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1 feedback
Gen Mgtthe communication of responses and reactions to proposals and changes, or of the findings of performance appraisals with the goal of enabling improvements to be made. Feedback can be either positive or negative. In the context of performance evaluation or performance appraisal, positive feedback should be delivered to reinforce good performance, whereas negative feedback should be intended to correct or improve poor performance. Feedback that is delivered inappropriately can be very demotivating, so good communication skills are a prerequisite. -
2 feedback control
Finthe measurement of differences between planned outputs and actual outputs achieved, and the modification of subsequent action and/or plans to achieve future required results -
3 Black, Harold Stephen
[br]b. 14 April 1898 Leominster, Massachusetts, USAd. 11 December 1983 Summitt, New Jersey, USA[br]American electrical engineer who discovered that the application of negative feedback to amplifiers improved their stability and reduced distortion.[br]Black graduated from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, in 1921 and joined the Western Electric Company laboratories (later the Bell Telephone Laboratories) in New York City. There he worked on a variety of electronic-communication problems. His major contribution was the discovery in 1927 that the application of negative feedback to an amplifier, whereby a fraction of the output signal is fed back to the input in the opposite phase, not only increases the stability of the amplifier but also has the effect of reducing the magnitude of any distortion introduced by it. This discovery has found wide application in the design of audio hi-fi amplifiers and various control systems, and has also given valuable insight into the way in which many animal control functions operate.During the Second World War he developed a form of pulse code modulation (PCM) to provide a practicable, secure telephony system for the US Army Signal Corps. From 1963–6, after his retirement from the Bell Labs, he was Principal Research Scientist with General Precision Inc., Little Falls, New Jersey, following which he became an independent consultant in communications. At the time of his death he held over 300 patents.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Lamme Medal 1957.Bibliography1934, "Stabilised feedback amplifiers", Electrical Engineering 53:114 (describes the principles of negative feedback).21 December 1937, US patent no. 2,106,671 (for his negative feedback discovery.1947, with J.O.Edson, "Pulse code modulation", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 66:895.1946, "A multichannel microwave radio relay system", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 65:798.1953, Modulation Theory, New York: D.van Nostrand.1988, Laboratory Management: Principles \& Practice, New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold.Further ReadingFor early biographical details see "Harold S. Black, 1957 Lamme Medalist", Electrical Engineering (1958) 77:720; "H.S.Black", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Spectrum (1977) 54.KF -
4 Bode, Hendrik Wade
[br]b. 24 December 1905 Madison, Wisconsin, USAd. 21 June 1982 Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA[br]American engineer who developed an extensive theoretical understanding of the behaviour of electronic circuits.[br]Bode received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Ohio State University in 1924 and 1926, respectively, and his PhD from Columbia University, New York, in 1935. In 1926 he joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he made many theoretical contributions to the understanding of the behaviour of electronic circuits and, in particular, in conjunction with Harry Nyquist, of the conditions under which amplifier circuits become unstable.During the Second World War he worked on the design of gun control systems and afterwards was a member of a team that worked with Douglas Aircraft to develop the Nike anti-aircraft missile. A member of the Bell Laboratories Mathematical Research Group from 1929, he became its Director in 1952, and then Director of Physical Sciences. Finally he became Vice-President of the Laboratories, with responsibility for systems engineering, and a director of Bellcomm, a Bell company involved in the Moon-landing programme. When he retired from Bell in 1967, he became Professor of Systems Engineering at Harvard University.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresidential Certificate of Merit 1946. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1969.Bibliography1940, "Relation between attenuation and phase in feedback amplifier design", Bell System Technical Journal 19:421.1945, Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design, New York: Van Nostrand.1950, with C.E.Shannon, "A simplified derivation of linear least squares smoothing and prediction theory", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 38:417.1961, "Feedback. The history of an idea", Proceedings of the Symposium on Active Networks and Feedback Systems, Brooklyn Polytechnic.1971, Synergy: Technical Integration and Technical Innovation in the Bell System Bell Laboratories, Bell Telephone Laboratories (provides background on his activities at Bell).Further ReadingP.C.Mahon, 1975, Mission Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories. See also Black, Harold Stephen; Shannon, Claude Elwood.KF -
5 e-mail mailing list
E-coma marketing technique particularly suited to discussing complex topics over a period of time. Members can be drawn from anywhere in the world, and come together to share information and experience on a particular theme or subject area. It works as follows: a moderator compiles a list of e-mail addresses for possible members, and mails them with the theme for discussion. People then join up, via e-mail or Web form. The moderator invites contributions, which are duly published by email; subscribers then react to the initial publication with their opinions and feedback. A selection of these reactions is published in the next e-mail sent out—and so on. If successful, a feedback and opinion loop is created, with new topics being introduced as older topics have received sufficient discussion. -
6 focus group
Mktga carefully selected representative group of consumers or employees used for the purposes of providing feedback on consumer preferences and responses to a selected range of products or marketing issues. A focus group usually operates with a facilitator to guide discussion. Although primarily used for marketing purposes, focus groups are also being more widely used to obtain employee feedback on a wide range of employment and other issues within an organization. -
7 process control
Opsthe inspection of workin-progress to provide feedback on, and correct, a production process. First developed as a mechanical feedback mechanism, process control is now widely used to monitor and maintain the quality of output. -
8 Nyquist, Harry
[br]b. 7 February 1889 Nilsby, Swedend. 4 April 1976 Texas, USA[br]Swedish-American engineer who established the formula for thermal noise in electrical circuits and the stability criterion for feedback amplifiers.[br]Nyquist (original family name Nykvist) emigrated from Sweden to the USA when he was 18 years old and settled in Minnesota. After teaching for a time, he studied electrical engineering at the University of North Dakota, gaining his first and Master's degrees in 1915 and 1916, and his PhD from Yale in 1917. He then joined the American Telegraph \& Telephone Company, moving to its Bell Laboratories in 1934 and remaining there until his retirement in 1954. A prolific inventor, he made many contributions to communication engineering, including the invention of vestigial-side band transmission. In the late 1920s he analysed the behaviour of analogue and digital signals in communication circuits, and in 1928 he showed that the thermal noise per unit bandwidth is given by 4 kT, where k is Boltzmann's constant and T the absolute temperature. However, he is best known for the Nyquist Criterion, which defines the conditions necessary for the stable, oscillation-free operation of amplifiers with a closed feedback loop. The problem of how to realize these conditions was investigated by his colleague Hendrik Bode.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFranklin Institute Medal 1960. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1960; Mervin J.Kelly Award 1961.Bibliography1924, "Certain factors affecting telegraph speed", Bell System Technical Journal 3:324. 1928, "Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory", Transactions of the AmericanInstitute of Electrical Engineers 47:617.1928, "Thermal agitation of electric charge in conductors", Physical Review 32:110. 1932, "Regeneration theory", Bell System Technical Journal 11:126.1940, with K.Pfleger, "Effect of the quadrature component in single-sideband transmission", Bell System Technical Journal 19:63.Further ReadingBell Telephone Laboratories, 1975, Mission Communications.See also: Shannon, Claude ElwoodKF -
9 Cybernetics
1) The Parallel Nature of Feedback in Living Individuals and Communication MachinesIt is my thesis that the physical functioning of the living individual and the operation of some of the newer communication machines are precisely parallel in their analogous attempts to control entropy through feedback. Both of them have sensory receptors as one stage of their cycle of operation: that is, in both of them there exists a special apparatus for collecting information from the outer world at low energy levels, and for making it available in the operation of the individual or of the machine.In both cases these external messages are not taken neat, but through the internal transforming powers of the apparatus, whether it be alive or dead. The information is then turned into a new form available for the further stages of performance. In both the animal and the machine this performance is made to be effective on the outer world. In both of them, their performed action on the outer world, and not merely their intended action, is reported back to the central regulatory apparatus. (Wiener, 1954, pp. 26-27)[The job of the cyberneticist] is the study of information transfer: the converting of information from one form to another-the human voice into radio waves and back into sound once more, or a complex mathematical equation into a set of punched holes on a tape, to be fed into a computer and then into a set of traces on reels of magnetic tape in the computer's "memory store."... To him, protein synthesis is just such another case. The mechanism for ensuring the exact replication of a protein chain by a new cell is that of transferring the information about the protein structure from the parent to the daughter cell. (Rose, 1970, p. 162)The theme of all these tales [("Fisherman and the Jinni" in the Thousand Nights and a Night; The Sorcerer's Apprentice; and "The Monkey's Paw" by W. W. Jacobs)] is the danger of magic. This seems to lie in the fact that the operation of magic is singularly literal-minded, and that if it grants you anything at all it grants what you ask for, not what you should have asked for or what you intend....The magic of automation, and in particular the magic of an automatization in which the devices learn, may be expected to be similarly literal-minded. If you are playing a game according to certain rules and set the playing-machine to play for victory, you will get victory if you get anything at all, and the machine will not pay the slightest attention to any consideration except victory according to the rules. If you are playing a war game with a certain conventional interpretation of victory, victory will be the goal at any cost, even that of the extermination of your own side, unless this condition of survival is explicitly contained in the definition of victory according to which you program the machine. (Wiener, 1964, pp. 59-60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cybernetics
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10 closed loop system
Fina management control system which includes a provision for corrective action, taken on either a feedforward or a feedback basis -
11 executive coaching
HRregular one-to-one coaching for leaders, designed as part of a management development program to provide knowledge and skills in a particular area. Executive coaching involves giving feedback to a leader and assisting in the creation of a development plan, often using 360 degree appraisal. It can include in-depth development coaching conducted by colleagues, superiors, or specialist trainers, lasting perhaps six to twelve months. -
12 grapevine
Gen Mgtan informal communication network within an organization that conveys information through unofficial channels independent of management control. Information travels much more quickly through the grapevine than through formal channels and may become distorted. A grapevine may reinterpret official corporate messages or spread gossip and rumor in the absence of effective organization channels. It can, however, also complement official communication, provide feedback, and strengthen social relationships within the organization. -
13 Johari window
HRa communication model that facilitates analysis of both how someone gives and receives information and the dynamics of interpersonal communication. The Johari window was developed by Joseph Luft and Henry Ingram. It is often represented in the form of a grid divided into four sections, each of which represents a type of communication exchange. First, there is the open self: you have awareness of the impact you have on the other and the impact they have on you, so that the risk of interpersonal conflict is minimized. The second sector covers the hidden self: you have awareness of your impact on others, but not of their impact on you. This leads to defensive behavior in which you seek to hide what you want and increases the possibility of interpersonal conflict. In the third sector, or blind self, you have awareness of what the other wants, but you lack self-awareness of the impact of your communication or actions. Finally, there is the undiscovered self: you lack selfawareness and are either unaware of or cannot understand the other. Although the Johari window can be used in a number of situations, it is most frequently used as a tool for training or coaching purposes, in order to provide feedback on communication skills. -
14 noise
Finirrelevant or insignificant data which overload a feedback process. The presence of noise can confuse or divert attention from relevant information; efficiency in a system is enhanced as the ratio of information to noise increases. -
15 online community
E-coma means of allowing Web users to engage with one another and with an organization through use of interactive tools such as e-mail, discussion boards, and chat systems.They are a means by which a Web site owner can take the pulse of consumers to find out what they are thinking, and to generate unique content. As stand-alone businesses, online communities have been found to be weak: they work best when they are supporting the need for an organization to collect on-going feedback. -
16 on-the-job training
HRtraining given to employees in the workplace as they perform everyday work activities. On-the-job training is based on the principle of learning by doing and includes demonstration and explanation by a more experienced employee, supervisor, or manager; performance of tasks under supervision; and the provision of appropriate feedback. On-the-job training is sometimes informally referred to as sitting with Nellie. Types of on-the-job training include coaching, delegation, job rotation, secondment, and participation in special projects. -
17 sensitivity training
HRgroup-based training designed to help participants develop interpersonal skills (see interpersonal communication). Sensitivity training is a form of human relations training, and was developed by Kurt Lewin, and others at the National Training Laboratory in the United States during the 1940s. The format most commonly used is a training group, or T-Group, consisting of between 7 and 12 people who meet together over a period of about two weeks, normally at a residential training center. The aims are to develop sensitivity and awareness of participants’ own feelings and reactions, to increase their understanding of group dynamics, and to help them learn to adapt their behavior in appropriate ways. Group activities may include discussion, games, and exercises but may also be relatively unstructured. The provision of feedback is a key feature. This type of training has been controversial, as the group interactions can be confrontational, and some have suggested that participants could suffer emotional harm. The popularity of T-Groups has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. Sensitivity training is also known as laboratory training. This term emphasizes the way participants are placed in an environment in which different ways of interacting can be tried out. Lewin’s early work in this field was developed at the National Training Laboratories, founded in 1947, in the United States. -
18 simulation game
Gen Mgtan interactive game based on a simulation of a real-life situation, where participants role-play, make decisions, and receive feedback on the results of their actions. A simulation game is used for training purposes and enables trainees to put theory into practice in a risk-free environment. Simulation games are used to increase business awareness and develop management skills such as decision making, problem solving, and team working. An element of competition between individuals or teams of players is normally involved. Formats used include board games and computer-based simulations of the running of a business. -
19 systems dynamics
Gen Mgta computerbased tool, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, designed to model the behavior of constantly changing systems. Systems dynamics investigates the combined effects of individual changes made at different points in a system, and uses simulation to design information feedback structures. -
20 terotechnology
Opsa multidisciplinary technique that combines the areas of management, finance, and engineering with the aim of optimizing life-cycle costs for physical assets and technologies. Terotechnology is concerned with acquiring and caring for physical assets. It covers the specification and design for the reliability and maintainability of plant, machinery, equipment, buildings, and structures, including the installation, commissioning, maintenance, and replacement of this plant, and also incorporates the feedback of information on design, performance, and costs.
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См. также в других словарях:
Feedback — Feedback … Deutsch Wörterbuch
Feedback — Жанр Psychedelic Blues Rock Годы c 2006 Откуда Россия … Википедия
feedback — feed‧back [ˈfiːdbæk] noun [uncountable] 1. HUMAN RESOURCES advice or criticism about how well you are doing your job and what you could do to improve. Managers usually give feedback to their employees: • The line manager judges the trainee s work … Financial and business terms
Feedback — Sn Rückmeldung, Reaktion per. Wortschatz fach. (20. Jh.) Entlehnung. Entlehnt aus ne. feedback, dieses aus ne. feed einspeisen, füttern (aus ae. fēdan; Futter1) und ne. back zurück (Backbord). Zunächst technische Bezeichnung für die Kontrolle von … Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen sprache
feedback — s.n. (cib., psih.) Retroacţiune (1) care se manifestă la nivelul a diferite sisteme (biologice, tehnice etc.) în scopul menţinerii stabilităţii şi echilibrului lor faţă de influenţe exterioare; retroacţiune inversă, conexiune inversă, cauzalitate … Dicționar Român
Feedback — Feedback: Das Fremdwort, das allgemeinsprachlich in der Bedeutung »Rückmeldung, Reaktion« verwendet wird, wurde in der Mitte des 20. Jh.s aus dem Engl. übernommen. Bei dem gleichbed. engl. feedback handelt es sich um eine Substantivierung des… … Das Herkunftswörterbuch
feedback — developed its meaning in general use, ‘information about something from the people that have used it or been involved in it, as a basis for improving it’, in the 1960s: • They would like feedback from the last issue, articles from individuals and … Modern English usage
feedback — n. 1. the process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input. [WordNet 1.5] 2. response to an inquiry or experiment. [WordNet 1.5] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
feedback — (izg. fȋdbēk) m DEFINICIJA 1. tehn. a. povrat podataka o rezultatu nekog procesa, događaja i sl., posebno potreban da bi se obavio popravak ili kontrola; retroakcija b. na taj način prikupljeni podaci 2. lingv. u međuljudskoj komunikaciji… … Hrvatski jezični portal
feedback — (ingl.; pronunc. [fíd bác]) m. Retroalimentación. * * * (voz inglesa) ► masculino LINGÜÍSTICA Funcionamiento de un sistema de comunicación estimulado por los resultados de la acción del mismo sistema … Enciclopedia Universal
feedback — / fi:dbæk/, it. /fid bɛk/ s. ingl. [comp. di feed alimento e back indietro , propr. alimentazione retroattiva ], usato in ital. al masch. (tecnol.) [processo per cui l effetto risultante dall azione di un sistema (meccanismo, circuito e sim.) si… … Enciclopedia Italiana
