exercise, sth. practised to train the mind or body I have written my English exercises. I have to do exercises to make my arms stronger. practice: doing sth. often, to develop skill: In sport one needs regular practice. They played a practice game (not a match). rehearsal: the act of practising (sth.) for a public performance. \ تَمْرين مَدْرَسيّ أو عِلْميّ \ drill: (in schools) a training exercise for any purpose: Language drills.

    Arabic-English dictionary > تمرين

  • 95 capacidad1

    1 = ability, capability, competence, appetite, capacity, hat, aptitude, faculty.
    Ex. The ability to search on word stems is particularly valuable where the text to be searched is in free-language format.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS may replace the typewriter and the catalog card but it cannot replace the decision-making capabilities of the library staff.
    Ex. In order that you should be able to perform these required skills with greater competence, selected elements of the theory of subject indexing will be included.
    Ex. Such machines will have enourmous appetites.
    Ex. Older people have suffered some losses in sensory and physical capacity, and newer teaching techniques might intimidate them.
    Ex. The city librarian has commonly been a general cultural consultant, often with more than one hat, with the curatorship of the museum and/or art gallery as additional offices.
    Ex. In tracking, schools categorize according to measures of intelligence, achievement, or aptitude and then assign students to ability or interest-grouped classes = En la subdivisión de los alumnos en clases según su nivel académico, las escuelas agrupan a los alumnos de acuerdo con su nivel de inteligencia, habilidad o aptitud y luego los asignan a las clases según su capacidad o por sus intereses.
    Ex. Sophia no sooner saw Blifil than she turned pale, and almost lost the use of all her faculties.
    ----
    * actuar por encima de {Posesivo} capacidades = punch above + Posesivo + weight.
    * capacidad académica = academic ability.
    * capacidad analítica = analytical capacity.
    * capacidad cognitiva = cognitive ability, cognitive capacity.
    * capacidad comunicativa = speaking skills.
    * capacidad crediticia = credit standing.
    * capacidad crítica = critical skills, critical awareness, critical faculty.
    * capacidad crítica de los programas televisivos = teleliteracy.
    * capacidad de absorción = absorptive capacity, absorptive capability.
    * capacidad de búsqueda = searching power.
    * capacidad de comercialización = marketability.
    * capacidad de comprensión = listening skills, understanding capacity.
    * capacidad de discriminación = discriminating power.
    * capacidad deductiva = heuristic power.
    * capacidad de enganche = holding power.
    * capacidad de escuchar = listening skills.
    * capacidad de interpretar imágenes = visual literacy.
    * capacidad de interpretar información estadística = graphic literacy, spatial literacy, statistical literacy.
    * capacidad de leer = reading skills.
    * capacidad de manejar la información = information handling.
    * capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.
    * capacidad de negociación = bargaining power.
    * capacidad de procesamiento = throughput, processing power.
    * capacidad de producción = throughput.
    * capacidad de promoción = promotability.
    * capacidad de razonamiento = thinking skills.
    * capacidad de resolver problemas = problem-solving ability.
    * capacidad de retención = holding power.
    * capacidad de saber leer y escribir = literacy skills.
    * capacidad económica = earning capacity, earning power.
    * capacidades informáticas = computer skills.
    * capacidad física = physical capability.
    * capacidad informática = computing power.
    * capacidad intelectual = intellectual ability.
    * capacidad lingüística = language skill.
    * capacidad mental = brainpower [brain power], mental capability.
    * desarrollar la capacidad de = gain in + the ability to.
    * desarrollar las capacidades = fulfil + potential.
    * desarrollo de capacidades = capacity building.
    * en + Posesivo + capacidad como = in + Posesivo + capacity as.
    * no actuando en capacidad de autor = non-authorial.
    * persona que rinde por debajo de su capacidad = underachiever.
    * sin capacidad de discernimiento = undiscriminating.
    * tener la capacidad de = have + the potential (to/for).

    Spanish-English dictionary > capacidad1

  • 96 normalización

    f.
    normalization, standardization.
    * * *
    1 normalization
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de relaciones, servicio, situación] normalization

    normalización lingüística — policy of making the local language official within an autonomous region

    2) (Com, Téc) standardization
    * * *
    1) ( de situación) normalization
    2) ( estandarización) standardization
    * * *
    = normalisation [normalization, -USA], standardisation [standardization, -USA], standards-making, rulemaking [rule-making].
    Ex. It is only by human intervention at the time of data creation that sufficient normalization can be effected to make innovative machine access meaningful.
    Ex. This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.
    Ex. OSI is a de jure standard, formally approved by an official standards-making body and often having the status of a law or treaty.
    Ex. Rulemaking of this kind goes to the heart of the notion of the nation state as a sovereign entity.
    ----
    * agencia de normalización = standards body.
    * establecer una normalización = impose + standardization.
    * grupo de normalización = standards group.
    * Institución Británica para la Normalización (BSI) = British Standard Institution (BSI).
    * normalización de un encabezamiento = establishment of + a uniform heading.
    * organismo de normalización = standards organisation.
    * Organización Internacional de Normalización = ISO.
    * * *
    1) ( de situación) normalization
    2) ( estandarización) standardization
    * * *
    = normalisation [normalization, -USA], standardisation [standardization, -USA], standards-making, rulemaking [rule-making].

    Ex: It is only by human intervention at the time of data creation that sufficient normalization can be effected to make innovative machine access meaningful.

    Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.
    Ex: OSI is a de jure standard, formally approved by an official standards-making body and often having the status of a law or treaty.
    Ex: Rulemaking of this kind goes to the heart of the notion of the nation state as a sovereign entity.
    * agencia de normalización = standards body.
    * establecer una normalización = impose + standardization.
    * grupo de normalización = standards group.
    * Institución Británica para la Normalización (BSI) = British Standard Institution (BSI).
    * normalización de un encabezamiento = establishment of + a uniform heading.
    * organismo de normalización = standards organisation.
    * Organización Internacional de Normalización = ISO.

    * * *
    A (de una situación) normalization
    B (estandarización) standardization
    * * *

    normalización sustantivo femenino


    normalización sustantivo femenino
    1 (a una norma) standardization
    2 (a la normalidad) normalization: la normalización de su vida no era posible, it was impossible for his life to adjust to normality
    * * *
    1. [vuelta a la normalidad] return to normal, normalization
    2. [regularización] standardization
    Esp normalización lingüística = regulation by legal means of the use of the different languages spoken in a multilingual region
    * * *
    f
    1 normalization
    2 TÉC standardization
    * * *
    normalización nf, pl - ciones nf
    1) regularización: normalization
    2) estandarización: standardization

    Spanish-English dictionary > normalización

  • 97 تدريب

    تَدْرِيب \ drill: (in schools) a training exercise for any purpose: Language drills. exercise: sth. practised to train the mind or body: I have written my English exercises. I have to do exercises to make my arms stronger. practice: doing sth. often, to develop skill: In sport one needs regular practice. They played a practice game (not a match). training: the act of training or of being trained: Top-class swimmers need regular training. \ See Also تمرين (تَمْرِين)‏ \ تَدْرِيب عَسْكرِيّ أو رِيَاضي \ drill: training (esp. in the armed forces; in the use of weapons, in marching, etc.) by regular practice.

    Arabic-English dictionary > تدريب

  • 98 كرة

    كُرَة \ ball: a round object used in games, any round object: a ball of wool. globe: anything shaped like a ball, esp. our earth. sphere: any round shape, like a ball. \ الكُرَة الأرضيّة \ Earth: the world on which we live. \ كُرَة أرضيَّة \ globe: (in schools) a map of the world, shaped like a ball. \ كُرَة ثَلْجِيَّة \ snowball: a mass of snow that has been pressed into a ball. \ كُرَة زجاجيّة يلعب بها الأطفال \ marble: a small glass ball, used for a children’s game. \ كُرَة السَّلَّة (لُعْبة)‏ \ basketball: a game in which the ball must be thrown into a net on a high pole. \ الكُرَة الطائِرَة (لُعْبَة)‏ \ volleyball: a game in which players use their hands to hit a large light ball across a net (without letting it touch the ground). \ كُرَة الطاوِلة \ table tennis, ping-pong: a game in which 2 or 4 players hit a small plastic ball over a net on a table. \ كُرَة القدم (لُعْبَة)‏ \ association football, soccer: a game using a round football. rugby football: a kind of football that is played with team of 15 or 13 players, who may handle the egg-shaped ball. \ كُرَة المِضْرَب \ tennis: a game in which 2 or 4 players hit a ball over a net to each other (on a tennis court).

    Arabic-English dictionary > كرة

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