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21 declaration

= DCL

объявление, описание

предложение программы, информирующее компилятор или интерпретатор о типе, размере и/или значении конкретной переменной (идентификатора), константы, процедуры или объекта. Объявление процедуры или функции в некоторых ЯВУ не всегда то же самое, что их определение. В большинстве случаев эти понятия идентичны, но тонкое различие между определением и объявлением состоит в том, что объявление (или декларация, declaration) служит собственно для объявления данной переменной или функции для компилятора; определение задаёт распределение данной переменной в рабочей памяти, т. е. выделяет место под значение данной переменной или размещение кода функции.

scope of the declaration — область действия объявления.

Syn:

declarative statement

см. тж. constant declaration, data declaration, declaration part, declaration statement, definition, explicit declaration, function declaration, function prototype, implied declaration, procedure prototype, prototype declaration, type declaration, variable declaration

Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > declaration
22 outgiving

несдержанный имя прилагательное:
несдержанный (unrestrained, intemperate, unreserved, incontinent, immoderate, outgiving)

откровенный (Frank, explicit, outspoken, open, forthright, outgiving)
имя существительное:
высказывание (utterance, statement, say, Observation, discourse, outgiving)

заявление (statement, application, declaration, claim, allegation, outgiving)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > outgiving
23 function

1) функция, назначение || функционировать, действовать

2) матем. функция

3) функция (метод, возвращающий значение (в отличие от procedure))

•

- a posteriori density function
- abnormal function
- access function
- additive function
- address function
- adherence function
- aggregate function
- analog function
- AND function
- AND-to-OR function
- antihyperbolic function
- antitrigonometric function
- arbitrary Boolean function
- arc hyperbolic function
- arc trigonometric function
- array element successor function
- assumed function
- autocorrelation function
- band-limited function
- basis function
- belief function
- blending function
- Boolean function
- buffer function
- built-in function
- characteristic function
- circuit function
- closed function
- collate function
- completely defined function
- composite function
- computable function
- computer function
- concave function
- continuous function
- control function
- convex function
- correlation function
- course-of-value function
- criterion function
- cross-correlation function
- curried function
- dagger function
- damped function
- decision function
- decreasing function
- degate function
- delta function
- demand function
- describing function
- difference function
- discrete finite-valued function
- distribution function
- driving function
- EITHER-OR function
- elliptic function
- entire function
- entire rational function
- entity-to-entity function
- enumerative function
- error function
- essential functions
- evaluation function
- even function
- except function
- exclusive OR function
- executive function
- explicit function
- exponential function
- exponent function
- exponentially decreasing function
- external function
- failure density function
- failure rate function
- feedback function
- finite discrete-valued function
- finite-valued function
- fitted function
- frequency function
- general function
- generalized function
- generating function
- generic function
- hashing function
- hash function
- ill-behaved function
- ill-defined function
- illegal function
- implicit function
- inclusive OR function
- infinite-valued function
- infrared function
- inhibit function
- internal function
- intrinsic function
- inverse function
- joint distribution function
- jump function
- key function
- K-out-of-N function
- library function
- list function
- logical function
- logic function
- logical addition function
- logical multiplication function
- logistic function
- majority function
- membership function
- merit function
- mixed-radix function
- moment-generating function
- morphic Boolean function
- morphic function
- multioutput function
- multiple-valued function
- noncomputable function
- normal function
- NOT function
- nullary function
- objective function
- odd function
- one-valued function
- onto function
- open function
- OR function
- OR-ELSE function
- output function
- partial function
- payoff function
- Peirce function
- penalty function
- piece linear function
- piece regular function
- piecewise continuous function
- positive definite function
- power function
- predefined function
- primitive function
- processing function
- propositional function
- ramp function
- random function
- ranking function
- reckonable function
- recursive function
- remainder function
- response function
- risk function
- safety-related function
- scalar function
- service function
- Sheffer stroke function
- Sheffer function
- shifting function
- shuffle function
- signal function
- signum function
- single-output function
- single-valued function
- smoothed function
- spectral function
- staircase function
- standard function
- statement function
- step function
- storage function
- strictly increasing function
- successor function
- support function
- switching function
- syntactic function
- table function
- testing function
- threshold function
- transfer function
- transition function
- traversal function
- unate function
- unit-impulse function
- universal function
- utility function
- vector function
- weight function
- weighted sum objective function
- weighting function

English-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > function
24 specific

1. adjective

1) особый, особенный, специфический; with no specific aim без какой-л. особой цели; specific cause специфическая причина (определенной болезни); specific remedy (medicine) специфическое средство (лекарство)

2) характерный, особенный

3) определенный, точный, конкретный; ограниченный; specific aim определенная цель; specific statement точно сформулированное утверждение

4) biol. видовой; specific difference видовое различие; the specific name of a plant видовое название растения

5) phys. удельный; specific gravity (или weight) удельный вес; specific heat удельная теплоемкость

Syn:

definite, explicit, express

see definite

Ant:

ambiguous, evasive, obscure, vague

2. noun

1) специфическое средство, лекарство

2) специальное сообщение

Syn:

drug

* * *

(a) своеобразный; специфический

* * *

характерный, особый, специфический

* * *
[spe·cif·ic || spɪ'sɪfɪk] n. специальное средство, специфическое средство, специфическое лекарство, специфический аспект, специфический фактор adj. особый, особенный, конкретный, характерный, специфический, точный, определенный, ограниченный, видовой, удельный
* * *

определенный

особен

особенный

особливый

особый

специальный

специфичен

специфический

специфичный

точный

характерный

* * *
1. прил. 1) а) особенный б) характерный в) индивидуальный 2) особый 3) определенный 2. сущ. 1) специальное средство, лекарство (от определенной болезни) тж. перен. 2) специфика; мн. особенности 3) специальное название; видовое название

Новый англо-русский словарь > specific
25 form

1) анкета; бланк

2) вид; форма || придавать вид или форму

3) контур; очертание

4) конфигурация

5) разновидность

6) строит. опалубка; элемент опалубки

7) скамейка, лавочка

8) формуляр

9) составлять; образовывать

10) формироваться

•

calculation in a series form — матем. вычисление с помощью ряда

evaluation of indeterminate form — матем. раскрытие неопределённости

expression in a closed form — выражение в конечном виде

fraction in a factored form — матем. дробь в форме разложения на множители

in a functonal form — в виде функции

in an expanded form — в виде ряда; в развёрнутом виде

integration in a closed form — матем. интегрирование в конечном виде

in the form of — в виде

of closed form — матем. в конечном виде, с конечным числом членов

preparation of type form — полигр. чернение набора

reduction to a normal form — матем. приведение к нормальной форме

to be supplied in a knock-down form — поставляться в разобранном виде

to bring into a canonical form — матем. приводить к канонической форме; приводить к каноническому виду

to draw up in a draft form — составлять начерно

to form a knee — сгибаться под углом

to form a circle — замыкаться в кольцо; образовывать кольцо

to form an angle with — образовывать угол c

to form an erect image — давать прямое изображение

to present in a factor form — разлагать на множители

to rearrange in the form — переписывать в виде; преобразовывать к виду ( об уравнениях)

to reduce equation to a form — приводить уравнение к виду

to simplify to this form — упростить и привести к следующему виду

to take on a form — принимать форму; принимать вид

- abridged form

- absolute form

- absolutely bounded form
- absolutely convergent form - absolutely extreme form
- abstract form

- adjoint form

- alternating form

- antiholomorphic form

- antilinear form

- antisymmetric form

- arithmetical form

- assertional form

- asymptotic form

- autodual form

- automorphic form

- bihomogeneous form

- bilinear form

- binomial form

- biquadratic form

- blank form

- block form

- boundary form

- bounded form

- bundle form

- categorical form

- center-radius form

- characteristic form

- classical canonical form

- classically integral form

- closable form

- coclosed form

- coded form

- coercive form

- collapsible form

- combinatory form

- compact form

- complementary boundary form

- completely positive form

- complex form

- complex-valued form

- condensed form

- confluent form

- conjugate form

- conjunctive form

- connection form

- contact form

- contiguous form

- contracted form

- convergent form

- convex form

- copositive form

- cubic form

- curvature form

- cusp form

- decimal form

- decomposable form

- defined form
- definite form
- degenerate form

- diagonal form

- diagonalized form

- difference form

- differential form

- dimensionless form

- discontinuous form

- disjunctive form

- distributive form

- divergence form

- dominant form

- double form

- echelon form

- effective form

- elemental form
- elementary form - elimination form of inverse
- elliptic form

- enantiomorphous form

- equivalent forms

- equivariant form

- essentually definite form
- everywhere regular form - evolutionary operation form
- exact form

- expanded form

- explicit form

- exponential form

- extensive form

- exterior form

- extreme form

- fiber form

- final form

- first fundamental form

- flat form

- form of constraint

- functional form

- fundamental form

- gage form

- generalized form

- generally covariant form
- geodesic curvature form
- goniometric form

- ground form

- hemihedral form

- holohedral form

- homological form

- horizontal form

- hyperbolic form

- hypocontinuous form

- implicative form

- implicit form

- imprimitive form

- improperly primitive form
- indefinite form
- indeterminate form

- index form

- inertia form

- inhomogeneous modular form

- initial form

- integer form

- integrable form

- integrated form of equation

- integro-differential form

- integro-power form

- intercept form

- intersection form

- invariant form

- irreducible form

- irredundant form

- iteratable form

- iterated form

- krakowian form

- left-invariant form

- limiting form

- locally compactifiable form

- logarithmical form

- measurable form

- meromorphic form

- message form

- minimal form

- modular form

- m-sectorial form

- multilinear form

- multiplicative form

- name form

- n-ary form

- negative definite form

- negative form

- negative semidefinite form

- neutral form

- nondegenerate form

- nonfull form

- nonnegative definite form

- nonnegative form

- nonpositive definite form

- nonpositive form

- nonsingular form

- norm form

- normal disjunctive form

- normed form

- normic form

- nuclear bilinear form

- null form

- numerical form

- one-signed quadratic form

- open form

- operator form

- optically active form
- p-adically equivalent form
- parametric form

- perfect form

- Pfaffian form

- piecewise linear form

- point-direction form

- point-slope form

- polarization form

- polarized form

- polylinear form

- polynomial form

- positive semidefinite form

- predicate form

- prime form

- primitive quadratic form

- principal form

- product form

- projective form

- properly equivalent forms

- propositional form

- pseudoasymptotic form

- pseudoelliptical form

- pseudoholomorphic form

- pseudoquadratic form

- pseudovolume form

- quantifier form

- quartic form

- quasiasymptotic form

- quasibilinear form

- quasidiagonal form

- quasinatural form

- quasinormal form

- quasiregular form

- quaternary form

- quaternion form

- rational form

- real-valued form

- reciprocal form

- rectangular form of complex number

- reduced echelon form

- reduced form of quadratic equation

- reduced form

- reflexive form

- relative defferential form
- relatively bounded form - repair request form
- residual form

- residue form

- resolving form

- resultant form

- scalar form

- second fundamental form

- self-conjugate form

- self-dual form

- semibasic form

- semibilinear form

- semicanonical form

- semicontinuous form

- semidefinite form

- semidiscrete form

- semiequivalent form

- seminormal form

- separately continuous form

- sesquilinear form

- shape form

- sharp form

- sign-and-absolute-value form

- simplified form

- skew-symmetric form

- slope-intercept form

- smooth form

- solder form

- space form

- special minimal form

- spectral form

- spinor form

- statement form

- strictly positive form

- structural form

- supercusp form

- symbolic form

- symmetric form of equation

- symmetrized form

- symplectic form

- tensorial form

- ternary quadratic form
- third fundamental form
- three-point form

- torsion form

- totally continuous form
- totally definite form - totally discontinuous form
- trace form

- transposed form

- trilinear form

- triple-diagonal form

- two-intercept form

- two-point form

- unbounded form

- unit bilinear form

- unitary form

- vectorial form

- vector-valued form

- vicinal form

- weighted form of lemma

English-Russian scientific dictionary > form
26 hypothesis

1) гипотеза

2) допущение; предположение

3) постулат

•

hypothesis states that — гипотеза утверждает, что

hypothesis under test — проверяемая гипотеза

proof from a hypothesis — доказательство с помощью гипотезы

under the hypothesis of a theorem — по условию теоремы

to make a hypothesis — строить гипотезу; выдвигать гипотезу

to test a hypothesis with experiment — проверять гипотезу на опыте

to test a statistical hypothesis — проверять статистическую гипотезу

- acceptable hypothesis

- accepted hypothesis

- admissible hypothesis

- Aleksander-Orbach hypothesis

- alternative hypothesis

- analytical hypothesis

- atomic hypothesis

- atomistic hypothesis

- auxiliary hypothesis

- background hypothesis

- basic hypothesis

- bounded universal hypothesis

- casual hypothesis

- central hypothesis

- coarse hypothesis

- combined hypothesis

- competing hypothesis

- complementary hypothesis

- complex hypothesis

- complicated hypothesis

- component hypothesis

- composite hypothesis

- compound hypothesis
- concurrent hypothesis
- confirmable hypothesis

- confirmed hypothesis

- conjunctive hypothesis

- consequential hypothesis

- consilience of hypothesis

- consistent hypothesis

- constituent hypothesis

- continuum hypothesis

- contradictory hypothesis

- contrary hypothesis

- correct hypothesis

- corroborated hypothesis

- corrolary hypothesis

- current hypothesis

- dependent hypothesis

- derivative hypothesis

- descriptive hypothesis

- deterioration hypothesis

- deterministic hypothesis

- directly testable hypothesis

- disconfirmable hypothesis

- double-sided hypothesis

- effective hypothesis

- empirical hypothesis

- empirically supported hypothesis
- empirically testable hypothesis
- ergodic hypothesis

- erroneous hypothesis

- ether hypothesis

- exact hypothesis

- existential hypothesis

- explicit hypothesis

- exponential hypothesis

- extended hypothesis

- false hypothesis

- falsifiable hypothesis

- falsified hypothesis

- faulty hypothesis

- fundamental hypothesis

- general hypothesis

- generalized hypothesis

- generating hypothesis

- glacial hypothesis

- goal hypothesis

- homogeneity hypothesis

- hypothesis of geodesics

- hypothesis of homogeneity of variances

- hypothesis of homogeneity

- hypothesis of independence

- hypothesis of randomness

- hypothesis of rule

- hypothesis region

- illustrative hypothesis

- implausible hypothesis

- implicit hypothesis

- incompatible hypotheses hypothesis
- incompletely confirmable hypothesis
- incorrect hypothesis

- indefensible hypothesis

- independence hypothesis

- independently testable hypothesis
- indirectly testable hypothesis
- induction hypothesis

- inexact hypothesis

- irrelevant hypothesis

- linear hypothesis

- logically necessary hypothesis

- main hypothesis

- mathematical hypothesis

- mixed hypothesis

- mixing hypothesis

- most credible hypothesis
- multiple hypothesis - multivariate hypothesis
- noncontradictory hypothesis

- nonnull hypothesis

- nonobservational hypothesis

- nonparametric hypothesis

- operational hypothesis

- original hypothesis

- orthodox hypothesis

- preconceived hypothesis

- primary hypothesis

- principal hypothesis

- probabilistic hypothesis

- provisional hypothesis

- quasiergodic hypothesis

- quasigeneral hypothesis

- reasonable hypothesis

- refined hypothesis

- refutable hypothesis

- rejected hypothesis

- restricted hypothesis

- restrictive hypothesis

- ring hypothesis

- secondary hypothesis

- semantical hypothesis

- simple hypothesis

- single-sided hypothesis

- special hypothesis

- specific hypothesis

- statement of hypothesis

- statistical hypothesis

- strictly interpretable hypothesis

- subsidiary hypothesis

- supplementary hypothesis

- tenable hypothesis

- tentative hypothesis

- testable hypothesis

- tested hypothesis

- testing of hypothesis

- true hypothesis

- two-sided alternative hypothesis

- two-sided hypothesis

- ultimate hypothesis

- unbounded universal hypothesis

- underlying hypothesis

- unfalsifiable hypothesis

- unfalsified hypothesis

- unifying hypothesis

- univariate hypothesis

- universal hypothesis

- unproved hypothesis

- unsupported hypothesis

- unverifiable hypothesis

- weak hypothesis

- working hypothesis

English-Russian scientific dictionary > hypothesis
27 modality

модальность

- affirmative modality

- causal modality

- explicit modality

- modality of statement

- proper modality

- reduced modality

- simplified modality

- strict modality

- unreduced modality

English-Russian scientific dictionary > modality
28 ambiguous

1. a двусмысленный

ambiguous words — двусмысленные слова

ambiguous activity — двусмысленная деятельность

2. a неясный, нечёткий; неопределённый; допускающий двоякое толкование; неоднозначный

ambiguous answer — неопределённый ответ

ambiguous terms — неопределённые условия

ambiguous statement — заявление, допускающее двоякое толкование

ambiguous style — неясный стиль

ambiguous definition — неоднозначное определение

ambiguous solution — неоднозначное решение

ambiguous reference — неоднозначная ссылка

3. a лингв. неоднозначный; омонимичный

the sentence is two ways ambiguous — предложение двузначно

Синонимический ряд:

1. cryptic (adj.) anomalous; cryptic; enigmatic; oracular; paradoxical; problematic; puzzling; unclassifiable

2. doubtful (adj.) borderline; chancy; clouded; doubtable; doubtful; dubitable; fishy; impugnable; indecisive; open; precarious; problematical; queasy; questionable; shady; shaky; suspect; suspicious; undecided; uneasy; unsettled; unstable; unsure

3. obscure (adj.) amphibological; cloudy; deceptive; double-edged; double-faced; dubious; dusky; equivocal; indefinite; indeterminate; indistinct; misleading; murky; nebulous; nubilous; obscure; opaque; sibylline; tenebrous; uncertain; unclear; unexplicit; unintelligible; vague

Антонимический ряд:

clear; definite; explicit; indisputable; lucid; necessary; obvious; plain; unambiguous; unequivocal

English-Russian base dictionary > ambiguous
29 clear

1. a ясный, светлый

clear day — ясный день

clear aim — ясная цель

a clear head — ясный ум

amply clear — абсолютно ясно

clear weather — ясная погода

clear as day — ясно как день

2. a чистый, прозрачный

clear water of the lake — чистая вода озера

clear ice — чистый лёд

clear copy — чистая копия

clear water — чистая вода

clear skin — чистая кожа

clear fuel — чистое топливо

3. a зеркальный

4. a отчётливый, ясный

clear outline — ясное очертание

clear sight — хорошее зрение

clear definition — ясное определение

everything is not clear — не всё ясно

clear conception — ясное представление

clear terms — ясные, определённые условия

a clear base for action — ясный план действий

5. a звонкий, отчётливый, чистый

clear tone — чистый звук

clear round — чистая черева

clear profit — чистая прибыль

clear days — чистые, полные дни

clear hawse — чистые якорные цепи

clear conscience — чистая совесть

6. a отчётливый, внятный; чёткий

his delivery was clear and distinct — он говорил внятно и отчётливо

clear speech — отчётливый выговор

7. a ясный, понятный; не вызывающий сомнений

clear conclusion — ясный вывод

a clear case of murder — явное убийство

to make a clear statement — высказаться ясно и определённо

to have a clear idea — иметь ясное представление

it is clear to me what he is driving at — мне понятно, к чему он клонит

clear air turbulence — турбулентность в ясном небе

couched in clear terms — облечённый в ясные слова

to be in the clear — быть вне подозрений

clear of suspicion — вне подозрений

clear cut — четкий; ясно выраженный

8. a светлый, ясный, логический

clear intellect — ясный ум

clear l sound — светлый оттенок звука l

clear sweet water — светлые промои

clear perception — ясное понимание

perfectly clear — совершенно ясно

clear idea — ясное представление

9. a свободный, незанятый; беспрепятственный

clear passage — свободный проход

clear line — свободный путь; свободный перегон

clear opening — свободное сечение

rotate clear — свободно вращаться

rotated clear — свободно вращался

rotating clear — свободное вращение

clear area — свободная область; чистый участок

10. a чистый; здоровый

clear conscience — чистая совесть

clean clear coated: ?? — чистое и четкое изображение "СЗ"

11. a полный, целый; весь

clear month — целый месяц

all clear button — кнопка "все очистить"

12. a абсолютный, совершенный, полный

a clear victory — полная победа

13. a тех. незадевающий; свободно проходящий

clear of — свободный от

clear band — свободная площадь

clear hand — свободная площадь

clear channel — свободный канал

14. a клер, нешифрованный текст

in clear — клером, в незашифрованном виде, открытым текстом

the coast is clear — путь свободен, препятствий нет

all clear signal — сигнал отбоя

clear as day — ясно как день

clear text — открытый текст

in the clear — открытым текстом

clear message — сообщение открытым текстом

message in clear — сообщение открытым текстом

sent a message in clear — послал донесение открытым текстом

15. adv ясно

clear meat soup — мясной бульон

clear utterance — ясная дикция

16. adv эмоц. -усил. совсем, совершенно; целиком; начисто

three feet clear — целых три фута

17. adv в стороне от

to steer clear — избегать, сторониться

clear runway status — состояние готовности ВПП к полетам

18. adv спорт. чисто

clear abreast — чисто в стороне

19. v очищать

thunder has cleared the air — после грозы воздух стал чистым

20. v очищаться, становиться ясным, чистым; делаться прозрачным

the sky is clearing — небо очищается от туч

clear solution — прозрачный раствор

perfectly clear eyes — прозрачные глаза

brilliantly clear wine — прозрачное вино

clear plaque — прозрачное стерильное пятно

clear stick — прозрачный косметический карандаш

21. v объяснить, разъяснить, пролить свет

clear spacing — расстояние в свету

width in the clear — ширина в свету

clear opening height — высота в свету

measurement in the clear — размер в свету

clear bar spacing — расстояние в свету между стержнями

22. v освобождать, очищать; убирать, устранять препятствия

to clear the stones from the road — убрать с дороги камни

to clear the snow from the walk — очистить дорожку от снега

to clear a way — освободить дорогу

to clear the way — открыть путь

to clear the way for future action — расчистить путь для дальнейших действий

to clear the ground — расчистить участок земли

land cleared for cultivation — земля, расчищенная для посева

clear the track open — освобождать путь для движения

failing to clear — столкновение с препятствием

clear the obstacle — преодолевать препятствие

failed to clear — столкнулся с препятствием

fail to clear — сталкиваться с препятствием

23. v оправдывать; очищать от подозрений

to clear oneself of a charge — оправдаться

to clear off — очищать, соскребать

24. v взять, преодолеть препятствие

to clear a hedge — перемахнуть через изгородь

to clear the hurdle — преодолеть препятствие

clear the coast — устранять препятствия

25. v едва не задеть, избежать

to clear an iceberg at sea — избежать столкновения с айсбергом

he is clear of all bad intentions — у него нет дурных намерений

26. v воен. вывозить, эвакуировать

to clear casualties — эвакуировать раненых

clear stores — вывозить грузы

clear the port — вывозить грузы с территории порта

clear of casualties — эвакуировать раненых и пораженных

27. v распутывать

to clear a hawser — распутать трос

28. v разгружать

to clear a ship of her cargo — разгрузить корабль

29. v заплатить долг, произвести расчёт; оплатить

this sum will clear all his debts — эта сумма покроет все его долги

clear debts — покрывать долги

clear the account — оплатить счет

clear of debt — не обременённый долгами

clear value — стоимость имущества после очистки долгов

30. v банк. производить клиринг чеков или векселей; производить расчёт по векселям или чекам через расчётную палату

очищать от пошлин; выполнять таможенные формальности

to clear inward — производить таможенную очистку по приходу

clear the horse — перепрыгать через гимнастического коня

clear support in astride — упор углом ноги врозь

clear a mine — проделывать проходы в минном поле

31. v ком. получать чистую прибыль

the firm cleared ?300 000 — фирма получила триста тысяч фунтов стерлингов чистой прибыли

a hundred pounds clear profit — сто фунтов чистой прибыли

32. v распродавать, устраивать распродажи

to clear goods — распродавать товары

clear goods — распродавать товары

33. v дать допуск к секретной работе

clear off — закончить недоделанную работу

clear side — бескостный свиной бок

clear varnish — бесцветный лак

clear lacquer — бесцветный лак

34. v спорт. отбить

to clear a corner — отбить угловой в поле

35. v спец. осветлять; очищать

36. v тел. разъединять

clear down — разъединять

to clear down — разъединять

37. v амер. согласовать

you must clear your plan with the headquarters — насчёт своего плана вы должны договориться с руководством

38. v расшифровывать, декодировать

to clear the coast — расчистить путь, устранить препятствия

Синонимический ряд:

1. apparent (adj.) apparent; evident; explicit; indisputable; manifest; noticeable; obvious; open-and-shut; openhanded; palpable; patent; plain; sharp; straightforward; unambiguous; unequivocal; univocal; unmistakable; unsubtle

2. bare (adj.) bare; devoid; empty; stark; vacant; vacuous; void

3. bright (adj.) bright; brilliant; crystal-clear; crystalline; limpid; lucid; pellucid; see-through; translucent; transparent

4. certain (adj.) alert; assured; certain; convinced; discerning; keen; positive; strong; sure; unconfused

5. clear-cut (adj.) clear-cut; crystal; lucent; luculent; luminous; perspicuous; tralucent; translucid; transpicuous; unblurred

6. decided (adj.) decided; definite; pronounced; unquestionable

7. distinct (adj.) articulate; comprehensible; conspicuous; distinct; intelligible; legible; perceptible; visible

8. fair (adj.) calm; clarion; cloudless; fair; fine; pacific; pleasant; quiet; rainless; serene; sunny; sunshine; sunshining; sunshiny; unclouded; undarkened; untroubled

9. free (adj.) disengaged; free; limitless; open; unencumbered; unfastened; unfettered; unhampered; unhindered; unimpeded; unobstructed

10. innocent (adj.) absolved; acquitted; excused; exonerated; innocent; irreproachable; not guilty; vindicated

11. unblemished (adj.) clean; immaculate; pure; smooth; spotless; unblemished; undefiled; unsullied

12. unbroken (adj.) faultless; flawless; unbroken; unmarked

13. unimpeded (adj.) open; unimpeded; unobstructed

14. absolve (verb) absolve; acquit; disculpate; exculpate; excuse; exonerate; pardon; resolve; vindicate

15. approve (verb) approve; authorize; sanction

16. brighten (verb) break up; brighten; expose; lighten

17. burn off (verb) burn off

18. clarify (verb) clarify; clear up; elucidate; explain; illuminate; illustrate

19. clean (verb) clean; police; spruce; straighten; tidy

20. cleanse (verb) blank out; cleanse; erase; expurgate; purge; purify; wash; wipe clean

21. clear off (verb) clear off; discharge; liquidate; pay up; quit; satisfy; settle; square

22. extricate (verb) clear away; cut away; discumber; disembarrass; disembroil; disencumber; disengage; disentangle; disentwine; extricate; remove obstructions; unentangle; unscramble; untangle; untie; untwine

23. free (verb) clean out; drain; empty; evacuate; flush; free; open; unblock; vacate; void

24. hurdle (verb) go over; hurdle; jump over; leap; negotiate; over; overleap; surmount; vault

25. liberate (verb) emancipate; let go; liberate; set free; set loose; unchain; unfetter

26. make (verb) clean up; gain; make; net; profit; realize

27. pass (verb) carry; pass

28. pay (verb) bring in; draw; earn; gross; pay; produce; realise; repay; return; yield

29. remove (verb) abolish; annihilate; blot out; eradicate; exterminate; extinguish; obliterate; remove; root out; rub out; snuff out; stamp out; uproot; wipe out

30. rid (verb) lose; release; relieve; rid; shake; shake off; throw off; unburden

31. vanish (verb) disappear; evanesce; evanish; evaporate; fade; vanish

32. well (other) afond; altogether; completely; entirely; fully; perfectly; quite; right; roundly; thoroughly; utterly; well; wholly

Антонимический ряд:

accuse; ambiguous; befoul; clog; cloudy; condemned; confined; confused; contaminate; culpable; dark; deny; dim; disturbed; doubtful; dubious; embarrass; encumber; inaudible; lose; murky; obscure; obstruct; obstructed

English-Russian base dictionary > clear
30 positive

1. n нечто положительное, положительность

positive sync pulse — синхроимпульс положительной полярности

positive molasses-former — положительный мелассообразователь

positive balance — положительный итог; положительный остаток

positive solvent effect — положительный эффект растворителя

positive logic — положительная логика; позитивная логика

2. n нечто реальное, реальность

his surmise was transcribed by others as a positive statement — его догадка трансформировалась в сознании других людей в утверждение; то, что он высказал как догадку, было воспринято другими как утверждение

3. n грам. положительная степень

positive going — положительный

positive ion — положительный ион

positive sign — положительный знак

positive pole — положительный полюс

positive lead — положительный провод

4. n фото позитив

intermediate contrast positive — позитив среднего контраста

wrong-reading positive — позитив с зеркальным изображением

positive record — позитив фотографической сигналограммы

right-reading positive — позитив с прямым изображением

reversed positive — позитив с зеркальным изображением

5. n эл. положительная пластина

positive developer — положительно заряженный проявитель

positive yawing moment — положительный момент рыскания

positive limiting — ограничение положительного сигнала

positive acknowledgement — положительное подтверждение

main positive battery — основная положительная батарея

6. n муз. церк. позитив

high contrast positive — высококонтрастный позитив

color separation positive — цветоделенный позитив

low contrast positive — малоконтрастный позитив

corrected positive — откорректированный позитив

continuous-tone positive — полутоновый позитив

7. a несомненный; определённый, совершенно ясный

positive proof — несомненное доказательство

quite positive promises — совершенно определенные обещания

8. a точный, определённый

positive orders — точные приказания

9. a решительный; категорический

positive order — категорический приказ

10. a положительный, утвердительный

positive reaction to a suggestion — положительная реакция на предложение

positive side — положительная клемма

positive answer — положительный ответ

positive charge — положительный заряд

positive column — положительный столб

positive group — положительная группа

11. a верный, достоверный

positive information — достоверные сведения

positive reserves — достоверные запасы

positive ores — достоверные запасы руды

12. a уверенный, убеждённый в правильности

are you sure? — Yes, I am positive — вы уверены? — Да, совершенно

13. a самоуверенный

a positive sort of man — самоуверенный человек

14. a настоящий, определённый

positive help — настоящая помощь

15. a разг. абсолютный, сущий; законченный

positive fool — абсолютный дурак

16. a абсолютный, безусловный, безотносительный

the idea of beauty is not positive — понятие красоты условно

17. a позитивный; конструктивный

positive philosophy — позитивизм

positive criticism — конструктивная критика

positive file — позитивный файл

positive law — позитивное право

positive copy — позитивная копия

positive film — позитивная пленка

positive act — позитивное действие

18. a фото позитивный

positive method — позитивный метод

positive screen — позитивный растр

positive process — позитивный процесс

positive trend — позитивная тенденция

positive reaction — позитивная реакция

19. a тех. принудительный; нагнетательный; вдувной

positive blower — нагнетательный вентилятор

positive draft — искусственная тяга

positive valve gear — принудительное клапанное распределение

positive positioning — принудительная фиксация положения

positive pressure system — нагнетательная система

positive governing — принудительное регулирование

positive mixing — принудительное перемешивание

20. a спец. движущийся, вращающийся по часовой стрелке; правовращающийся

positive delivery — подача под давлением

positive pressure furnace — топка под давлением

positive yawing — вращение в направлении часовой стрелки

21. a опт. вращающий плоскость поляризации вправо

22. a опт. собирающий

Синонимический ряд:

1. actual (adj.) absolute; actual; factual; genuine; hard; sure-enough

2. affirmative (adj.) affirmative; hopeful; optimistic

3. beneficial (adj.) beneficial; constructive; functional; practical

4. certain (adj.) assured; certain; cocksure; confident; convinced; inarguable; incontrovertible; indubitable; irrebuttable; irrefutable; overbearing; over-confident; secure; sure; uncontestable; uncontrovertible; undeniable; undisputable; undoubtable; undoubting; unhesitating; unquestionable

5. decided (adj.) arbitrary; decided; decisive; determined; enacted; unconditional

6. emphatic (adj.) assertive; dogmatic; emphatic; expressed; obstinate; peremptory; resolute; stated

7. favourable (adj.) assenting; favourable

8. incontestable (adj.) categorical; clear; clear-cut; definite; direct; explicit; express; incontestable; indisputable; precise; specific; unambiguous; unequivocal

9. right-handed (adj.) clockwise; dextrorotatory; right-handed

10. utter (adj.) all-fired; arrant; black; blamed; blank; blankety-blank; blasted; bleeding; blessed; blighted; blinding; blithering; blue; complete; confounded; consummate; crashing; dad-blamed; dad-blasted; dad-burned; damned; dang; darn; dashed; deuced; doggone; double-distilled; durn; utter

Антонимический ряд:

contingent; contradictory; dependent; destructive; disputable; doubtful; dubious; enigmatic; equivocal; fictitious; hazy; insecure; negative; questionable

English-Russian base dictionary > positive
31 specific

1. n специальное, специфическое средство, лекарство от определённой болезни

specific for rheumatism — верное средство от ревматизма

specific antigen — специфический антиген

specific capital — специфический капитал

hapten specific — специфический к гаптену

specific guarantee — специальная гарантия

specific allergen — специфический аллерген

2. n специальное сообщение

specific allowance — специальная норма

specific deduction — специальная сбавка

specific rate — специальный коэффициент

specific road — дорога специального назначения

specific commodity rate — специальный грузовой тариф

3. n детали, подробности

the legal and financial specifics of independence — конкретные юридические и финансовые вопросы, связанные с получением независимости

4. a особый, специальный

specific use of a word — особое употребление слова

specific one for emc — особое требование по ЕМС

specific treatment — специальный уход

specific reserve — специальный резерв

5. a конкретный

specific proposals — конкретные предложения

specific offence — конкретное, данное преступление

specific undertakings — конкретные обязательства

specific agreements — конкретные соглашения

specific act — конкретное действие, деяние

specific provision — конкретная норма

6. a характерный, специфический

specific distinction — характерное отличие

specific faults — специфические ошибки

specific acidity — специфическая кислотность

specific immunosuppression — специфическая иммуносупрессия

specific dynamic action — специфически динамическое действие

specific tariff — специфический тариф; специфическая пошлина

7. a точный, определённый, ограниченный

specific statement — точно сформулированное утверждение

8. a мед. специфический

specific medicine — специфическое средство, лекарство от определённой болезни

specific duty — специфическая пошлина

9. a биол. видовой

specific character — видовой признак

specific immunity — видовой иммунитет

10. a физ. удельный

specific consumption — удельный расход

specific acoustic impedance — удельный акустический импеданс

specific detectivity — удельная обнаружительная способность

ratio of specific heats — отношение удельных теплоемкостей

specific swelling factor — показатель удельного набухания

specific retention volume — удельный удерживаемый объем

Синонимический ряд:

1. distinctive (adj.) distinctive; individual; unique

2. express (adj.) categorical; clean-cut; clear-cut; decided; definite; definitive; explicit; express; positive; unambiguous; unequivocal

3. special (adj.) certain; distinct; especial; exact; particular; precise; set; special

4. detail (noun) detail; fact; item; particular

Антонимический ряд:

common; general; indefinite; nonspecific; unspecific; unspecified; vague

English-Russian base dictionary > specific
32 Language

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reﬂection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chieﬂy governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Inﬂuenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
33 Psychoanalysis

   1) The Ego Is Not Even Master in Its Own House

   [Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)

   2) Methodological Problems of Psychoanalysis

   Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)

   3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulations

   here would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)

   4) The Problem of Verifying Psychoanalytic Theory

   Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)

   5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated History

   Psychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)

   6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by Psychoanalysis

   In sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)

   7) Major Attributes of Psychoanalysis

   [Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]

   1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.

   2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.

   3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)

   8) The Scientific and Rational Are Not Co- extensive

   Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)

   9) The Validity of Psychoanalytic Therapy

   Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)

    10) The Issues of Inference and Evidence in Psychoanalysis

   The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis

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Explicit — Ex*plic it, a. [L. explicitus; p. p. of explicare to unfold: cf. F. explicite. See {Explicate}, {Exploit}.] 1. Not implied merely, or conveyed by implication; distinctly stated; plain in language; open to the understanding; clear; not obscure or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Explicit function — Explicit Ex*plic it, a. [L. explicitus; p. p. of explicare to unfold: cf. F. explicite. See {Explicate}, {Exploit}.] 1. Not implied merely, or conveyed by implication; distinctly stated; plain in language; open to the understanding; clear; not… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
statement — noun 1 something that you say or write ADJECTIVE ▪ brief, short ▪ Saunder s lawyer made a brief statement to the press outside the court. ▪ bald, blunt, flat ▪ … Collocations dictionary
explicit — ex|plic|it [ ık splısıt ] adjective ** 1. ) showing or describing sex or violence with a lot of detail: the movie s explicit sex scenes 2. ) said or explained in an extremely clear way, so that you cannot doubt what is meant: an explicit… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
explicit */*/ — UK [ɪkˈsplɪsɪt] / US adjective 1) a) said or explained in an extremely clear way, so that you cannot doubt what is meant an explicit statement/warning/threat explicit instructions/directions make something explicit: Possible side effects should… … English dictionary
explicit — /əkˈsplɪsət / (say uhk splisuht), /ɛk / (say ek ) adjective 1. leaving nothing merely implied; clearly expressed; unequivocal: an explicit statement; explicit instructions. 2. clearly developed or formulated: explicit knowledge; explicit belief.… …
explicit — explicit, express, specific, definite, categorical are comparable when applied to statements, utterances, and language and when meaning perfectly clear in significance or reference. Something is explicit which is stated so plainly and distinctly… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
explicit — adjective Etymology: French or Medieval Latin; French explicite, from Medieval Latin explicitus, from Latin, past participle of explicare Date: 1607 1. a. fully revealed or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity ; leaving no… … New Collegiate Dictionary
explicit — adj. VERBS ▪ be ▪ become ▪ make sth, render sth ▪ We think such information should be made explicit and not left vague. ADVERB … Collocations dictionary
Explicit formulae (L-function) — In mathematics, the explicit formulae for L functions are a class of summation formulae, expressing sums taken over the complex number zeroes of a given L function, typically in terms of quantities studied by number theory by use of the theory of … Wikipedia
Statement block — In computer programming, a statement block (or code block) is a section of code which is grouped together, much like a paragraph; such blocks consist of one, or more, statements. Statement blocks help make code more readable by breaking up… … Wikipedia

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