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1 fire
مِدْفَأَة \ fire: sth. that burns and gives heat: a wood fire; an electric fire; a camp fire. fireplace: a place for lighting fires in a house. heater: a device for heating sth. (a room, a car, the water supply of a house, etc.) by oil, electricity or gas. radiator: a device for heating a room (either electrically or by hot water passing through pipes). stove: an enclosed fire, for cooking or heating. -
2 مدفأة
مِدْفَأَة \ fire: sth. that burns and gives heat: a wood fire; an electric fire; a camp fire. fireplace: a place for lighting fires in a house. heater: a device for heating sth. (a room, a car, the water supply of a house, etc.) by oil, electricity or gas. radiator: a device for heating a room (either electrically or by hot water passing through pipes). stove: an enclosed fire, for cooking or heating. -
3 fireplace
مِدْفَأَة \ fire: sth. that burns and gives heat: a wood fire; an electric fire; a camp fire. fireplace: a place for lighting fires in a house. heater: a device for heating sth. (a room, a car, the water supply of a house, etc.) by oil, electricity or gas. radiator: a device for heating a room (either electrically or by hot water passing through pipes). stove: an enclosed fire, for cooking or heating. -
4 heater
مِدْفَأَة \ fire: sth. that burns and gives heat: a wood fire; an electric fire; a camp fire. fireplace: a place for lighting fires in a house. heater: a device for heating sth. (a room, a car, the water supply of a house, etc.) by oil, electricity or gas. radiator: a device for heating a room (either electrically or by hot water passing through pipes). stove: an enclosed fire, for cooking or heating. -
5 radiator
مِدْفَأَة \ fire: sth. that burns and gives heat: a wood fire; an electric fire; a camp fire. fireplace: a place for lighting fires in a house. heater: a device for heating sth. (a room, a car, the water supply of a house, etc.) by oil, electricity or gas. radiator: a device for heating a room (either electrically or by hot water passing through pipes). stove: an enclosed fire, for cooking or heating. -
6 stove
مِدْفَأَة \ fire: sth. that burns and gives heat: a wood fire; an electric fire; a camp fire. fireplace: a place for lighting fires in a house. heater: a device for heating sth. (a room, a car, the water supply of a house, etc.) by oil, electricity or gas. radiator: a device for heating a room (either electrically or by hot water passing through pipes). stove: an enclosed fire, for cooking or heating. -
7 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN -
8 Fox, Samson
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Metallurgy, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 11 July 1838 Bowling, near Bradford, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 October 1903 Walsall, Staffordshire, England[br]English engineer who invented the corrugated boiler furnace.[br]He was the son of a cloth mill worker in Leeds and at the age of 10 he joined his father at the mill. Showing a mechanical inclination, he was apprenticed to a firm of machine-tool makers, Smith, Beacock and Tannett. There he rose to become Foreman and Traveller, and designed and patented tools for cutting bevelled gears. With his brother and one Refitt, he set up the Silver Cross engineering works for making special machine tools. In 1874 he founded the Leeds Forge Company, acting as Managing Director until 1896 and then as Chairman until shortly before his death.It was in 1877 that he patented his most important invention, the corrugated furnace for steam-boilers. These furnaces could withstand much higher pressures than the conventional form, and higher working pressures in marine boilers enabled triple-expansion engines to be installed, greatly improving the performance of steamships, and the outcome was the great ocean-going liners of the twentieth century. The first vessel to be equipped with the corrugated furnace was the Pretoria of 1878. At first the furnaces were made by hammering iron plates using swage blocks under a steam hammer. A plant for rolling corrugated plates was set up at Essen in Germany, and Fox installed a similar mill at his works in Leeds in 1882.In 1886 Fox installed a Siemens steelmaking plant and he was notable in the movement for replacing wrought iron with steel. He took out several patents for making pressed-steel underframes for railway wagons. The business prospered and Fox opened a works near Chicago in the USA, where in addition to wagon underframes he manufactured the first American pressed-steel carriages. He later added a works at Pittsburgh.Fox was the first in England to use water gas for his metallurgical operations and for lighting, with a saving in cost as it was cheaper than coal gas. He was also a pioneer in the acetylene industry, producing in 1894 the first calcium carbide, from which the gas is made.Fox took an active part in public life in and around Leeds, being thrice elected Mayor of Harrogate. As a music lover, he was a benefactor of musicians, contributing no less than £45,000 towards the cost of building the Royal College of Music in London, opened in 1894. In 1897 he sued for libel the author Jerome K.Jerome and the publishers of the Today magazine for accusing him of misusing his great generosity to the College to give a misleading impression of his commercial methods and prosperity. He won the case but was not awarded costs.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society of Arts James Watt Silver Medal and Howard Gold Medal. Légion d'honneur 1889.Bibliography1877, British Patent nos. 1097 and 2530 (the corrugated furnace or "flue", as it was often called).Further ReadingObituary, 1903, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: 919–21.Obituary, 1903, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers (the fullest of the many obituary notices).G.A.Newby, 1993, "Behind the fire doors: Fox's corrugated furnace 1877 and the high pressure steamship", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 64.LRD -
9 tizonear
v.to stir up a fire; to arrange wood or coals for lighting a fire.* * *VT [+ fuego] to poke, stir -
10 موقد
مَوْقِد \ fireplace: a place for lighting fires in a house. stove: an enclosed fire, for cooking or heating. \ مَوْقِد بَنْسِن \ bunsen burner: a small gas heater, used by scientists in their work with chemicals. \ مَوْقِد للطّهي \ cooker: a device for cooking by oil, gas or electricity. -
11 machero
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12 λαμπτήρ
A stand or grate for pine and other wood used for lighting rooms, Od.18.307 sq., 343, 19.63; ὦ χαῖρε, λ. νυκτός thou that lightest up the night, of a beacon-fire, A.Ag.22; ἕσπεροι λαμπτῆρες the evening watch-fires, S.Aj. 286;ἡλίου λαμπτῆρες E.Rh.60
.b epith. of Dionysus, Paus.7.27.3.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > λαμπτήρ
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13 fireplace
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14 stove
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15 ateşlik
1. firepan, small brazier. 2. place fit for lighting a fire. 3. fit for burning. -
16 kibahaluli
------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kibahaluli[Swahili Plural] vibahaluli[English Word] torch (of twisted grass or paper, used as a match)[English Plural] torches[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Derived Language] Arabic------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kibahaluli[Swahili Plural] vibahaluli[English Word] oil lamp (small)[English Plural] oil lamps[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Derived Language] Arabic------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kibahaluli[Swahili Plural] vibahaluli[English Word] spill[English Plural] spills[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Derived Language] Arabic[English Definition] a thin strip of wood or paper used for lighting a fire------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kibahaluli[Swahili Plural] vibahaluli[English Word] fool[English Plural] fools[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8an[Derived Language] Arabic------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] kibahaluli[Swahili Plural] vibahaluli[English Word] stupid person[English Plural] stupid people[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8an[Derived Language] Arabic------------------------------------------------------------ -
17 Anzünder
m lighter* * *der Anzünderlighter* * *Ạn|zün|dermlighter* * *(something used for lighting (a cigarette etc).) lighter* * *An·zün·derm (fam) fire lighter* * *der (GasAnzünder) gas lighter; (FeuerAnzünder) firelighter (Brit.)* * *Anzünder m lighter* * *der (GasAnzünder) gas lighter; (FeuerAnzünder) firelighter (Brit.) -
18 småved
subst. sticks for lighting a fire, kindling -
19 נפטְ
נֵפְטְm. (prob. a transpos. of נטף, a readaptation of νάφθα) naphtha. Sabb.II, 2. Ib. 26a אין מדליקין בנ׳ לבן וכ׳ white naphtha must not be used for lighting … because it is explosive. Ib. ומה יעשו … אלא נ׳ and what shall the Cappadocians do who have … only naphtha? Yoma 38b, sq. Y.Snh.VII, 24b bot. (v. שְׂרֵפָה) בפתילה של נ׳ the Mishnah, describing capital punishment by burning, means a wick saturated with naphtha. Y.Sot.VII, beg.22b אש כנגד נ׳ שלהן ‘fire (Ps. 18:13) corresponds to the arrows of the human armies tipped in naphtha; Pesik. R. s. 17 רמה בהן נ׳ he (the besieger) throws naphtha (βέλη πυροφόρα or πυροβόλα). -
20 נֵפְטְ
נֵפְטְm. (prob. a transpos. of נטף, a readaptation of νάφθα) naphtha. Sabb.II, 2. Ib. 26a אין מדליקין בנ׳ לבן וכ׳ white naphtha must not be used for lighting … because it is explosive. Ib. ומה יעשו … אלא נ׳ and what shall the Cappadocians do who have … only naphtha? Yoma 38b, sq. Y.Snh.VII, 24b bot. (v. שְׂרֵפָה) בפתילה של נ׳ the Mishnah, describing capital punishment by burning, means a wick saturated with naphtha. Y.Sot.VII, beg.22b אש כנגד נ׳ שלהן ‘fire (Ps. 18:13) corresponds to the arrows of the human armies tipped in naphtha; Pesik. R. s. 17 רמה בהן נ׳ he (the besieger) throws naphtha (βέλη πυροφόρα or πυροβόλα).
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