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101 module
1) модульг) мерило; образец; эталон2) блок•- bubble module
- capacitor-resistor module
- columnar module
- communications module
- compare-exchange module
- constraint module
- continuity Rambus in-line memory module
- continuity RIMM module
- control module
- controlled attachment module
- cordwood module
- dictation speech recognition module
- digital module
- digital input module
- digital output module
- disk module
- Doppler radar module
- double-ended module
- DSR module
- dummy module
- Ethernet switching module
- function-interconnection module
- generic module
- hardware module
- hierarchical module
- honeycomb module
- host attachment module
- IC module
- instrument module
- instrumentation module
- leaded module
- leadless module
- load module
- logic module
- lunar excursion module
- MA module
- memory control module
- microcircuit module
- microminiature module
- MIDI sound module
- mobile module
- multichip module
- multifunctional module
- multiply-add module
- NetWare loading module
- network interface module
- not reusable module
- object module
- PCM interface module
- pellet module
- planar module
- plug-in module
- polynomial module
- potted module
- prediction error module
- protocol module
- railroad module
- Rambus in-line memory module
- reconfigurable module
- reenterable module
- register-transfer module
- relocatable module
- resource module
- sealed module
- self-descriptive module
- self-timed module
- serially reusable module
- service interface module
- single-ended module
- single in-line memory module
- single in-line package memory module
- software module
- solid-state module
- speech recognition module
- SR module
- stacked wafer module
- standard electronic module
- subscriber identity module
- text-to-speech module
- traffic interface module
- TTS module
- universal logic module
- video processor module
- virtual loadable module
- voltage regulation module -
102 PEM
1) [photoelectromagnetic] фотоэлектромагнитный2) [prediction error module] модуль предсказания ошибок3) [privacy enhanced mail] электронная почта повышенной секретности, стандарт PEM -
103 PED
см. Prediction Error DataEnglish-Russian dictionary of modern telecommunications > PED
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104 module
1) модульг) мерило; образец; эталон2) блок•- bubble module
- capacitor-resistor module
- columnar module
- communications module
- compare-exchange module
- constraint module
- continuity Rambus in-line memory module
- continuity RIMM module
- control module
- controlled attachment module
- cordwood module
- dictation speech recognition module
- digital input module
- digital module
- digital output module
- disk module
- Doppler radar module
- double-ended module
- DSR module
- dummy module
- Ethernet switching module
- function-interconnection module
- generic module
- hardware module
- hierarchical module
- honeycomb module
- host attachment module
- IC module
- instrument module
- instrumentation module
- leaded module
- leadless module
- load module
- logic module
- lunar excursion module
- MA module
- memory control module
- microcircuit module
- microminiature module
- MIDI sound module
- mobile module
- multichip module
- multifunctional module
- multiply-add module
- NetWare loading module
- network interface module
- not reusable module
- object module
- PCM interface module
- pellet module
- planar module
- plug-in module
- polynomial module
- potted module
- prediction error module
- protocol module
- railroad module
- Rambus in-line memory module
- reconfigurable module
- reenterable module
- register-transfer module
- relocatable module
- resource module
- sealed module
- self-descriptive module
- self-timed module
- serially reusable module
- service interface module
- single in-line memory module
- single in-line package memory module
- single-ended module
- software module
- solid-state module
- speech recognition module
- SR module
- stacked wafer module
- standard electronic module
- subscriber identity module
- text-to-speech module
- traffic interface module
- TTS module
- universal logic module
- video processor module
- virtual loadable module
- voltage regulation moduleThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > module
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105 PEF
сокр. от prediction-error filterфильтр ошибки предсказания, фильтр ошибки прогнозированияThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > PEF
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106 PEM
1) сокр. от photoelectromagnetic фотоэлектромагнитный2) сокр. от prediction error module модуль предсказания ошибок3) сокр. от privacy enhanced mail электронная почта повышенной секретности, стандарт PEMThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > PEM
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107 limit
1) граница, предел, лимит; ограничение || лимитировать; ограничивать, устанавливать предел (напр. роста инвестиций)2) предельная цена, по которой брокер может осуществить операцию для клиента -
108 pipeline
1) (см. тж. instruction pipeline, processor pipeline) - конвейер"сборочная линия" - цепочка параллельно работающих исполнительных устройств центрального процессора, на которой обработка команд разбивается на ряд небольших шагов, стадий или ступеней, выполняемых за один такт. Конвейер организован таким образом, что выходные данные одного устройства поступают на вход другого. Число стадий называется длиной конвейера. Использование конвейера позволяет начать исполнение следующей машинной команды в одном блоке до завершения предыдущей, т. е. с перекрытием по времени (различные стадии нескольких команд выполняются ЦП параллельно). Какова длина конвейера, столько команд одновременно он и может обрабатывать - и в идеале конвейеризация обеспечивает выигрыш в производительности (по сравнению с неконвейерными ЦП, non-pipelined processor), соответствующий числу ступеней конвейера. В современных процессорах конвейеры имеют длину до 20 стадий (Pentium 4). Однако параллельная обработка команд возможна не всегда, так как в программе часто встречаются команды условных переходов и ситуации, когда для исполнения команды требуется результат предшествующей команды. В таких случаях, чтобы предотвратить перезагрузку конвейера (см. pipeline break), применяются более сложные процессы: упреждающая обработка (предсказание переходов, branch prediction) или изменение порядка исполнения команд (out-of-order execution).The pipeline must be flushed before the CPU can respond to an interrupt. — Конвейер должен быть очищен перед тем как ЦП сможет реагировать на прерывание см. тж. balanced pipeline, branch delay slot, control-flow pipeline, execute phase, graphics pipeline, instruction pipeline, load delay slot, machine language, multipipeline processor, pipeline bubble, pipelined application, pipelined architecture, pipeline depth, pipeline diagram, pipeline error, pipeline processing, pipeline processor, pipeline scheduling, pipeline stall, stage, superpipelined, superscalar architecture, unbalanced pipeline
2) конвейеризировать, применять конвейерVector processors pipeline and parallelize the operations on the individual elements of a vector. — Векторные процессоры производят распараллеливание и конвейеризацию операций над индивидуальными элементами вектора см. тж. pipelining
3) конвейерныйАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > pipeline
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109 data
1) данные, необработанная информация2) информация3) параметры•- analog data
- ancillary data
- announcing data
- anomalous data
- arithmetic data
- asynchronous data
- audit data
- background data
- binary data
- command data
- common radio-communication data
- continuous data
- control data
- cryptographic data
- digital data
- dimensional data
- discrete data
- dispersed data
- electrical data
- encoded data
- engineering data
- error data
- event data
- expedited data
- extension data
- field data
- filterless data
- foreground data
- frequency data
- impure data
- input data
- maintenance data
- master data
- measuring data
- missed data
- nameplate data
- packet data
- pan-scan data
- photometric data
- picture data
- prediction data
- private data
- public data
- published data
- radiometric data
- radiosonde data
- raw data
- recovery data
- replicated data
- sampled data
- sensitive data
- sharable data
- signal data
- snap data
- subrate data
- synthetic data
- telemetry data
- television data
- transparent data
- user dataEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > data
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110 PEF
сокр. от prediction-error filterEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > PEF
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111 ratio
1) отношение2) коэффициент•- acoustic ratio
- activity ratio
- annual charge ratio
- aperture occupation ratio
- aperture/focal length ratio
- arms ratio
- aspect ratio
- attenuation ratio
- back-to-front ratio
- Berg ratio
- blocking ratio
- chrominance format ratio
- co-channel protection ratio
- compression ratio
- conduction ratio
- control ratio
- conversion ratio
- damage ratio
- damping ratio
- decimation ratio
- decoupling ratio
- desired-to-undesired ratio
- deviation ratio
- ear-to-mouth ratio
- feedback ratio
- fixed-division ratio
- focal ratio
- frequency ratio
- friction ratio
- front-to-back ratio
- image rejection ratio
- image-frequency rejection ratio
- in-band noise power ratio
- incident ratio
- intelligible-crosstalk ratio
- intermediate-frequency response ratio
- inverse ratio
- isolation ratio
- jamming-to-signal ratio
- justification ratio
- likelihood ratio
- line-extension ratio
- line-use ratio
- load ratio
- magnetic coupling ratio
- magnetoresistive ratio
- magnification ratio
- mark-to-space ratio
- modulation ratio
- mutual induction ratio
- noise ratio
- noise-to-signal ratio
- operating ratio
- output-input ratio
- overdrive ratio
- peak-to-average ratio
- plausibility ratio
- power-loss ratio
- power-to-noise ratio
- precipitation ratio
- prediction-aspect ratio
- protection ratio
- radio field-to-noise ratio
- read-around ratio
- recombination ratio
- refraction ratio
- residual-error ratio
- response ratio
- reversion ratio
- shielding ratio
- signal-plus-noise-to-noise ratio
- signal-to-crosstalk ratio
- signal-to-distortion ratio
- signal-to-interference ratio
- signal-to-noise ratio
- spectrum transforming ratio
- standing wave ratio
- throghput improvement ratio
- transfer ratio
- uniformity ratio
- utilization ratio
- variable-division ratio
- vertical-chroma ratio
- weight ratio
- zoom ratioEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > ratio
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112 center
центр; пункт; пост; узел; середина; научпо-иселсдовагсльскпй центр, НИЦ; выводить на середину; арт. корректировать; центрировать;air C3 center — центр руководства, управления и связи ВВС
general supply (commodity) center — центр [пункт] снабжения предметами общего предназначения
hard launch (operations) control center — ркт. центр [пункт] управления пуском, защищенный от (поражающих факторов) ЯВ
launch (operations) control center — ркт. пункт управления стартового комплекса [пуском ракет]
tactical fighter weapons (employment development) center — центр разработки способов боевого применения оружия истребителей ТА
— all-sources intelligence center— C center— combat control center— educational center— logistical operations center— logistics services center— operational center— secured communications center— skill development center -
113 analysis
n1) (pl analyses)2) анализ, изучение, исследование3) статистическая таблица (цифровой материал)
- accuracy analysis
- activity analysis
- aggregate analysis
- approximate analysis
- balance-sheet analysis
- batch analysis
- benefit-risk analysis
- break-even analysis
- budget analysis
- business analysis
- business cycle analysis
- careful analysis
- cash flow analysis
- check analysis
- commodity analysis
- comparative analysis
- competitiveness analysis
- complete analysis
- complex analysis
- comprehensive analysis
- computer-aided analysis
- consumer analysis
- continuous analysis
- contrastive analysis
- cost analysis
- correlation analysis
- cost-benefit analysis
- cost-effectiveness analysis
- cost-performance analysis
- cost-sensitivity analysis
- country collectibility analysis
- critical path analysis
- cross-impact analysis
- cyclical analysis
- data analysis
- decision analysis
- decision-flow analysis
- demand analysis
- demand-consumption analysis
- demand-supply analysis
- design analysis
- detailed analysis
- diagnostic analysis
- discriminant analysis
- discriminatory analysis
- downward analysis
- ecological analysis
- economic analysis
- economical analysis
- empirical analysis
- end-point analysis
- engineering analysis
- engineering-economic analysis
- environmental analysis
- equipment quality analysis
- error analysis
- ex ante analysis
- expenses analysis
- ex post analysis
- express analysis
- factor analysis
- failure analysis
- feasibility analysis
- field analysis
- field complaint analysis
- field return analysis
- financial analysis
- financial ratio analysis
- financial statement analysis
- fiscal analysis
- flow-of-funds analysis
- formal analysis
- functional-cost analysis
- fundamental analysis
- funds analysis
- game-theoretic analysis
- gap analysis
- global analysis
- graphical analysis
- gross profit analysis
- horizontal analysis
- income analysis
- income-expenditure analysis
- in-depth analysis
- indicator analysis
- input-output analysis
- interaction analysis
- interindustry analysis
- inventory analysis
- investment analysis
- job analysis
- laboratory analysis
- least-square
- liquidity preference analysis
- long-run analysis
- loss analysis
- lot analysis
- macroeconomic analysis
- maintainability analysis
- maintenance analysis
- marginal analysis
- market analysis
- marketing cost analysis
- marketing plan analysis
- market opportunity analysis
- market situation analysis
- market structure analysis
- market trend analysis
- mechanical analysis
- media analysis
- money-flow analysis
- motion analysis
- motivation research analysis
- needs analysis
- network analysis
- normative analysis
- numerical analysis
- observational analysis
- on-line analysis
- operating analysis
- operating cost analysis
- operation analysis
- opportunity analysis
- order analysis
- organizational structure analysis
- overhead analysis
- partial analysis
- performance analysis
- performance degradation analysis
- periodic analysis
- pilot analysis
- population analysis
- portfolio analysis
- preinvestment analysis
- preliminary analysis
- price analysis
- primary analysis
- priority analysis
- process analysis
- product analysis
- product quality analysis
- profit analysis
- profitability analysis
- qualitative analysis
- quality analysis
- quality cost analysis
- quantitative analysis
- queueing analysis
- quick analysis
- ranging analysis
- rapid analysis
- ratio analysis
- real-time analysis
- relevance analysis
- reliability analysis
- reliability variation analysis
- risk analysis
- safety analysis
- sales analysis
- sales mix analysis
- sample analysis
- sampling analysis
- savings-investment analysis
- scrap-cost analysis
- sensitivity analysis
- sequential analysis
- short-cut analysis
- short-run analysis
- short-term analysis
- simulation analysis
- solvency analysis
- statement analysis
- statistical analysis
- stock analysis
- structural analysis
- subjective analysis
- supply analysis
- system's analysis
- tabular analysis
- team analysis
- thorough analysis
- time analysis
- time-series analysis
- total time analysis
- trade-off analysis
- trend analysis
- transaction cost analysis
- upward trend analysis
- value analysis
- value engineering analysis
- variance analysis
- vector analysis
- weather analysis
- worst-case analysis
- workload analysis
- X-ray analysis
- analysis by economic sector
- analysis of accounts
- analysis of assets and liabilities by maturities
- analysis of business activity
- analysis of corporate cash flows
- analysis of economic activity
- analysis of the economic performance of an enterprise
- analysis of feasibility
- analysis of foreign currency position
- analysis of the future development
- analysis of indices dynamics
- analysis of the market situation
- analysis of prediction
- analysis of profitability
- analysis of results
- carry out analysis
- make analysisEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > analysis
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114 limit
1. nпредел, лимит, граница
- age limit
- borrowing limit
- confidence limit
- consolidated limit
- contingent limit
- cost limit
- country lending limit
- credit limit
- debt limit
- daylight exposure limit
- daily price limit
- daily trading limit
- debiting limit
- debt limit
- divergence limit
- exemption limit
- expired time limit
- facility limit
- fluctuation limits
- foreign exchange limit
- foreign exchange and lending limit
- foreign exchange margin risk limit
- foreign exchange spot limit
- foreign exchange total limit
- indemnity limit
- intraday limit
- legal lending limit
- lending limit
- loading limit
- loan and deposit country of risk limit
- loan size limit
- lower limit
- narrow limit
- national debt limit
- overdraft limit
- position limit
- price limit
- prediction limits
- quota limits
- regulatory limit
- rigid limits
- reporting limit
- solvency limit
- speed limit
- spending limit
- stop limit
- time limit
- trading limit
- transaction limit
- underwriting limit
- upper limit
- weight limit
- limit of capital investments
- limit of credit
- limit of currency transactions
- limit of demand
- limit of efficiency
- limit of error
- limit of escalation
- limit of expenses
- limits of foreign borrowing
- limit of indebtedness
- limit of indemnity
- limit of liability
- limit of price fluctuations
- limit of profitability
- limit of spending
- limit of subsidies
- limit of weight
- limit of the working day
- limit up and down
- beyond the limit
- off limits
- within the limits
- within prescribed limits
- within the time limit
- assign a limit
- exceed a limit
- extend a time limit
- fall outside the limits
- fix a limit
- go beyond a limit
- set a limit
- set a limit on foreign workers
- stay within regulatory limits2. vограничивать, лимитировать, устанавливать предел
- limit the size -
115 method
n
- abbreviated method
- accelerated method
- accounting method
- accretion method
- accrual method
- accrued benefit valuation method
- actual cost method
- actuarial method
- adequate method
- ad hoc method
- advanced method
- advertising method
- age-life method of depreciation
- amortization method
- approximation method
- assessment method
- automated processing method
- backtracking method
- balance method
- batch method of production
- bidding methods
- block booking method
- bookkeeping method
- branch-and-bound method
- by-product method of cost accounting
- calculation method
- capital-intensive method of production
- case study method
- cash receipts and disbursements method of accounting
- common methods of fraud
- completed contract method
- complete elimination method
- composition ratio method
- continual review method
- control method
- conventional method
- conventional production methods
- costing method
- cost-based methods
- cost depletion method
- cost-plus method
- cost-recovery method
- cost-saving method
- credit-scoring method
- critical path method
- declining-balance depreciation method
- depreciation method
- design methods
- direct method of depreciation
- direct method of standardization
- direct write-off method
- discounted cash flow method
- distributing method
- distribution method
- double-declining-balance depreciation method
- double description method
- double entry method
- economical method
- effective method
- efficient method
- estimating method
- evaluation method
- fabrication method
- fifo costing method
- first in, first out costing method
- forecasting method
- general method
- generalized method
- genetic engineering method
- graduation method
- graph method
- gross method
- gross profit method
- index method
- indexing method
- industrial method
- inspection method
- installment sale method
- inventory method
- inventory valuation method
- investment valuation method
- irregular method of write-off
- item-by-item method
- job method of cost accounting
- job order method of cost accounting
- joint product method of cost accounting
- kid-glove methods
- labour-hour method of depreciation
- lean production methods
- least-squares method
- lifo costing method
- last in, first out costing method
- loading method
- machine-hour method
- machine-hour rate depreciation method
- machining method
- mail questionnaire method
- major category method
- manual methods
- manufacturing method
- matching transactions method
- materials moving methods
- net method
- network method
- normal method
- numerical method
- one-factor-at-a-time method
- operating method
- output method of depreciation
- packaging method
- packing method
- patentable method
- patented method
- payback method
- periodic inventory method
- perpetual inventory method
- perturbation method
- physical volume method
- playback method
- point method
- prediction methods
- present value method
- pricing method
- prime cost method
- process method of cost accounting
- processing method
- production methods
- production method of depreciation
- production control method
- profit split method
- progressive methods
- quality control method
- quantitative method
- random observation method
- ranking method
- reducing balance method of depreciation
- reinterview method
- replacement method of depreciation
- resale price method
- retirement method of depreciation
- risk management method
- safe method
- sample method
- sampling method
- saturation method
- scheduling method
- scientific method
- searching method
- sequential method
- service output depreciation method
- short method
- simplex method
- sinking fund method of depreciation
- special method
- standard method
- statistical method
- stochastic approximation method
- straight line method
- straight-line method of depreciation
- straight line depreciation method
- straight-line flow method
- sum of the digits method of depreciation
- sum of the years' digits method of depreciation
- systematical method
- table method
- tally sheet method
- taxation method
- teaching methods
- team development method
- test method
- testing method
- total inventory method
- trial and error method
- turnover method
- unit method of depreciation
- unit of production method of depreciation
- unit of production depreciation method
- valuation method
- variational method
- working method
- working hours method of depreciation
- workshop method
- method of accounting
- method of amortization
- method of analysis
- method of assessment
- method of average
- method of calculation
- method of characteristics
- method of collaboration
- method of comparison
- methods of construction
- method of conveyance
- method of cooperation
- method of delivery
- method of depreciation
- method of designated routes
- method of display
- method of distribution
- methods of dodging taxes
- method of estimation
- method of evaluation
- method of exclusion
- method of feasible directions
- method of finance
- method of financing
- method of forwarding
- method of identification
- method of indirect export
- method of indirect import
- method of inspection
- method of leading averages
- method of leading variables
- method of levying duties
- methods of management
- method of manufacture
- method of operation
- method of ordering
- method of packaging
- method of packing
- method of payment
- method of planning
- method of production
- method of promotion
- method of quality determination
- methods of regulation
- method of reimbursement
- method of sales promotion
- method of sampling
- method of settlement
- method of shipment
- method of shipping
- method of smoothing
- method of solution
- method of stowage
- method of stowing
- method of successive approximation
- methods of trading
- methods of training
- method of transportation
- method of working
- cost or market whichever is lower method of inventory valuation
- adopt a method
- apply a method
- develop a method
- employ a method
- follow a method
- introduce a method
- practise a method
- realize a method
- repeal a method
- revise a method
- work out a methodEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > method
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116 method
• -
117 measure
1) мера2) мероприятие3) средство измерения || измерять4) критерий; мерило5) мерная посуда || отмеривать; дозировать6) полигр. формат полосы набора•fundamental in measure — мат. фундаментальный по мере
measure with basis — мат. мера с базисом
measure with value — мат. мера со значением
measure on intervals —мат. мера на интервалах
measure on rings — мат. мера на кольцах
of zero measure — мат. нульмерный
precision measure by external consistency — мат. мера точности по внешней совместности, мера точности переопределённых исходных уравнений
precision measure by internal consistency — мат. мера точности по внутренней совместности, мера точности по оценке экспериментальной погрешности исходных данных
to measure up — соответствовать, удовлетворять ( требованиям)
- completely random measure - locally finite measure - measure of relative skewness - normed measure - strongly dominant measure - totally finite measureto take measure — швейн. снимать мерку
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118 model
1) макет; модель || моделировать2) образец4) модель, тип ( изделия)5) шаблон•- countably saturated model - countably uniform model - coupled channels model - finite state model - finitely generated model - game-theory model - random trial increment model - random walk model - sampling model -
119 problem
1) задача; проблема3) трудность, затруднение•- boundary value problem - card matching problem - central limit problem - decision problem under risk - decision problem under uncertainty - extremum problem - fair division problem - gambling problem - gasoline blending problem - incompletely structured problem - optimal path problem - optimal stopping problem - portfolio selection problem - precisely specified problem - recursively solvable problem - sequential decision programming problem - sequential occupancy problem - shortest path problem - shortest route problem - standard control problem - three houses and three wells problem -
120 calculation
1. n вычисление, исчисление, подсчёт; расчёт2. n расчёт; смета; калькуляция3. n обдумывание; взвешивание; размышление; примеривание и прикидывание4. n мед. счётcorrect calculation — правильная калькуляция; правильный расчёт
5. n амер. предположение, прогнозСинонимический ряд:1. anticipation (noun) anticipation; estimate; forecast; foresight; forethought; prediction; prognosis; prospect2. caution (noun) caution; circumspection; precaution; wariness3. estimation (noun) arithmetic; ciphering; computation; counting; estimation; figuring; number crunching; processing; reckoning4. study (noun) advisement; consideration; deliberation; studyАнтонимический ряд:carelessness; exclusion; guess; indiscretion; misconception; omission; supposition
См. также в других словарях:
Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction — (THERP) is a technique used in the field of Human reliability Assessment (HRA), for the purposes of evaluating the probability of a human error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task. From such analyses measures can then be taken… … Wikipedia
Prediction interval — In statistics, a prediction interval bears the same relationship to a future observation that a confidence interval bears to an unobservable population parameter. Prediction intervals predict the distribution of individual points, whereas… … Wikipedia
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Linear prediction — is a mathematical operation where future values of a discrete time signal are estimated as a linear function of previous samples.In digital signal processing, linear prediction is often called linear predictive coding (LPC) and can thus be viewed … Wikipedia
Mean absolute error — In statistics, the mean absolute error (MAE) is a quantity used to measure how close forecasts or predictions are to the eventual outcomes. The mean absolute error is given by As the name suggests, the mean absolute error is an average of the… … Wikipedia
Code-excited linear prediction — (CELP) is a speech coding algorithm originally proposed by M.R. Schroeder and B.S. Atal in 1985. At the time, it provided significantly better quality than existing low bit rate algorithms, such as residual excited linear prediction and linear… … Wikipedia
Code excited linear prediction — (CELP) is a speech coding algorithm originally proposed by M.R. Schroeder and B.S. Atal in 1985. At the time, it provided significantly better quality than existing low bit rate algorithms, such as RELP and LPC vocoders (e.g. FS 1015). Along with … Wikipedia
Numerical weather prediction — Weather models use systems of differential equations based on the laws of … Wikipedia
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Mean squared prediction error — In statistics the mean squared prediction error of a smoothing procedure is the expected sum of squared deviations of the fitted values from the (unobservable) function g. If the smoothing procedure has operator matrix L, then The MSPE can be… … Wikipedia